2016

LEARNING MODULE
Science G7| Q1

Matter
 NOTICE TO THE SCHOOLS

This learning module (LM) was developed by the Private Education Assistance
Committee under the GASTPE Program of the Department of Education. The learning
modules were written by the PEAC Junior High School (JHS) Trainers and were used as
exemplars either as a sample for presentation or for workshop purposes in the JHS In-
Service Training (INSET) program for teachers in private schools.

The LM is designed for online learning and can also be used for blended learning and
remote learning modalities. The year indicated on the cover of this LM refers to the year
when the LM was used as an exemplar in the JHS INSET and the year it was written or
revised. For instance, 2017 means the LM was written in SY 2016 -2017 and was used
in the 2017 Summer JHS INSET. The quarter indicated on the cover refers to the
quarter of the current curriculum guide at the time the LM was written. The most recently
revised LMs were in 2018 and 2019.

The LM is also designed such that it encourages independent and self-regulated learning
among the students and develops their 21st century skills. It is written in such a way that the
teacher is communicating directly to the learner. Participants in the JHS INSET are trained
how to unpack the standards and competencies from the K-12 curriculum guides to identify
desired results and design standards-based assessment and instruction. Hence, the
teachers are trained how to write their own standards-based learning plan.

The parts or stages of this LM include Explore, Firm Up, Deepen and Transfer. It is
possible that some links or online resources in some parts of this LM may no longer be
available, thus, teachers are urged to provide alternative learning resources or reading
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The learning modules developed by PEAC are aligned with the K to 12 Basic Education
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SCIENCE 7

Module 1: MATTER
Lesson 1: Doing Scientific Investigations

Introduction and Focus Questions

Science probably began as a result of man’s curiosity and sense of

wonder of the universe about him. It is generated by man’s urge to
explore and to know- an urge that is within us all. This urge to discover
and to learn allows the scientists to explain the natural world. How can a
scientist explain the things that happen around us? Why is it important
to acquire the right attitude in doing an investigation? How can we
solve problems in a scientific way? When do scientific methods
become valuable?

These are some of the questions that you are going to find
answers in this lesson. At the end of the lesson, you will find out the
importance of scientific investigation in your life.

Lesson Coverage:

This lesson has the following topics:

Title You’ll learn to…. Estimated

Time
1.1 Scientist and Discuss the importance of 3 sessions
scientific values in decision-
Scientific
making and problem solving in
Values
daily life

Discuss the different steps of the 3 sessions

scientific method
Identify the components of an
1.2 The Scientific investigation: research problem,
hypothesis, method for testing
Method hypothesis (identifying
independent/dependentvariables),
and conclusions based on
evidence

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 Describe what is meant by fair 7 sessions
test.
Recognize that the design of
an investigation should
show fair testing.
Conduct simple
investigations using
processes involving mixtures
common to the locality.
Choose an interesting topic for
investigation.
0 formulate a
research problem.
I formulate a hypothesis.
1.3 Designing II design a procedure to test
an the
experiment III hypothesis.
IV collect, organize
and interpret data.
V make conclusions based
on the data,
VI accounting and
rejecting the
hypothesis.
VIIwrite a brief summary
of the report.
VIII share and present
the results of the
investigations with other
classmates or
schoolmates.

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Concept Map of the Module
Here is a simple map of the above topics you will cover:

INVESTIGATORY
PROCESS

SCIENTISTS AND
SCIENTIFIC VALUES

THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD

DESIGNING AN
EXPERIMENT

Expected Skills

To do well in this lesson, you need to remember and do the following:

0 Read and follow the instructions very carefully.
1 Answer the pretest in order to determine how much you already know
about the lessons in this module.
2 Read each topic and do activities that are provided for you.
3 Perform all the activities diligently to help and guide you in
understanding the topic.
4 Open the indicated interactive simulations. Explore further and deeper as
your time allows.
5 Open and view the indicated videos. Review the questions as many times
as needed, as you answer the discussion questions related to them.
6 Gather the materials for the experiments and demonstrations and actually
do them yourself. The actual experiments give you a richer learning
experience than just in reading the texts and even watching related
videos.
7 Take down notes as you go through the simulations, videos and
experiments. Writing on paper or typing on your computer helps you
remember and understand things easier.
8 Answer the posttest to measure how much you have learned from
the lesson.
9 Good luck and have fun.

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PRE-ASSESSMENT

Let’s find out how much you already know about waves. Answer
the pre-test below.

Instruction: Click on the letter that you think best answers the question. Please
answer all items. After taking this short test, click on “Submit” to see your score.
Take note of the items that you were not able to answer correctly and look for
the right answer as you go through this module.

1. Dr. Gregorio Zara invented an airplane whose engine uses alcohol as fuel,
which of the following attitudes does this Filipino scientist have?
A. Creativity C. Hard work
B. Honesty D. Perseverance

0 Which of the following is NOT considered a step of the scientific method?

0 Observing and stating the problem
1 Recording and analyzing data
2 Converting all measurements to metric units
3 Testing the hypothesis

For numbers 3-5, refer to the given situation below:

Tiffany wants to know the effect of eating sugary snacks on performance in

PE class. She decides to set up an experiment to find out.
5888 Which of the following groups of individuals would be in the control group?
5888 Students who take a PE class at their school.
5889 Students who take a PE class and who will not be eating sugary
snacks before PE class.
5890 Students who take a PE class and who will be eating sugary
snacks before PE class.
5891 Students taking any class at school eating any foods.

5889 Which of the following would be the dependent variable in the experiment?
5888 Eating sugary snacks
5889 Eating food
5890 PE class performance
5891 Sports performance

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0 Which of the following would be the independent variable in the experiment?
0 Eating sugary snacks
1 Eating food
2 PE class performance
3 Sports performance

1 Neal is interested in finding out if older siblings are better students than
younger siblings. How should his research problem be stated?
0 Do older students make better grades?
1 Is there a relationship between birth order and academic achievement?
2 Is your little sister smarter than you?
3 Is there a correlation between age and grade point average?

2 Which of the following is a hypothesis that could be tested?

0 The leaves of the plants in the farm are greener in colour than those at
home.
1 Robots will rule the world in the future.
2 The plant needs to be watered at least once a week
3 Computers are very helpful to humans.

3 Some superstitions have scientific explanations. Which of the following

superstitious beliefs has a scientific basis?
0 If you wear polka dot clothes during New Year, you will earn more money
throughout the year.
1 Your wedding will not push through if you wear your wedding gown before
your wedding day.
2 You are driving good luck away from home when you sweep the floor at
night.
3 Children should not eat jackfruit at night because they might get sick.

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0 A group of students investigated how temperature affects the rate of chemical
reactions. They used hydrogen peroxide, which breaks down into oxygen and
water, for their experiment. The students measured how long it took to obtain 50
mL of oxygen gas from a given volume of hydrogen peroxide heated to different
temperatures. Their data are shown in the table below.

Temperature Time
( C) (minutes)

10 33

20 16

30 8

40 4

50 2

Based on the students’ data, select the correct conclusion about the
rate of chemical reactions.
0 Reaction rates increase as time increases.
1 Reaction rates decrease as time decreases.
2 Reaction rates increase as temperature increases.
3 Reaction rates decrease as temperature increases.

0 Who among the following individuals shows an intellectual honesty?

0 In a TV commercial for disposable diapers, the baby solves a leaking hose
by wrapping his disposable diaper around the hose.
1 A science student saw a TV commercial about a detergent that cleans
better than their household detergent. The student performs the same
experiment to verify the claims in the advertisement.
2 A scientist was asked by his employer from tobacco-manufacturing firm to
produce fraudulent data that would dispel claims of cancer being related to
cigarette smoking. The scientist refused to do the data and lost his job.
3 British Levi-Montalcini was a Jewish Italian-American neurobiologist.
During World War II, Jews had to go into hiding and so did Rita, but she
continued to conduct experiments on chicken embryos in a homemade lab
all throughout World War II.

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0 Which of the following statements are true about the scientific method?
I. Identification of the problem should also set the limits and scope of
the experiment.

5888 The hypothesis is an intelligent guess that can be

verified or contradicted by the results of the experiment

23 I and II
24 I and III
25 II and III
26 I, II and III

23 Leonardo gave his tentative answer to the problem. Why is there a need to
give hypothesis as part of the procedures in the scientific method?
A. It is the answer to the problem. C. It has to agree with the data.
B. It is the source of data. D. It has to be accepted or denied.

23 Bernard placed some seeds on wet cotton in a dish and labeled it Set-up A. Then
he put the same kind of seeds in a dish with dry cotton and labeled it Set-
up B. After two days, Bernard’s seeds on Set-up A sprouted and on the other
did not. In the situation, which of the following is the independent variable?

A. dish C. seed B. cotton D. water

23 Anita, a biology student conducted an experiment to find out how light and
plant fertilizer affects the growth of a particular type of plant. She grew four
plants and treated them differently. After five weeks, the plants looked as
shown below.

A B C D

light conditions: dark light dark light

fertilizers: with fertilizer with fertilizer without without
fertilizer fertilizer
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 What is the dependent variable of this experiment?
A. The number of plants C. the application of light
B. The growth of the plants D. the application of fertilizers

23 In conducting your own scientific investigation, which one is the best attitude
to take?
23 Observe merely with the senses to gather qualitative and quantitative data.
24 Test your hypothesis several times before drawing any conclusion to
gather sufficient and conclusive data.
25 Discard any observation that does not agree with the rest of your data to
attain reliability of results.
26 Make a conclusion right after completing the experiment to make the
investigation relevant and timely.

24 The set-up of your experiment has two identical plants, one under the
shade of a roof, the other in direct sunlight. Assuming all other factors
constant, what could be the hypothesis of your experiment?
23 A plant will change into a different kind of plant if placed in the shade.
24 Sunlight will become more abundant if a plant is placed in its direct path.
25 A plant in direct sunlight will grow faster than an identical plant placed in
the shade.
26 A plant will increase the amount of fertilizer and water in the soil if
placed in direct sunlight.

25 You performed a laboratory experiment in your science class where you

would do observations for two days. The following day, you and your group
mates could not identify your control set-up and experimental set-up from the
gathered set- ups of the class. Which of the following must you do to avoid
such thing to happen again?
23 Isolate your set-ups from the rest of the class’ set-ups.
24 Use distinct materials for easy identification.
25 Label your set-ups appropriately.
26 Never leave the laboratory to be able to observe their set-ups all the
time.

26 You hypothesize that thick leg muscles are an inherited trait in dogs. You
collect data on several dogs, and the data show that dogs that live outdoors
have thicker leg muscles than dogs that live indoors. What should you
conclude?
23 Inheritance of thick leg muscles may be associated with coat thickness in
dogs.

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 0.0 Dogs that inherit thick leg muscles may not survive indoors.
0.1 Dogs with thick leg muscles may require more exercise than dogs
with thin leg muscles.
0.2 Inheritance alone may not account for thick leg muscles in dogs.
0 Your teacher wanted to plant santan along the driveway of the school. A
gardener told him that santan is propagated better using the upper end of the
stem, rather than the mature stem. Before following the gardener's advice,
your teacher planted 25 upper stem and 25 mature stem cuttings of santan in
a seedbed. What must have been the reason why your teacher conducted his
small experiment instead of following the gardener's advice immediately?
0.0 Because the gardener's did not finish a college degree.
0.1 To show the gardener how to conduct an experiment.
0.2 To demonstrate to students the steps of scientific method of
solving a problem.
0.3 So as not to waste effort, time and stem cuttings.

1 You wanted to find out if virgin coconut oil can be used as preservative for
peanuts. You placed 10 peanuts each in 2 glasses. In one glass, you added
enough virgin coconut oil to cover the peanuts completely. You did not put
any liquid on the other glass. You then kept the two glasses on a shelf and
observed them for two weeks. Which among the following is an observation
that you may be derived from this experiment?
I. Only four peanuts dried up in the glass without virgin coconut oil
because of room temperature.
II. Six peanuts did not dry up in the glass with virgin coconut oil.
III. The duration of two weeks for this experiment is too long.
IV. Peanuts dis not wither in virgin coconut oil because of the presence of
stearic acid

A. I only C. II and IV
B. I and II D. IV only

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Lesson 1.1: Scientist and Scientific Values

In this lesson, you shall:

discuss the importance of scientific values in decision-making and problem
solving in daily life

Let’s start the module by finding out how scientists conduct

scientific investigation. As you go through this lesson, keep on
thinking about this question: Why is it important to acquire the
right attitude in doing an investigation?

Activity 1.1: Murder Mystery Game

Do you like detective or mystery stories? Why do you like them? Why do you not
like them? Detectives and investigators decipher the clues and try to figure out a
logical explanation for what happened, and above all who did it! Or do you like to
play games that make you think and figure out a strategy or an answer? Do you
have the necessary skills in solving a problem? Today, you are going to play a
game where you can test your skills and attitudes in answering problems.

The game consists of a set of clues to a murder. You are going to answer the
following questions:
0 Who was killed?
1 Who was the murderer?
2 What was the weapon?
3 Where did the murder take place?
4 At what time did the murder occur?
5 What was the motive?

The clues

When he was discovered dead, Mr. Black had a bullet hole in his thigh
and a knife wound in his back.

Mr. Patel shot at an intruder in the block of flats where he lived at 12:00
midnight.

The janitor reported to police that he saw Mr. Black at 12:15 a.m.

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 The bullet taken from Mr. Black’s thigh matched the gun owned by Mr.
Patel.

Only one bullet had been fired from Mr. Patel’s gun.

When the janitor saw Mr. Black, Mr. Black was bleeding slightly, but did
not seem too badly hurt.

A knife with Mr. Black’s blood on it was found in Miss Petty’s garden.

The knife found in Miss Petty’s garden had Mr. Hall’s fingerprints on it.

Mr. Black had destroyed Mr. Patel’s business by stealing all his customers.

The janitor saw Mr. Black’s wife go to Mr. Hall’s flat at 11:30 p.m.

The janitor said that Mr. Black’s wife frequently left the block of flats with
Mr. Hall.

Mr. Black’s body was found in the park.

Mr. Blacks’ body was found at 1:30 am.

Mr. Black had been dead for one hour when his body was found,
according to a medical expert working with the police.

The janitor saw Mr. Black go to Mr. Hall’s room at 12:25 a.m.

The janitor went off duty at 12:30 a.m.

It was obvious from the condition of Mr. Black’s body that it had been
dragged a long distance.

Miss Petty saw Mr. Black go to Mr. Patel’s block of flats at 11:55 p.m.

Mr. Black’s wife disappeared after the murder.

The police were unable to locate Mr. Hall after the murder.

When the police tried to locate Mr. Patel after the murder, they discovered
that he had disappeared.

The janitor said that Miss Petty was in the Entrance hall of the block of
flats when he went off duty.

Miss Petty often followed Mr. Black.

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 Mr. Patel had told Mr. Black that he was going to kill him.

Miss Petty said that nobody left the block of flats between 12:25 am and
12:45 am.

Mr. Black’s blood stains were found in Mr. Hall’s car.

Mr. Black’s blood stains were found on the carpet in the hall outside Mr.
Patel’s.

Write your answers here using the guide questions:

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
______________

Click here to see one possible answer:

After receiving a superficial gunshot wound from Mr. Patel, Mr. Black went to Mr. Hall’s
flat where he was killed by Mr. Hall with a knife at 12:30 am because Mr. Hall was in
love with Mr. Black’s wife.

(Note: The next page opens only after the student has answered. Next
page should open showing feedback based on the student’s answers)

Answer the following questions:

23 What are the skills and attitudes needed to solve the murder mystery
game?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
_______
24 What values should you have in order to solve the mystery?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
_______

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 23 Do you believe that person’s attitude affects how he/she solves a
problem? Defend your answer.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
_______
24 Is it important to acquire the right attitude in doing an investigation?
Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______

What do you feel in doing the activity? Are you having fun in doing the
activity? Can you say that you have the right attitude in solving problems?
Do you believe that having the correct values contribute to your decision-
making? How can these attitudes be related to scientific values? What are
the different scientific values? How can we solve problems in a scientific
way? Think about these questions as you do the next activity.

End of Explore:

You gave your initial ideas on the importance of scientific attitude

in solving problems. Let’s now find out more about scientific
values by doing the next activities.

Your goal in this section is to learn and understand the

different scientific values. As you go through this section, you
will do the different activities to find out the answers on the
following questions:

23 What are the different scientific values?

24 How do scientists work to learn about the natural world and
to solve problems?
25 Why is it important to acquire the right attitude in doing an
investigation?

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Activity 1.2: Thinking Map

Complete the Thinking Map below by writing terms that you can relate with the
concept of scientific values.

THINKING MAP

SCIENTIFIC
VALUES

23 Answer the following guide questions:

23 What associations do those words have on scientific values?

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_________
24 What values should a scientist have?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_________

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 23 Why are these values important to them?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_________
24 When can you say that a certain attitude or value can be
considered scientific?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_________

23 Let us check your scientific attitude by identifying the following

statements whether it is based on science or merely a superstition.
Explain your answer.
1. Mang Pedro is a fisherman. He goes out to the sea every night
except during full moon. He says he’ll never get a good catch
during full moon because the fairies are around.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________
2. While cleaning the mirror, Gina accidentally broke it. Her mother
scolded her because this incident would mean they would
experience bad luck for 7 years.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________
3. The youngest daughter of Aling Lita does not take a bath in the
evening because she believes that bathing in the evening
would mean losing a cup of blood from her body.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________
4. Girlie and Tom were soon to wed. They agreed that Girlie would fit
her wedding gown before the wedding day to check if the fit was
perfect. Their parents cautioned them against it saying that the
wedding would not push through if they did so.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________

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 5888 Do not sleep when your hair is wet if you do not want to lose
your sense of sight.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________
5889 Singing while cooking is prohibited because you will
end up marrying a widower.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________
5890 Taking a bath after attending a wake up to morning because
this will cause you harm.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________
5891 You are driving good luck away from your home when you
sweep the floor at night.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________
5892 Sick people going on pilgrimage to Lourdes or Fatima in
order to get healed
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________

5893 An examination was scheduled for the next day. Your friend
advised you to eat lots of peanuts in order to get a high score. How
would you react to this advice? What will you do to prepare for the
test?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________

What can you say about your ideas about scientific values? Are you certain of
these ideas? Do you think you have the same answers with other people on
these beliefs? When can you say that a certain attitude or value can be
considered scientific? How can we solve problems in a scientific way? Can you
identify scientific values in different situations? Do you believe that these values
are necessary in decision-making? Is it important to acquire the different
scientific attitudes in solving problems? You are going to perform the next
activity to check further you understanding on scientific values and how to use
these values to answer problems.

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 Activity 1.3: Story Telling: Sir Thomas Alva Edison

Do you know Thomas Alva Edison? What are his contributions in the field of
science? You are going to have a close encounter of the interesting life of Sir
Thomas Alva Edison and his scientific endeavor.

Study the situation in the life of Thomas Alva Edison in which you are going to
answer this question: How attitudes and values affect the way people solve a
problem?

It was told that one winter, when Thomas Alva Edison was young, his
mother could not find him for days. Later, he was found shivering in
the barn while sitting on a basket with unhatched eggs. Asked why
2Reading he was doing that, he said, “If a hen can hatch eggs by sitting on
them for days, maybe I can also do it.” He was brought home but
after a few days he went back to the barn.

Questions to answer:

What did Thomas Edison do inside the barn?

Why did he do that?
What are the desirable qualities of the young Edison?

Read the life of Sir Thomas Alva Edison:

Reading

SIR THOMAS ALVA EDISON

Born in 1847, Thomas Edison had an unusually broad forehead and his
head was larger than the average, the physical appearance that, along with his
uncommon behavior, convinced his mother of his extraordinarily intelligence. By
age 12, he worked by selling newspapers, snacks and other items. A few

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 years later he published his paper, the Weekly Herald, that attracted
subscribers and later on supported him financially enough to set-up a
chemistry laboratory in his basement.
One day, he saved the son of the stationmaster from being hit by a train. In
gratitude, the father taught him the Morse Code and the telegraph. Throughout the
rest of his life Edison built various machines and equipments, including an electric
vote-recording machine, the first phonograph, the first commercially practical
incandescent electric light bulb, the first practical Dictaphone, mimeograph,
storage battery, and developed the first Vitascope which would lead to the first
silent motion pictures. By the time he was 83 years old, he already had 1,092
patents for his inventions. In 1883 and 1884, he made an impact on the world by
presenting the world’s first economically viable system to centrally generate and
distribute heat, power and electric light. Edison became so famous that he was
even asked to create defensive devices for ships and submarines during the start
of the First World War. He continued to work until his death in 1931. But even until
today, Thomas Edison is still remembered for his important works, being known to
the world as “The Wizard of Menlo Park”, The Father of the Electrical Age” and
“the greatest inventor who ever lived”.

Source: http://www.thomasedison.com/biography.html

Questions to answer:

0 Which traits and attitudes helped Thomas Alva Edison succeed in

his scientific endeavor?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_________
1 What makes Thomas Alva Edison a scientist?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_________

What can you say about the life of Sir Thomas Alva Edison? Do you have a
hard time identifying the different traits and attitudes of the young Edison? Are
these traits and attitudes present when he was doing work with incandescent
lamps? Do these traits play an important role in the discovery of the
incandescent lamp? What makes him a scientist?

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 End of FIRM UP:
In this section, the discussion was about the importance of scientific
values in doing scientific investigation. Are you clarified in the
concepts of the different scientific attitude? Are your ideas correct?
What concepts are still not clear to you?

Go back to the previous section and compare your initial ideas

with the discussion. How much of your initial ideas are found in the
discussion? Which ideas are different and need revision?

Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, let’s
go deeper by moving on to the next section.

Your goal in this section is to take a closer look and investigate the
life and work of the different scientists in the next activity for you to
see the importance of the different scientific values and how these
values are used in different scientific endeavors.

Activity 1.4: Science, Technology and Society: “Filipino and Foreign

Scientists”

Who among the famous Filipino or foreign scientists you would like to
emulate and why?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______

Study the following websites

Foreign Scientists:
http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Science/Scients.htm
Filipino Scientists:

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http://inventors.about.com/od/filipinoscientists/Filipino_Inventors_and_Filipino_
Scientists.htm

Complete the table below:

Foreign Contributions Methods Impact to society

Scientist Applied
1.

2.

Filipino Contributions Methods Impact to society

Scientist Applied
1.

2.

Answer the following questions:

0 What qualities of your inventor/scientist help him/her in achieving

his/her goals?
1 How did these qualities help him/her?
2 What are the different ways or methods used by these scientists?
3 How did these scientists correct misconceptions and superstitions
with the use of scientific method?

Go to http://www.funbrain.com/who/index.html and answer trivia on foreign

scientists and open http://agham.asti.dost.gov.ph/1998/8th/fun/fun.htm to
answer a short quiz about Filipino scientists.

Guide Questions:

0 What patterns or common features about the way scientists think

and work do their stories show?
1 Based from your answers in the activity, how do scientists solve
problems in a scientific way?
2 How do men benefit from these discoveries?

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 0 Why is it important to acquire the right attitude in doing an
investigation?
1 Can you cite proofs that Foreign and Filipino inventions are of
equal importance?
2 What does this information imply about the competency of the
Filipinos?
3 What is the impact of this information on you?
4 Enumerate some problems encountered at school and/or home.
Which methods have you used or do you propose to use to
address the problems.

After reading the life and work of the different scientists, how did scientific values
affect the work of scientists? If they did not have these values or methods, what
would have happened? Was it easy for them? Why not? How do they overcome
obstacles? If you had the same obstacles, what would you do? What would be a
scientific way of dealing with the obstacles? You are going to do the next activity
in order to check if you already have the desirable traits of a scientist.

Activity 1.5: Filipino Pride: Dr. Fe Del Mundo

Open the following websites:

0 Filipino Pride: Dr. Fe Del Mundo:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gY4xUYExAAY
1 President Benigno Aquino tribute to Dr. Fe Del Mundo: National
Scientist http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PXeAQrVA4M

After watching the tribute to the great National Scientist, Dr. Fe del
Mundo, write an essay (100-150 words) to answer this question:

Why is it important to acquire the right attitude in doing an

investigation?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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 __________________________________________________________
_ __________________________________________________

After doing the activity, do you have the traits of a scientist? What did you
notice of the traits of the scientists? Can you now see the importance on why is
it important to acquire the right attitude in doing an investigation?

End of DEEPEN:
In this section, the discussion was about the importance
of acquiring the different scientific attitude.

What new realizations do you have about the topic? What new
connections have you made for yourself? Can you now answer
the question: Why is it important to acquire the right attitude
in doing an investigation?

Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are
ready to do the tasks in the next section.

Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations.
You will be given a practical task which will demonstrate your
understanding.

Activity 1.6: Graphic Organizer: Bubble Map

Answer the following questions below:

0 Identify the scientific attitudes/values demonstrated by a person who

0 is interested to inquire or look into anything
1 does not readily believe things he sees or hears
2 is willing to repeat his work several times
3 listens to the ideas of others
4 does not claim the work of others as his own
1 Give at least three (3) qualities of scientists. Which one do you
consider most important? Why?

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You are going to do a bubble map activity wherein you will examine your own
desirable characteristics and compare these traits with those of the scientists.
You can pick out a scientist, who may be Filipino or Foreign, and identify the
desirable qualities of this scientist.
BUBBLE MAP

MY MYSELF
SCIENTIST

Answer the following questions below:

0 What did you realize in doing this activity?

1 By having these desirable qualities of a scientist, how can we
show these to others and inspire them as a result?
2 Share one concrete situation in your life where you have shown
one of these desirable qualities.
3 You learned that some students in your school are organizing a
rally against the principal for requiring male students to cut their
hair short. Will you join the rally? Why or why not? What guided
you in making that decision to join or not to join the rally?

