CAA EXAM QUESTIONS

All questions are TRUE statements:

The clear air turbulence (CAT) associated with jet stream winds is essentially caused by.
1 The rapid wind speed changes with height near the jet maximum:
2 A term used to describe the horizontal transfer of atmosphere energy is. Wind:
3 Refer to the SPECI report below to answer the question.
4 SPECI FALA 15093Z VRB03KT CAVOK 26/10 Q1025 NOSIG RMK TEMP INCREASE. Select
the option containing the most likely reason for the issuing of the special report: There
has been a temperature increase of 2°C or more since the latest report.
5 In case of significant icing in cumulus type cloud a good option is to: Accelerate to
increase kinetic heating of the airframe.
6 With increasing altitude, air density decreases and jet engine performance decreases.
Why does the cooler air at altitude not offset the loss and restore the air density to values
corresponding to lower altitudes: It does to an extent, but the air pressure decreases at a
higher rate than the temperature does.
7 An hour before sunrise as part of your take-off clearance from runway 20 at a South
African airport. The tower reports the wind as 180/07. On your return to the same
airport at midday. Theoretically, which of the following would you expect to be the wind
given to you by ATC. 130/12:
8 The wind reading at an altitude of 4100 ft above a South African weather station
(elevation 2700 ft) at midday is 257 degrees/06 knots . Ignoring local terrain effects. The
wind direction and speed at 8300 ft. Can be expected to be. 183/09 Knots:
9 To depart the area of strongest CAT. Turn towards the equator and descend:
10 To mitigate a severe jet stream encounter. Turn towards the equator and descend .
11 The main cause of jet stream winds is. A steep horizontal temperature gradient near the
tropopause:
12 Weak trade wind convergence causes. Shallow Cu cloud and little rainfall in the ITCZ:
13 Why will larger droplets be formed in a cloud with large vertical development. The time
spent in a cloud is maximized by strong updraft and a long descent:
14 Choose the correct statement which best describes the South African "Black southeaster"
weather phenomenon. Stormy conditions with heavy, widespread rainfall caused by a
cut-off low and a ridging high south of the country:
15 An aircraft is approaching under visual flight rules an airfield (northern hemisphere)
whose runway is parallel to the coast. When established on a downwind position over the
sea the airfield is on the left what wind effect should be anticipated on the final approach
and landing during a sunny afternoon. Crosswind from the left:
16 The main reason for the large-scale convergent lifting of sub-tropical air moving
polewards is. Frontal lifting as the warmer air meets colder air:
17 What is the name of the northerly, cold and strong wind that sometimes blows in the
Rhone valley in France. Mistral:
18 How does the surface wind speed typically change in a location from winter to summer.
Wind speed decreases:
19 The polar front is the boundary between. Polar air and tropical air:
20 Conditions most favourable for the formation of mountain waves. Stable air above
mountain top altitude and a wind of at least 20 knots blowing across the mountain ridge:
21 Which of the following is not reported in a high-level and medium-level SIGWX forecast.
Freezing fog:
22 After landing at an aerodrome (aerodrome elevation 1715 ft.) The altimeter indicates an
altitude of 1265 ft. The altimeter is set to the pressure value of 1013 hPa. What is the
QNH at this aerodrome (use a pressure lapse rate of 30 ft per hPa to answer this
question). 1028 hPa:
23 Which of the following is not reported in a SIGMET. Isolated towering cumulus:
24 The term SPECI refers to an aviation weather report which. Indicates important changes
in selected parameters and may include a trend forecast:
25 The primary cause of wind is. The pressure gradient between locations:
26 The following meteorological terms are associated with low pressure systems. Pressure
gradient force, cyclone, ITCZ:
27 What surface weather is associated with a stationary high-pressure region over land in
winter. A tendency for fog and low stratus:
28 An anti-cyclone is another name for. A high pressure system:
29 Why are indications about the height of the tropopause not essential for flight
documentation in the tropics: The tropopause is generally well above the flight level
actually flown:
30 The amount of moisture that air can hold is determined by the. Air temperature:
31 The amount of solar radiation received by the Earth's surface is determined by. Latitude,
time of day, cloud cover and season:
32 Use the supplied METEOROLOGICAL MANUAL ATPL to answer the next question. Refer to
chart D on page 10. The inverted V-shape with which the isobars extend north-eastwards
from low pressure center (which is centered at S045° E010° is called a). Trough:
33 What is the correct term for the descending air flow in a large high pressure area.
Subsidence:
34 A vertical temperature profile indicates the possibility of severe icing when the
temperature profile.
