ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN IN FAÇADE ENGINEERING:

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHADING STRATEGY FOR THE KAFD METRO STATION

DIVA Day, 2015, Newtecnic
October 23rd, 2015
Carmelo G. Galante - cgalante@newtecnic.com
Tommaso Pieraccini - tpieraccini@newtecnic.com

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WHO WE ARE

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MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
System Design Temperature Distribution in the Rainscreen System [degC]
Reference values for U-value
Bracket detail
calculation
Tout

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
0.0 °C
External Temperature

20.0 °C
Internal Temperature
Thermal Conductivity of Materials
GRC 0.75 W/mk
Structural Steel 44.5 W/mk
Qtot Stainless Steel 16.2 W/mk
Tin Insulation 0.041 W/mK
Thermal Break Plate 0.187 W/mK
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Concrete 1.8 W/mK
[degC]

01 Mesh Model
Model of the Connection (Mesh and Load Cases) - First Principal Stress [MPa]
Shear Test Section 1 - Only GRC
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Dimensions are in millimeters [mm]

Section 1

Pull Test

Shear Test

02 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

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KAFD METRO STATION - PROJECT OVERVIEW
Project Location Riyadh KAFD District

Long: 46.73 E KAFD District Location of

Lat: 24.70 N
the project
Riyadh

Tropic of Cancer
23.5º N

KAFD Metro Station

Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)

Latitude: 24.70 N

Longitude: 46.73 E
≈ 200 m
Max. Annual Temperature: 46.2 degC

Min. Annual Temperature: 2.8 degC

≈ 33 m
Avg. Annual Temperature: 26.7 degC

Altitude: 620 m

Courtesy of Zaha Hadid Architects

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INTEGRATED SKIN
Geometry Analysis Systems Design Stage 3. External Cladding
ES.01.01
UHPC Panel

ES.50.01
Opaque Insulated
Composite Panel

Stage 2. Insulated Composite Panel

ES.60.01
Primary Fixing Bracket
for Composite Panel

Stage 1. Primary Fixing Bracket

Steel Structure (by others)

ES.50.01 - Insulated Composite Panel ES.60.01 - Primary Fixing Bracket

Each composite panel is fixed to one arm from each
primary fixing bracket

ES.01.02

ES.01.01

ES.10.01
ES.50.01

ES.50.01

ES.50.02
External Cladding Panels
ES.60.01

Insulated Composite Panels

Primary Fixing Brackets

Structure (by others)

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CLIMATE BASED ANALYSIS
Annual radiation map
[kWh/m2]

0 385 770
[kWh/m2]

Monthly average direct normal radiation [Wh/m2] Percentage of the sunlight hours grouped according to solar altitude [% hours]
700 660 20.00%
634
611
600 578
532 538
591 584 563 Riyadh Ebn,annual average 18.00% 17.40%
Riyadh 44.8 %
505 521 16.00% 16.10%
500 478 of sunlight hours present a solar
400
566 W/m2 14.00%
12.00%
13.20% 12.60% 13.30% altitude bigger than 40°
10.00% 9.60%
300
London Ebn,annual average 8.00% 8.50%
7.10%
London 22.6 %
200 6.00%
of sunlight hours present a solar
100 246 W/m 2 4.00%
2.40%
altitude bigger than 40°
2.00%
0 0.00%
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0°-10° 10°-20° 20°-30° 30°-40° 40°-50° 50°-60° 60°-70° 70°-80° 80°-90°

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“PODIUM” SHADING STRATEGIES

LOUVRES “Podium” radiation map [Wh/m2]

North-East oriented facade North-West oriented facade

FRIT

South-East oriented facade South-West oriented facade

0 385 770

[kWh/m2]

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FRIT ASSESSMENT - SOUTH AREA
Most unfavourable area Radiation map [Wh/m2] Frit pattern

0 385 770

Annual solar exposure (ASE)

BASE CASE CASE WITH FRIT
0 Number of No frit Improvement: +18.5 %
Occupied hours ≥
1000 lx Circulation path Circulation path
Area of interest with Area of interest with
potential risk of glare potential risk of glare
Double Glazing Unit Double Glazing Unit
with 40% LT with 40% LT + Frit

125

250

≥ 250 h
Potential for Glare
(Overlit Areas)

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INTERNAL SHADOWS AND ILLUMINANCE STUDIES
21st of June View 1 View 2 Illuminance pattern Most unfavourable area
Lux
9:00

azimuth 82.0° / altitude 50.0° Views

Lux

1
12:00

Results
azimuth 224.3° / altitude 88.7°
June
Lux Morning Noon Afternoon
15:00

azimuth 278.5° / altitude 48.1°

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INTERNAL SHADOWS AND ILLUMINANCE STUDIES
21st of September View 1 View 2 Illuminance pattern Most unfavourable area
Lux
9:00

azimuth 114.2° / altitude 43.1° Views

Lux

1
12:00

Results
azimuth 187.9° / altitude 65.9°
September
Lux Morning Noon Afternoon

June
15:00

azimuth 250.3° / altitude 37.6°

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INTERNAL SHADOWS AND ILLUMINANCE STUDIES
21st of December View 1 View 2 Illuminance pattern Most unfavourable area
Lux
9:00