What can you say about your answers in the bubble map? What are your
insights and realizations when you compare your desirable traits to that of the
desirable traits of the scientists? Among the desirable traits, which do you think
you already have now? What traits do you need to practice or emulate? Can you
use these values in finding answers to a problem? Can you be a scientist? You
will do a journal writing activity to express your ideas, realizations, insights and
reflections on the current situation of our Filipino scientists.

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Activity 1.7: Journal Writing; Value Clarification

Open the link below to explore the work and contribution of Filipino scientists:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nP-h9k52k5Q

Answer the following questions below:

0 How did the different Filipino scientist persevere in their field of

interest?
1 How will you show that you are proud of Filipino scientists?
2 Do you want to become a Filipino scientist? Why or why not?
3 Some people consider Filipino scientists as inferior to their foreign
counterparts. Do you agree with this? Explain your answer.
4 What should government do to help Filipino scientists and
inventors?
5 What values do scientists have? What values do you have?
Why do you say so? Cite situations to support your answer.

Scientific attitudes and values are important in problem solving and decision-
making in daily life. Scientific attitudes, desirable qualities and values are not a
monopoly of any particular race or gender. Filipino Scientists are as great as
the Foreign Scientists. Why is it important to acquire the right attitude in doing
an investigation? Do you have the skills and attitudes to become a great
Filipino Scientist?

End of TRANSFER:
In this section, your task was to reflect if you have the necessary
scientific attitude in dealing with problems. Do you see now the
importance of acquiring the right attitude in doing an
investigation?

How did you find the tasks? How did the tasks help you see the real
world use of scientific values? What concepts about scientific
investigation do you want to explore and study more?

You have completed this lesson. After having the right attitude in
conducting scientific investigation, you are going to look into other
concepts of scientific investigation in the next session to answer all
your questions about the investigatory process.

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Lesson 1.2: The Scientific Method

In this lesson, you shall:

Identify the components of an investigation: research problem, hypothesis,
method for testing hypothesis (identifying independent/dependent variables),
and conclusions based on evidence

Do we follow certain steps or rules when we solve problems?

Scientists do. They use specific steps and logical approach in
discovering and inventing things. We might be doing the same but
not as formal as what a trained scientist does. We are not just
aware that we are using even the basic steps in scientific method in
our everyday life.

Let’s start the module by looking at the different steps of scientific

method. As you go through this lesson, keep on thinking about this
question: What are the steps in scientific method? How can we
solve problems in a scientific way?

Let us check your ideas on the different steps of scientific method

by doing the next activity.

Activity 2. 1: Anticipation Reaction Guide: Identifying the Steps in

Scientific Method

Can you answer this question correctly?

Alexander Fleming noticed that bacteria growing on a plate of agar did not
grow next to a mold that was growing on the same plate. He wrote in his
laboratory report: “The mold may be producing a substance that kills
bacteria.” This statement is best described as
0 an observation
1 a hypothesis
2 a generalization
3 a conclusion
4 an inference
Write and explain your reason below:

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 ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________

Are you certain with your ideas on the different steps of scientific method?

You will do the anticipation reaction guide below to verify these ideas.

Read the statements at the middle column. Match each with the steps by
dragging the step to the left column only marked BEFORE. Once you are
finished, click on “SUBMIT”. Check your answer by clicking on “Check”.
Choose from the following steps:

OBSERVATION
HYPOTHESIS

PROBLEM
CONCLUSION

INTERPRETING DATA EXPERIMENT

COMMUNICATING THE
RESULT

BEFORE STATEMENTS AFTER

0 After experiment, Edwin accepts his

hypothesis that an increase in the amount
of fertilizer dissolved in water will mean
an increase in the basicity of the solution.

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 0 Andy would like to help his dad repair their
car which is running poorly. He suggests
that if they change the oil of the car, then
it will function properly.
1 After tabulating the experimental results in
tables and graphs, Alex interpreted that
when the mass of the moving object is
kept constant, the acceleration of a moving
object increases when the applied force
increases.
2 Five plants treated with the new fertilizer
were found to have strong stems while the
other five plants with the old fertilizers
have soft and easy to cut stems.
3 The scientists studying global warming
want to accurately predict what the
average temperature of the earth's
surface will be 100 years from now.
4 After conducting a scientific investigation
on DURIO ZIBETHINUS (Durian) as an
effective increaser of platelet count in
ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS(European
Rabbit), Therese tells her parents and
teacher about her findings and prepares
to present his project in Science class and
in scientific community.
5 To identify which combination of mineral
oil and “tanglad” extract will give the most
soothing effect in massage, Caroline
prepare 25%, 50% and 75% “tanglad”
liniment mixture.

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Module 1: The Investigatory Process> Lesson 2: The Scientific Method

What can you say about your answers in the ARG guide? Do you have the right
ideas on the different steps of scientific method? Is scientific method always
orderly? Are you certain of your answers above? What experiences do you
have that you can use to defend your answers above? Are you certain that you
know how to conduct scientific investigation? Is it easy to conduct scientific
investigation? Are you sure that you know that you have the correct
understanding of scientific method or process? Let us try to check your ideas
by performing the next activity.

ACTIVITY NO. 2.2: KWL Chart.

Below is a KWL Chart. It will help you evaluate your understanding of the
lessons that will be taken in this unit. You will be asked to fill in the information in
different sections of this module .As of now, you are just to answer the first two
columns.

The Scientific Method

What I KNOW What I WANT to know What I have LEARNED

SAVE

What can you say about your concepts on scientific method? Is scientific method
always orderly? Do you think you have the same concepts with others? You are
going to perform the next activity to find out which of your ideas are acceptable.

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 END OF EXPLORE:
You gave your initial ideas on the steps of scientific method. You
just tried matching the given statements with the steps in scientific
method. Let’s now find out what the answers are by doing the
next part.

In this part your task is to understand how the steps of scientific

method are formulated and used in an investigation.

Reflect on these questions:

What are the steps in scientific method?
How can we solve problems in scientific way?

Keep in mind these questions as you do the different activities

in this section.

ACTIVITY NO 2.3: Webpage Reading

Read this webpage

http://glencoe.com/sec/science/physics/ppp_09/animation/Chapter%201/Scientifi c
%20Method.swf
This webpage explains the different steps in scientific method with voice and
flow chart for your better understanding

From Activity no 1, analyze the relationship of the given sample and the steps in
scientific method .then with your understanding of the previous webpage
reading answer this worksheet below. Fill the boxes with short description of
each step in the Scientific Method.

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 SCIENTIFIC METHOD

PROBLEM

OBSERVATION

HYPOTHESIS

EXPERIMENT

DATA

CONCLUSION

Communicate
the Result SUBMIT

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Now that you have written your own ideas on the steps in scientific method, let us
check if these ideas are correct by doing the situational analysis below:

Activity 2.4: Situational Analysis

Consider the Situation Below:

John watches his grandmother bake bread. He asks his grandmother

what makes the bread rise.
She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar.

John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size
of the bread loaf.

If you are John, how are you going to solve the problem scientifically?
Write your answers below:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________

Open the web page below and understand the definition of Scientific Method
and it steps. You can also see here if you have the correct answers on the
scientific investigation conducted by John
0 http://science.pppst.com/scientificmethod.html

There are several power point presentations in this web page. Click on “The
Steps in Scientific Method”. Focus on how each step is formulated. You may try
to open other PPT and know more about Scientific Method.

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 Based from the power point presentation above, fill out on how
John conducted the following the steps on scientific method:

← Problem:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________

← Observation:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________
← Hypothesis:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________
← Experiment:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________
← Data
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________
← Conclusion
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________
← Communicate the Result
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________

After reading the power point presentation, answer the questions below:

← What step has” if and then” statement?

← How do you formulate problem?
← What should be considered in designing an experiment?
← What should be done if the experiment proved that the hypothesis
is correct?
← What step is done after experimentation?
← How can we solve problems in a scientific way?

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Based from the activity, are you certain on the different steps of scientific
method? Is scientific method always orderly? Why is there a need to know the
different steps in scientific method? Why do we have to solve problems in a
scientific way? The discussion below will help you understand more the different
steps on scientific method.

Activity 2.5: The Scientific Method

SCIENTIFIC METHOD is a procedure consisting of a

series of steps with the goal of problem-solving and
information-gathering.

You are going to use the scientific investigation conducted by John in the power
point presentation presented in the previous activity to examine closely the
different steps in scientific method.

The scientific method is split up into the following steps:

1. Identifying problem or question.

In this step, the researcher decides what it is that he wants to

study. This may appear as a simple procedure, but it is actually
very important. It identifies exactly what the researcher is to
learn and it allows him to focus only on that problem.

Do you think John’s scientific problem is a valid problem for conducting a

scientific investigation? Why do you say so? What do you think are the
characteristics of a good scientific problem?
__________________________________________________________
_
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________

2. Observation about the problem:

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 Data are gathered through the use of five senses and
collecting information about the question. This will help in
making a hypothesis.

Do you know the difference between observation and inference? Let us do

the following activities:

The poem contains five blanks in which you are going to answer by
writing the word observation or inference.

Observation and Inference

By Kathleen Carroll

An ___(1)___ is what you know

Because your senses tell you so.

“I see..,” “I feel..,” “I smell..,” “I hear..,”

Words make ___(2)___ clear.

An ___(3)___ is a good guess

It’s nothing more and nothing less.

“I think..,” “It might..,” and “probably..”

Shows it’s an ___(4)___ , you see
Remember what I’m telling you.
An ___(5)___ you know is true.

Are you certain of your answers? Do you encounter these terms in your
daily activities? What do you think is the problem why you are confused
with your answers? The next activity will help you explore the concepts
of observations and inferences.

Classify the following as observations or inference. Click on the correct

column. Then, click on “Submit” to check your answers.

Statement Observation Inference

The clouds are dark.
It is going to rain.
The rock has sharp edges.
The rock has holes in it.

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 The rock is dark colored
and has large mineral
grains.
The rock was formed near
the Earth’s surface.
The candle is red.
The candle is using oxygen.
The flame is yellow.
The candle is cylindrical.
The flame is giving off
carbon dioxide.
Wax is dipping down the
candle.
The candle is 4 inches high.
To check more of your understanding of the difference between observation
and inference, log on to http://www.quia.com/jg/57288.html .Try the matching
game. Ask: What new information about observation and inference did you
obtain from the game?

What are the observations made by John in his scientific investigation?

Do you think these observations are valid observations in answering his
scientific problem? Explain your answer.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
__________________

After doing the activity, are you clarified with your concepts on prediction,
observation and inference? Can we solve problems using observations,
predictions and inferences? When do observations, predictions and
inferences become valuable? Can you now differentiate one from another?
What are the significance of doing observations and inferences in solving
problems in a scientific way?

3. Development of a hypothesis.

A guess made according to the background information that has

been gathered. The hypothesis is not a just a simple guess to
your problem. Instead, the hypothesis is an educated or

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 scientific guess. An important aspect of the hypothesis is that it should
answer the original question, and it should be testable.

Webpage Reading
Open the link http://www.ehow.com/how_8647226_make-good-
hypothesis.html and study the characteristics of a good hypothesis.

Answer the questions below:

← What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________

← Going back to John’s investigation, will you consider John’s

hypothesis in his scientific investigation a correct hypothesis?
Why do you say so?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________

Write a testable hypothesis on the following problems:

← What is the effect of changing the wing design of the paper airplane on
its flight time?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
____________

← Athletes who eats breakfast perform best in their sports

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
____________

Design an experiment to test the hypothesis.

Designing an experiment whose results will either support or
disprove the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is supported, then the
results of the experiment will indicate that the hypothesis is
correct. However, the results of your experiment can also prove
that the hypothesis is wrong.

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 How did John design his experiment to test his hypothesis? Was the
design appropriate to answer his scientific problem and prove his
hypothesis? If you were John, will you do the same design? Explain your
answer.
__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________

5. Collecting the data.

This may be quantitative (numbers) or qualitative. Data

must be organized. Can be presented or organized into
charts, tables or graph. Any pieces of information that
you collect regarding the experiment are called DATA.

Discuss on how John’s collect his data in his scientific investigation.

What is the importance of data gathering in any scientific investigation?
Will this be needed to solve problem scientifically? Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________

6. Draw Conclusions from your data.

Here, it is stated directly whether the hypothesis is accepted
of rejected. If the hypothesis is accepted, it should be
repeated, since one of the basic foundations of the scientific
method is that it is repeatable. The more an experiment is
repeated, the more valid the results are.

How did John write his conclusion in his scientific investigation? Can
you say that is it a good conclusion? Why do you say so?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________

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 Use any references (books or discussion from the net) and come up with
at least three guidelines on how to make a good scientific conclusion.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Communicate the Result

Be prepared to present the project to an audience. Expect
questions from the audience. There is a need to communicate
the result of the scientific investigation especially in the
presence of experts to verify the validity of the result.

How did John communicate his results in his scientific investigation? What
do you think is the purpose of communicating the results in any scientific
investigation?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________

After knowing the different steps in scientific method, can you now answer the
question:
How can we solve problems in scientific
way?______________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_ _____

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 END OF FIRM UP:
In this section, you have identified the steps in scientific method and
learn some points to consider in formulating each step. Go to activity
No. 1 and try to answer the last column. Do you have the same
answer?

The Scientific Method

What I KNOW What I WANT to What I have
know LEARNED

What have you realized this time? Is it important to know the different
steps in scientific method? Will this help you solve problems in
scientific way?

Your goal in this section is to extend your understanding on the

different steps of scientific method. Knowing the different steps of
scientific method, will help you see the importance of why there is
a need to solve problems in scientific way.

Let us check if you have the correct understanding of the

different steps in scientific method by doing the next activity.

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Activity No. 2.6: Interactive Video Viewing

After learning their definition and details about the steps in scientific
method, you are now ready to analyze concrete examples for further
understanding. Click on this webpage:

http://www.brainpop.com/science/scientificinquiry/scientificmethod/index.weml

This webpage is a subscription page but offers FREE TRIAL.

Instruction:
Register for the free trial.
Confirm registration
Click on “SCIENCE”
Click on “SCIENCE INQUIRY”
Click on “SCIENTIFIC METHOD”
Click on “PLAY THE MOVIE”. There are two movies which you could view. One
video is finding out the most appropriate number of times a plant should be
watered and the other is finding out the things which are attracted to a magnet.

After viewing, fill up the table below:

STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC VIDEO ON WATERING

METHOD OF PLANTS VIDEO ON MAGNET

PROBLEM

OBSERVATION

HYPOTHESIS

EXPERIMENT

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 DATA

CONCLUSION

After filling up this table, try to analyze and reflect on the

following questions:
4.

What is common in each step?

Is there a pattern followed in identifying each step?
What makes you think that those are the correct
conclusions?
How can we solve problems in a scientific way?

Click on “TRY THE ACTIVITIES” on the same webpage to evaluate

your understanding. You may try the three activities such as:
Order of Events (Unscramble the words)
Graphic Organizer (Flow Chart)
Vocabulary ( Definition)

You may want to try on some questions asked by other people about
this topic, Click on Q and A.

End of Deepen

In this section, the discussion was identifying the different parts of

scientific method using different samples of scientific
investigation. You extend your understanding to find the answer to
the question: how can we solve problems in a scientific way?

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 Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life
situations. You will be given a practical task which will demonstrate
your understanding.

Activity 2.7: Scientific Method Web Quest

Go to this website and perform the different activities on how to do the

different steps in scientific method. The different website will help you to
answer the given problem.

http://ph052.k12.sd.us/introscimethwq2.htm

How will you assess your understanding on scientific method after

doing the web quest activity? How can we solve problems in a scientific
way? When do scientific methods become valuable? Can we use
scientific
method to explain natural phenomena and to develop/invent useful products?
Explain you answer by giving specific examples. You are going to do the next
activity to enrich your skills on how to conduct scientific investigation and to
see the importance of scientific method in daily life activities.

Activity 2.8 : Individual Scientific Method Exploration

You are going to observe things and processes around your home, and
formulate a question to solve. Using the Scientific Method as a guide, you
should develop a simple experiment and record your results. Be sure to
complete each step of the scientific method in order. You should submit a
written or typed report to be graded.

Remember that you have to explicitly state in your conclusions whether the
hypothesis was accepted or rejected, and suggestions for further
experimentation. The written report will be rated using a scoring rubric.

Scoring Rubrics for Individual Scientific Method Exploration

Grading Superior Excellent Good Fair Poor

Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Observations

Hypothesis
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 Defined
Variables
Procedure

Analysis
Conclusion

Superior – Meets all requirements; exhaustive coverage; completely

understands problem and ability to apply solution; shows originality;
few grammatical errors.

Excellent – Meets all requirements of task; well defined and

documented; excellent understanding and ability to apply solution; shows
evidence of creativity; few errors.

Good – Meets requirements; fairly well planned and documented; shows an

understanding and ability to apply data to the solution of new problems; could
show more evidence of creativity and more details; few
grammatical/mechanical errors.

Fair – Uneven work; meets some requirements; poor coverage; little

understanding and ability to apply data to problem solving; needs to improve in
significant areas; many grammatical/mechanical errors.

Poor – Meets few if any requirements; little understanding and little application
of solution; grammatical/mechanical errors significant.

After doing the individual scientific method exploration, how can we solve
problems in a scientific way? What do you think is the purpose of solving
problems? When do scientific methods become valuable?

End of Transfer

In this section, your task was to do scientific web quest and

individual scientific exploration for you to see the connection of the
steps of scientific method to real world situations.

How did you find the tasks? How did the tasks help you see the real
world use of scientific method? Can you conduct your own scientific
investigation?

You have completed this lesson. We are going to study on how to

design an experiment for you to really understand the application of
scientific method.

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Lesson 1.3: Designing an Experiment

In this topic, you shall:

Describe what is meant by fair test.
Recognize that the design of an investigation should show fair testing.
Conduct simple investigations using processes involving mixtures common to
the locality.
Choose an interesting topic for investigation.
formulate a research problem.
formulate a hypothesis.
design a procedure to test the
hypothesis.
collect, organize and interpret data.
make conclusions based on the data,
accounting and rejecting the
hypothesis.
write a brief summary of the report.
share and present the results of the investigations with other classmates or
schoolmates.

Let’s start the module by exploring the expected output in this

lesson. As you go through this lesson, keep on thinking about this
question: When do scientific methods become valuable?

Scientists write experimental papers to show to other scientists what

they have discovered. This paper explained the results of their experiment that
supported their conclusion. These papers are even published in a science
magazines or journals that they even got novel prices for their excellent contribution
to science. Other scientists read the papers and make comments on the experiment
and the results. If they disagree with the way the experiment was designed or the
results they can do the experiment themselves and write their own paper, trying to
persuade others that they are correct. In this way scientists check on each others
work making sure that all results and conclusions are accurate.

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 Performance Task

In your “barangay”, residents are complaining about the off smell coming
out of the creek near a paper pulp factory. The intensity of the smell increases
during rainy days. Residents are putting the blame on the paper pulp factory so
they informed the chairman about this but the chairman said that there should be
evidence that would prove that the factory is the one causing the problem.
As young scientist, your task is to design an experiment that would give
clear idea to the residents about their problem. Write the results of your
experiment in the form of an experimental paper. You should be able to convince
your chairman about the result of your experiment. You should also be prepared
to defend your results orally to the residents in case the result did not support
their claim. This is to show that an experiment is not biased and should
show fairness in testing.

Your output will be judged according to the application of scientific methods,

content, appropriateness, impact and practicality, of the designed experiment

RUBRIC
EXEMPLARY SATISFACTOR DEVELOPING NEEDS
4 Y 2 IMPROVEMEN
3 T
1
Introduction All objectives are All of the Some of the There is no
(Objectives clearly stated. objectives are objectives are objective stated
and The hypothesis is clearly stated. clearly stated. and the
Hypothesis) concise and The hypothesis The hypothesis hypothesis
clearly reflects the clearly reflects reflects a does not
variables of the the variables of singular variable clearly reflect
study. the study. for the study. the variables of
the study.
Experiment All materials are Most of the Some of the No materials
al Design listed and have materials are materials are are listed.
proper units. listed and have listed and have Procedure is
Procedure is proper units. proper units. not given.
detailed and Procedure is Procedure is
appropriate with detailed and detailed but does
adequate number appropriate with not specify trials
of trials. Steps are adequate in order to test
appropriately and number of trials. the given
logically arranged Steps are hypothesis.
to test the given appropriately
hypothesis. arranged to test
Safety measures the given
are addressed. hypothesis.

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 Collection All important data There are a There are a There are no
and are collected and number of data number of data data collected,
Organizatio are presented collected, collected, presented and
n of Data and organized in presented and presented and organized in
very readable organized in organized in tables/charts/gr
tables/charts/grap tables/charts/gra tables/charts/gra aphs.
hs. Data collected phs. Data phs. Some data
are accurately collected are collected are
related to the accurately somewhat
hypothesis. related to the related to the
hypothesis. hypothesis.
Conclusion, All conclusions Most of the Some of the No conclusions
Recommen are supported by conclusions are conclusions are and
dations & data and reflect supported by supported by recommendatio
Bibliograph realization of the data and reflect data and reflect ns are given.
y written objectives. realization of the realization of the No sources are
Recommendation written written cited.
s are given for the objectives. objectives.
improvement of Recommendatio Recommendatio
the study and are ns are given for ns are given for
consistent with the improvement the improvement
the given of the study and of the study but
conclusion. All are consistent some are not
sources are with the given consistent with
properly cited and conclusion. All the given
listed. Some sources are conclusion. Only
sources have properly cited a few sources
very and listed. are cited.
comprehensive,
detailed and
updated technical
information which
can be easily
understood and
applied.
Content The content of the The content of The content of The content of
experimental the experimental the experiment experiment
paper is complete paper is paper is paper is
with additional complete, comprehensive insufficient and
interpretation and comprehensive but insufficient. not
implications of the and acceptably Some expected comprehensive
results that sufficient. data were not .
reflects student’s All of the discussed. Expected
deep expected data information is
understanding. were discussed. not discussed.

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 Very
comprehensive.
Appropriate The design of the The design of The design of The design of
ness of the experiment is the experiment is the experiment is the experiment
designed very appropriate appropriate and not exactly is not
experiment and the flow of leading to the leading to the appropriate.
the process is solution of the solution of the The experiment
leading to the problem. The problem. Some is not leading
solution of the steps in scientific parts are missing to solve the
problem. Use of process are and the steps in problem
scientific process transparently scientific process
was followed and followed. are not
recommendations completely
were added to followed.
completely solve
the problem.
Impact of Establishes and Establishes and The importance Does not relate
the communicates in communicates and relevance to the selected
experiment an engaging and the importance the personal and issue at all to
to self and practical way the and relevance of community level the youth or
the importance and the issue on are not clearly their
community relevance of the personal and established and community
issue on personal community communicated.
and community levels. The
levels importance and
relevance are
clear.
PRACTICA Practicality of the Practicality of the Practicality of the Practicality of
LITY of the suggested suggested suggested the suggested
experiment process is very process is very process is good process is not
good and good and but not discussed.
justifiable justifiable. justifiable.
Additional
explanation
illustrates
student’s deep
understanding of
the topic.

In order for you to be ready on your own scientific investigation, you will do
a reading on how to design an experiment.

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Activity 3.1: Designing experiment
Open the website below and read the article to understand how
experiments are design to suit with a particular problem.

http://library.thinkquest.org/J001402F/experiment.htm

After reading the text on how to design an experiment, complete the

graphic organizer below:

THINGS YOU FOUND OUT:

INTERESTING THINGS

QUESTION YOU STILL HAVE

What are the important things to remember in designing an experiment? You

are to fill the table below using the given situation to check your
understanding on designing an experiment.

Situation:

Suppose you are a researcher who is interested in designing several

pereximents to test the factors that affect how quickly an Alka-Seltzer ®- Brand A
to Brand B- Kremil S and Brand C- Galviscon dissolves in water (solution rate)

STEP 1 – Consider Your Question or

Problem Question/Problem:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________
Hypothesis
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________

STEP 2 – Think About All the Variables

Activity 3.2: Video clip: Scientific Variables

Go to this websites and study on the different scientific variables:

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzfDvfoBv_g&list=UU__Oz1pXerLxn0Qpsy5
wbFw&index=1&feature=plcp

After watching the video, answer the following questions:

Define the following
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Control Variable
Fair Test
Why should the design of an investigation show fair testing? :
What is the importance of knowing the different scientific variable in the
conduct of your scientific investigation?
When do scientific variable become valuable in the conduct of scientific
investigation?

Complete the table below using the situation given above:

What is the independent variable (manipulated variable) that you are testing?
_______________________________________________________________
_______

What is the dependent variable (responding variable)?

_______________________________________________________________
_______

What variables must be kept constant for this to be considered a “controlled

variables”?
_______________________________________________________________
_______

STEP 3 – Set-Up a Controlled Experiment

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________________

STEP 4: Doing the Experiment

List the materials you will need to perform the experiment:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_____________________
Outline the procedures you will follow as you conduct this experiment. Include
a control group and allow adequate time to repeat the experiment to verify your
results.

