Radiating System Self-study Report

On

“ BREAST CANCER DETECTION USING MICROSTRIP PATCH

ANTENNA”

Submitted by

ROHITH M SNEHA JAIN

1RV17TE043 1RV17TE054

Under the Guidance of

Shilpa G D
Assistant Professor
Department of Telecommunication Engineering
RV College of Engineering®, Bengaluru – 560059
RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560059

CONTENTS

Sl. No Description Page No.

1 Introduction 1-2

2 Literature Survey 2-3

3a Motivation 4
3b Problem Statement
4 Objectives 4

5 Design Equations and Calculations 5-6

6 Results and Discussions 7-14

7 References 15

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RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560059

1. Introduction

Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissues. Among
different types of cancers, breast cancers are one of the harmful diseases that kill thousands of
people every year.

Approximately 40,610 women and 460 men are expected to die from breast cancer in 2017. Breast
cancer has ranked number one cancer, among Indian females with age-adjusted rate as high as 25.8
per 100,000 women and mortality12.7 per 100,000 of women in 2017 .

The performance and advantage of microstrip called namely low cost, low weight, compact design,
good Gain, low profile makes them perfect for communication engineers. These patches are capable
to integrate with microwave. Circuits and therefore very breast well suited for many applications
such as cell devices, biomedical, WLAN applications, navigation system and many
others.

Imaging techniques and Ultra-Wide Band detection are being studied and used for medical
applications such as microwave imaging. UWB techniques for cancer detection have several
advantages in the frequency band corresponding to these ultra-short radar pulses, a significant
contrast appears between the relative dielectric permittivity and conductivity of healthy tissues and
those of malignant tissues.

These impulses provide a sufficient and their characteristics strongly impact the performance of the
overall system. Antennas are capable of detecting the tumor.
Different types of antennas are used for the detection of breast cancer and have been studied and
discussed. Different variations of Antennas like Rectangular microstrip patch antenna, rectangular

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slot microstrip patch antenna, I slot microstrip patch antenna, modified ground plane microstrip
patch antenna have been discussed.

2. Literature Survey

In paper [1],a microstrip patch antenna is proposed with the feeding technique as an inset
fed antenna. The substrate material is used as FR4 with a permittivity as 4.4 and operating
frequency as 2.4Ghz.The return loss is -12db ,gain is 4.007db and the bandwidth is 3GHz.

In paper [2], a microstrip patch antenna is proposed with the feeding technique as a CPW-
fed Microstrip antenna. The substrate material is used is Glass Pirex with a permittivity of 4.6
and operating frequency as 4Ghz. The return loss is -28db,gain is 5dbdb and the bandwidth is
4.5GHz.

In paper [3], there are 4 types of microstrip patch antenna that is proposed with the feeding
technique as an Inset-fed for all Microstrip antenna designs. The substrate material is used is
FR4 with a permittivity of 4.4 for a circular patch,4.3 for a rectangular patch,4.2 for a
pentagonal patch and 4.6 for a rectangular patch with operating frequencies
2.45GHz,2.45GHz,>2GHz and 6.3GHz respectively. The return loss and gains are -21.8db
and 3.28db,-12db and 4.007db,-16.4db and 4db respectively.

Department of Telecommunication Engineering 2019-2020

RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560059

In paper [4], a microstrip patch antenna is proposed with the substrate material used as FR4
with a permittivity of 4.4 and with three different operating frequency that is
2.8Ghz,5Ghz,8Ghz.

In paper[5],a microstrip patch antenna is designed with a substate material as FR4 that is
relative permittivity as 4.4 with a gain of -54.55db and the bandwidth was taken as a
frequency less that 4.3Ghz.

Department of Telecommunication Engineering 2019-2020

RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560059

3a. Motivation

The topic “Breast Cancer detection using microstrip patch antenna” was chosen because:

 Breast cancer detection is a widely occurring type of cancer which has a variety of detection
methods among which Patch antenna detection is one of them.

 By putting forward the above project, many parameters of a Microstrip Patch Antenna such
as method of cutting slots to realize the X band frequency,the inset microstripline feeding
mechanism could be understood.

 The project also helps in understanding the standard VSWR, Return Loss of a working
antenna

3b. Problem Statement

Detection of breast cancer using of microstrip patch antenna at the frequency: 2.45GHz with
FR4(4.4F/m) substrate material by comparing the normal tissue with cancerous tissue using
Electric Field(E), Magnetic Field(H) and Current Density(J).

4.Objectives

1. To measure the electrical properties such as conductivity, permittivity of the

interested cancerous tissue.

2. To compare the measured parameters with that of the normal tissue and find the
most suitable antenna that can be designed

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RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560059

5.Design Equations and Calculations

to calculate the inset feed position, the following equations were used:

where f is the fundamental resonant frequency, c is the velocity of light.

The dimensions of the source is choses by:

Where fo is the resonant frequency in X band (4.4 GHz)

εeff is the effective parameter calculated to be 4.083

For the design of the antenna, the various geometrical parameters are designed as:

Substrate dimension x is 65.4 mm, y is 88.99 mm and substrate thickness is 1.588 mm. Patch
dimension x is 37.26 mm, y is 28.83 mm. Inset distance and inset gap are 9.574 mm and 1.518 mm,
respectively. Feed length is 27.958 mm and feed width is 3.036 mm.