azimuth 135.6° / altitude 26.5° Views

Lux

1
12:00

Results
azimuth 182.4° / altitude 42.1°
December
Lux Morning Noon Afternoon

September
15:00

June

azimuth 227.2° / altitude 24.0°

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INTERNAL SHADOWS AND ILLUMINANCE STUDIES
21st of March View 1 View 2 Illuminance pattern Most unfavourable area
Lux
9:00

azimuth 111.8° / altitude 40.0° Views

Lux

1
12:00

Results
azimuth 179.2° / altitude 66.0°
March
Lux Morning Noon Afternoon

December
15:00

September

June
azimuth 247.9° / altitude 40.6°

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LOUVRES OPTIMISATION
2.50 m

Shading ratio Horizontal versus vertical shading devices Shading optimisation - horizontal devices
X=L/H X= L/H (Optimal shading ratio) X= L/H (Optimal shading ratio)
16.00 East 6.00
5.38
thk 14.00 5.00
12.00
4.00
10.00 EastEast
Façadefacade_Horizontal
H

β L Horizontal
East Façade 3.00
East facade_X = 1.31
East Façade
8.00
14.06 West East facade_Vertical
Horizontal
West Façade
West Façade
α thk 6.00 Horizontal 2.00
1.50 1.36 West facade_X = 1.50
4.00 West facade_Horizontal 1.00
1.50 1.31
1.14
5.32
2.00
1.50
West facade_Vertical 0.00
1.31
0.00 1st of Jan - 31st of Dec 1st of Mar - 30th of Sep 1st of Jun - 30th of Sep

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LOUVRES ASSESSMENT
Most unfavourable area BASE CASE (WITHOUT LOUVRES) CASE WITH LOUVRES
Improvement: +61.4 %

Circulation path
Area of interest with Area of interest with
potential risk of glare potential risk of glare
Double Glazing Unit Double Glazing
N with 40% LT Unit with 40% LT +
Horizontal louvres

Annual solar exposure (ASE)

0 Number of
Occupied hours ≥
1000 lx

125

250

≥ 250 h
Potential for Glare
(Overlit Areas)

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LOUVRES ASSESSMENT
Most unfavourable area
BASE CASE (WITHOUT LOUVRES) CASE WITH LOUVRES
Point in time glare _ 8:00

Views

Legend
[cd/m2]
Annual glare
937.5
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
02:00
06:00
10:00
500
14:00
18:00
22:00
Intolerable glare Disturbing glare Perceptible glare Imperceptible glare Intolerable glare Disturbing glare Perceptible glare Imperceptible glare
62.5 DGP ≥ 0.45 0.45≥DGP≥0.40 0.40≥DGP≥0.35 DGP ≤ 0.35 DGP ≥ 0.45 0.45≥DGP≥0.40 0.40≥DGP≥0.35 DGP ≤ 0.35

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“PODIUM” AREA
Circulation Area West Entrance
Baggage Handling Pedestrian Flow
Cerntral Circulation Space Service Entrance
Circulation Area East
Access to the Train Area

“Podium” area Context

N

51
m

68
m
N 34
m

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BASE CASE (WITHOUT LOUVRES)

Access to the train area

2m

6.5
m
No Risk of Glare

5m
Risk of Glare

. 5m
199
Baggage Handling
5m
14.
36.

Secondary circulation area

5m

Annual solar exposure (ASE)

≥ 250 h
Number of Occupied hours ≥ 1000 lx
Potential for Glare
0 125 250 (Overlit Areas)
N

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 CASE WITH LOUVRES
X= 1.5

2.5
X= 1.0

m
X= 1.7

FRIT
X= 1.5

X= 1.5

3.4
m
Access to the train area
2.50 m

X= 0.8 X= 1.3

2.5
X= 0.8

m
No Risk of Glare

Risk of Glare

2.2
m
4.5

.5m
199
m

Baggage Handling
36.

Secondary circulation area

5m

Annual solar exposure (ASE)

≥ 250 h
3.5

Number of Occupied hours ≥ 1000 lx

Potential for Glare
m

0 125 250 (Overlit Areas)

N

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DIAGRID SYSTEM

4
3
1

200 mm
Initial design

CURRENT DESIGN
6
1. External cladding

2. External fixing system

7 1 supporting the cladding

3. Composite panel:
6 2 rockwool insulation
7 supported by a metal
4 3 sheet
5
4. Steel bracket
4
5. Steel primary
structure

5 6. Glazing component

7. Internal cladding

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SOLAR GAIN REDUCTION

0 385 770
[kWh/m2]

Daily average cumulative radiation [Wh/m2] Shading reduction factor [Wh/m2]

4500 1

4000 East 0.9

0.8
3500
Initial design Average solar 0.7
3000 gain reduction 0.6
Current design
2500
-39 % 0.5
0.4
2000
0.3
1500 West 0.2
1000 Initial design Average solar 0.1

500 gain reduction 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Current design
0 -41 % 15 of June 15 of September 15th of December 15th of March
th th
15th of Jan 15th of Feb 15th of Mar15th of Apr15th of May 15th of Jun 15th of Jul 15th of Aug15th of Sep 15th of Oct 15th of Nov 15th of Dec

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THANK YOU QUESTIONS

Carmelo Guido Galante

cgalante@newtecnic.com
Tommaso Pieraccini
tpieraccini@newtecnic.com

building engineering