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 _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________

After doing the activity, are you now ready to do your performance tasks. The
next activities will help you on how to perform your tasks and for you to find the
answer to the question: When do scientific methods become valuable?

End of Explore

You gave your ideas on how to do your performance tasks. Let’s

us start conducting your scientific investigation by doing the next
activities.

Your goal in this section is to write and conduct your own scientific
investigation. You will be guided by the different activities for you
to complete the whole process. As you go through this section, find
out the answers on the questions: When do scientific methods
become valuable?

Keep in mind this question as you do the different activities in

this section.

TASK 1: FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM

Activity 3.3: Interactive experiment

You have read the steps in designing experiment. Open the following webpage
and check how they follow the steps given in the article. Analyze and check if the
designed experiment matches with the problem.

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 http://nationalzoo.si.edu/education/conservationcentral/walk/walk4_broadband.ht ml
Identifying a tree
http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Education/ConservationCentral/walk/walk1_broadband.h tml
finding appropriate type of soil for a type of plant.

Are the designed experiments matches with the problem? Explain

your answer.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

After doing the interactive video and having ideas on the different
scientific variable, fill up the table below:

Identifying a Tree in the Matching type of soil to

forest kind of plant

PROBLEM

DESCRIPTION OF
EXPERIMENT

Dependent variable

Independent variable

Control Variable

How to write Research Problem:

Observe in your surroundings and find a question that captures
your curiosity. It might be “who are more fund of going to the mall,
male or female?”, “Which is healthier for dogs, table food or dog
food?”, “What will be the effect of the gas car exhaust to plants?”
or you could think of your own problem. You can observe from
your window or go to your kitchen or anywhere in your
surroundings to find for your problem.

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 Consider the problem:
Source: Science Research Process Handbook for INTEL -DOST-SEI by
Alfonso, Caintic, Capris, Cruz, Lamorena, Lozano, Santiago
Reading 3

Response of Okra to Horse Manure and Urea: A Comparative Study

The independent variable in the above problem is the kind of fertilizer used. There
are two levels of this variable: horse manure and urea. The dependent variable is the
response (growth) of okra. The effect is observed in terms of plant height, time of
flowering, number of pods and final weight of the plants. An extraneous variable in this
study is the quality of okra seed planted in the three plots. Okra is used all throughout
the experiment and the seeds used must be of the same size and age. Other
extraneous variables are sources of the horse manure and the urea. They should be
the same in the entire investigation.

The main problem in this study is to compare the effect of horse manure and urea
on the growth of okra.

The sub-problems of this study are:

How will the use of horse manure and urea affect the following:
height of the okra plants?
time of flowering per okra plant?
number of pods per okra plant?
final weight of each of the okra plants?
final total weight of the pods per okra plant?

How will the effect of horse manure and urea on the growth of okra plants differ in
terms of:
average height per plant;
time of flowering per plant;
number of pods per plant;
number of leaves per plant; and
total weight of plants per plot

What are things to be considered in making a research problem?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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TASK 1 OUTPUT: WRITING YOUR RESEARCH PROBLEM OF THE
PERFORMANCE TASK

TITLE:

INTRODUCTION:
informs the reader of the problem under study. It shows the nature of scope
and the problem. Its historical and theoretical background relevant to the
problem.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

- states the rationale of the study. It explains briefly why the investigator
chose this study to work on.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS/OBJECTIVES

TASK 2: FORMULATING A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS OF THE

PERFORMANCE TASK

Activity 3.4: Video clip: Scientific Hypothesis

Go to this website to see the importance of hypothesis in scientific investigation:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=giC6ZYBIeFY

Writing a Research Hypothesis

In making hypothesis, follow the independent variable-dependent
variable (IV-DV) format.

There are three types of presentation or writing the hypotheses:

A null hypothesis states that there is no significant difference between
or among the results of the conditions being tested
An alternative hypothesis form states that there is a significant
difference between or among the results of the conditions being tested

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 A cause and effect statement states that if a certain condition (cause) is
true, then a supporting observation (effect) occurs.

Example:
Source: Science Research Process Handbook for INTEL-DOST-SEI
by Alfonso, Caintic, Catris, Cruz, Lamorena, Lozano, Santiago
Reading 4 STATED WAYS OF FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESES
OBJECTIVE NULL ALTERNATIVE CAUSE AND
AND/OR EFFECT
PROBLEM
Compare the effects There is no There is a If there is a
of horse manure significant significant significant
and urea on the difference difference difference
growth of okra in between the between the between the
terms of: effects of effects of horse effects of horse
horse manure manure and manure and
and urea on urea on the urea, then the
1.average height the following following growth of the
per plant variables: variables: plants will differ
2. time of flowering significantly in
per plant 1. average terms of :
3. number of pods height per 1. average
per plant plant height per 1. average
4. number of leaves 2. time of plant height per
per plant flowering 2. time of plant
5. total weight of per plant flowering per 2. time of
plants per plot 3. number of plant flowering per
pods per 3. number of plant
plant pods per plant 3. number of
4. number of 4. number of pods per plant
leaves per leaves per 4. number of
plant plant leaves per
5. total weight 5. total weight of plant
of plants per plants per plot 5. total weight of
plot plants per plot

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TASK 2 OUTPUT: WRITING YOUR OWN RESEARCH PAPER OF THE
PERFORMANCE TASK

TITLE:

STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESES

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

the importance of the study is explained in this part.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

states the coverage and extent of the study

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:

sufficient background information should be presented for readers to
understand and evaluate the results of the present study. Only the
most important studies and theories written on the topic should be
included.

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 TASK 3: RESEARCH DESIGN

Activity 3.5: Planning the Research Design

The following guidelines will help you in designing your research

methodology:

Make a plan of the research design

Describe research as a process.
Differentiate applied and basic research
Analyze experimental design (control group design)
Write the time table
Identify the materials and methods
Write the step-by-step procedure (the experiment must be able to be
repeated exactly the way the learners did it)
Undergo a panel presentation of the research design (may be done
through peer review or by inviting teachers or experts)

Study the research design of the scientific investigation Response

of Okra to Horse Manure and Urea: A Comparative Study
Reading 5

Source: Science Research Process Handbook for INTEL-DOST-SEI by

Alfonso, Caintic, Catris, Cruz, Lamorena, Lozano, Santiago

Materials and Methods on the Response of Okra to Horse Manure and Urea:
A Comparative Study

To determine the effect of horse manure and urea on plant growth and
development, 3 garden pots were prepare in school on an area receiving
sufficient sunlight the whole day. Thirty sacks of garden soil were brought from
Manila Seedling Bank. The plots (A, B, and C), each measuring 150 cm long
by 60 cm wide received 10 sacks of garden soil forming an elevated height of
about 30 cm. Canals were dug around the 3 plots to provide drainage. One kilo
of urea was brought from an agricultural shop while one sack of horse manure
was obtained from a stud farm in Los Banos, Laguna. The Bureau of Plant
Industry in Manila provided one bag of “okra” seeds. The plots were watered
once a day for a period of 5 days to settle the soil particles.

Meanwhile, seeds of okra were germinated in a tray lined with 3

layers of wet absorbent paper. Exactly one week after germination, the
seedlings were ready for transplanting in the garden plots.

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 After another week, seedlings of okra were randomly selected and
planted 25 cm apart in 6 rows and 3 columns in plots A, B, and C. There were 18
plants per plot or a total of 54 plants in the 3 plots. Since measurements
obtained from each plant are likely to vary even if each plot was treated alike,
replications in terms of having 18 plants per plot was agreed upon.

To find out how okra seedlings were affected by horse manure and
urea, it was decided that plant response be measured in terms of plant height
number of leaves, number of days before flowering starts, number of pods
that develops and later, the total weight of the groups of plants in each of the
3 pods.

To enable the seedlings to adjust to environmental conditions, fertilizer

th
applications were scheduled on the 4 week. However, before fertilizer
treatment, initial measurements of height and leaf counts were done in all
three plots. Initial data collected were summarized in Table in Results and
Discussions.

Twenty grams of dried and powered horse manure was added over a
diameter of about 10 cm around each of the plants in plot A while 2 grams of
urea was also added around each plant in plot B in the same way. Plants in
plot C were not treated with any fertilizer. All the plants were watered once a
day in the morning, each plot receiving the same amount of water. One week
later, fertilizer application for plots A and B was repeated to sustain the
nutrient requirement of the growing plants. Measurements of okra responses
to fertilizers were taken every 4 days. Data collected were religiously recorded.

For the care and the management aspects, weeds were removed on a
regular basis to prevent them from competing with the plants for nutrients in
the soil. Applying pesticides controlled the destructive effect of leaf-
destroying insects.

Experimental data gathered on stem elongation show that as early as

the last days of the 4th week, plant growth in A and B produced positive
results. It was observed that more leaves developed fertilizer-treated plots than
in the control plot.

At the end of 6-week experimental period, all the plants were uprooted
in each of plots A, B, and C. each group was weighed to get their fresh weight
and later dried. After a drying period of about a week, the dry weights of each
group were taken.

Data Table 1. *Final Average Measurement Of Okra Response to

Horse Manure and Urea.

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 Plant Responses Horse- Urea-Treated Untreated
Manure
Treated Plot B Plot C
Plot A
1. Average height per 32.6 cm 30.8 cm 20.6 cm
plant
2. Average number of 7.2 6.7 3.6
leaves per plant
3. Average time of 26 days 24 days 38 days
flowering
4. Average number of 6.4 5.9 3.6
pods per plants
5. Fresh weight per plot 82.6 kg 78.8 kg 40.6 kg
6. Dry weight per plot 13.8 kg 13.1 kg 6.8 kg

What are the important things that you will consider in making your
experimental design?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________

TASK 3 OUTPUT: WRITING YOUR OWN RESEARCH DESIGN OF THE

PERFORMANCE TASK

TITLE:

METHODOLOGY:
provides enough details so that a competent worker can repeat the
experiments. Careful writing is critically important because the
research results are to be of scientific merit. It must be productive.
Materials/Equipment
Treatment/General Procedure
Flow Chart

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TASK 4: CONDUCT OF THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENT (PERFORMANCE
TASK)
You are going to perform your scientific procedures in your own
house.
Here are the guidelines on how to conduct the actual
experiment:

be familiarized with laboratory apparatus/equipment

demonstrate proper use of laboratory apparatus/equipment
be aware of handling and disposal procedure while conducting the
experiment
perform the actual experiment
collect data applying the process science skills and using
qualitative and quantitative observations.

Did you enjoy the activity? Do you see significance in the things that you are
doing? What do you think is the reason why do we you have to test the
hypothesis? What is the purpose of conducting an experiment? Can you
solve now problems in a scientific way? How? When do scientific methods
become valuable in these processes? You are going to perform the next activity
to see the importance of experiment in every scientific investigation.

TASK 5: DATA ANALYSIS, MAKING CONCLUSIONS

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Activity 3.6: Collecting, Organizing and Interpreting Data: Data Analysis

How do we present and interpret data? How will you organize

collected data from an experiment?

You are going to do an activity to check your understanding on how to

collect, gather and interpret data.

Source: Science Research Process Handbook for INTEL-DOST-

SEI by Alfonso, Caintic, Catris, Cruz, Lamorena, Lozano,
Santiago

Data Interpretation
Response of Okra to Horse Manure and Urea: A Comparative Study

Exercise

1. Classify the following sets of data into nominal, ordinal, ratio, interval.

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 A.
Section Boys Girls

1 20 5
2 30 4
3 15 20
4 10 30

B.
Depth of water Dissolved oxygen
Surface 7.0 mg/l
1 m below surface 6.5 mg/l
2m below surface 6.0 mg/l

In the sample investigatory project, we provided the following data:

Height of plant
No. of leaves per plant
Flowering time
Number of pods produced pr plant
Total weight of plants per plot

Classify the data into normal, ordinal, interval, ratio.

Suppose you would like to find out the effect of different colors of light
on plant growth, the following are the probable data collected
a. Color of leaf : Green 23
Yellow 10
Orange 12
Red 19
b. Flowering time : 5 days

6.5 days
7 days
8 days

Classify the above data.

The above data do not give meaning nor explain patterns of the
data. How should we give meaning of explain the gathered data?

Sample Exercise

What is the measure of central tendency for the following data to be

collected in the sample investigatory project?
a. Height of plant

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 Number of leaves per plant
Flowering time
Number of pods per plant
Total weight of plant per plot.

The measure of central tendency is not the only way to

describe your data. You can also describe data with variation.
Variation is a measure of spread within the data. It tells us how
far the individual value is from the mean or from other measure of
central tendency. What are the different measures of variation?
For quantitative data you can easily compute for range. What is
range? Range is the difference between the highest value and
the lowest value.

Plant Number of pods The highest value in

the sample data is 50 and the
lowest values

1 50 is 8. the range is 42
(50-8)
2 35
3 30
4 29 Two groups of data
may have
5 28 equivalent mean but
6 8 different range.

----------------------------------------------

Answer to sample exercise: a. mean b. mode c. mode d. mode e. mean

Answer the following questions:

What type of graph is most appropriate for your data?

What conclusion or conclusions can you draw based on your data
analysis and interpretation?
What other type of graph can be used to present your data?
What is the importance of organizing data in a tabular form?
What is the importance of organizing data in graphical form?
Which type of presentation is easier to interpret? Why?

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 Which type of presentation is better for showing trends? Why?
How would you accurately present the data recorded from your
activity?

After doing the activity, you are going to do the next activity for you to practice
on how to make experimental conclusions.

Go to this website and answer the practice with experiment conclusions

http://www.getworksheets.com/samples/worksheets/science/method.
html

How do you write experimental conclusions?

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________

After doing the website activity, answer the situational analysis below:

Sandy wanted to know if the boiling point of water will increase if some
amount of salt will be added into it. She conducted an experiment to solve
her problem. She prepared three 1000mL beakers and labeled it as
beakers A, B and C. She placed 650mL water into each beaker. After that,
150 grams of salt was added to beaker A, 250 grams of salt was added to
beaker B and no salt was added to beaker C. She heated the beakers with
the salt solution for 15 minutes.

She got the following g data:

Trial 1: Beaker A= 105 C, Beaker B= 110.5 C and Beaker C= 101 C.
Trial 2: Beaker A= 105.5 C, Beaker B= 109 C and Beaker C= 100 C.
Trial 3: Beaker A= 106 C, Beaker B= 110 C and Beaker C= 100.5 C.

What is the problem in the study?

Formulate a hypothesis about the problem.
What is the independent variable of the study?
What is the dependent variable of the study?
Give 2 constants of the study.
Which beaker(s) is/are considered as the control set-up?
Which beaker(s) is/are considered as the experimental set-up?
Tabulate the given data.
Graph the given data.

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How do you find the activity? Can you now make experimental conclusions?
The discussion below will help you remember important things in data
interpretation, making conclusions and recommendations.

Important things to remember in data interpretation:

classify data collected;
record and organize data using graphs and tables;
describe data collected

analyze data by determining if there are any

trends or patterns in the data
find out whether data support hypothesis or
prediction.
work in groups to critique tabulated /graphed
data based on the experiment or investigation
conducted.

General guidelines on how to make conclusions and recommendations:

make, write correct, relevant and valid conclusions, taking into
consideration the identified research questions;
make useful recommendations;
work in groups to critique conclusions and recommendations;

Answer the graphic organizer below considering the discussion on data

interpretation and making conclusion
Before and Now
Before I used to think….

Now I realize….

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TASK 5 OUTPUT : DATA ANALYSIS, MAKING CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF YUR PERFORMANCE TASK

TITLE:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Findings – the data may be presented in full and discussed descriptively in
the test or these may be summarized in tables, pictures and graphs.
The statistical test used to determine the possible significance of the
findings should be described. Tables, pictures and graphs should make
the presentation of the data more meaningful.
Analysis of Data – the interpretation of the findings is discussed and the
significant features shown in the tables, figures or graphs are pointed out.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION- the general truth, implied or illustrated by the results
should be clearly stated. The evidence based on the results should be
summarized for each statement.
RECOMMENDATIONS- this consists of suggestions on future actions
such as new direction of research or further experiments to be
performed, practices that might be adapted or discarded in order to attain
certain goals or objectives.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
a list of the references used in guiding the research work and writing the
paper.

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After doing the activity, did you see the importance why do we have to test the
hypothesis? Can we get new information from the data given? Were you able
to give the correct interpretations of your data? What are the things to be
considered in collecting, gathering and interpreting data? When do scientific
methods become valuable? How can we solve problems in a scientific way?
Now, after doing the activity, you are going to recall the whole process and
make an abstract for your scientific investigation.

End of Firm Up
In this section, the discussion was about the steps on how to complete
your performance tasks.

Now that you know the important ideas about making a scientific
investigation, let’s go deeper by moving on to the next section.

Your goal in this section is to take a closer look of your

scientific investigation.

TASK 7: MAKING AN ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

Activity 3.7: Sample Abstract/Summary Analysis

a) You are going to analyze contents of some sample abstracts.

Reading 6 RESEARCH ABSTRACT

Response of Okra to Horse Manure and Urea: A Comparative
Study

The high cost of farm inputs particularly fertilizers has deterred

farmers from increasing and improving farm yield. Recycling plant and/or
animal materials like dry leaves and grass, horse manure, chicken dung
and their use as fertilizers by making compost may help solve the framers
dilemma. This study investigated the relative effectiveness of organic
(compost – horse manure and inorganic fertilizers (urea) in promoting

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 plant growth and development. Specifically, the study tested the
following hypotheses:

Plants grown with horse manure and plant grown with urea
exhibit similar heights, weights, time of flowering and number
of pods; and
Plants receiving fertilizers (horse manure and urea) grow higher,
weigh more, flower earlier and have more pods than plants
receiving no fertilizer.

The study used okra seeds planted in 3 garden plots –

A- no fertilizer
B- with 2g urea
C- with 209g horse manure for a period of six weeks.

The data revealed no significant difference in the mean heights,

weights, time of flowering and number of pods when grown with either
horse manure or urea. This supports the hypothesis that plants grown
with urea and horse manure will have similar effects. Likewise, plants
grown with fertilizers grow significantly higher, weigh more, have more
pods and flower earlier than plants without fertilizers. Further
investigations maybe done for other plants. It is also necessary to
determine if other types of animal manure of different ages are
beneficial to plant growth over an extended period of time.

Read the abstract. Answer the guide questions in the activity sheet
using the sample abstract given:
Identify the following:
the problem to be solved
the hypothesis
the basis (the rationale) for the hypothesis)
Describe the following:
the procedure to test the hypothesis
the variables in the study
the dependent variable/s
the independent variable/s
the control setup
the experimental setup
State the following:
the findings of the study
the conclusion
the recommendation/s

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TASK 7 OUTPUT: MAKING AN ABSTRACT/SUMMARY OF YOUR
PEFROMANCE TASK
TITLE:

ABSTRACT: (maximum of 250 words)

After doing the different parts of the scientific method, what can you say about
the whole process? Is it always orderly? Explain your answer. When do
scientific methods become valuable? How can we solve problems in a scientific
way? You are going to do the next activity to see the importance of scientific
method as a process.

Activity 3.8: Quiz on Scientific Method

Open the link and take the quiz on scientific method:
http://www.quibblo.com/quiz/aYRyBh7/Scientific-Method-Quiz or
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=scientific-
method-retake

After doing the activity, what did you noticed of your ideas about scientific method?
Are you now certain with your ideas on scientific method? Is scientific method
always orderly? When do scientific methods become valuable? Were you able to
see how to solve problems in scientific way in the different questions in the quiz? Is
it important to solve problems in scientific way? You are going to do the next
activity to enrich your skills on how to conduct scientific investigation and to see
the importance of scientific method in daily life activities.

End of DEEPEN:
In this section, the discussion was about how to make an abstract
and the steps of scientific method.

What new realizations do you have about the topic? What new
connections have you made for yourself? Can you now answer
the question: When do scientific methods become valuable?

Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready
to do the tasks in the next section.

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 Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life
situations. You will be given a practical task which will demonstrate
your understanding.

Activity 3.9: Internet Activity: CSI (Crime Scene Investigation)

Do you like detective or mystery stories? We are going to do again a
crime scene investigation in the net to check your understanding on
how to solve problems in a scientific way. Unlike in the start of the first
session, please take note on how the skills you learned in this lesson
are used to find answer to the questions.

Go to this website:
http://www.cyberbee.com/whodunnit/crimescene.html

You are going to use the clues found at the crime scene, determine
which of the four suspects is the "barefooted burglar"? What do you
think was the motive for this crime?

Do you have the correct answer to this crime scene investigation? What are
the different processes that you used to answer the problem? Are you using
scientific method in this case? Is scientific method always orderly? Can we also
use the scientific method to explain natural phenomena or to develop/invent
useful products? Explain your answer.

Activity 3.10: Graphic Organizer on Scientific Method

Complete the graphic organizer of scientific method below to synthesize
your ideas/concepts on scientific method:

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 Scientific Method Graphic Organizer

CONCLUSION

HYPOTHESIS

PROCEDURE

DATA

DATA

What can you say about your ideas on scientific method? Can you now solve
problems scientifically? When do scientific methods become valuable? You will
do the next activity to find out the answers to these questions.
Scientific Method Graphic
Organizer PERFORMANCE TASK:

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 After doing all the tasks for your performance task, how can you give your
best contribution to community using scientific method/s?

You are going to finalize your written report for your performance tasks:
Situation:
In your “barangay”, residents are complaining about the off smell coming
out of the creek near a paper pulp factory. The intensity of the smell increases
during rainy days. Residents are putting the blame on the paper pulp factory so
they informed the chairman about this but the chairman said that there should be
evidence that would prove that the factory is the one causing the problem.
As young scientist, your task is to design an experiment that would give
clear idea to the residents about their problem. Write the results of your
experiment in the form of an experimental paper. You should be able to convince
your chairman about the result of your experiment. You should also be prepared
to defend your results orally to the residents in case the result did not support
their claim. This is to show that an experiment is not biased and should
show fairness in testing.

Your output will be judged according to the application of scientific methods,

content, appropriateness, impact and practicality, of the designed experiment

Generate all the saved output in lesson 3. You are going to submit a written
output to your teacher using the format below:

FORMAT OF PROJECT WRITE-UP

Title Page
Abstract
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background of the Study
Statement of Problem/Objective
General Objective
Specific Objective
Statement of the Hypotheses
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Materials/Equipment
Treatment/General Procedure
Flow Chart
Results and Discussion
Findings
Analysis of Data
Conclusions

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 Recommendations
Bibliography

CONDUCT OF PEER REVIEW

It is suggested that you will ask your parents, classmates, siblings or
neighbors to review you performance task output before you will submit your
report to your teacher.

PRESENTATION OF THE PERFORMANCE TASKS

The science congress will be done following the rationale and objectives
of the performance tasks:
encourage learners to organize their learning experiences so that
they can move from their own conduct of scientific investigation
and concrete activities to independent applications where they
create or produce new knowledge in science. This is to challenge
learners to transfer their learning in new settings and used this
creatively to generate new ideas, view things differently and
reengineers processes.
learners shall be involved in designing, constructing, planning,
producing new knowledge and/or inventing products which can
contribute to the protection of the environment and sustainable
use of resources.

At the end of the presentation you should thoroughly give your ideas on
the following guide questions:
When do scientific methods become valuable?
How can we solve problems in a scientific way?

Your output will be rated using a rubric.

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 RUBRIC
EXEMPLARY SATISFACTOR DEVELOPING NEEDS
4 Y 2 IMPROVEMEN
3 T
1
Introduction All objectives are All of the Some of the There is no
(Objectives clearly stated. objectives are objectives are objective stated
and The hypothesis is clearly stated. clearly stated. and the
Hypothesis) concise and The hypothesis The hypothesis hypothesis
clearly reflects the clearly reflects reflects a does not
variables of the the variables of singular variable clearly reflect
study. the study. for the study. the variables of
the study.
Experiment All materials are Most of the Some of the No materials
al Design listed and have materials are materials are are listed.
proper units. listed and have listed and have Procedure is
Procedure is proper units. proper units. not given.
detailed and Procedure is Procedure is
appropriate with detailed and detailed but does
adequate number appropriate with not specify trials
of trials. Steps are adequate in order to test
appropriately and number of trials. the given
logically arranged Steps are hypothesis.
to test the given appropriately
hypothesis. arranged to test
Safety measures the given
are addressed. hypothesis.
Collection All important data There are a There are a There are no
and are collected and number of data number of data data collected,
Organizatio are presented collected, collected, presented and
n of Data and organized in presented and presented and organized in
very readable organized in organized in tables/charts/gr
tables/charts/grap tables/charts/gra tables/charts/gra aphs.
hs. Data collected phs. Data phs. Some data
are accurately collected are collected are
related to the accurately somewhat
hypothesis. related to the related to the
hypothesis. hypothesis.
Conclusion, All conclusions Most of the Some of the No conclusions
Recommen are supported by conclusions are conclusions are and
dations & data and reflect supported by supported by recommendatio
Bibliograph realization of the data and reflect data and reflect ns are given.
y written objectives. realization of the realization of the No sources are
Recommendation written written cited.
s are given for the objectives. objectives.
improvement of
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 the study and are Recommendatio Recommendatio
consistent with ns are given for ns are given for
the given the improvement the improvement
conclusion. All of the study and of the study but
sources are are consistent some are not
properly cited and with the given consistent with
listed. Some conclusion. All the given
sources have sources are conclusion. Only
very properly cited a few sources
comprehensive, and listed. are cited.
detailed and
updated technical
information which
can be easily
understood and
applied.
Content The content of the The content of The content of The content of
experimental the experimental the experiment experiment
paper is complete paper is paper is paper is
with additional complete, comprehensive insufficient and
interpretation and comprehensive but insufficient. not
implications of the and acceptably Some expected comprehensive
results that sufficient. data were not .
reflects student’s All of the discussed. Expected
deep expected data information is
understanding. were discussed. not discussed.
Very
comprehensive.
Appropriate The design of the The design of The design of The design of
ness of the experiment is the experiment is the experiment is the experiment
designed very appropriate appropriate and not exactly is not
experiment and the flow of leading to the leading to the appropriate.
the process is solution of the solution of the The experiment
leading to the problem. The problem. Some is not leading
solution of the steps in scientific parts are missing to solve the
problem. Use of process are and the steps in problem
scientific process transparently scientific process
was followed and followed. are not
recommendations completely
were added to followed.
completely solve
the problem.