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Equation to obtain the effective directivity was:

Department of Telecommunication Engineering 2019-2020

RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560059

Department of Telecommunication Engineering 2019-2020

 RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560059

6.Results and Discussions:

1)Antenna with the said parameters with no changes (default):

OBTAINED RESULT:

1a) Simulated model of the patch:

this is the model of first of the four cases. In this model of the patch which we designed the antenna
with the obtained parameters.

Gain:

1b) Obtained radiation pattern and gain:

This is the radiation pattern of the patch antenna with the obtained gain of 1.1db. For the patch to be
effective, we need a Gain which is around 4db.

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1c) S-parameter graph: The above graph gives us the idea of the S parameter and the obtained
Return Loss is -7.37dB but for the antenna to be suitable we need a lesser value of return loss
around -12db.

1d) VSWR graph:

,The above graph shows us the obtained VSWR which is 2.51 but for better efficiency we need the
VSWR less than 2.

Hence the simulation results for case 1 shows us that none of the parameters meet the required
output values. Thus, we go for various changes by changing the ground plane dimensions and
adding rectangular or I-shaped slots.

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2)Antenna with modified ground plane:

OBTAINED SIMULATION RESULTS:

2a) this is the model of the second of the four cases. In this model of the patch which we designed is
the same antenna with the obtained parameters but we reduced the size of the ground plane.

2b)GAIN:

The above graph shows the radiation patter of the modified ground plane antenna with a gain of
2.80db which is greater than the first case but is not close to the expected value i.e 4db.

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 RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560059

2c)S-Parameter (in dB): The above graph gives us the idea of the S parameter and the obtained
Return Loss is -1.53dB but for the antenna to be suitable we need a lesser value of return loss
around -12db.

2d)VSWR graph:

The above graph shows us the obtained VSWR which is 4.4935but for better efficiency we need the
VSWR less than 2.

Hence the simulation results for case 2 shows us that the gain is better than the first case but no
other parameters meet the required output values. Thus we further modify the antenna by creating
slots in it.

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Antenna with the same modified ground plane and a rectangular slot on it:

SIMULATION RESULTS OBTAINED:

3a)This is the model of third of the four cases. In this model of the patch we designed the same
antenna with a rectangular slot of Dimensions 17.26 mm for x axis and 11.256 mm for y axis
retaining the obtained parameters as it is like the 2nd case.

3b)Gain plot:

The above graph shows the radiation patter of the rectangular slotted antenna with a gain of 2.01db

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which is lesser than the second case and is not close to the expected value i.e 4db.

3c)S-Parameter (in dB): The above graph gives us the idea of the S parameter and the obtained
Return Loss is -0.0624dB but for the antenna to be suitable we need a lesser value of return loss
around -12db.

3d)VSWR graph: The above graph shows us the obtained VSWR which is 2.17 which is better than
the previous two cases but for better efficiency we need the VSWR less than 2.

Thus, we further modify the antenna by retaining the ground plane dimensions and creating an
I-shaped slot instead of rectangular slot.

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 RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560059

Antenna with same modified ground plane and an I-shape slot on it:

OBTAINED SIMULATION RESULTS:

4a). This is the model of third of the four cases. In this model of the patch we designed the same
antenna with an I slot, retaining the obtained parameters as it is like the 2nd case with the dimensions
of I-shape slot are 17.26 mm for x axis and 1.256 mm for y axis.

4b)GAIN:

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The above graph shows the radiation patter of the I slotted antenna with a gain of 3.39db which is
greater than the other cases above and is close to the expected value i.e 4db.

4c)S-Parameter (in dB): The above graph gives us the idea of the S parameter and the obtained
Return Loss is -8.76dB which is greater than all the above designs and is close to the expected
value.

4d)VSWR graph: The above graph shows us the obtained VSWR which is 1.58 which is better than
all the above cases and the VSWR less than 2.

Thus, I-shaped slotted antenna is the most suitable antenna design.

Department of Telecommunication Engineering 2019-2020

 RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560059

CONCLUSION:

In this project, we studied that inset fed rectangular microstrip antenna structures are investigated to
provide microwave imaging with a view to diagnose breast cancer early. The antenna structures
operating at 2.45 GHz are simulated. Different antenna designs are evaluated by modifying ground
plane and slotting on microstrip patches. Conclusion of work, for the fourth antenna structure, the
gain is around 4 and the VSWR<2. Thus, depending on simulation results and graphical
observation, the fourth antenna structure provides the best detection for breast cancer.

Department of Telecommunication Engineering 2019-2020

RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru 560059

7.Reference

1. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-

3878, Volume-8 Issue-6,March 2020

2. Kalpa Publications in Engineering Volume 1, 2017, Pages 348–353 ICRISET2017

3. International journal of advance research ideas innovation and technology ISSN:

2454-132X Impact factor: 4.295 (Volume 4, Issue 3)

4. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 118 No. 24 2018
ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)

Department of Telecommunication Engineering 2019-2020