35 Intersects the 0°C isotherm twice:
36 At what time of day, or night, is radiation fog most likely to occur. Shortly after sunrise:
37 Whether precipitation will fall from a cloud or not depends on the. Weight of suspended
cloud particles in relation to supporting updrafts:
38 The growth or cumulus stage of an ordinary thunderstorm is characterized by. A unified
updraft in the largest part of the cell and entertainment of external air:
39 If you notice altocumulus castellanus cloud in the sky on a warm and humid summer
morning, you may expect. Thunderstorms during late afternoon:
40 Katabatic wind: Which is the process of energy transfer. Conductive:
41 Hoar frost describes the type of ice which forms. By sublimation whether in the air or on
the ground:
42 Choose the correct option. The wind speed in a METAR may be indicated as one of the
following.
43 Kknots , miles per hour or metres per second:
44 An amendment to a coded aerodrome forecast is indicated in the following manner. By
the use of the prefix TAF AMD instead of TAF:
45 How are well separated CB clouds described on the significant weather chart. OCNL CB:
46 METAR FAPP 190800Z 30004KT 9999 BKN020 19/13 Q1017 NOSIG=. With reference to
the report above what does the term "NOSIG" mean. No significant change in recent
weather elements expected for two hours from the time of the report:
47 Within a short interval several flight crews report that they have experienced strong clear
turbulence in a certain airspace. What is the consequence of these reports. The
 competent aviation weather office will issue a SIGMET:

48 During a flight over the sea at FL100 from Marseille ( QNH 1012 hPa ) top Palma de
Mallorca (QNH 1012 hPa ) the true altitude is constantly increasing. What action if any
should be taken. None. The reason for the change is that the air over Palma is warmer
than the air over Marseille.
49 As altitude increases, atmospheric air density. Decreases at a high rate initially:
50 If the temperature at the flight level you are flying at is higher than it would have been
under ISA conditions the air density is. Lower:
51 Refer to the following TAF message. LFXX 180800Z 180918 22020KT 5000 SCT015 SCT080
BECMG 1214 24025KT 2000 RA BKN009 OVC070=. At 1400 UTC, the lowest cloud base
will be.
52 At 900 feet AAL (Above Aerodrome Level):
53 In the TAF for Athens, during summer, for the time of your landing, you note, TEMPO TS.
What is the maximum time this deterioration in weather can last in any one instance. Less
than 60 minutes:
54 Refer to the SPECI report below to answer the question.
55 SPECI FAOR 120625Z 01012KT 7000 BKN003 11/09 Q1028 BECMG BKN005=. Select the
option containing the most likely reason for the issuing of the special report. The cloud
base is changing to 500 ft:
56 Choose the option from the following list which only contains correct statements
concerning a low pressure system. They have a higher pressure gradient and are of
shorter duration than a high pressure system:
57 The general air flow around a frontal depression in the Southern Hemisphere is. A
clockwise circulation:
58 In a METAR, fog is reported without the qualifiers, MI, BC, PR or VC when the visibility is.
Less than 1000 metres:
59 In a METAR, the descriptor TS is only used when. Thunder is heard within 10 minutes
preceding the report:
60 What is the following coded aviation report called. FAOR SIGMET B02 VALID
150900/151100 FAOR- FAJO JOHANNESBURG OCEANIC FIR EMBD TS OBS WI S3549
E00158 - S3633 E00427 - S3805 E00436 - S3919 E00533 - S4127 E00559 - S4127 E00559 -
S4226 E00359 - S4120 E00108 - S4008 E00202 TOP FL350 NC=. SIGMET
61 How long from the time of observation is a TREND in a METAR valid. 2 hours:
62 SPECI FALA 031408Z VRB05G29KT 9000 3000NE -TSRA SCT030CB 13/13 Q1019 NOSIG=
With reference to the above-mentioned coded weather report what does "3000NE"
indicate: The visibility is not the same in all directions. The lowest visibility is 3000 meters
in a north-easterly direction:
63 The main difference between SIGMET and AIRMET information is. AIRMET information is
issued for flights below FL 100:
64 The equator ward flow of surface air in the Hadley cell circulation is also referred to as
the. Trade winds:
65 If there is enough moisture in the air, a high altitude jet stream wind can cause. A trail of
cirrus cloud because of the pressure and temperature drop inside the flow:
66 With identical pressure gradient. Which of the following would have the higher wind
speed. A high pressure system:
67 The effect of surface friction on a wind over the ocean (when compared to a wind over a
land surface) is the following. The wind speed is higher and the angle of deflection is less:
68 In terms of wind terminology . The difference between gusts and squalls. Is mainly in the
duration of the wind speed increase:
69 Which of the following conditions is least likely to lead to condensation. An increase in
the saturation vapour pressure:
70 Oceans have a modifying effect on the weather. Why. They smooth out temperature
variations:
71 A cut-off low pressure system is generally associated with. Widespread thunderstorms
and precipitation:
72 What is the most likely cause of a lack of clouds at higher levels in a stationary high.
Sinking air:
73 An intensifying depression is said to be. Deepening:
74 According to ISA the temperature in the lower part of the stratosphere. Is almost
constant:
75 How long does a typical microburst last. 1 to 5 minutes:
76 During which stage of thunderstorm development are rotor winds characterized by rolls
clouds most likely to occur. Mature stage:
77 In its essence the Bergeron theory states that. Ice crystals in cloud grow at the expense of
cloud droplets:
78 Stratus can be defined as. Generally grey cloud with large-scale horizontal but little
vertical development:
79 Runway visual Range is reported. Once the horizontal visibility falls below 1500 metres:
80 Which of the following best describes the danger presented by super cooled water
(warm) droplets to an aircraft in flight. The latent heat released when a part of the
droplet freezes raises the temperature and allows the water to flow back further over the
airframe before freezing:
81 The purpose of a trend forecast is to. Forecast changes expected to occur within 2 hours
from the time a METAR is issued:
82 Which of the following weather reports is a warning of conditions that could be
potentially hazardous to aircraft in flight. SIGMET:
83 In a TAF a gradual change in some of the forecast elements. Is indicated by the term
BECMG and this is always followed by a time group:
84 At a station at the surface, the significant weather with a warm front will come. Mostly
before the front passes:
85 Which of the following conditions is most likely to lead to the formation of steam fog
(arctic smoke). Cold air moving over warm water:
86 The conditions necessary for the formation of fog are normally associated with. High
pressure systems:
87 Which of the following statements is incorrect. Steam fog occurs in arctic regions and is
formed when warm moist air flows over a cold sea:
88 The reason for the decrease in atmospheric temperature as altitude increases is that. The
atmosphere is heated by the earth's surface:
89 A thermal low is. A marked low temperature region in the upper air:
90 Subsiding air is generally associated with. Cloudless skies:
91 Theoretically an aircraft flying at constant height from an area of high to an area of low
air pressure experiences. An increasing altimeter reading:
92 In the ICAO standard atmosphere between an altitude of 20 KM and 32 KM the
temperature.
93 Increases again (at a variable rate) until it reaches 0°C in the ozone layer:
94 The temperature at HKJK (Jomo Kenyatta international Airport, Kenya) is 25°C . The
elevation is 5328 ft AMSL and aerodrome QNH is 1009 hPa. Calculate the density altitude
and select the most correct option from the answer provided. Assume lapse rates of
 2°C/per 1000 ft and 1 hPa/30 ft.

95 7956 ft:
96 An aircraft lands at an airport (airport elevation 1240 ft QNH 1008 hPa) the altimeter is
set to 1013 hPa . Assume 30 feet/hPa . The altimeter will indicate: 1390 ft:
97 Which of the following conditions would cause the altimeter to indicate a lower altitude
than that actually flown. An air temperature higher than standard:
98 How does moderate turbulence affect an aircraft. Changes in altitude or attitude but the
aircraft remains under control at all times:
99 Even in cold clouds with temperatures of 10°'c there is more liquid water than ice
present. Select the option that best explains why. The collision/coalescence process is
responsible for water droplets to grow at the expense of ice crystals:
100 The suffix "nimbus" used in the name of a cloud refers to. A rain cloud:
101 Which of the following is not reported in a low-level SIGWX forecast. Lowest forecast
QNH:
102 The phenomena to be included in a low-level SIGWX forecast are very similar to those in.
An AIRMET:
103 Saturation is necessary for cloud droplets to form in the atmosphere. The most common
mechanism by which this happens is. Adiabatic cooling:
104 The diurnal variation of temperature is greatest. Near the ground:
105 Which of the following circumstances is likely to lead to the formation of an inversion.
Radiation at night in winter over the highveld of South Africa:
106 Select the correct statement from the options below in respect of atmospheric processes.
If temperature increases and density remains constant the volume of an air mass
increases:
107 In the Southern Hemisphere what wind effect would you expect when flying from a high
pressure area towards a low pressure area at FL 100. Wind from the right:
108 Most of the rain that falls in middle-latitudes is the result of. Melted snow formed by the
109 ice crystal (Bergeron) process:
110 Clouds formed by the mechanism of convergence will most likely be of the following type.
Cumulus or cumulonimbus:
111 The conditions necessary for thunderstorm development are. Deep conditional
atmospheric instability, a high atmospheric moisture content and a lifting mechanism:
112 At which altitude, at temperate latitudes, may hail be expected in connection with a CB.
From the ground up to a maximum of FL 450:
113 the term "mixed cloud " refers to a cloud. That is composed of both ice and water:
114 The high temperature of foehn wind is mainly the result of the air. Cooling at the SALR
losing moisture and warming at the DALR:
115 What is the approximate maximum diameter of the area affected by damaging winds at
the surface caused by a microburst. 4 KM:
116 In which environment is aircraft structural ice most likely to have the highest rate of
accretion.
117 Freezing rain:
118 Which of the following meteorological phenomenon indicates upper level instability
which may lead to thunderstorm development. AC castellanus:
119 In aeronautical meteorology, a cumulus congestus cloud is also referred to as a. Towering
cumulus:
120 In tropical regions, the dominant process by which precipitation forms in clouds is. The
collision/coalescence process:
121 If Paris reports a wind of 16020KT on the METAR what wind velocity would you expect to
encounter at a height of 2000 feet above the ground. 19040KT:
122 Which weather phenomena are typical for the northern side of the Alps with a strong
wind from the south (Foehn wind). Good visibility and turbulence:
123 During winter time in South Africa the continental high pressure system is responsible
for.Dry conditions and clear skies over the greater part of the country:
124 The general position of the inter-tropical convergence Zone (ITCZ) in a season. Is
determined by the heat equator:
125 Which of the following options best summarizes the conditions essential to maintaining a
126 hurricane. High wind speeds, warm ocean water, a low friction land or ocean surface,
minimal or low rate of upper-air divergence:
127 What degree of turbulence, if any, is likely to be encountered while flying through a cold
front in the summer over Central Europe at FL 100. Severe turbulence in CB cloud:
128 During the passage of a front in the Northern Hemisphere the wind veers. This statement
is. True:
129 The term "Polar Front" refers to. The part of a cyclonic weather system which demarcates
the dividing line between cold polar air and warmer tropical air:
130 What type of fronts are most likely to be present during the winter in Europe, when
temperatures close to the ground are below 0°C, and freezing rain starts to fall. Warm
fronts, and warm occlusions:
131 When tropical air moves over a cool sea the most probable result will be. Advection fog:
132 Radiation fog is more likely to form over sea than over land. The preceding statement is.
False because the ocean surface does not cool down as rapidly as a land surface:
133 Flying in VMC in the vicinity of fair-weather cumulus clouds where would you find the
most turbulence. Underneath the clouds:
134 A turbojet aircraft is flying at a TAS of 465 knots through cloud with an outside air
temperature of -55°C. What is the probability of severe airframe icing occurring in these
conditions. Very low:
135 A microburst may be defined as. An intense downburst from a thunderstorm affecting an
area with a diameter of 4 KM or less:
136 In which region are large hailstones most likely to develop. Tropical regions:
137 Which type of water droplet would remain liquid in sub-zero temperatures the longest.
Warmer, small droplet:
138 In which cloud type does snow most commonly originate. Nimbostratus:
139 After a sunny day, followed by a long clear night, you takeoff from an airfield in the
Northern Hemisphere (mid latitudes), an hour before sunrise. The airfield is inland, and
though the pressure gradient is fairly steep, the easterly surface wind is weak. What do
you expect. A sudden strong increase in wind speed, and strong veering of the wind
shortly after takoff:
140 Flight crew shall read back to the air traffic controller the following meteorological
information contained in an ATIS broadcast. Altimeter setting:
141 METAR FATH 031400Z 16011KT 5000 VCSH OVC016 21/16 Q1015=. With reference to the
above-mentioned coded weather report. Why is the type and intensity of precipitation
not specified. They should not be used when "VC" and "SH" are associated:
142 In a coded aviation weather report the letter abbreviation SQ is used to indicate. A line of
severe thunderstorms at the aerodrome or expected to reach the aerodrome within the
period of validity of the report or forecast:
143 The airport control tower passes an aircraft the wind as 150/05 knots. If reported in
METAR form, the wind would be indicated as. It is impossible to tell because the airport
magnetic variation is required to answer the question:
144 What is a TREND forecast. A landing forecast appended to METAR or SPECI, valid for 2
hours:
145 In general, atmospheric surface air density. Increases with increasing latitude:
146 At FL 180, the air temperature is -35°C. The air density at this level is. Greater than the
density of the ISA at FL180:
147 During a flight over the sea at FL100 from Marseille (QNH 1016hPa) to Palma de Mallorca
(QNH 1016 hPa), the true altitude is constantly decreasing. What is the possible reason
for this. The air over Marseille is warmer than that over Palma de Mallorca:
148 In a METAR the abbreviation BR is used when. Water droplets or ice crystals causing mist:
149 Are not reported in low level SIGWX forecasts. Upper winds and temperatures:
150 Is not reported in high and medium level SIGWX charts. Freezing fog:
151 The South African weather phenomenon described. A moist cool wind which is frequent
along the cape south coast and coast of Kwa-zulu Natal. Is associated with a coastal low
and brings sudden cloudiness: The south westerly buster:
152 Katabatic wind: Which is the process of energy transfer. Conduction:
153 What are the characteristics of the BORA. It is a cold and very strong wind that blows
mainly in winter from a tableland downwards to the Adriatic:
154 Friction between the air and the ground results in (northern hemisphere). Backing of the
wind and decrease of wind speed at the surface:
155 The following is true of jet stream winds. They are caused by a large horizontal
temperature differences, are associated with a form of clear air turbulence and may
sometimes be indicated by a trail of cirrus cloud:
156 In a coded aviation weather report or forecast. What is the main difference between the
abbreviations GS and SG. The type of precipitation:
157 In a coded aviation weather report or forecast when is the qualifier FZ used. To indicate
supercooled water droplets or supercooled precipitation:
158 The following significant weather codes relate purely to precipitation. PL,GS,GR,SG:
159 Refer to the SPECI below to answer the question. SPECI FAPR 1205290Z 05006KT 9999 -
SHRA SCT025 BKN080 12/09 Q1026=. The end of a thunderstorm or a change in
precipitation intensity:
160 Does the following report make sense. METAR LSZH 182320Z VRB02KT 5000 MIFG 02/02
Q1015 NOSIG=. The report is possible because shallow fog is defined as a thin layer of fog
below eye level:
161 the pilot of an aircraft is flying in IMC at FL110 and is about to enter an area where the
map indicates a grid MORA of 93 the lowest forecast QNH in the area is 1024 hPa the
outside air temperature is higher than at the point of departure. In the above conditions
will the pilot be able to maintain the minimum terrain clearance as required by South
African Civil Aviation law. Yes:
162 Internationally all forecast documentation related to upper wind upper-air temperature
and SIGWX phenomena must be presented in. Chart form:
163 The heights indicated on medium-level SIGWX forecast charts are referenced to. Flight
levels:
164 in KwaZulu-Natal the "Buster" is used to describe. The strong South-westerly wind which
follows a coastal low:
165 The generally higher rainfall in the eastern regions of South Africa is primarily caused by.
The Indian Ocean high pressure system to the east of the country and the trough of low
 pressure over the interior during summer:

166 In temperate latitudes what weather conditions may be expected over land during the
summer in the centre of a high-pressure zone. Calm wind ,haze:
167 Best summarizes the conditions essential to maintaining a hurricane. High wind speeds,
warm ocean water, a low-friction land or ocean surface, minimal or low rate of upper-air
divergence:
168 Whilst flying at FL180 in the northern hemisphere an aircraft experience right drift. What
effect if any will this have on the aircrafts true altitude. It decreases:
169 An aircraft is flying at FL 85, the OAT (outside air temperature) is +14°C. The QNH in the
area is 1031 hPa. What is the density altitude at FL 85 (use 118 ft). 10388 ft:
170 Relative humidity is expressed as a percentage of. The ratio of the actual water vapour
pressure to the saturation vapour pressure:
171 During the night, surface temperature will generally be cooler in windy than in calm
conditions. The preceding statement is. True, because cooler air above will be mixed with
warmer surface air:
172 In terms of the temperature scale Absolute zero is. -459°F
173 Which of the following is a possible consequence of subsidence. An inversion over a large
area with haze, mist:
174 The maximum height of the tropopause. Varies with the movement of the sun:
175 Best summaries the adverse effects of low air density on the thrust produced by jet
engine: A lower total air mass is accelerated backwards:
176 Density is inversely proportional to: Temperature and humidity:
177 Affects the saturation vapour pressure and relative humidity most. Air temperature:
178 The greatest diurnal temperature variation will be found. In dry and windless conditions
over land with clear skies:
179 if Paris reports a wind of 08010KT on the METAR what wind velocity would you expect to
encounter at a height of 2000 feet above the ground. 11020KT:
180 An anabatic wind is usually stronger than a katabatic wind. FALSE , because gravity
opposes the air flow up slope:
181 What weather conditions in the region of the Alps would you expect with a foehn wind
from the south. Clouds on the southern sides of passes on the Alps:
182 With identical pressure gradient which region will have the stronger wind speed. Regions
near the equator:
183 you are flying 2500 ft AGL the wind direction is 180. You intend to land at an airport at
sea level directly below. From approximately which direction would you expect the
surface wind (mid-latitude, northern hemisphere): south-south-east:
184 In temperate latitudes what weather conditions may be expected over land during the
summer in the centre of a stationary high pressure zone. Calm winds, haze:
185 Which of the following options best summarizes, reflects the conditions necessary for
hurricane development. Warm ocean, coriolis force irrelevant, minimum surface friction:
186 Which type of front or occlusion usually moves the fastest. Cold front:
187 What is the relative movement of the two air masses along a cold front. Cold air pushes
under a warm air mass:
188 Which of the following types of air masses has the highest moisture content at a relative
humidity of 75%. Tropical maritime:
189 The rate of evaporation can be increased by. Wind, heat and low relative humidity:
190 The greatest diurnal temperature variation will occur over. Deserts:
191 The greatest diurnal temperature variation as far as the type of surface is concerned, will
occur. Over desert areas:
192 For a low-pressure system to deepen, the following is required. Upper-air divergence
must over-compensate for surface convergence:
193 The isobars surrounding an anti-cyclone. Decreases in value away from the centre.
194 What type of precipitation would you expect at an active unstable cold front. Showers
associated with thunderstorms:
195 How do air masses move at a warm front. Warm air overrides a cold air mass:
196 When tropical air moves to a milder climate condensation level: Lowers:
197 Which is most likely to lead to the dissipation of radiation fog: A marked increase in wind
velocity near the ground:
198 Define runway visual range (RVR). The range over which the pilot of an aeroplane on the
center line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights or identifying
the center line:
199 Flying towards high ground with a headwind is. Potentially dangerous:
200 What is a VOLMET broadcast. Continuous and repetitive voice broadcast containing
current METAR, SPECI, TAF, and SIGMET information:
201 METAR FAPP 190800Z 30004KT 9999 BKN020 19/13 Q1017 NOSIG= With reference to the
report above (issued on the 19th of march) which type of cloud would you expect to find
at FAPP (Polokwane airport). Cumulus or stratocumulus:
202 in a METAR, SPECI or TAF the designator for a cold front is. A cold front is not indicated
by a designator:
203 ‘Contaminated runway’ means a runway of which more than 25% of the runway surface
area within the required length and width being used is covered by the following:
204 ‘Wet runway’ means a runway of which the surface is covered with water, or equivalent,
less than specified by the ‘contaminated runway’ definition or when there is sufficient
moisture on the runway surface to cause it to appear reflective, but without significant
areas of standing water.
205 ‘Dry runway’ means a runway which is neither wet nor contaminated, and includes those
paved runways which have been specially prepared with grooves or porous pavement
and maintained to retain ‘effectively dry’ braking action even when moisture is present.
206 Density Altitude (DA) is primarily used in aircraft performance calculations and in high-
altitude flight:
207 The formula for aquaplaning speed in Knots is 9 x square root of tyre pressure in pounds
per square inch (PSI):
208 Capillatus (cap): meaning is haired, frayed, fibrously, and the cloud family is Cb
(Cumulonimbus):
209 Congestus (con): meaning huge, towered. Cloud family is Cu (Cumulus):
210 Castellanus (cas): meaning is turrets-like and the cloud families are CI (cirrus), Cc
(Cirrocumulus), Ac (Altocumulus), Sc (Stratocumulus):