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Impact of Establishes and Establishes and The importance Does not relate
the communicates in communicates and relevance to the selected
experiment an engaging and the importance the personal and issue at all to
to self and practical way the and relevance of community level the youth or
the importance and the issue on are not clearly their
community relevance of the personal and established and community
issue on personal community communicated.
and community levels. The
levels importance and
relevance are
clear.
PRACTICA Practicality of the Practicality of the Practicality of the Practicality of
LITY of the suggested suggested suggested the suggested
experiment process is very process is very process is good process is not
good and good and but not discussed.
justifiable justifiable. justifiable.
Additional
explanation
illustrates
student’s deep
understanding of
the topic.

VALUES INTEGRATION:

Is the scientific method limited?

A set of ideas or opinion that you have, about happenings around you is called
a bias. Explain how a bias can influence the accuracy of your judgment in this
situation.

Situation:
You have a classmate who has a limited amount of money for
school expenses. He is having difficulty making ends meet. It is
discovered that some money from the class fund is missing from the bag
of the class treasurer. One of the students seen near the area where the
bag was placed was this classmate. The general suspicion falls on this
classmate. How would you react to this story?

Explain how you can use the scientific method to keep an open mind.

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 You are going to make your decision using the Decision Making Chart
Below
State the decision that needs to be
made. List possible alternatives.
List the pros and cons (the consequences) associated with
each of the alternatives.
Compare the consequences each of the alternatives in order
to make the decision (and/or evaluate the alternatives pair
wise)

DECISION MAKING GRAPH

PROBLEM GOALS

ALTERNATIVES PROS (+), CONS (-)

+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
DECISION(S) REASON(S)

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What will you feel and what will you do if you are the classmate who is the
suspect of this stealing case? Explain your answer.

What is the role of scientific method in this situation? Can you now solve
problems in scientific way? When do scientific methods become valuable?

End of Transfer

You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson,
you have to answer the following assessments to evaluate what you
learned.

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POST-ASSESSMENT:

It’s now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the answer that you
think best answers the question. Your score will only appear after you answer
all items. If you do well, you may move on to the next module. If your score is
not at the expected level, you have to go back and take the module again.

1. For several years, Dennis has been studying the use of local plants as
pollution indicators in mining area. What scientific attitude is manifested by
Dennis?
A. honesty C. open-mindedness
B. humility D. perseverance

The following are steps of scientific method I.

Formulation of hypothesis
II. Identification of the problem
III. Experimentation and data gathering
IV. Interpretation of data and drawing of conclusion

What is the correct sequence of the procedure?

II, I, III, IV
I, II, III, IV
I, II, IV, III
II, IV, I III

For questions 3-5, read the situations below:

Beda wants to find out if different types of wood soak up the same amount of
water when wet. She plans to do the following:
I. Weigh a dry block of each type of wood.
Put each block into a container full of water.
III. Leave the wood in the water.
IV. Take the wood out, dry the outside of each block and reweigh.
V. Calculate the amount of water soaked up

To be a fair test, what variables should she control?

I. Size of each block
Time left in water III.
Type of wood IV.
Amount of water

A. I and III C. I and II

B. III and IV D. II and IV

4. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable?

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 A. Type of wood used C. Time left in water
B. The amount of water soaked up D. Dry weight of each block
5. What is the independent variable?

A. Type of wood used C. Time left in water

B. The amount of water soaked up D. Dry weight of each block
6. Refer to the table below:

Which of the following problems will be given solution by the data

presented above?
A. Does the average life span proportional to heart rate?
B. Do farm animals live longer than pets?
C. Do larger animals have faster heart rates?
D. Do heart rate and resting heart rate make animal live longer?

7. Which statement is a hypothesis?

A. The mango fruit turns yellow as it ripens.
B. The yellow mango fruit is sweeter than the green ones.
C. The sweet mango fruit contains more sugar.
D. Ripe mango is softer than green mango

8. What generalization can be inferred from the table below?

Substance Boiling Point
Carbon Tetrachloride 76.8 ºC
Ethyl Alcohol 78 ºC
Water 100 ºC
Mercury 375 ºC
A. The boiling point of water at sea level is 100 ºC
B. Mercury boils at very high temperature
C. Each substance boils at specific temperature
D. When a mixture of water and ethyl alcohol is heated, ethyl alcohol
will boil ahead of water.

9. Why do fisher folks catch more fish during the new moon than during the full
moon?

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 Fishers are more active during the new moon because the salt content of
water is just right.
Fishes look for mates during the new moon.
Fishes go near the surface during the new moon because the water is
warmer.
Fishes are attracted to the light from the fishing boat which fisherman
makes use of during the new moon.

Who among the following individuals shows open-mindedness?

Paul is always interested in asking questions. He is also very eager to find the
answer to his questions.
Chona respects the ideas of her colleagues even if they are very much
contrary to her own beliefs.
Marco weighs evidences dutifully before making any conclusion or decisions.
He dissects the information individually before coming to a final
conclusion.
Monica actively participates in a task and also dutifully performs tasks
assigned to her.

Amelia noticed that the children who eat high sugar foods are more active than
those who eat low sugar foods. She wants to know if sugar could cause
hyperactivity in children. What would be her first step?
Inform the parents that they should not allow their children to eat high
sugar foods
Set up an experimental and control group
Feed number of children with high sugar food and observe their
behavior
Construct a hypothesis that could be tested.
6.

You have conducted an experiment and confirmed your hypothesis. In

scientific method, your next step should be
Reconstruct your hypothesis and start with a new problem
Refine your hypothesis because there might be some error that you
missed
Perform your experiment again to prove that the results of your first
supporting your hypothesis are not just by chance.
Look for another problem where you could use your hypothesis.

A sea food restaurant placed a suggestion box at their counter. When they read
the costumers’ suggestions, they noticed that most of them love their menu
but they suggest that the restaurant serve desert (gelatin, candy or any
delicacy) that could counteract the not so good smell of breath that they have

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 after eating sea foods. Regularly they are serving fruit gelatin but this time,
they want to test gelatin with lemon grass and find out if this would be a
good solution to the problem.

Which is the independent variable?

The presence of lemon grass in fruit gelatine

The odour of the breath
The amount of gelatine
The comments of the costumers

A girl had an idea that plants needed minerals from the soil for healthy
growth. She placed a plant in the Sun, as shown in the diagram below.

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 In order to check her idea she also needed to use another plant. Which
of the following should she use?

A scientist applied the scientific method in an experiment that he was doing. He

identified the problem, formulated a hypothesis, gathered some data, and
analyzed it. To his surprise, his findings did not agree with the hypothesis. He
then repeated the experiment many times but the findings did not change. If
you are the scientist, what should you do now?
Repeat the experiment over and over until the findings agree with the
hypothesis.
Conclude that the data he gathered are inaccurate and erroneous.
Decide that the findings in the many experiments are enough reason for him
to reject the hypothesis.
Conclude that the discrepancy of the hypothesis and the findings make the
experiment null and void.

You conducted a research to determine whether noise affects the ability to

solve math problems. You let one group solve math problems in a quiet
room and another group solve math problems in a noisy room. The group
solving problems in the noisy room completes 15 problems in one hour and
the group solving problems in the quiet room completes 22 problems in one
hour. In this experiment, your independent variable is ____________ and
the dependent variable is _____________.

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 The number of problems solves; the difficulty of the problems
The number of problems solved; the noise level in the room
The noise level in the room; the number of problems solved
The noise level in the room; the difficulty of the problems

Lilah designed an experiment to find out which toothpaste is most effective in

whitening teeth. She cut four different shells from four different clams and
soaked shell in the toothpaste solution of each different toothpaste she's
testing. Then she left the shells in the solution for 24 hours. If you were Lilah,
which of the following should you do to improve your experiment?
Use the same kind of shell clams applied to brands of toothpaste.
Use two other kinds of clams to really figure out the effect of toothpaste.
Repeat the method she used on different tooth like objects to make it valid.
Use no water in the shell of the clams but pure toothpaste and leave it for 24
hours.

While on the beach side you have noticed two men dumping barrels of unknown
liquid, then you have observed that the liquids spilled in the beach. You infer
that it might affect the living things around the beach and might be affecting
the lives of the people in the community. If you are going to respond to this
situation, what investigation would you most likely to perform?
Inventing a record on numerous safeguards to prevent the accident from
occurring.
Listing safeguards that were not in place to prevent the accident from
occurring.
Sampling on the effects of various elements that contaminates the beach line.
Identifying the level of contamination of chemicals in sea water at the area.

To study some type of nocturnal animals, one set of scientists use technology
that helps them see better at night. One type of device is a night-vision scope
that can allow the scientists to see the animals around them nearly as if the
forest were in full daylight. Other set of scientists get these nocturnal animals
from the wild and made an artificial habitat for the animals in the comfort of
their own labs. If you were the scientist studying these animals, which
approach would you use, the first or the second?
The first because the scientists can study the animals in their natural
environment.
The first because the approach studies the animals in their sleep.
The second because the animal's behavior will be controlled in the
labs.
The second because it allows them to have a greater observation in
the laboratory.

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20. Refer to the figure below:

The test tubes in the diagram above were left at room temperature for a week
to see if algae would grow. If you were the scientist doing this research in a
coastal area, then what would your reason be in doing this study?
To determine the amount of algae present in the test tube so that
people would know.
To verify the possible effect of chlorine to the people using it in the
community.
To educate people on the effect of chlorine on algae in the coastal
area.
To establish a connection between room temperature and algae in
the area.

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CLOSURE:

Modern science has developed a method based on a "frame of thinking" which

has proven to be so fruitful that it is applied in all possible fields including human
society However; this "frame of thinking" is based on several prerequisites, which
lead to limits of scientific knowledge often not duly recognized. The scientific
method is the complete method of creative problem solving and decision making
for all fields. It is of great national importance that the scientific method, which is
not just for scientists but is really a general problem solving method for everyone,
be applied to all problems by all concerned

GLOSSARY

SCIENTIFIC METHOD - is a system of gathering information and testing idea.

OBSERVATION- the use of the five senses in examining nature

HYPOTHESIS- educated or scientific guess of an answer to a problem

EXPERIMENT- written and carefully followed step-by-step procedure

designed to
test hypothesis.

CONCLUSION- the confirmation if the hypothesis is accepted or rejected

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – is what is manipulated or the treatment in an

experiment.

DEPENDENT VARIABLE- is what is observed from the effects of the treatment in

an experiment.

CONTROLLED VARIABLE – are factors that remain constant throughout an

experiment. One example is setting up a duplicate
experiment which does not receive the treatment

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RESOURCES AND LINKS IN THIS MODULE:

References:
Department of Education, Culture and Sport, Science and Technology I,
Guide for Teachers
Science Research Process Handbook for INTEL-DOST-SEI by Alfonso,
Caintic, Catris, Cruz, Lamorena, Lozano, Santiago,
Maton ,et al, Exploring Physical Science: Prentice Hall Second Edition
pages 6-19
TIMMS-BASED Teaching Strategies in Science and Mathematics page
88
Science is… by Susan Bosak
Introduction to Science Inquiry by Tik Liem
Integrated Science Laboratory Manual Vibal Publishing House by
Caranto Lavisores, Royo, Pulido and Chico
Lomotan,et al, Connecting With Science Integrated Science

Websites:

http://www.thomasedison.com/biography.html
This site contains the biography of Sir Thomas Edison

http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Science/Scients.htm
This site introduce students to Filipino and Foreign Scientists

http://inventors.about.com/od/filipinoscientists/Filipino_Inventors_and_Filipino_
Scientists.htm
http://www.funbrain.com/who/index.html
This site contains trivia about scientist that the students may answer

http://agham.asti.dost.gov.ph/1998/8th/fun/fun.htm
This site contains a short quiz on Filipino Scientist

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gY4xUYExAAY
This is a you tube video of our Filipino Pride: Dr. Fe Del Mundo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3PXeAQrVA4M
This is a you tube video that contains President Benigno Aquino tribute
to Dr. Fe Del Mundo: National Scientist

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nP-h9k52k5Q
Video on Filipino scientists

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http://glencoe.com/sec/science/physics/ppp_09/animation/Chapter%201/Scientifi c
%20Method.swf
This webpage explains the different steps in scientific method with
voice and flow chart for your better understanding

http://science.pppst.com/scientificmethod.html
Power Point Presentation in Scientific Method

http://www.quia.com/jg/57288.html
This site presents games that differentiate observation and inference

http://www.ehow.com/how_8647226_make-good-hypothesis.html
This is a webpage that contains the characteristics of a good hypothesis.

http://www.brainpop.com/science/scientificinquiry/scientificmethod/index.weml
Interactive video on sample situation of scientific method

http://ph052.k12.sd.us/introscimethwq2.htm
The site contains the detailed instructions for the scientific method web
quest

http://library.thinkquest.org/J001402F/experiment.htm
Website that gives clues and help you in designing experiment

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzfDvfoBv_g&list=UU__Oz1pXerLxn0Qpsy5w
bFw&index=1&feature=plcp
Video on scientific variables

http://nationalzoo.si.edu/education/conservationcentral/walk/walk4_broadband.ht ml

Activity in identifying a tree as a problem in scientific method

http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Education/ConservationCentral/walk/walk1_broadband.h
tml
Activity on finding appropriate type of soil for a type of plant as an activity
in scientific method

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=giC6ZYBIeFY
This is an animated you tube vide on hypothesis

http://www.getworksheets.com/samples/worksheets/science/method.html
This is a worksheet on making conclusions

http://www.quibblo.com/quiz/aYRyBh7/Scientific-Method-Quiz
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=scientific-method-retake
These websites contains quizzes for scientific method

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http://www.cyberbee.com/whodunnit/crimescene.html
This site presents a crime scene where the students will find clues and
solve the crime based from the different clues. This is a crime scene
investigation activity.

BACK

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Lesson 2: Diversity of Materials in the Environment

Lesson 2.1 Solutions

MODULE INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

If you mix things up and they stay at an even distribution, you may say it
is a solution. Have you ever thought that a solution could be in solid form? Are
solutions found only in the laboratory? How are solutions formed? How can
the knowledge of solutions help us create products useful in everyday
life?

LESSONS COVERAGE:

This lesson has the following coverage:

Topics You will learn to....... Estimated
time
1. Nature and Types of Explain how solutions are formed
solution and differentiate the types of 2 hrs
solution
2. Concentration of solution Differentiate concentration based
on percent by mass and percent
by volume 3 hrs
3. Factors affecting solubility Explain how factors affecting
solubility could be used in our 4 hrs
everyday life

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Here is a simple map of the above topics you will cover:

SOLUTION

KINDS OF SOLUTION BASED ON FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

SATURATION
NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT
SATURATED

SUPERSATURATED TEMPERATURE

UNSATURATED PRESSURE

CONCENTRATION

BY MASS

BY VOLUME

To do well in this lesson, you need to remember and do the following:

Open the indicated website. Explore.

Take down notes and copy some important link so that you could go
back whenever you need information given in that site.
Go beyond the procedure given in the net. Explore more.
Review videos as many times as needed
Do the web test for several times and don’t forget to click on the
correct answer for your reference.

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PRE-ASSESSMENT:

Let’s find out how much you already know about this module.
Click on the letter that you think best answers the question.
Please answer all items. After taking this short test, you will see
your score. Take note of the items that you were not able to
correctly answer and look for the right answer as you go
through this module.

1. Sugar dissolves easily in water. Sugar is a

a. Solute c. solution
b. Solvent d. suspension

Water is a polar compound. Which of the following will readily dissolve in

water?
a. Starch c. fats
b. Salt d. aluminium

What is most likely to happen if more solute is added to an unsaturated

solution?
Added solute will no longer dissolve
Crystals will form
Added solute will readily dissolve
Added solute will just float at the top of the solution.

What is the percentage by mass of a solution with 4g sodium hydroxide in

36g of water?
a. 10% b. 11% c. 15% d. 20%

Rubbing alcohol is used as anti bacterial and disinfectant solution. Which of

the following will best serve the purpose?
a. 40% b. 70% c. 20% d.5%

6. Based on the solubility curve, what is the solubility of KNO 3 at 45C?

a. 50g/100g of water c. 100g/75g of water
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 b. 75g/100g of water d. 100g/50g of water

http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions/chemistry/solutions/solubilitycurves.html

7. Which of the following will be affected by pressure as a factor affecting

solubility?
a. Salt in water c. carbon dioxide in water
b. Alcohol in water d. carbon and iron in steel

An increase in temperature will

Allow solution to dissolve more solid solute
Prevent more solute to be dissolved in solution
Increase the volume of solution
Decrease the solubility of a solid solute in liquid solvent

A saturated solution of NaCl is prepared by dissolving 36g of NaCl crystals

in 100g of water. Suppose you stirred130g of NaCl in 400g of water.
What type of solution do you expect to form?
a. saturated b. unsaturated c. supersaturated d. concentrated

10. If the addition of a crystal to an aqueous solution causes the dissolved

solute to come out of the solution, the original solution is
a. saturated b. unsaturated c. super saturated d, concentrated

In the laboratory, there are four solutions with the following combinations of
water and hydrochloric acid. What should be the order if you are to
arrange them in order of increasing concentration?

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 I. 120ml water and 30 40 ml water and
ml HCl 15 m HCl

80 ml water and IV. 180 ml ofwater

40ml HCl and 20 ml of HCl

I,II,III, and IV
I,IV,II and III
IV,I,III and II
IV, III,II and I

The instruction given in the bottle of liquid Sosa, says remove first the water
before adding sufficient amount of liquid Sosa into the clogged sink.
Which of the following best explains why?

Liquid Sosa reacts violently with water

Liquid Sosa is not effective in the presence of water
Water will increase the concentration of liquid Sosa so it will be less
effective.
Water will decrease the concentration of liquid Sosa so it will be less
effective.

It was noticed that the characterized taste of soda drinks is more enhanced
when it is cold rather that if it is at room temperature. Which of the
following explains why?
Flavours are more stable at lower temperature
The solubility of the gas component of soda drink is increased at
lower temperature.
The solubility of gas component of soda drink is decreased at
lower temperature.

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 The concentration of flavour increases as the temperature
decreases.
Oil when added to water, stays at the top and don’t mix with water. What
factor affecting solubility is involved in this example?
Nature of solute and solvent
Temperature
Pressure
Amount solute and solvent

You are tasked by your teacher to formulate a stain remover from locally
found materials. Which raw material will you use?
Alcohol and water
Salt and water
Calamansi juice
Kerosene

You are a worker at a small salt factory in your town. During the rainy
season ,the usual problem is the greater budget on LPG gas for
evaporating sea water. Which of the following processes will you
suggest to solve the problem.
Boil sea water. When it is already saturated, let it cool .Then
add some salt crystals to initiate crystallization.
Subject the seawater to lower temperature to make it saturated.
Then initiate crystallization.
Add salt crystals before boiling
Add sea water while boiling to increase its concentration

A jeweller came to your house and offered your mother some items. She
said that all items are in good quality but in different carats. Your mother
asked you to choose one. If the following items are of the same
price, which will you choose?
a. 10g 14K bracelet c. 15g 5K Bangles
b. 3g 18K earrings d. 8g 14K necklace

The basic steps in washing our clothes are I.

initial rinsing to remove superficial dirt
II. application of soap for cleansing

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 III. final rinsing to remove soap

8.

In step I and III we use greater volume of water than that of step II. Which of
the following best explains why?
Small volume of water will make the soap solution concentrated
thus, it will work efficiently in the laundry.
To conserve water, you lessen its volume at the middle step.
It is the instruction given in the manual
It is the old practice handed over to us

During summer time, Danny sells iced tea and juice in their canteen. He
noticed that when sugar is added to the water with ice, undissolved
solids settle at the bottom of the container. Which of the following will
best solve the problem?
Shake well the container
Stir the liquid vigorously
Incorporate the sugar and iced tea in the crushed ice so that when ice
melts solids also dissolve
Dissolve first the sugar and tea in hot water before adding it into the
water in the container.

Solubility of solid increases as temperature rises.

The solubility of sucrose in water at different temperatures are:

21.
. Temperature . Solubility

. (g/100g
water)

13. 0◦C 14. 179.2

15. 20◦C 16. 203.9

60◦C18. 287.3

100◦C20. 487.2

What is the best interpretation that we can draw from these data?
a. Solubility of substances increases as temperature rises.

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 All substances has highest solubility at 100◦C
The highest solubility of sugar in water is at 100◦C
Solubility of sugar in water increases as temperature rises.

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ACTIVITY 1: Anticipation Reaction Guide (ARG)

What are your ideas when you see the word solution in chemistry? Do you think
all solutions are just those placed in test tubes and flasks in the laboratory?
How are solutions formed? Start the module by answering the first column of
the Anticipation reaction Guide.

Instruction: Respond to each statement twice. Once before the lesson and
again after reading the discussion of the lesson
Write A if you agree with the statement
Write B if you disagree with the statement

Response Statement Response

Before the After the
Lesson Lesson
1. Solutions are always in the form of
liquid.

2. A mixture of starch and water is an

example of solution.

3. If the too much sugar was added to

water, it will reach a point where it
can no longer dissolve more of it.

4. Carbonated drinks contain gaseous

solute. Gaseous solute can dissolve
more easily in hot solvent than in cold
one.

5. To prepare 100g of 20% by mass

salt solution , 20g of salt should be
dissolved on 200g of water

6. A hypothesis should be based on

scientific facts.

7. A rubbing alcohol label that reads

70% Isopropyl Alcohol means 70%
by Volume.

8. The statement,“ When the two

solutions were mixed, they turned into
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 a solid.” is an example of a
hypothesis
A supersaturated when heated will for
form saturated solution.
Sugar will be dissolved faster when
added to an iced tea than in hot
coffee.

End of EXPLORE:

At the end of this lesson go back to this ARG and answer the third
column. Compare your answer to your previous answer.
Your understanding of solution will be increased as you study the
lessons and perform the activities in the FIRM UP phase .

Your main goal in this section is to learn and understand some key
concepts by working on the following questions:

How are solutions formed?

How do you classify solution based on concentration?
How do saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solution
differ form one another.
Also, you will learn and understand key concepts in solution. You will
differentiate solutions based on their state, saturation and concentration. But
first, let us explore on what makes a solution and how they are formed

ACTIVITY NO. 2: Web Surfing

You will now open these websites to understand the characteristics/properties
of solution. These web pages will give you a complete overview on the
characteristics, properties and kinds of solution.
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_solution.html

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 A complete overview on the characteristics and properties of solution
After reading this, try to answer these questions.
Can anything be made into solution?
Can anything change a solution? http://www.school-for-
champions.com/chemistry/solutions.htm
A presentation of different kinds of solution
After you have read this webpage, try to think of the following questions:
Are all solutions in liquid form?
Since solution is a kind of mixture, how are components of solution
separated?
How can the knowledge of solutions help us create products useful in
everyday life?
4.
Exercise No. 1: Comprehension Check:

To check your understanding on the articles that you have read about
the solution, answer the following questions briefly. You can go back
to specific webpage to check if you have answered the items correctly.

What are the two components of solution? Differentiate one from

the other.

Ans. Solvent - substance that dissolve the other substance.

Solute - substance that is being dissolved

Are all solutions in liquid form? Is it possible to have a solution in

solid or gaseous form? Give examples.
Ans. No. Solution could be in a form of solid, liquid or gas

3. How do you make solutions? How are solutions formed?

Ans. Solutions are formed by combining two substances

physically.

4. What happens during the formation of solution?

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 Ans. The solute and solvent interact with each other
until the concentration of the two substances is
equal throughout the system

5. What is solubility?
Ans. Solubility is the quantity of substance dissolving in a
fixed quantity of solvent to form a saturated solution
under specified temperature and pressure

To further check your knowledge on the key ideas, try the TEN (10)
ten item -quiz given in the same website.
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_solution.html
Just click on the arrow “TAKE QUIZ ON SOLUTION”. Take note of
the numbers that you have not answered correctly and try again. You
can repeat the quiz until you get the perfect score.

You now have initial ideas on solution, its components and

classifications. But what type of solution is formed if the amount of
solute and solvent are changed? How do we make solutions
based on specific concentration? Let’s now find out what the
answer is by doing the next part.

ACTIVITY NO. 4: Web Surfing

Open this website to see video on how molecules of solute and solvent
interact with each other. Molecular View of Solution Formation video
explains how molecules in solution behave. Click the Zoom button after
the simulated dissolution to see the molecular view.

http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=122&cat=Chemis try
– shows the video on the formation of solution
After viewing the video take this comprehension check points to
evaluate your own understanding

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Exercise No. 2: Concept Check Points

Do you understand how molecules in solution interact with each other?

Now match the word to complete the statements below to check some
key points the video..

1. Water is a molecule.

2. The positive part of water is attracted to ion of

the
Chlorine.

3. The negative part of water is attracted to the ion of

sodium.

4. The interaction between the and .

causes the formation of solution.

5. The chemical name of table salt is .

NEGATIVE POSITIVE POLAR SOLUTE

SOLVENT SODIUM CHLORIDE

KEY CONCEPTS
Questions to reflect on and answer:

What happens when salt is dissolved in water?

How do molecules of salt interact with the molecules of water?
Which substances form ions?

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 Which becomes a negative ion? Why do you think so?
Which becomes a positive ion? Why do you think so?
Make an illustration on how water molecules position themselves with the
positive and negative ions.

From the video, you have seen the animated formation of solutions. Let
us experience this in actual experiment. Do this simple experiment to
deepen your understanding of how solutions are formed.

ACTIVITY NO. 5: “I Can Do it” Experiment (Preparing Solution)

Objectives:

You should be able to identify the substances that will dissolve and those
which will not dissolve in water.
You should be able to prepare simple solutions from the given
substances.

Materials:
Sugar test tubes
Salt stirring rod
Iodine crystals
Naphthalene ( alcamphor)
Water
Oil
Alcohol
Kerosene (“gaas”)

Procedure:
Place a around 3g of each sugar in four test tubes.
st
Add 10 mL of liquid substance into each test tube. Iol in the 1 , water in the
nd rd
2 , alcohol in the 3 and kerosene in the last.
Stir and observe.
Do the same for salt, iodine crystals and naphthalene.

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 Are all solids soluble in water?
Which solid easily dissolve in water? In oil? In alcohol and in kerosene?
Which combinations are not possible to produce solution?
Which combination can easily be made into solution?
What do you think is the reason why there are solids which do not dissolve in
some liquids? Can you relate it to the video that you have seen?

Data:
Complete the table by filling the boxes with soluble or insoluble

water oil alcohol kerosene

Sugar

salt

Iodine
crystals

naphthalene

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 From the previous activity you have learned that solution is
composed of solute and solvent. The amount of solute and solvent
that are combined determines the kind of solution that can be formed.
In the next activity, you will differentiate the three kinds of solution
based on saturation.
Perform this simple experiment to further understand kinds of
solution based on saturation.

ACTIVITY NO. 6: “Just Can’t Get Enough” Experiment

(Preparing Unsaturated, Saturated and Supersaturated Solutions)

Objectives:
You should be able to identify the type of solution that you have prepared.
(saturated, unsaturated or supersaturated)

Materials:
Sugar
Water
Glass
Table spoon
Kettle
Procedure:
Dissolve one table spoon of sugar in a glass of water (around 250mL)
.Stir and record the time it takes for the sugar to dissolve. Is that
amount of sugar easy to dissolve? What type of solution is this?
To the same glass, with sugar solution, add more amount of sugar. Start
by adding one tablespoon. Then add more until you observe that it
takes more time to dissolve more sugar into your solution. Stir. When
some undissolve sugar appeared, stop adding sugar. What type of
solution have you prepared?
Put solution in number 2 in a small kettle. Heat the solution and while
heating, add more sugar. What did you observe with the dissolving
time? Is it still difficult to dissolve more sugar into your solution?
Pour the solution from number 3 into a glass. Wait until its temperature is
lowered to almost warm.
Drop few crystals of sugar and observe. What was formed?

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 What kind of solution is this?
What factors determine the kind of solution that can be formed?
Does temperature affects the dissolving process?
What relationship can you give between the temperature and the rate of
dissolving?
Can you describe each type of solution that you have prepared?

ACTIVITY NO. 7: Concepts Reading:

Now check on this web page to have a complete understanding

of saturation of solution and the kinds based on saturation

http://www.chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_
Properties_of_Matter/Solutions/SOLUBILITY/Types_of_Saturati
on#Types_of_Saturation - kinds of solution based on saturation

Can a saturated solution be made into supersaturated one?

Can an unsaturated solution be converted to saturated one?
What common products that we use are examples of saturated
unsaturated or supersaturated solution?

Here are some of the materials which we could classify as saturated,

unsaturated and supersaturated solution. Hot cake syrup and honey are
saturated solutions of sugar. Soak solution used in making “itlog na pula” is
an example of saturated salt solution. Nestea Juice, Zesto, Tang and other
tetra packed beverages are examples of unsaturated solutions. Pineapple
jam used as sandwich spread is an example of supersaturated solution that
it melts when heated but crystallized when refrigerated.

Aqueous solutions are unsaturated if more solute can be dissolved

at the existing temperature and pressure. If the maximum amount
of solute is in equilibrium with undissolved solid, the solution is

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 saturated. If a hot, saturated solution is prepared and allowed to
cool without losing any solute, the solution is supersaturated.

The following are videos of preparing saturated and supersaturated solution:

http://ph.video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A0S00xgYomVQ9CcAlSreRwx.
;_ylu=X3oDMTBrc3VyamVwBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQD?p=saturated
+solution&vid=86772B8E0D1DA9E45A2E86772B8E0D1DA9E45A2E&l=00:26&t
url=http://ts4.mm.bing.net/videos/thumbnail.aspx%3Fq%3D4821887482134531
%26id%3D856e78de25e73e10a7a4fc527374cc5e%26bid%3DLlrkqR0Njit3hg%2
6bn%3DLargeThumb%26url%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.youtube.com%252
fwatch%253fv%25 Video on saturated , unsaturated and supersaturated solution.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdedxfhcpWo&feature=endscreen&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0nNvsB_fOw&NR=1&feature=fvwp
preparing solution solute and solvent

You now have ideas on how the three kind of solutions based on saturation differ
from one another, this time , let’s see if you could prepare them using the
following materials .

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ACTIVITY NO. 8: Home Made Experiment

Materials:
Water
Salt
Containers
Source of heat

Based on the solubility graph, 100g of water can dissolve about 36g of salt at
30◦C.

http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions/chemistry/solutions/solubilitycurves.html

Using the given materials, table salt, water, glass containers design an
experiment where in you can prepare the three types of solution which
are saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated.
Write your detailed procedure and complete the table below.

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Exercise No. 3: Comprehension Check:
nd
Drag the statements in box to answer 2 column and drag the words in the circles
rd
to answer the 3 column in the table below:
This solution can still Saturate
dissolve additional solvent d
Solute dissolved
Supersaturat
ed solution
No more solute can be
dissolve
Unsaturated
The added crystal started solution
the crystallization
Crystals slowly appear

Data:

Solution Properties when: Observations Type of

Solution
Less than 36 g of NaCl
added to water.
Greater than 36g of NaCl
added without heating.
The 36 g of NaCl was
added with heating
The solution was with more
than 36g NaCl was cooled

The seed crystal was added

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(Answers for the programmer’s reference)
Data Table
Solution Properties when: Observations Type of
Solution
Less than 36 g of NaCl This solution can still unsaturated
added to water. dissolve additional solvent
Greater than 36g of NaCl No more solute can be supersaturated
added without heating. dissolve
The 36 g of NaCl was Solute dissolved saturated
added with heating
The solution was with more Crystals slowly appear supersaturated
than 36g NaCl was cooled

The seed crystal was added The added crystal started supersaturated
the crystallization

How do you go over the experiment?

Have you discovered the difference among the kinds of solution based on
saturation?
Can you give a procedure or preparation that we do in our everyday life that
could be compared to this process?

ACTIVITY NO. 9: Lecture on Composition of Solution

You have now differentiated a solution which is saturated, unsaturated

and supersaturated. Those are just qualitative descriptions of a
solution’s concentration. To give you the exact idea on how
concentrated a solution is, let us take the next activity. You will read
and understand this concepts and procedure on how to calculate
concentration of solution.
3

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 Composition of solution

Once you have identified the solute and solvent in a solution, you are
ready to determine its concentration. Concentration may be expressed
several different ways, using percent composition by mass
Reading 1 and percent composition by volume .

To calculate for the percent by mass or volume of a given solution, follow these
steps:

Identify the mass or

volume of the solute
given in the problem.

Determine the mass or volume of

the solution, if not given in the
problem by adding the mass of the
solute and the mass of the solvent.

Divide the mass or volume of

the solute by the mass or
volume of the solution.

Multiply the result by 100%

Mass Percent (% m/m)

by mass = (mass of solute/ mass of solution) x 100%

This is the mass of the solute divided by the mass of the solution (mass
of solute plus mass of solvent), multiplied by 100.

Sample problem No. 1

Determine the percent composition by mass of a 100 g salt solution which
contains 20g salt.

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 Solution:
Given:
Mass of solute = 20g
Mass of solution = 100g

% by mass = 20g
----------- X 100%
100g
= 20% NaCl solution

Sample problem No. 2

What is the concentration of a solution in % by mass if it contains
25g of sugar in 150g of solution?
Given:
Mass of solute = 25g
Mass of solvent = 150g

by mass = 25 g/ 150g x 100%

16.67%

Volume Percent (% v/v)

24.
25. % by volume = (volume of solute/ volume of solution )
x100% Sample problem no. 2
What is the concentration of a solution with 40ml of ethanol mixed
with 180ml of water?
% by volume= 40ml/40ml+180ml x 100%
= 40ml/120ml x100%
33.33%

Applications:
by mass is the basis in Karat of gold jewelry.
Sample problem no. 3
How many grams of pure gold is in 10.5g 18Karat gold necklace?
18K/24K is to X/10.5
75% = x/10.5
X= 10.5(0.75)
7.875g

Note that volume percent is relative to volume of solution, not

volume of solvent . For example, wine is about 12% v/v ethanol.
This means there are 12 ml ethanol for every 100 ml of wine. It is
important to realize liquid and gas volumes are not necessarily

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 additive. If you mix 12 ml of ethanol and 100 ml of wine, you will get
less than 112 ml of solution.

As another example. 70% v/v rubbing alcohol may be prepared by

taking 700 ml of isopropyl alcohol and adding sufficient water to
obtain 1000 ml of solution

A solution can also be classified as diluted or concentrated. One,

with more solute, is concentrated like dissolving a ten spoons of
sugar in a glass of water. On the other hand , one with more
solvent is diluted like when we dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass
of water . This is just to describe a solution qualitatively. But to
describe a solution quantitatively, we used concentration like % by
mass or % by volume.

Let’s us now see if you have understood concepts in concentration

of solution. Try solving for this practice problems in the worksheet.

Exercise No. 4 Worksheet on Concentration of Solution

Practice Problems: Solve the following problems. Write your complete

solution on the space provided.

What is the percentage by mass of a solution with 30.0g salt dissolved in

water to make 650.0g 0f solution?

(30/650) X 100% = 4.6%

What mass of glucose is needed to make 200g of 15% by mass solution?

(0.15 x 200) = 30g

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 What volume of HCl is needed by 300ml of water to produce 5% solution?

(0.05 x 300) = 15mL

How do you prepare 2 L of dish washing liquid which is 10% concentration by

volume?

Add 200mL of dishwashing liquid to 1800mL of water.

How many grams of pure gold is in 5.9g 14K gold bracelet? How many
grams are the metal added?
14/24= 0.583333 x 100% = 58.33%
5.9g x .5833 = 3.44g of metal added

Does a 30g solid makes a big percentage of solution?

Have you identified the mass of the solute from a given mass of solution
and its percent by mass?
Does a 14k gold jewelry worth buying after you have discovered the
amount of the other metal added?
How does your knowledge of concentration of solution help you decide
which jewelry is better?
How can the knowledge of solutions help us create products useful in
everyday life?

End of FIRM UP:

In this section, the discussion was about types of solutions

and theirconcentration. After you have gone into this section, have
you answered the question, “ How are solutions formed?” Go
back to the previous section and compare your initial ideas with
the discussion. How much of your initial ideas are found in the
discussion? Which ideas are different and need revision?
Now that you know the important ideas about this topic, let’s go deeper
by moving on to the next section.

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 Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects
of the topic like solubility of solutions and the factors that affect
solubility.
In the next activity you will perform experiment temperature as
factor affecting solubility and also preparing supersaturated
solution. How can the knowledge of solutions help us create
products useful in everyday life?

ACTIVITY NO. 10: Video viewing

To have a deeper understanding of the previous topic and connect it to the next
one let us have this next activity

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hfd6KwZLPM video on saturated ,

unsaturated and supersaturated solution
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTIzMaSDZ3k&feature=related
video on Crystallization of supersaturated sodium thiosulfate

Can a saturated solution reproduce its solute?

What kind of solution has the ability to crystallize and form again the solid
solute?

If you know the answer then you, are ready to go to the next
section. In this part your goals are:
To define solubility and understand why solubility differs
for each individual substance
To determine what factors could affect solubility of
a solution
Water is considered universal solvent. But are all solids soluble in
water? Let’s find out by doing the next activity.

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ACTIVITY NO. 11: VIDEO VIEWING

Click on the following webpage to deepen your understanding of solubility.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKimraU21ws&feature=related
solubility of some substances in water

Are all substances soluble in water?

What makes them insoluble? Soluble in water?
How can the knowledge of solubility of solutions help us create
products useful in everyday life?

Exercise No. 5: Comprehension Check

Answer the following questions:
If the solubility of sugar in water is 200g. How much sugar will be
dissolved in 250 mL of water at a given temperature?
What is the standard volume of water used to determine the solubility of
different substances?
If a certain solute is insoluble in water, what is its solubility?
Why do we have to state the temperature when giving solubility?
Which is more soluble in water , salt or sugar? Why?

Since you already have idea on what solubility is, let us go over the
solubility of different substances and try to compare them. Your
goal this time is to analyze the graph showing the solubility of
different substances. Guide questions are given for reflection.

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ACTIVITY NO. 12: GRAPH ANALYSIS

http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions/chemistry/solutions/solubilitycurves.html

Based on the graph and using 40◦C , fill up the table below by inputting
your answers. .

Solute Mass of Mass of Solubility Rank

Solute Solvent
Dissolved
1. NaCl 28g 100g 28g/100g
3rd
2. KCl 40g 100g 40g/100g
2nd
3. KclO3 16g 100g 16g/100g
5th
4. K2Cr2O7 22g 100g 22g/100g
4th
5. Pb(NO3)2 75g 100g 75g/100g
1st

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You will also answer the following:

The solute with the highest solubility is _________ Pb(NO3)

The solute with the lowest solubility is ___________ KClO3

The solute that is very much affected by temperature is

All are affected by temperature

The solute that is not very affected by temperature

NaCl

Describe the solubility graph of

KCl

b. KNO3

They have the equal solubility at 100◦C

What have you realized by doing this activity? Are all substances
soluble in water at the same amount at a given temperature? To
support what you have learned in the previous activity, let us open
this website and perform this interactive experiment.

ACTIVITY NO.13 : INTERACTIVE EXPERIMENT:

Open this website.

http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/gamesactivities/reversiblechanges.html

Learn about reversible & irreversible changes by testing what happens to

different substances as you experiment with them in this fun interactive activity.
Find out what substances dissolve in water and lots of other interesting chemistry
related facts.

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 Can all substances be turned back to their original form after they mix with
water or will they stay that way forever?
Try dissolving flour, sugar and sand in a beaker of water, what happens?
Is it what you expected?
Is melting ice an irreversible change? How about cooking an egg? Challenge
yourself to answer these questions and more with this cool science game.

Interactive Dissolving
What do you think are the materials that will dissolve in water to produce
solution?
What materials will not dissolve but will just settle at the bottom of the
container?
What material will not even mix with water and stay separated from water?

Procedure:
Click on the DISSOLVING box.
Choose on the following
a. sugar b. Sand c. Salt d. Coffee e flour

Drag one of these materials into the beaker with water.

Observe and answer the following

Which material dissolved and which of them does not.

Which changes the color of the solution?
Which changes the color of the solution then after sometime settle at the
bottom.
Which does not even mix with water?

ACTIVITY NO. 14: Video Viewing

There are different factors that could affect solubility of a solute in a
solvent. Let’s find out by viewing this webpage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cr9w23GcTs&feature=related
video on factors affecting solubility

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 After viewing this video, try to answer these questions:
What are the factors that could affect solubility?
How does temperature affects the solubility of a solid solute
dissolved in liquid solvent?
Is the trend the same as in gaseous solute?
How does pressure affects solubility? Of liquid ?of gas? Of solid?
How can we make us of the knowledge of these factors in
improving our daily life?

You can go back to the video webpage to check your answer for
this section. If you have answered them all correctly, then you are
ready to go to the next activity where your knowledge of solution
can be applied. Let’s see what products in our daily life activity uses
the concepts that we have learned.

ACTIVITY NO. 15: FONDANT MAKING

Click on this web. Observe how this fondant is being prepared and how it
is used.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEwt8Q5jaA4&feature=related
Fondant Making video

After watching this video, reflect on the following questions:

Are concepts on solution illustrated in the video?
What parts of the video is similar to the activities that you have
performed in this lesson?
What concepts of solution are applied here?
How can the knowledge of solutions help us create products useful in
everyday life?
What other products that we used in our everyday life are prepared
using the concepts of solution?
How can the knowledge of solutions help us create products
useful in everyday life?
27.

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Can you make your own fondant at home? You can try doing it and sure, it will
be more fun.

End of DEEPEN:

In this section, the discussion was about solubility of solution.

What are the factors that affect solubility of solution.
What new realizations do you have about the topic? What
new connections have you made for yourself?
Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are
ready to do the tasks in the next section.

Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations.
You will be given a practical task which will demonstrate your
understanding.

TASK
Performance task:
Your place is one of the biggest banana producing barangay in the region.
Every year, the harvest of banana is very abundant that some spoiled banana
fruits were just thrown into the garbage. As a nutritionist, you are requested by
the chairman to make a power point presentation to be used in a seminar which
will be participated by housewives and interested women in the community .The
presentation will be about making products like delicacies, soap, etc which
we can use in our daily life activity out of banana to be able to minimize its
disposal and at the same time increase livelihood of the community.
Your presentation should include procedures in making the product,
documentation of the process and expected profitability. It will be evaluated
based on content, practicality and use of visual materials.

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 RUBRIC for the Power Point Presentation

4 3 2 1

Excellent Satisfactory Developing Needs

improvement

CONTENT The content of The content of The content of The content of

the power point the power point the power point the power point
presentation is presentation is presentation is presentation is
complete with comprehensive comprehensive insufficient and
additional and acceptably but insufficient not
information that sufficient. Some expected comprehensive.
reflects student’s All of the information were Expected
deep expected not discussed. information
understanding. information were were not
Very discussed. discussed.
comprehensive.
USE OF Contain pictures Contain pictures Contain pictures Does not
VISUAL or video of the or video of the or video of the contain pictures
MATERIALS actual process actual process actual process or video of the
and complete and complete but description process
description or description or or explanations
explanations explanations were not
were provided. were provided provided.
Additional details
or tips to
improve products
were included.

PRACTICAL Practicality of all Practicality of all Practicality of Practicality of

ITY OF suggested suggested some the the suggested
RECOMMEN processes were processes were suggested processes were
discussed and discussed and processes were not discussed
DATIONS encouragement encouragement discussed but
to do the process to do the process does not give
is emphasized. is emphasized. encouragement.
Additional .
information like
tips on how to
increase profit
without
sacrificing the
quality of the
product were
added.

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End of TRANSFER:

How did you find the performance task? How did the task help
you see the real world use of the topic?
At this point, you are almost complete with this topic but you have
go back and answer the last column of the ARG and compare your
prior knowledge to what you have learned from this module. How
many items have the same answer?

CLOSURE:

SELF REFLECTION
Complete the table below to reflect on your experience in the
entire module.

My most important Most difficult part of Most enjoyable

learning the lesson activity

Before you go to the post test, open this web page and have a self check of your
understanding of solution.
http://glencoe.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0078617677/student_view0/chapter3/section2/self-check_quiz-
eng_.html

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POST-ASSESSMENT:

It’s now time to evaluate your learning. Click on the letter of the
answer that you think best answers the question. Your score will
only appear after you answer all items. If you do well, you may
move on to the next module. If your score is not at the expected
level, you have to go back and take the module again.

Naphthalene, commonly known as “alcamphor” ,can be dissolved in

benzene,. From this information, one can conclude that
naphthalene and benzene are both solutes
naphthalene is the solute, and benzene is the solvent
benzene is the solute, and naphthalene is the solvent
naphthalene and benzene are both solvents

Refer to this illustration.

http://www.lcc.ukf.net/KS3Chem/mixtures.htm

The illustration shows that:

Water molecules are greater that the sugar molecules therefore,

water is the solute.
Sugar molecules are fewer than the molecules of water therefore
sugar is the solute.
Sugar molecules are evenly distributed in water
In sugar solution, the molecules of sugar can still be identified from
the molecules of water
28.

A solution is said to be supersaturated if

It can still dissolve more solute
It has reached its maximum amount of solute that it can dissolve thus it
can no longer accommodate more solute.

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 It has amount of solute more than what it can dissolve and was heated to
dissolve the added solute.
Its amount of solvent is greater than the amount of solute

Tincture of iodine is a solution of iodine in alcohol. In a 30g bottle ,it is

stated that it is 2% by mass solution, How many grams of iodine is present in this given
volume?
a. 6g b. 0.6g c. 12g d. 60g

A solution is saturated at 25 g per 100g of H 2O. If 25 grams is dissolved in

100g of H2O, it is:
Unsaturated
Saturated
Supersaturated
Diluted

Based on the solubility curve, the solubility of KCl at 50C is around ____g
per 100g of water.

http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions/chemistry/solutions/solubilitycurves.html

a. 20g b. 30g c. 40g d. 50g

Which of the following factors affecting solubility explains why crystals of

iodine do not dissolve in water but dissolve in alcohol?

a. Temperature c. nature of solute and solvent b. volume d.

pressure

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 Increasing the pressure will also increase the solubility of a gas being
dissolved in a liquid. Which of the following solutions is affected by
pressure?
a. Iced tea c. sea water
b. Carbonated drinks d. rubbing alcohol

A saturated solution can hold 15 grams of solute per 100g of H2O. Suppose
you stir 45g of the solute in 500g of water, what type of solution will you
produce?
a. Saturated c. concentrated
b. Unsaturated d. supersaturated

Which statement is NOT true about solutions?

They always exist in one phase only therefore, it is homogeneous.
They can be in a form of solid, liquid or gas.
They are composed of two components, solute and solvent
They are always affected by pressure.

In the laboratory, there are four solutions with the following combinations of
water and hydrochloric acid. What should be the order if you are to
arrange them in order of decreasing concentration?

I. 120ml water and 30 40 ml water and

ml HCl 15 m HCl

80 ml water and IV. 180 ml of and 20

40ml HCl ml of HCl

II, III, I, and IV b.

IV, I, III and II

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 IV, I, III and II
IV, III, II and I

The instruction given in the bottle of liquid Sosa, says remove first the water
before adding sufficient amount of liquid Sosa into the clogged sink.
Which of the following best explains why?
Liquid Sosa reacts violently with water
Liquid Sosa is not effective in the presence of water
Water will increase the concentration of liquid Sosa so it will be less
effective.
Water will decrease the concentration of liquid Sosa so it will be less
effective.

Which of the following is the fastest way to dissolve a solid in a liquid?

stir equal amounts of solid and liquid vigorously
all amount of solid in a lot of the liquid
mix a lot of the solid in the liquid
heat and stir the liquid and solid mixture

When placed in one container, gasoline stays at the top and don’t mix with
water. What factor affecting solubility is involved in this example?

Nature of solute and solvent

Temperature
Pressure
Amount solute and solvent

In a jewelry shop, the following items are on sale at the same price. If you
are you to select the one which you think has the highest amount of pure
gold, which is the best choice?
a. 10g 14K bracelet c. 15g 5K Bangles
b. 5g 18K earrings d. 8g 14K necklace

Joy is working at a local candied fruit factory. She noticed that when sugar is
added to the water in candy making process , there remain undissolved
particles that settle at the bottom of the container. Which of the following
will best solve the problem?
a. Shake the mixing container very well.

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 Stir the liquid vigorously.
Incorporate the sugar with other ingredients,add water then stir.
Dissolve first the sugar in hot water before adding it into large
amount of water in the container.

Analyn wants to surprise her parents on their wedding anniversary. She

cooked Beef stew (Caldereta) . After putting all the ingredients, she tasted
the mixture and found out that it is salty. Which of the following would be
the best solution to Analyn’s problem?
Add more water into the mixture and let it boil again until the desired
taste is attained
Remove some spice, add water then boil again.
Remove the beef cubes, wash them and put them back into the
mixture.
Remove the sauce and replace it with water

Which of these can make a solid substance dissolve faster in a liquid?

use larger lumps of solid in a small volume of liquid

cool the solid-liquid mixture
stir the mixture regularly
use a little solid at a time to a large volume of liquid
In an educational tour at a cola company, Ben noticed that the newly filled up
cola bottles from the conveyor are already cold. Which of the following
best explains this?
Cola are being prepared for distribution so it is good to have them
cold.
The gaseous component of the cola drink is more soluble at lower
temperature.
Flavor of cola drink deteriorates at temperature higher than room
temperature.
The higher the temperature the more soluble are the gaseous
components of cola drink.

There is a typhoon advisory in your place. As a precaution, your mother

asked you to remove some products in your sari sari sari to avoid having
them in contact with water. Which of the following will you fist take to your
safe room?
sugar
Oil

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 eggs
Canned goods

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 GLOSSARY

Solution: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A

solution may exist in any phase.

Solvent: constituent of a solution that acts as a dissolving agent. In solutions of

solids or gases in a liquid, the liquid is the solvent. In all other solutions (i.e.,
liquids in liquids or solids in solids) the constituent that is present in larger
quantity is considered the solvent.

Concentration of a solution is defined as the amount of solute present in a

given quantity of solvent. Very often scientists speak of concentrated solutions,
dilute solutions, or very dilute solutions, but these designations give only a rough
relative qualitative idea of concentration.

Solubility is a measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved

in a given amount of solvent to form a stable solution. The composition of many
solutions cannot be varied continuously because there are certain fixed limits
imposed by the nature of the substances involved

Unsaturated solution is one where the amount of solute is less than the
maximum amount that a solvent could dissolve. More solute can be dissolve at
existing temperature and pressure.

Saturated solution is one where the maximum amount of solute is in equilibrium

with undissolved solid.

Supersaturated solution is a saturated solution which is prepared and allowed

to cool without losing any solute.

WEBSITE RESOURCES AND LINKS IN THIS MODULE:

Properties of Solution
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_solution.html
complete overview on the characteristics and properties of solution.

http://www.school-for-champions.com/chemistry/solutions.htm
kinds of solution

Formationof solution
http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=122&cat=Chemistry
shows the video on the formation of solution

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http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/science10/unita/redon13.html
kinds of solution based on saturation

Kinds of solution
http://ph.video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A0S00xgYomVQ9CcAlSreRwx.
;_ylu=X3oDMTBrc3VyamVwBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQD?p=saturated
+solution&vid=86772B8E0D1DA9E45A2E86772B8E0D1DA9E45A2E&l=00:26&t
url=http://ts4.mm.bing.net/videos/thumbnail.aspx%3Fq%3D4821887482134531
%26id%3D856e78de25e73e10a7a4fc527374cc5e%26bid%3DLlrkqR0Njit3hg%2
6bn%3DLargeThumb%26url%3Dhttp%253a%252f%252fwww.youtube.com%252
fwatch%253fv%25 Video on saturated , unsaturated and supersaturated solution.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdedxfhcpWo&feature=endscreen&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0nNvsB_fOw&NR=1&feature=fvwp
preparing solution solute and solvent

Crystallization of supersaturated solution

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hfd6KwZLPM video on saturated ,
unsaturated and supersaturated solution
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTIzMaSDZ3k&feature=related
video on Crystallization of supersaturated sodium thiosulfate

Solubility
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKimraU21ws&feature=related
solubility of some substances in water

Solubility some materials

http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/gamesactivities/reversiblechanges.html
interactive experiment on solubility

Factors affecting solubility

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cr9w23GcTs&feature=related
video on factors affecting solubility
Solubility Curve
http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions/chemistry/solutions/solubility
curves.html

Fondant Making video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEwt8Q5jaA4&feature=related
Fondant Making video

Quiz on solution
http://glencoe.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0078617677/student_view0/chapter3/section2/self-check_quiz-
eng_.html
quiz on solution

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http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Solution+(chemistry)
Definition of terms

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Lesson 2.2: Matter (Substances and Mixtures, Elements
and Compounds, Metals and Non-Metals)

MODULE INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

You have probably seen, touched, and tasted hundreds of different things in
your life. You have touched wood, steel, ice and many more. In fact, all of the
objects around you which have a mass and occupy space are made of matter.
Have you ever wondered what these entire things are made of? What is
matter? Why there are different forms and what causes these
changes? Why does it exist? What are the properties of pure substances
and mixtures? Why is saltwater a mixture and not a pure substance? How
are elements and compounds alike? How are they different?
Do you know that there are a lot of things that you can learn about matter?
Thus, this module is formulated to help you in defining matter and in classifying
different kinds of matter. It also aims to guide you in determining the changes
that matter undergoes and in identifying its characteristics. You will also learn
how nature of matter is significant in making our lives better.

Lesson 2.2.1 Substances and Mixtures

What is the difference between a substance and a
mixture?
Lesson 2.2.2 Elements and Compounds
Why are elements and compounds considered to be a
pure
substance?
Lesson 2.2.3 Metals and Non-metals?
How does a metal differ from a non-metal?

In these lessons, you will learn the following:

Lesson 2.2.1 Recognize that a substance has a unique set of

properties. Investigate the properties of mixtures
of varying concentrations (use water and sugar).
Lesson 2.2.2 Recognize that substances are classified into elements
and compounds. Recognize that compounds consist of
specific elements in a definite composition (e.g., H 2O
and H2O2; different compounds of C, H, O).
Lesson 2.2.3 Demonstrate the different properties of metals and
nonmetals (e.g., luster, malleability, ductility,
conductivity).
Recognize the elements considered as metals and
those that are nonmetals.

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Here is a simple map of the above lessons you will cover:

Lesson 1:
Substances and Mixtures

Lesson 2:
Elements and Compounds

Metals Nonmetal
Lesson 3:
Metalloids Metals and Nonmetals

Adapted source:
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2Ba08LGgPNEJ:www.unit5.org/chemistry/UPDATE%2520WEB4-
08/Matter%2520and%2520Energy/Matter%2520and%2520Energy%2520PP/Classification%2520of%2520Matter.ppt+cla
ssification+of+matter&hl=tl&gl=ph&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgvF6D1sxE1_-
X08MP1NCybvGaHc5q4rojqRL2u9Y2sho7KdWJCFua9KHECWs5gF_lAjPLvf-ivQAiASZCnsg9LitJlS53E9j1ByVpqzZ-
Sjvwsc3Rrz_stFDEVSWWq8ahT27Cc&sig=AHIEtbRckOJJxW8JnhMyq8v-NxtCSdhrAg

To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:

Take the pre-test before proceeding to the lessons. The test will give you an
idea of how much time you will allot for each lesson.
Read the instructions carefully and follow the precautionary measures.
Open the indicated interactive simulations. Go beyond the given
instructions and questions. Explore further and deeper as your time
allows.
Open and view the indicated videos. Review the videos as many times as
needed, as you answer the discussion questions related to them.
Before doing the activity, make sure that all the materials needed are
already prepared Gather the materials for the experiments and
demonstrations and actually do them yourself. The actual experiments
will give you a richer learning experience than just reading the texts
and even watching related videos.
Take down notes as you go through the simulations, videos and
experiments. Writing on paper or typing on your computer helps you
remember and understand things easier.

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PRE-ASSESSMENT
Let’s find out how much you already know about this module. Encircle the
letter that you think best answers the question. Please answer all items. After
taking this short test, you will see your score. Take note of the items that you
were not able to correctly answer and look for the right answer as you go
through this module.

A heterogeneous mixture differs from a solution because

a heterogeneous mixture is always solid.
a heterogeneous mixture consists of solids and liquids.
the different components can be easily identified in a heterogeneous
mixture.
a heterogeneous mixture can be separated by physical means
(changes), whereas a solution can only be separated by
chemical means (changes).

Which of the following best describes a gas?

The molecules are closely spaced but have no long-range order.
The material has a fixed volume and a fixed shape.
The material has a fixed volume but has no definite shape.
The molecules are moving quickly and are widely spaced.

Which of the following contains three elements?

Argon, Magnesium, Phosphorus
Brass, Phosphorus, Potassium
Chlorine. Air, Nitrogen
Petrol, Alcohol, water

Renz is investigating the properties of several substances. He prepared a

beaker containing substances J, K, and L and filtered the contents through a
funnel into a flask. What term best describes substances J, K, and L inside
the beaker before Renz poured them through the filter paper?

A mixture B solution C compound D pure

substance

Which of the following statements is true of a compound?

Its constituents can be separated by physical methods.
Its constituents are present in fixed proportions.
Its properties are similar to those of its constituents.
It contains two or more elements.

When green copper (II) carbonate is heated, a black solid X and a colorless
gas Y are formed which of the following describe X and Y?

X Y
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 A) Element compound
B) Compound Element
C) Compound Mixture
D) Compound Compound.

Which one of the following sets contains an element, a mixture and a

compound?
Air, pure water, sodium chloride
Copper, air, copper (II) sulfate
Magnesium, lead, sulfate
Pure water, sulfate, magnesium

Which of the following boxes represents a compound?

A B C D

Molecules of a compound
Molecules of an element
Atoms of an element
Mixture of an elements and compound

Which of the following observations most strongly suggest that a solid element X
is a non-metal?
X reacts vigorously with chlorine.
X is a conductor of electricity.
X has more than one valence.
X forms an acidic oxide.

What are metalloids?

elements found in asteroids
elements that are larger than nonmetals
elements that have properties different than either the metals or the
nonmetals
elements that have some properties like metals and some like
nonmetals

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 Adapted source: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/metalloids-in-the-periodic-table.html

11. Which of the following describes a nonmetal?

A) good conductor of heat C) malleable
B) ductile D) poor conductor of electricity

12. Which of the following elements should exhibit some metallic properties
and some nonmetallic properties?
A) Zn B) Ga C) Si D) C

13. The chemical element that is most abundant in the human body is
A) nitrogen. B) iron C) carbon. D) oxygen.

Which statement is NOT true of nonmetals?

They have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.
Many are gases at room temperature.
They have low conductivity.
There are fewer nonmetals than metals.

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Adapted source:
http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://media.wiley.com/Lux/93/168193.image1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dummi
es.com/how-to/content/the-periodic-table-metals-nonmetals-and-
metalloids.html&h=400&w=311&sz=41&tbnid=squRXCIj_SP99M:&tbnh=82&tbnw=64&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dnonmetals
%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bperiodic%2Btable%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=nonmetals+in+the+periodic+table&usg=
__UlopxRVUafZfvgCl8uxXD10flxc=&docid=0fmB9Q4qfm4hSM&hl=tl&sa=X&ei=4RTKT8KLNIKKmQX1sPDyDg&ved=0C
GsQ9QEwBQ

15. Most metals in nature are found combined with other elements. These
compounds containing metals are called
A. alloys. B. heavy metals. C. minerals. D.
metallurgists.

When magnesium (Mg) metal is burned in the presence of oxygen (O 2 ),

magnesium oxide (MgO) is produced. The properties of magnesium oxide
are different than the individual properties of magnesium and
oxygen because magnesium oxide is
A) a solution. B) a mixture. C) a compound. D) an element.

17. Which class of elements best conducts electricity?

A) metals C) semimetals
B) nonmetals D) noble (inert) gases
18. Which of the following can be beaten into thin sheets?

A. Zinc B. Phosphorus C. Sulfur D. Oxygen

Read the following statements carefully and select the correct statements
about the physical and chemical properties of metals-
I. All metals are ductile
II. Generally metals are ductile
III. Metals which are more reactive than hydrogen react with acids

to release hydrogen gas.

IV. All metals react with acids to release hydrogen gas.

 The correct statement of the above are
A. 1 and IV B. I and III, C. II and III D. II and IV

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Correct the statement by substituting the x and y with correct option. X
can’t be drawn into wires because it is not Y in nature.
X Y
A Coal Ductile
B Copper Malleable
C Aluminum Ductile
D Coal Malleable

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Lesson 2.2.1: Substances and Mixtures

In this lesson, you shall:

differentiate the unique properties of matter, in terms of substances
and mixtures.
describe the difference between pure substances (elements and
compounds) and mixtures.
demonstrate the classification of matter

In this lesson, we will focus on the following questions: What is the difference
between substances and mixtures? What are the properties of pure substance
and mixture?

1.1 Classifying Matter Activity:

Open the page below to know about the classification of matter: Do the activity
contained in this site.
www.asminternational.org/content/docs/classifyingmatteractivity.pdf -

Guide questions:
How is a compound different from an element?
What happens to the properties of original components in a mixture or
compound after they’ve been combined?
When you perform the activity, do the part of components in a
mixture or compound change or are they fixed?
What have you learned about the activity?
How can your understanding of the changes in properties of matter
become beneficial?

1.2 KWHL Chart

Before you begin with this module, fill in the first column of the KWHL Chart
below. It will help you check your understanding of the lessons in this unit.
You will be asked to fill in the information in different sections of this
module. Write the answers in your notebook.

Matter
(Diversity of materials)

What you What you HOW will you What I have

KNOW WANT to know find out LEARNED

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 As you proceed with the rest of the activities, always have these questions
in your mind, what is matter? Why does matter have different forms and
properties? How can your understanding of the changes in properties of
matter become beneficial?

End of EXPLORE:
You just tried finding out about diversity of material and recognize how
substances and mixtures manifest a unique set of properties. You also gave your
initial ideas on why matter has a unique property. Let’s now find out more about
diversity of matter by doing the next activities

Your understanding of changes in properties of matter will be increased

as you study the lessons and perform the activities in the FIRM UP phase

Your goal in this section is to learn and understand some key concepts, by
working on the following questions:
What is the difference between physical property and chemical
property?
How do the properties of pure substances differ from those of
mixtures?
How will you distinguish homogenous mixture from heterogeneous
mixture?

1.3 Physical and Chemical Changes

What is matter? Why does matter have different forms and properties? How can
matter be changed? How would you tell if matter has undergone a physical or
chemical change? How do humans use matter and the elements every day? How
can your understanding of the changes in properties of matter become beneficial
in human, in industries and in the environment?

Click this website and perform the activity in this file and then answer the process
questions. http://isite.lps.org/gcooper/web/documents/PhysandChemPropLab.pdf

Process Questions:
What is physical change? Chemical change?
What happens when salt was mixed with water?

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 What causes a physical change from one state of matter to
another?
How would you know if matter undergoes physical or chemical
change?
What are the evidences of physical and chemical changes?
When a candle burns both physical and chemical changes occur.
What are these changes?
Why are there different forms and what causes these changes?
How do changes in matter affect our everyday life?

Check for Understanding. In this check for understanding you will identify the
condition of a given statement either physical change or chemical change. This will enhance your
comprehension about the nature of the diversity of matter in the environment. This will prepare you
for the unit test after the next modules.
Change Physical Chemical
Change Change
Sugar dissolves in ethanol.
Hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium to
produce hydrogen gas.
A pile of leaves is burned.
Water boils to form steam.
Water is heated and changed to steam.
A car fender gets rusts.
Ethyl alcohol evaporates.
Ice cube melting.
Lemon juice converts milk to curds and whey.
A female mosquito uses your blood as food from
which she produces her eggs.

TEACHER TALK:
Remember that the physical properties of a substance are those
properties that can be observed and measured without changing the composition
of the substance. Because they depend on there being no change in
composition, physical properties can be used to describe and identify
substances.

The chemical properties describe how matters undergo change its

composition and produced new substances of different chemical composition.

Recheck your answers in the above table. What do you notice about your
answers? How did you do with this quiz? If you did well, continue to the next part.
If not, go back and find out from the reading and activities the reason for the
correct answers.

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1.4 Mixtures vs. Pure Substances
This lesson will help the students encounter and study many of the
properties of matter and how matter can change from one form to another.
Through their study of mixtures and pure substances, students will further
refine their understanding of matter. They will also explore and develop an
appreciation of how various types of matter are important in their daily
lives. How can your understanding of the changes in properties of matter
become beneficial?

Open this video site: Keep them in mind as you watch the video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lUHd9vc5es This website
features the classification of matter according to pure elements and
mixtures.

Open and read this web page:

http://www.mcgrawhill.ca/school/learningcentres/file.php/97800707
26901/olc2/dl/699403/2_3.pdf This website classifies some
common materials as either mixtures or pure substances.

Open this website to enhance more about mixtures and pure substances.
Click on the link to mixtures versus pure substances – student doc.
Do the activity contained in this site:
http://www.pdesas.org/module/content/resources/14015/view.ashx.
Answer the following questions below:

Guide Questions:
Compare your products and classifications with other groups.
How many mixtures were there? How many pure substances
were there?
Which products were easy to classify? Which ones were hard?
Explain.
How does a mixture differ from a pure substance? Why there are
different forms of matter and what causes these changes?
How do changes in matter affect your everyday life?

End of FIRM UP:

In this section, you have performed activities and read about how materials be classified
as pure substances and mixtures. How would you distinguish between pure substances
and mixtures? How would you create a way to organize a relationship between mixtures
and pure substances? How can your understanding of the changes in properties of matter
become beneficial?
Now that you know the significant ideas about the topic, let’s go deeper by
moving on to the next section.

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Your goal in this section is to extend your understanding by investigating and
viewing video clips whether unknown substances are either pure substances
or mixtures through means of experimentation.

Here you will see some demonstrations on how the properties of mixtures
of varying concentrations introduced.

1.5 Activity Pure Substance or Mixture?

Open the web page below about science habit of mind; perform the activity
contained in this site. Then answer the process questions below.
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:MQOBw5InK-
EJ:www.lesley.edu/soe/middleschool/teacher-resources/content/science-activity-
properties-
matter.pdf+laboratory+Activities:+pure+substances+and+mixtures&hl=tl&gl=ph&
pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgX4nLgun8SBHAgw6cko5A2yNobPcXlrdJVSFFWPChiA-
-YU3IYWadioN33OzUzIDLTcgqS4Lc-
nJ7_zYHsibeoJloWDeGlVcyBM9vnXSX2KchL8Up2JI5XI1HmGmW3okp3DCXb&
sig=AHIEtbTRs5Uv-4Pvnu_ksA46cGRPWuNfKg

Guide Questions
What is a pure substance?
Compare and contrast mixtures with pure substances.
How can you distinguish between pure substances and mixtures?
What does it mean if the sample is made of only one substance or more
than one substance?
Can you think of some mixtures and pure substances you encounter in
your every-day life? Why there are different forms of matter and what
causes these changes? How do changes in matter affect your
everyday life?

1.6 Video:
How can matter be described, classified and changed? How do
interactions of matter affect your life? How does understanding of the
changes in properties of matter become beneficial?

Open this video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPRPU1OioDE It may help

anyone studying to differentiate between pure substances
and mixtures: high school, and beyond!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=S
wZj84J_KOw Interactive teaching: understanding the diversity
of matter according to pure substances and mixtures

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Review the videos; stop it every now and then so you can take down notes.
When done, answer the following questions.

As you review the video, classify the following as pure substances or as

mixtures:
Material pure substances Mixtures
air
gasoline
grain alcohol
water
sugar
gold
mercury
oxygen
salt water

Directions: Fill in the Venn diagram to compare and contrast pure substances
and mixtures.

Pure Substances Mixtures

Check my Answer:

Content of a Check my Answer button

Pure substances: contain one type of particle

Mixtures: contain many different types of particles
Pure substances AND Mixtures: both are made of matter, both can be in the form
of a solid, liquid, or gas

Let’s go back to the KWHL Chart. Now fill out the second and third
columns. Write the answers in you notebook

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 Matter
(Diversity of Materials)

What you What you HOW will you What I have

KNOW WANT to know find out LEARNED

Process Questions:
Based on your understanding, how will you categorize substances as
pure or mixture?
How is the term “pure” used in everyday life? How is this different from
how it is used in science?
What are the most important mixtures and pure substances you come in
contact with each day? Why do you think they are important?
Do you think your understanding of how the term pure is used in science
will change how you use it in everyday life? Why or why not?
How do interactions of matter affect your life? How does the
understanding of the changes in properties of matter
become beneficial?

Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do the
tasks in the next section.

End of DEEPEN
In this section, you saw demonstrations on how pure substances and mixtures
differ from each other. You then inferred and classified the nature of materials
from the desired result.
What new realizations do you have about the topic? What is the significance of
this topic to your life?
In your notebook, write a brief reflection on your experience about the implication
of the diversity of materials (pure substances and mixtures) in the environment.
Why there are different forms and what causes these changes? Do you think
understanding the changes in properties of matter is beneficial in human and in
an environment? Why or why not?
Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do the
tasks in the next section.

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Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations. You will
be given a practical task in this section.

1.7 Webpage activity: Create your own Cola:

In this web page, you’ll investigate the concept of mixtures. Click this site and
do the activity: http://serc.carleton.edu/sp/mnstep/activities/20108.html. Keep in
mind the following questions

Guide Questions:

What are the materials used for making a cola?

Is scientific investigation important to investigate the concept of mixtures
and concentration? Why or why not?
What are the various sources of error that must be accounted for in an
experiment?
In your own opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of
producing cola beverage?
Can you think of some mixtures you encounter in your every-day life that is
beneficial to you? Why there are different forms of matter and what
causes these changes? How do changes in matter affect your everyday
life?
CHECK – UP TEST
Let’s do a comprehensive check what you have learned. This will help you
prepare for the unit test after the next modules.

A homogeneous liquid which cannot be separated into components by

distillation but can be decomposed by electrolysis is classified as a/an
_______.
A. element C. solution
B. mixture D. substance

A sample of a salt and water solution is homogeneous throughout. Is this

sample a mixture or a pure substance?
a pure substance, since it is the same throughout
a mixture, because it can have a variable composition
a pure substance, because it has a definite composition
a mixture, because it has a fixed, definite composition

An unknown, clear liquid is given to you in a beaker. You transfer the liquid from
the beaker to a clean, empty test-tube, and begin to heat it. After a while,

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 you see vapors rising from the test-tube, and pretty soon, all that's left are a
few crystals of salt stuck to the edges. How would you classify the material?
A. element C. compound B. mixture D. colloid

4. An unknown material underwent electrolysis and decomposed to hydrogen

and oxygen. How would you classify the material?
A. element C. solution
B. mixture D. substance

You are a chemist turned businesswoman. You have been invited by a group of
small scale business owners to discuss to them how to prepare your famous
brand of perfume. Which of the following is a more appropriate form of your
presentation?
a seminar
a how-to-do demonstration
a flow chart discussion
a scientific and technical paper

It is often difficult to decide if a change is physical or chemical, so a certain clues

will help you decide if a chemical change has occurred. Which of the
following statements below does NOT possess a chemical change?
A change in color and/or odor
The release or absorption of energy
A change can be reversed easily
The formation of a solid in a liquid

Which of the following is NOT a potential sign of chemical change?

A. release of gas C. change of color
B. evaporation of water D. production of gas
8. Which of the following is NOT a physical property of iron?

A. melting point C. color

B. ability to rust D. conductivity

How does a physical change differ from a chemical change?

New volumes are created in a physical change.
New materials are produced in a physical change.
The composition is unchanged in a physical change.
The change is reversible in a physical change.
Which of the following does not involve a chemical change?

A. cube of sugar in hot coffee C. exploding dynamite B.

tarnishing silver D. burning fire

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Lesson 2.2.2 Elements and Compounds

In this lesson, you shall:

Recognize that substances are classified into elements and compounds.
Recognize that compounds consist of specific elements in a definite
composition (e.g., H2O and H2O2; different compounds of C, H, O).

Are you ready to learn more about the diversities of matter and how substances
be classified as elements and compound? Let’s explore in the previous lesson,
you learned how human affected with the diversity of materials. In this lesson we
focus on the following questions: What is a matter? Why are there different
forms? How are the different forms classified?

2.1 Picture Analysis:

Open and read this website to understand the picture of elements and
compounds.
Adapted source: www.ivy-rose.co.uk/Chemistry/GCSE/Elements-
Mixtures-Compounds.php

2.2 Activity: Elements and Compounds

This activity help you the process of exploring matter into the categories
of element, and compound. The distinctions among these categories will become
increasingly clear as you study and perform the activity.

Go to this site where you’ll explore on elements and compounds:

http://www.its-about-time.com/pdfs/acact1.pdf

From the experience of the activity, think the following questions:

In your own words, explain the difference between an element and a
compound.
Why are symbols useful in describing chemical elements?
What are the symbols for the following elements: carbon, copper, gold,
and helium?
What information does a chemical formula of a compound provide?

End of EXPLORE

In this lesson you explored how forms of matter can be classified as

elements, and compounds. You learned about how to decompose a substance
like water into the two elements from which it is composed and practice safe
laboratory techniques. You may also have more questions in your mind on how
to organize matter intensely into the categories of element and compound.

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In the next activities, you will see and use video clips and laboratory activities
that can enhance you learning for elements and compounds.

Your goal in this section is to learn and understand these key concepts:
Substances have an invariable composition and are composed of
either elements or compounds.
Elements combine in a definite ratio to form a compound.

Keep in mind these questions as you do the next activities:

What are the characteristics of elements, and compounds? Give
examples.
Explain how elements can be identified.
What are the ways an element can be classified according to their
properties?
Identify the differences between an element and a compound.
How significant are the elements and compounds to your health,
industries and the environment?

2.3 Web-page reading: Elements and Compounds

You saw in the first lesson the properties of pure substance and mixtures. In this
lesson, read the following pages to review some ideas and ready you for further
for this new lesson.
http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/pre/matter.html

Do you understand how useful the dimensions in classifying matter? Why

are there different forms of matter and what causes these changes? How do
changes in matter affect your everyday life?

Open this video: http://www.brightstorm.com/science/biology/chemical-basis-of-

life/elements-compounds/

Below is the KWL chart. Fill in the table after you watch over the video:
What I KNOW What I want to LEARNWhat I have LEARNED

Read this webpage and answer the questions in your notebook:

http://www.chemprofessor.com/matter.htm this website is to enhance you
understanding about the lesson on the classification scheme of matter.

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Then go on to read this page:
http://www.chemteam.info/Matter/ElementsAndCompounds.html in this web page
it will lead into discussing elements and compounds as a general classification
scheme for all matter.

What is your idea about “an element is to a compound as bricks are to a

house”
2. What are your insights about the analogy between
mixture and compounds?
3. How do elements and compounds affect life and nonlife
in the environment?
4. Do you have similar characteristics of the compound or
element in the community?
5. Why there are different forms of matter and what
causes these changes?

CHECK – UP TEST
Let’s do a comprehension check on what you just read. Click on your best
answer.

1. All living things contain which element?

A. helium C. copper
B. sodium D. carbon

2. The chemical element that is most abundant in the human body is

A. nitrogen. C. carbon.
B. iron. D. oxygen.

The chemical formula for water, H2O, means that each water molecule
contains
two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
two hydrogen atoms and zero oxygen atoms.
one hydrogen atom and two oxygen atoms.

A group of atoms that acts as a unit is called a(n)

A. mixture. C. element.
B. molecule. D. compound.

Which of the following statements is true?

Elements are the only kind of matter that can be properly classified as
pure substances.
Only pure matter is classified as a substance, which includes only
elements and compounds.

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 All mixtures can easily be identified as impure, since the components
are always easily recognizable.
All solutions consist of a solid dissolved in a liquid.

Let’s now find out in the next part what the answers to these questions are.

2.4 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures: Interactive simulation exploration

How does understanding of the changes in properties of matter become
beneficial?

Recall what you did in the previous lesson about pure substance
and mixtures.

Open this interaction simulation:

http://video.sunflowerlearning.com/browse/productvideos/video/ecm. This
site establishes the differences between substances: elements,
compounds, and mixtures.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLk7BM0m2ao&feature=endscreen&N
R=1
This site recognizes that compounds consist of specific elements in a
definite composition

As you explore the simulation, keep in mind these guide questions:

How elements are made of one type of atom?
Why different elements are made up of different atoms?
How atoms rearrange in chemical reactions?
How compounds are made of atoms combined in a fixed ratio?
Draw the differences between pure substances and mixtures
Create pictures of common mixtures such as air and salt water.

Again note down answers in your notebook.

2.5 Photo Gallery: Elements in the Human Body

Read the page below, explore the page, and find out the different elements that
are significant in human body.
http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/Elements-in-the-Human-
Body/

Process Questions:
Create a time line that shows the discovery dates of the researched
elements.
What was the date of the element’s discovery?
Which scientist or scientists discovered the element?

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 Where was the element discovered?
Under what circumstances was it discovered?
What are the contributions of these elements in industries, and in
environment?
What would the world be like without elements?
What do you think is the most important known element?
Can you think of some elements you encounter in your every-day life that is
beneficial to you? Why there are different forms of matter and what
causes these changes? How do changes in matter affect your everyday
life?

Again note down answers in your notebook.

2.6 Web page reading: Human Biology - Food and Digestion

Students will answer the questions below before going to read the website.
The goal is to learn and understanding some key concepts, by performing on
the following questions. Write down your initial answers in your notebook.
How does the elements and compounds useful to our body and to our
daily functions?
Where can you find the different elements in real life?
How a balanced diet is essential to a healthy organism?
How do elements and compounds affect your life? How does
understanding of the changes in properties of matter
become beneficial?

Open and read this web page:

http://www.biology-online.org/7/6_food.htm. This site feature foods contain
compounds and elements that are useful to our body and our daily
functions.

After reading the website the students will compare their ideas in their
notebook those ideas found in the website.

Process Questions:
How is food broken down and digested by the human body?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the compounds
and elements for optimal conditions of your body?
How can your understanding of the changes in properties of
matter become beneficial for humans, in industries and to the
environment?
How does the change of properties matter affect the survival of
living organisms and the quality of the environment?

2.7 “How Stuff Works” about Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures: This activity
will present the basic properties and characteristics of elements,

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 compounds and mixture. How does understanding of the changes
in properties of matter become beneficial?

Read this webpage:

http://www.lasd.k12.pa.us/LHS/FacultyStaff/Classrooms/coover/PSci/04/
04%20Text.pdf This website offers not only about mixtures but also
about the elements and compounds that can form mixtures.

Then watch this video

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/29395-assignment-discovery-
elements-compounds-and-mixtures-video.htm this website offers matter
can be separated into three groups: elements, compounds and mixtures.
From there, it just keeps getting broken down to the subatomic level and
beyond.

CHECK-UP TEST:
Check your comprehension through the following questions: Let’s review
the idea found in the website you just read. Click on your answers to the
following questions. This will help you prepare for the unit test after the next
modules.

1. Which of the following substances can be separated into simpler substances

only by chemical means?
A. sodium C. water
B. salt water D. gold

2. Which of the following best describes chicken noodle soup?

A. element C. compound
B. mixture D. solution

Which of the following does not describe elements?

all the particles are alike
can be broken down into simpler substances
have unique sets of properties
can join together to form compounds

The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element is
a(n)
A. molecule. C. substance.
B. atom. D. compound.

5.Which of the following is an element?

29. A. salt C. nylon
30. B. iron D. sand

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2.8 Word Game: Elements and Compounds
This word game will enrich your critical thinking on the topic elements and
compounds. In this game, you'll guess the word and analyze the clue
properly. How does understanding of the changes in properties of matter
become beneficial?

Open this website to enhance your learning on the topic.

http://www.what2learn.com/games/play/4931/ Elements and compounds
Alien Abduction Hangman. Word-game: where you have to guess a
given word. As you explore the animation: Keep in mind these questions:
What is your main obligation for grandma in the activity?
What is the significance of this game to the topic?
How will you relate this game to you as a student?

http://mint.ua.edu/games/chemical-mixup/ an interactive flash game designed

to help you improve your basic chemistry skills!

2.9 Hands-on Activity: Elements, Compounds, or Mixtures

This hands-on activity will help the students have a better
understanding of different types of materials as pure substances and
mixtures and distinguishes the homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures
by discussing some material they use in their daily life. How does
understanding of the changes in properties of matter become beneficial?

Open this webpage and do the activity below:

https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:JnhUCdjjlvIJ:www.learnnc.org/l
p/media/lessons/annachilds1172004903/Students.doc+elements+compounds
+and+mixtures+activities+CANDY+ACTIVITY+WORKSHEETS&hl=en&gl=ph
&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh6YDVrfOdYv1JdjVTpauziiMggLSkg-
_d5tqPXWoMvzlfCacxPMt4PvBG2KUuRRFGgDjaK4JbMzfFo0r7UoPXL2UM
WedETGU0Q7pMI2pw1p9wdvGlnQd67A0ecOPA4uMlEs2Lk&sig=AHIEtbT8y
1s4HK3LYAcpNvuEQmynyE0OgQ this website will visualize the difference in
composition of elements, compounds, and mixtures

End of FIRM UP:

In this section, you have further explored the diversity of matter
using Hands-on activities and game. You observed that pure substances
have an invariable composition to form a compound.
So now, in your own words, what is the difference between elements,
compounds, and mixtures? “How can your understanding of the changes in
properties of matter become beneficial in human, in industries and in the
environment?”
If you have difficulty explaining, go back to the reading and webpages
in this section.

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Now that you know the significant ideas about the topic, let’s go deeper by
moving on the next section.

Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of the topic.
Here you will complete two worksheets that will check on your understanding of
the elements, compounds, and mixtures (Homogeneous and Heterogeneous).

2.10 Worksheet I: Poem Analysis This activity will help you to enhance your
learning about the topic. It will strengthen your skill in comprehension and
deepen your understanding regarding the changes in properties of matter to
real life situation. Why are there different forms? How are the different forms
classified? How does understanding of the changes in properties of matter
become beneficial?

Open and read this this website

http://www.evanschemistrycorner.com/WS/MatterWS/WS1-7-
2_Elements_Compounds_and_Mixtures.pdf this site feature the relationship
of elements, compounds, and mixtures

Open this website, read the poem then answer the questions below based on the
poem.
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Ws8p7AOJkYcJ:maplewood.isd62
2.org/files/maplewoodmiddleschool/files/ledermann/poem%2520sheet.pdf+Elem
ents,+Compounds,+and+Mixtures+by+Evan+P.+Silberstein&hl=tl&gl=ph&pid=bl
&srcid=ADGEESi1fbsLO0Vzf3XHmqaFAfKBt-Siool8xUvRRhXaZ2hEn-
9IrJGM5BiGI02BrlG9ImaFvhBtUxOKipf88YTA73BSWsXRBiarrZKzpPvKLmSFqP
-eVHBTai8o3-sf-
H2Cku6sko6Y&sig=AHIEtbTorBChn4QCrmSm08Fk4R1G4Dv98Q

2.11 Worksheet II: Elements, Compounds & Mixtures

This activity will help you to assess your learning on how far you
understand the topic. You will classify each of the following substances as;
an element (E), a compound (C), a homogeneous mixture (hom), or a
heterogeneous mixture (het) . How does the understanding of the changes in
properties of matter become beneficial?

Open this website read the webpage then answers the questions:
http://doclike.net/Read/_dp.d3d3LmRvY2Nhc2FncmFuZGUubmV0_dp..sl_Chem
+1+Files.sl_Chem+1+Chapter+03+Folder.sl_Chem+1+Chapter+03+Worksheets.
sl_Elements-Compounds-Mixtures+WS.pdf

How did you do with this assessment? If you did well, continue to the next part.
If not go back and find out from the readings the reason for the correct answer.

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End of DEEPEN:
In this section, you have completed two worksheets, a) Poem analysis and
b) classifying different substances as elements, compounds, and mixtures.
You strengthened your understanding of the properties of matter.

What are your insights about the topic? What new connections have you made
for yourself?
Why there are different forms and what causes these changes? Why does
classifying matter help us learn about the world around us? How do changes in
matter affect our everyday life?

Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready to do the
tasks in the next section.

Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations. You will
be given an activity which will demonstrate your understanding.

2.12 Net Surfing: http://inquirychemistry.com/files/HSUnit04Aug0806.pdf this

website offers the classification of matter according to its composition.

Process questions: Write down your answers in your notebook.

Can elements and compounds affect society?
What are the relationship among a mixture, pure substance, element,
and compound?
How are the classifications of matter related to one another?
How does the change of properties matter affect the survival of living
organisms and the quality of the environment?

2.13 Activity: In this activity the learner will apply and demonstrates
understanding of changes in properties of matter and their benefits to
one’s health and the environment. How does understanding of the
changes in properties of matter become beneficial? Why are there
different forms? How are the different forms classified?

Ask students a presentation on issue related to the properties of matter

that affects the one’s health and the environment. Ask students to
report the causes of litter and where does it come from? Discuss the
harmful effects litter has on our community. What impact does it have
on human health and environment? Ask students to represent their
work through picture exhibits.

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 Ask the students to take a walk around the school grounds. Observe
and record any type of waste found in the surrounding air, land, or
water. Discuss their feelings about the trash and the effects it would
have on the environment. Ask the students why preventing and
reducing litter is important to the community and the environment. Why
should people care?

Have each student formulate a Segregation Plan or Recycling Plan that

will help address the litter problem that might be used to help reduce
waste in their community. Each student should write a brief summary to
explain his/her plan, how it would work, and how it would reduce or help
address the litter problem. They should explain why it would help
reduce waste and the responsible behavior individuals might use to
minimize waste’s negative effects.

Students should be able to list reasons why waste is harmful, what

causes it, and express the personal desire and specific responsible
behaviors he/she can exhibit to prevent litter or help clean it up.

Have students’ research types of waste and write reports about the
negative effects on the environment and how waste could be prevented or
reduced. Ask the students share their report to the class. Evaluation
should include purposes, content and organization in dealing to the issue.

Here’s a rubric by which your report shall be scored:

Criteria Commendable Promising Developing Beginning
4 3 2 1
The report The report The report The report
explains the key explains all of explains some does
purposes of the the key purposes key of the not refer to the
plan and carryout of the plan. purposes of the purposes of the
Purposes schemes that will plan but not plan
help address the quite complete.
.
litter and
student’s reflects
deep
understanding

demonstrates demonstrates demonstrates demonstrates

thorough considerable some limited
. Content knowledge knowledge . knowledge of . knowledge of
. of content . of content content content
.
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 . Presentation is . Presentation . Presentation has . Presentation
carefully provides some lapses on has no evident
organized and evidence which the coherence organization to
. Organization provides support of the evidence support
convincing conclusions. to support conclusion
.
evidence to conclusions
support
conclusions
.

End of TRANSFER
In this section, your goal was to formulate a segregation plan or recycling plan to
provide deeper justifications as to how this diversity of materials affects the
survival of living organisms and the quality of the environment.

How did you find the Activity? How did this activity help you further
understand oft the changes in properties of matter become beneficial in
human, and in environment? What are your insights and values learned?
Write down your reflections on your notebook.
You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next the next lesson, you
have to answer the following posttest. If pass this test, you may move on to the
next lesson. If you do not pass the test, you may go back and review the
lesson and take this text again.

2.14 CHECK – UP TEST

Answer this check-up test. This will help you prepare for the unit test after the
next modules.

Which of the following statements is true?

Elements are the only kind of matter that can be properly classified as
pure substances.
Only pure matter is classified as a substance, which includes only
elements and compounds.
All mixtures can easily be identified as impure, since the components
are always easily recognizable.
All solutions consist of a solid dissolved in a liquid.

Which of the following is the best statement about molecules?

Compounds are made of molecules, which consist of two atoms joined
together.
B All matter is made of molecules, which consist of identical atoms joined
together.
Molecules cannot be split apart.
Molecules are particles of compounds, and consist of two or more
atoms joined together.

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Just a few years ago, nearly all paint contained a lead compound. Today, very
few household paints contain lead. Based on class discussions, which of the
following is probably the reason for the change?
Lead has become a rare metal, and too expensive to put in paint.
The extra process to remove lead from paint saves money.
It has been found that lead, as a heavy metal, is dangerous to our
health.
Paint without lead is easier to use and lasts longer.

Passing electricity through water causes the H 2O molecules to decompose into

its elements. The word equation that best describes this chemical change is
A. hydrogen + oxygen -----> water
B. water -----> hydrogen + oxygen
C. water -----> steam
D. water -----> hydrogen + nitrogen

The gas that makes up about 20% of our atmosphere is

A. oxygen. B. carbon dioxide. C. hydrogen. D.
nitrogen.

On bags of fertilizers, there are usually three numbers, such as 20-10-10, that
represent the proportions of the three primary elements that plants need as
nutrients. What are these three primary elements, in the same order as the
numbers on the bag?
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
nitrogen, potassium, and sodium
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

A pure substance that cannot be decomposed into anything simpler by

chemical or physical means is called a (an) ________.
A. compound B. element C. isotope D.
mixture

Shiny dark violet crystals in a dry and clean test tube, when heated, produced dark
violet fumes which turned into fine shiny dark violet crystals at the upper
colder part of the test tube. How would you classify the violet crystals?

A. colloid C. element B. compound D. mixture

9. A white crystalline solid, when heated, turned to caramel like form and color
and produced white vapor. How would you classify the material?
A. colloid C. element B. compound D. mixture

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You are a sales representative of a new vitamin. You were invited by the branch
manager of a certain drugstore to explain to them the composition and
effects to the body of the said vitamin before they purchase, how will you
know that you have a good presentation?
vocabulary, use of scientific terms, visual aids
purpose, content, and organization
mechanics, use of references, speaking voice
organization, props, time limit

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Lesson 2.2.3 Metals and Nonmetals

In this lesson, you shall:

Demonstrate the different properties of metals and nonmetals (e.g.,
luster, malleability, ductility, conductivity).
Recognize the elements considered as metals and those that are
nonmetals

Keep in mind the following questions as you move on:

What are the differences between the metals and nonmetals?
How significant are metals and nonmetals to life?
What are the lists of elements belonging to periodic table groups? How can
you use physical properties to identify a substance as a metal,
nonmetal or metalloid?
How does understanding of the changes in properties of matter
become beneficial?

Let continue with Lesson 3 of this module. In the previous lesson, you learned
how elements interact with each other. In this lesson, we will focus on the
following questions:
How do the properties of metals and nonmetals affect our daily lives?
How are metals and nonmetals useful in our daily lives?
How does understanding of the changes in properties of matter become
beneficial? Why there are different forms and what causes these
changes? Why does classifying matter help us learn about the world
around us? How do changes in matter affect our everyday life?

3.1 Metal or Nonmetal Activity: This activity is an introduction to the lesson of metals
and nonmetals. Most students will not be familiar with the periodic table and will
need to understand how it is organized in order to be able to use it successfully.

Open this site and do the activity contained in this site.

https://www.fsd1.org/schools/southside/smagee/Documents/Graded%20Assignments/Me tal
%20or%20Nonmetal%20Activity.pdf

After doing the activity, answer the following questions:

What are your new learning and realizations about the activity?
What properties distinguish metals from nonmetals?
Why does classifying matter help us learn about the world around us?

End of EXPLORE

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At the start of this lesson, you explored about major categories elements of
the periodic table. You now may have new ideas and insights about metal and
nonmetals. You may also have questions after the activity.

In the next activities, you will read more about the topic.

Your goal in this section is to learn, understand, and recognize the role
of elements in life processes.

3.2 Open and read this web page on metals and nonmetals:
http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/a/Metals-And-Nonmetals.htm
this website distinguishes the differences between Metals and Nonmetals

What new learning did you get from the readings? What are still unclear?

Let’s go back to the KWHL Chart. Now fill-out the fourth column. Write the
answers in your notebook.

Matter
(Diversity of Materials)
What you KNOW What you WANT HOW will you What I have
to know find out LEARNED

3.3 Webpage reading: Periodic Table Study Guide to examine some

elements observe their properties. Using these observations, students will
confirm the common properties of metals, nonmetals and metalloids. How does
understanding of the changes in properties of matter become beneficial?

Go to this site where you’ll see major categories of elements are the metals,
nonmetals, and metalloids
http://chemistry.about.com/od/k12gradelessons/a/periodictable_3.htm this
website classifies elements according to their properties

Think through the following questions:

What are the properties of metals and nonmetals?
Are metals and nonmetals helpful or harmful to you?
How can your understanding of the changes in properties of matter
become beneficial?

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3.3 Metal vs Non-Metal lab: You will identify the properties of metal, and non-
metals.
You will examine 6 elements to determine listed properties. After you have
identified the elements you will categorize the elements as more like carbon, or
more like iron.
This activity is to help you understand the arrangement of elements in the
periodic table (Metal, Metalloid, and Non-metal)
PROPERTY DEFINITION Iron Carbon Lead Aluminum Sulfur Copper Oxygen Zinc
Fe C Pb Al S Cu O Zn
COLOR Based on Silver Black
appearance,
what color is the
object?
LUSTER Is it shiny? Yes No
Does it reflect
the light?
BRITTLENESS How easily does No Yes
it
break/crumble?
MALLEABILITY Can it be Yes No
hammered into
a different
shape without
breaking?
MAGNETISM Does it attract a Yes No
magnet?
ELECTRICAL Does the light Yes No
CONDUCTOR bulb come on?
MORE LIKE √
IRON?
MORE LIKE √
CARBON?
METAL
Adapted source:
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:H0xj7i895yAJ:www.trinity.edu/org/hhmi/Outreach/ALI_Resources/ALI%252
0UbD/7th%2520Grade%2520UbD%2520-
%2520First%2520Grading%2520Period.doc+performance+task+for+metals+and+nonmetals&hl=en&gl=ph&pid=bl&srcid=
ADGEESg6lDmnuVK73vgB6sYGPvT5tFI7c9JYBVpJ-s0H-
6VXwq9qxyoOwI_WMWtoEpIcPqID9uUqrpFRRNXukePooBntDPWQrHxmmfvGU4G6qyxUsQ2c9D5QafZyHmcFEhUh5E
3veDxl&sig=AHIEtbT0b10orPkmiTeLZQgOxKApsTw5dg

Questions:
How could everyday chemical phenomena be used to solve mysteries in
everyday life?
Why are there obvious and non-obvious properties of elements?
What causes elements to display everyday chemical phenomena?
Why periodic table is considered a living document?
Why do we use properties to arrange elements on the periodic table? What do
the properties say about the nature of matter in everyday life?

3.4 Open this web video to know more about different metal, nonmetal and
Semi-metal (metalloid): http://www.periodicvideos.com/

Take down notes specially details that will help you answer these questions.
1. How does a metal and nonmetal work?

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 Why do you need these metals and nonmetals in your daily life?
How does understanding of the changes in properties of matter
become beneficial?

End of FIRM¬UP
In this part of the lesson, you learned about how to classify, categorize,
introduce the arrangement and discuss common properties of an element as a
metal, nonmetal or semimetal in the periodic table.

You may try looking at other related websites to help further clarify
your understanding.

In the next part, you’ll do something that will bring you into a useful
understanding of what you’ve been learning so far.

Your goals in this section are to demonstrate the different properties

of metals and nonmetals (e.g., luster, malleability, ductility, conductivity) and
recognize the elements considered as metals and those that are nonmetals.

Here you will read about physical properties between metals

and nonmetals and perform laboratory activity to develop your skills.

3.5 ACTIVITY: Pursuit of the properties of Metals and Nonmetals

How does the understanding of the changes in properties of matter
become beneficial to people and the environment?

Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at some aspects of the topic.

http://metals.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://school.discoveryeducat
ion.com/lessonplans/programs/metalsandnonmetals this website enhances the
understanding of the differences in the physical properties between metals and
nonmetals

Data Sheet: Pursuit of the properties of Metals and Nonmetals

Record your observations in the spaces provided in the table below:
Sample Color Luster Malleability Conductivity Reaction Classification
Number with acid
1.
2.
3.
4.
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 5.
6.
7.

CHECK-UP TEST
Check your comprehension from the readings and Laboratory Activity. Click the
letter that corresponds to your best answer.

Which of the following cannot be a property of a metal?

It conducts an electric current.
It reacts with muriatic acid.
It has a metallic lustre.
It has an extremely low melting point

Which of the elements in the table below possess the properties of shininess,
electrical conductivity and malleability?
46.

4
1 3

2
A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 3 and 4

3. An element is analyzed in the laboratory. It is a gas at room temperature that

reacts strongly with metals. To which family in the table below does this
element belong?
47.

A B C D

Answers: A] Sodium (Na) Group I : The Alkali Metals

B] Magnesium (Mg) Group II : The Alkaline Earth Metals
C] Chlorine (Cl) Group VII : Halogens Group
D] Argon (Ar) Group VIII : Noble Gases Group

Which of the following lists consists only of metals?

aluminum, cobalt, mercury, sodium, zinc
chromium, copper, silver, sulfur, tin

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 carbon, gold, iron, lead, mercury
carbon, iodine, phosphorus, sulfur, tellurium

Which of the following lists of properties is characteristic of metals?

Shiny, malleable, do not conduct heat and electricity.
Shiny, malleable, conduct heat but not electricity.
Shiny, brittle, conduct heat and electricity.
Shiny, malleable, conduct heat and electricity.

End of DEEPEN:
In this section, you strengthened your understand that every element is classified as
a metal, nonmetal or semimetal (metalloid) based on its individual properties.

What are your realizations about the topic? What new connections have you
made for yourself? Why there are different forms and what causes these
changes? Why does classifying matter help us learn about the world around us?
How do changes in matter affect our everyday life?

Now that you have a deeper understanding of the topic, you are ready for the
task in the next section.

Your goal in this section is apply your learning to real life situations. You
will go to make a feeding program includes preparation of mixture of different
known concentrations in most efficient way without sacrificing its quality to
sustain quality life.

3.6 PERFORMANCE TASK:

In this module’s closing session, your final task is to apply in your
Barangay. You observe that malnourished cases have been increasing due to
unknown causes. As the SK chairman, together with health barangay nutritionist
was asked to make a feeding program for the barangay officials. The program
would be used to facilitate possible answers on the issue of malnourished
children. The program includes preparation of mixture of different known
concentrations in most efficient way without sacrificing its quality to sustain
quality life. Your program contains identifying the causes of malnourishment,
formulating an output of the study by presenting the findings/data results and
recommending precautionary and health measures. The program will be
evaluated according to its content, practicality, organization, delivery and use of
visual aids.

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Rubrics for the Performance Task:
OUTSTANDIN COMMENDABL DEVELOPIN BEGINNING
G E G (1)
(4) (3) (2)
Content Demonstrates Demonstrate Demonstrate Does not
full knowledge knowledge of partial have grasp
(more than required content knowledge of of
required) with required information
explanations content and and cannot
and is able to answer
elaboration. answer only questions
basic about
questions. subject.
Practicality Materials list is Materials list is Materials list Materials list
reasonable reasonable is not is not
and creative given resources. reasonable reasonable.
given given
resources. resources.
Organizatio Information in Information in Difficult to No
n logical, logical follow the sequence
interesting sequence which presentation and
sequence audience can because the evidence of
which follow. sequence is information.
audience can not well
follow. organized.
Delivery Speaks clear Speaks clear Shows Speaks
and correct, and pronounces incorrect
mumbles,
precise words correctly. pronunciation
Incorrect
pronunciation of terms and
pronunciatio
of terms. has difficulty
n of terms
projecting
and unable
one’s voice.
to project
one’s voice.
Use of Visuals Aids Visuals Aids and Visuals aids No visuals
Visual Aids and Technology and aids and
and Technology related to text technology technology
Technology are evident to and rarely support used to
reinforce presentation. text and support the
screen text and presentation. presentation
presentation. .

Before you go to the post- assessment, write a reflection in your synthesis

journal about your experiences in the entire lessons. You may choose to answer
one, or all of these guide questions:

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 What is the most important learning you encountered from the entire
lessons?
Which of the lessons you find more challenging and engaging? Difficult
and frustrating?
Aside from the performance task that you performed, what other task you
would like to work on in the future that could be beneficial in human and in
environment?

End of TRANSFER:
In this section, your task was to really apply your learning to real life
situation. Through this feeding program it strengthen the partnership of the
community with the school toward a sustainable development of harmonious
relationship of the people and building up well-rounded and refined
residents among the kids in the future.

Can you answer confidently the following question?

Why does classifying matter help us learn about the world around us?
Why there are different forms and what causes these changes?
How do changes in matter affect our everyday life?

If not yet, then you may to go back to the readings or you may look at
other related websites to help further clarify your understanding or
interview a nutritionists or chemists.

You have completed this lesson. Before you go to the next lesson, you have to
answer the following post assessment. If you pass this test, you may move on
to the next back lesson. If you do not pass this test, you may go back and
review the lesson and take this test again.

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POST ASSESSMENT:

Which of the following statements is true?

Elements are the only kind of matter that can be properly classified as
pure substances.
Only pure matter is classified as a substance, which includes only
elements and compounds.
All mixtures can easily be identified as impure, since the components
are always easily recognizable.
All solutions consist of a solid dissolved in a liquid
Why is tap water or salt water classified as a mixture, even though it is clear
and colorless?
If you hold it very close to your eyes, you can see the different particles
moving around inside the water.
Any kind of matter that contains more than one element is a mixture.
It contains at least two different substances or particles, and can be
separated by physical means.
The particles all combine in such a way that the only way they can be
separated is by a chemical reaction.
Substances composed of two or more atoms are:
A. elements. B. compounds. C. pure substance D. mixtures.
Which of the following is the best statement about molecules?
Compounds are made of molecules, which consist of two atoms joined
together.
All matter is made of molecules, which consist of identical atoms joined
together.
Molecules cannot be split apart.
Molecules are particles of compounds, and consist of two or more
atoms joined together.
Which substance in the following list is a compound?
A. salt B. carbon C. coffee D. paint

Each night you measure your height just before going to bed. When you arise
each morning, you measure your height again and consistently find that you
are 1 inch taller than you were the night before but only as tall as you were
24 hours ago! Is what happens to your body in this instance best described
as a physical change or a chemical change?
physical change because water expands as it freezes
chemical change because it involves changes in your bone
structure
physical change because it readily reverses
chemical change because it involves your body

Which of the following lists consists only of metals?

aluminum, cobalt, mercury, sodium, zinc
chromium, copper, silver, sulfur, tin

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 carbon, gold, iron, lead, mercury
carbon, iodine, phosphorus, sulfur, tellurium
Which of the following lists of properties is characteristic of metals?
Shiny, malleable, do not conduct heat and electricity.
Shiny, malleable, conduct heat but not electricity.
Shiny, brittle, conduct heat and electricity.
Shiny, malleable, conduct heat and electricity.
Just a few years ago, nearly all paint contained a lead compound. Today, very
few household paints contain lead. Based on class discussions, which of the
following is probably the reason for the change?
Lead has become a rare metal, and too expensive to put in paint.
The extra process to remove lead from paint saves money.
It has been found that lead, as a heavy metal, is dangerous to our
health.
Paint without lead is easier to use and lasts longer.
When homemade ice cream is made, salt is added to the ice that
surrounds the ice cream chamber. Which property of salt is
important when making ice cream?
Salt conducts electricity in water.
Salt dissolves in water.
Salt lowers the freezing point of water.
Salt adds flavor to the ice cream mixture.

A metal spoon was left in a pot of boiling soup. The cook burned a finger by
touching the spoon. Why did the finger get burned?
The metal spoon conducted heat to the cook’s hand.
The metal spoon conducted electricity to the cook’s hand.
The metal spoon chemically reacted with the cook’s hand.
The metal spoon insulated the cook’s hand.

The mixture which cannot be separated by mechanical means is

sand and gravel
salt and brown sugar crystal
coffee grounds and tea leaves
brown sugar crystals and water

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Adapted source:
http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bpc.edu/mathscience/chemistry/images/periodic_table_of_elements.
jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bpc.edu/mathscience/chemistry/history_of_the_periodic_table.html&usg=__lDv0OneOfYpiOSR
SKXeBqL5sF-
g=&h=858&w=1457&sz=216&hl=tl&start=5&zoom=1&tbnid=CzVvAR9uUE0qFM:&tbnh=88&tbnw=150&ei=pW7PT6W9K
MjnmAXOr6DFCg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dperiodic%2Btable%2Bof%2Belements%26hl%3Dtl%26sa%3DX%26biw%3D1
024%26bih%3D451%26tbm%3Disch%26prmd%3Dimvnsa&itbs=1

Based on their location in the figure above, oxygen and selenium have
the same number of neutrons.
the same conductivity.
similar properties.
the same number of electron orbitals.

On bags of fertilizers, there are usually three numbers, such as 20-10-10, that
represent the proportions of the three primary elements that plants need as
nutrients. What are these three primary elements, in the same order as the
numbers on the bag?
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
nitrogen, potassium, and sodium
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

The manager of a textile factory said it is too expensive to treat liquid wastes so
he suggested digging a hole near the factory where the wastes can be
stored. Is this environmentally safe?
YES! The liquid will pass through the layers of the soil and becomes
clean.
YES! The liquid will become less hazardous with time.
NO! The liquid wastes will combine to the groundwater.
NO! The liquid can be recycled.

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Phoenix, an unnamed spacecraft went to Mars to determine if life exits here. What
one test do you think was performed in order to get the answer?
Test for presence of atmosphere
Test for presence of carbon dioxide
Test for presence of oxygen
Test for presence of water

Sugar is soluble in water. What will most likely happen to its molecules once
they had dissolved?
The molecules will spread throughout the liquid.
The molecules will sink to the bottom.
The molecules will no longer exist.
The molecules will float on top

Different samples of a given material (A) were collected from different

sources. All samples were found to have the same 4:1 mass ratio of
copper-to-oxygen. What kind of materials is A?
A. A is an element. C. A is a colloid.
B. A is a compound. D. A. is a mixture.

Margarine is a mixture of compounds. Each compound has the general formula

CxHyOz where x, y, and z can be a variety of numbers. Which is the same
for all sample of margarine?
The elements present
Softening temperature
Solidification temperature
The percentage composition of the compounds

You are an expert nutritionist. You were tasked by the barangay officials to
present a plan for a feeding program. The program would be used to
facilitate possible answers on the issue of malnourished children. The
program includes preparation of mixture of different known concentrations in
most efficient way without sacrificing its quality to sustain quality life. How
will you present your scheme in a comprehensive way?
vocabulary, use of scientific terms, visual aids
organization, props, time limit, collaboration
mechanics, use of references, speaking voice
organization, content, visuals, evidence/source

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GLOSSARY

Compounds – a combination of two or more elements which are chemically

bonded

Conductivity – the ability of a substance or solution to conduct electricity / heat.

Ductility – the property of a material to be stretched into a wire or tube

without breaking (pliable or bendable)

Elements – pure substances composed of only one type of atom

Heterogeneous mixture – a mixture of substances in which the

separate components are visible

Homogeneous mixture – a mixture in which the composition is uniform.

Malleable – the property of a material to be hammered into a thin sheet

without breaking (pliable or bendable)

Metals - are opaque, lustrous elements that are good conductors of heat
and electricity. Most metals are malleable and ductile and are, in
general, denser than the other elemental substances.

Metalloid – an element which has properties of both metals and non-metals

Mixture - is a combination of two or more substances that are not

chemically united and do not exist in fixed proportions to each other.

Nonmetal - is an element on the periodic table that does not have the properties
of a metallic element, such as malleability. Nonmetals are usually
found in nature as gases or weak, brittle solids. All group 17 and 18
elements are nonmetals, as well as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, and selenium.

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WEBSITE RESOURCES AND LINKS IN THIS MODULE

Lesson No. Activity/ Assessment/ Short Description

Website link
1.1
Classifying Matter Activity

www.asminternational.org/content/docs/classifyingmatteractivity.pdf -
The perfect introductory activity to teach elements, compounds, and mixture

1.4
Mixtures vs. Pure Substances

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lUHd9vc5es
This website features the classification of matter according to pure elements and
mixtures.

http://www.mcgrawhill.ca/school/learningcentres/file.php/9780070726901/olc2/dl/
699403/2_3.pdf
This website classifies some common materials as either mixtures or pure
substances.

1.6
Video: Pure Substance vs Mixture

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPRPU1OioDE
It may help anyone studying to differentiate between pure substances
and mixtures: high school, and beyond!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=SwZj84J_KOw
Interactive teaching: understanding the diversity of matter according to pure
substances and mixtures

1.7
Create your own Cola
http://serc.carleton.edu/sp/mnstep/activities/20108.html.
Making your own Cola - Investigating Mixtures. It will investigate the concept
of mixtures and concentrations.
.
2.1
Web-page reading: Elements and Compounds

http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/pre/matter.html
http://www.brightstorm.com/science/biology/chemical-basis-of-life/elements-
compounds/

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Elements and compounds are differentiated by their composition. It features
chemical identities and properties of the elements when it will form a compound.

http://www.chemteam.info/Matter/ElementsAndCompounds.html
In this web page it will lead into discussing elements and compounds by
first considering a general classification scheme for all matter.

2.2
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures: Interactive simulation exploration

http://video.sunflowerlearning.com/browse/productvideos/video/ecm.
Demonstrate the differences between substances: elements, compounds,
and mixtures.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLk7BM0m2ao&feature=endscreen&NR=1
Recognize that compounds consist of specific elements in a definite composition

2.3
Photo Gallery: Elements in the Human Body

http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/Elements-in-the-
Human-Body/
99% of the mass of the human body is made up of only six elements: oxygen,
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Every organic molecule
contains carbon. Since 65- 90% of each body cell consists of water (by weight),
it isn't surprising that oxygen and hydrogen are major components of the body.

Web page reading: Human Biology - Food and Digestion

http://www.biology-online.org/7/6_food.htm
This site will feature foods contain many compounds and elements that are
useful to our body and our daily functions. Food is what is required by humans
to grow and survive, and provide a 'fuel' for the energy needed in our biological
reactions.

2.5
“How Stuff Works” about Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

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http://www.lasd.k12.pa.us/LHS/FacultyStaff/Classrooms/coover/PSci/04/04%20T
ext.pdf
This website offers not only about mixtures but also about the elements and
compounds that can form mixtures.

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/29395-assignment-discovery-
elements-compounds-and-mixtures-video.htm
This website offers matter can be separated into three groups: elements,
compounds and mixtures. From there, it just keeps getting broken down to
the subatomic level and beyond.

2.6
Word Game: Elements and Compounds

http://www.what2learn.com/games/play/4931/
"Elements and compounds" Alien Abduction Hangman. Word-game where
you have to guess a given word.

http://mint.ua.edu/games/chemical-mixup/
an interactive flash game designed to help you improve your basic
chemistry skills!

2.7
Hand-on Activity: Elements, Compounds, or Mixtures?

https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:JnhUCdjjlvIJ:www.learnnc.org/lp/
media/lessons/annachilds1172004903/Students.doc+elements+compounds+and
+mixtures+activities+CANDY+ACTIVITY+WORKSHEETS&hl=en&gl=ph&pid=bl&
srcid=ADGEESh6YDVrfOdYv1JdjVTpauziiMggLSkg-
_d5tqPXWoMvzlfCacxPMt4PvBG2KUuRRFGgDjaK4JbMzfFo0r7UoPXL2UMWe
dETGU0Q7pMI2pw1p9wdvGlnQd67A0ecOPA4uMlEs2Lk&sig=AHIEtbT8y1s4HK
3LYAcpNvuEQmynyE0OgQ
Visualize the difference in composition of elements, compounds, and mixtures

2.8
Worksheet I: Poem Analysis

http://www.evanschemistrycorner.com/WS/MatterWS/WS1-
7 2_Elements_Compounds_and_Mixtures.pdf
This activity will help you to enhance your learning about the topic. It will
strengthen your skill in comprehension and deepen your understanding regarding
the changes in properties of matter to real life situation. Hence, how these
changes become beneficial in human, in industries and in the environment by
analyzing the poem.

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2.9
Worksheet II: Elements, Compounds & Mixtures

http://doclike.net/Read/_dp.d3d3LmRvY2Nhc2FncmFuZGUubmV0_dp..sl_Chem
+1+Files.sl_Chem+1+Chapter+03+Folder.sl_Chem+1+Chapter+03+Worksheets
. sl_Elements-Compounds-Mixtures+WS+key.pdf
This activity will help you to enhance your learning about the topic. It will
strengthen your skill in comprehension and deepen your understanding regarding
the changes in properties of matter to real life situation. Hence, how these
changes become beneficial in human, in industries and in the environment by
analyzing
2.10
Net Surfing:
http://inquirychemistry.com/files/HSUnit04Aug0806.pdf
This website offers the classification of matter according to its composition.

3.1
Metals and Nonmetals
http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/a/Metals-And-
Nonmetals.htm
This website distinguishes the differences between Metals and Nonmetals

3.2
Webpage reading: Periodic Table Study Guide
http://chemistry.about.com/od/k12gradelessons/a/periodictable_3.htm
This website classifies elements according to their properties

3.3
Metal vs Non-Metal lab
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:H0xj7i895yAJ:www.trinity.edu/org/
hhmi/Outreach/ALI_Resources/ALI%2520UbD/7th%2520Grade%2520UbD%252
0-
%2520First%2520Grading%2520Period.doc+performance+task+for+metals+and
+nonmetals&hl=en&gl=ph&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg6lDmnuVK73vgB6sYGPvT5t
FI7c9JYBVpJ-s0H-
6VXwq9qxyoOwI_WMWtoEpIcPqID9uUqrpFRRNXukePooBntDPWQrHxmmfvG
U4G6qyxUsQ2c9D5QafZyHmcFEhUh5E3veDxl&sig=AHIEtbT0b10orPkmiTeLZQ
gOxKApsTw5dg

3.4
Web video different Metal, Nonmetal and Semi-metal (metalloid):
http://www.periodicvideos.com/
Video to know more about different metal, nonmetal and Semi-metal (metalloid)
3.5

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ACTIVITY: Pursuit of the properties of Metals and Nonmetals
http://metals.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://school.discoveryeducat
ion.com/lessonplans/programs/metalsandnonmetals
This website enhances the understanding of the differences in the
physical properties between metals and nonmetals

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Lesson 2.3: Acids and Bases

LESSON INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

Acids and bases have use in more places than just a scientific
laboratory. Acids and bases come into play in everyday life in
everything from digestion of the foods you eat to the medicine you
take and even cleaning products you use. Without acids and bases,
many of the products you use today would not have much use.

Have you ever wondered how certain characteristics of acids

and bases benefit human beings?

You will find answer to this question as you go along with the
activities in this module.

LESSON COVERAGE:

In this lesson, you will learn the following:

Describe common acids and bases

Recognize the concept of ph
Investigate the properties of acids using indicators
Investigate action of acids on metals and building materials
Practice safe handling of acids and bases
Investigate neutralization of acids and bases

Here is a simple map of the above lessons you will cover:

ACIDS
AND Characteristics of Acids and bases
BASES

Concept of pH and pH indicators

Usefulness and actions of acids

and bases

Handling Acids and Bases

Neutralization of Acids and Bases

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 To do well in this module, you need to remember and do
the following:
Look up the meaning of words you do not know.
Complete all the exercises.
Take notes on the benefits and harmful effects of acids and bases.

PRE-ASSESSMENT:

Let’s find out how much you already know about this module. Click on
the letter that you think best answers the question. Please answer all
items. After taking this short test, you will see your score. Take note of
the items that you were not able to correctly answer

If a pinch of baking soda is added to vinegar, what will happen to its

potential hydrogen (pH)?
The pH will remain the same.
The pH will increase.
The pH will decrease.
The pH will become basic.

Why does a person take antacid when experiences hyper acidity?

Antacid neutralizes the acid in the stomach.
Antacid calms down the stomach.
Antacid prevents ulcer.
Antacid decreases the pH of stomach.

As an environmental scientist, you are asked to investigate the reason why

plants in Barangay Luntian are withering. Based on our study, sulfur-
containing gases are emitted by factories have caused the plants to
wither. Which of the following is the best thing to do after the results
have been reported to your boss?
Report the factories to the police
Organize an anti pollution rally in the barangay
Present the data gathered to the city health office and discuss the
effects of the factories to the plants
Present the data gathered to the city health office and encourage
them to cancel the permit to operate of the factories.

What happens to the red litmus paper when put in the basic solution?

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 Remains the same
Turns colorless
Turns to blue
Turns to violet
Sandra is bitten by an insect. Which of the following compounds can she
apply on the insect bite to prevent itch?
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium sulfate
Sodium acetate
Sodium bicarbonate

An example of a strong acid is

carbonic acid
citric acid
concentrated acetic acid
nitric acid

A given substance is an acid if its solution is water and

changes litmus paper to red
has a ph above 7
has a soapy feeling
reacts with all glass.
48.

Which is more basic?

pH=12
pH=13
pH=2
pH=7

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning acids and bases?

acids and bases don't react with each other
acids mixed with bases make stronger acids
acids mixed with bases make stronger bases
acids mixed with bases neutralize each other

Acids react with

bases to produce salts and water.
neither bases, salts, nor water.
salts to produce bases and water.
water to produce bases and salts.

The characteristic property of an acid is due to the presence of ___________.

hydride ions
hydroxyl ions
hydronium ions
oxide ions

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 A strong acid in solution is ___________.
mostly molecules
mostly ions
both molecules and ions
mostly water

A weak acid in solution is ___________.

mostly molecules
mostly ions
both molecules and ions
less water

The pH of a carbonated drink is ___________.

less than 7
more than 7
equal to 7
approximately 7.8

An acid is ___________.

a proton donor
a proton acceptor
electron donor
electron acceptor
49.

The drying of milk of lime (white washing) is due to the action of ___________.

oxygen in air
nitrogen in air
CO2 in air
hydrogen in air

A salt derived from a strong base and a weak acid will give a salt that is
_______.
acidic
basic
neutral
volatile

When litmus is added to a solution of borax it turns___________.

red
pink
remains colorless
blue

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 What happens when acids and bases are combined?
No reactions will occur.
There will be neutralization.
Stronger base will be produced
Stronger base will be produced.

Which of these choices is considered a Bronsted-Lowry base?

Proton Donor
Proton Acceptor
Electron Acceptor
None of the Above

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 This phase assesses your basic foundation on Acid and Bases. Activities
below will help you gain a better understanding on the basic characteristics of
acids and bases.

As you proceed to the rest of the activities, think about the possible answer to
the question,

How are acids and bases beneficial to human beings?

Let us begin by finding out what you think are the characteristics of acids and
bases.

Activity 1
1 Baking soda is acid because

base
2 Vinegar is acid because

base
3 Soap is acid because

base
4 Toothpaste is acid because

base
5 Orange juice is acid because

CHECK base

Note: Answer may be: feel slippery,

change litmus blue, and become less

1 Baking soda is acid because basic when mixed with acids
x base
Note: Answer may be: taste sour, are

corrosive to metals, change litmus red,

and become less acidic when mixed with
2 Vinegar is x acid because bases
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 base Note: Answer may be: feel slippery,

change litmus blue, and become less

3 Soap is acid because basic when mixed with acids
x base
Note: Answer may be: feel slippery,

change litmus blue, and become less

4 Toothpaste is acid because basic when mixed with acids
x base
Note: Answer may be: taste sour, are

corrosive to metals, change litmus red,

and become less acidic when mixed with
5 Orange juice is x acid because bases
base

Based on your answers from the activity, can you now differentiate
acid from base? Fill in the boxes below and write your general
observations about acid and base.

ACID BASE

You have just been introduced to different samples of acids and bases around
you along with their differences. Activity number 2 will let you know more
about the other characteristics of acids and bases which include their
individual strength. You will learn more about them next activity.

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Activity 2

Directions:
Rank the following materials based on the strength of acid and base. Number 1 is
the highest and 5 is the lowest.

Note: As you proceed to the rest of the activities, think about the following question: How
are acids and bases beneficial to human beings?

Acid Rank Base Rank

banana shampoo
vinegar toothpaste
calamansi bath soap
apple laundry
soap
mayonnaise chlorine

Questions:

How did you rank the materials under acid?

How about materials under base?
Why did you rank them that way?

Different samples of acids and bases may have different taste, odor
or even feel. This what makes the substances around you unique.

You have now learned the basic characteristics of acids and bases. But
there might be some other things that you would want to know about
them. Write your other thought and insights about acid and base in the
table provided below.

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Activity 3

Directions: Answer the first three columns of the KWHL chart.

Topic: Acids and Bases

K W H L
What do you What do you want How can you find What did you
know? to find out? out what you want learn?
to learn?

You have just explored your prior knowledge on acids and bases. The
things that you know or want to know about acids and bases can be
strengthen through the varied activities found in the next phase. The
activities will guide and direct you as you seek answer to your inquiries
about the topics. Keep in mind the question: How are acids and bases
beneficial to human beings?

The next part of this module will help you gain a better understanding on
the lesson as you do varied activities that will be introduced.

This phase will help you increase your understanding about Acid
and Bases.

As you proceed to the rest of the activities, think about the following
question: How are acids and bases beneficial to human beings?

Before we proceed to the basic discussion on acid and base, check

out the video in these links.

Acid and base: Introduction

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF40cI2O16U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQk7f6DksN8&feature=related

Red Cabbage pH Indicator:

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fc8KBz_I9s&feature=related

Acids and Bases

Acids and bases are two classes of chemical compounds that display
generally opposite characteristics. Samples of acids are all around us.
Listed below are the common household acids and bases.

Table 1: Characteristics of acids and bases

Acids
Acetic acid HC2H3O2 Vinegar
(aqueous solution)
Acetylsalicylic acid HC9H7O4 Aspirin
Ascorbic acid H2C6H6O6 Vitamin C
Citric acid H3C6H5O7 Lemon juice, citrus fruits
Hydrochloric acid HCl Gastric juices
(digestive fluid in stomach)
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 Batteries
Bases
Ammonia NH3 Household cleaners
(aqueous solution)
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Slaked lime
(used in mortar for construction)
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 Milk of magnesia
(antacid and laxative)
Potassium hydroxide KOH Soft soap
(also called caustic potash)
Sodium hydroxide NaOH Drain and oven cleaners

Acids and bases can be distinguished from one another by

being familiar with their properties.

Table 2 Properties of Acids and Bases

Acids Bases
turn litmus red turn litmus blue

often react with some metals to feel slippery

produce hydrogen gas
often sour taste bitter

The diagram below shows the relative strengths of common acids and bases

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 Source: http://np-apchemistry.wikispaces.com/chapter4

The activity below will help you increase your awareness on

acids and bases around you.

Activity 1: Acids and Bases Around You

Directions: Look around you and identify the materials that are acidic and basic.
List them down in the table below.

Examples of acids and bases

Acids Bases

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 You have just identified some acidic and basic compounds. You can
now test whether the examples that you have written in activity 1
are real acids or bases. This will be done by testing their pH.
Potential of hydrogen (pH) measures the acidity or alkalinity the
material.

The next activity will let you do pH testing to find out whether
your samples are real acid or base.

Activity 2: pH Testing

Directions I:
Prepare little diluted samples of the materials that you identified in activity 1. Get
several strips of litmus paper both pink and blue. Quickly dip each color of
litmus to every sample and see the changes in color. Illustrate your set up and
prepare a report sheet of your observations.

Directions II:
Prepare little diluted samples of the materials that you identified in activity 1.
Predict the strength of acid and base in your sample materials and arrange them
according to increasing pH value. Test the actual strength of acid and base in
your samples using the pH meter. If pH meter is not available, use the pH paper.
Take note of pH of each sample. Compare the results to your predicted pH
values. Prepare a graphical presentation of the actual data gathered.

Activity 3: pH Testing, the Organic Way

Directions:
Get extracts from natural indicators such as eggplant skin, mayana leaves and
violet-colored camote (sweet potato) leaves. Any alternatives will do. Add a few
drops of your sample of acids and bases on the extracts. Observe what happens.
Prepare a report sheet on this activity.

Samples Natural Indicator Observation

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 Now that you already know how to test whether a certain material
is an acid or base, you may now do further investigations and
explorations on acids and bases by trying it on other sample
materials. Try it on the sample from Activity 1 of EXPLORE and
validate whether your answers are true. You may also use other
plants that you think have the potential of becoming a natural pH
tester.

1 Baking soda is acid because

base
2 Vinegar is acid because

base
3 Soap is acid because

base
4 Toothpaste is acid because

base
5 Orange juice is acid because

base
Activity 4: Concentrations and the pH
Value Directions:
Prepare different concentrations of acidic and basic solutions. Measure the pH
value of each. Organize the data gathered and explain how the different
concentrations of solutions affect the pH value.

Samples of acids and pH Value

bases

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 Questions:

How do different concentrations of solutions affect the pH value?

What is the advantage of getting the pH value of a certain substance?
How then are certain characteristics of acids and bases of benefit to human
beings?

You have just learned varied ways from which you could test the acidy
or basicity of a certain substance.

The next activity will let you discover the implications of acids
and bases in the surroundings.

Activity 5: The Action of Acids and Bases

Directions:
Prepare samples of acids and bases. Gather materials that you can put into the
acid or base. These materials may include a piece of wood, steel wool, stone,
and leaf. Illustrate the set ups and prepare a report of your observation.
Material Acid used Base used Observation

Note: Consult the teacher first if you want to test other materials for they may
be reactive in either acid or base. Make sure that you follow the proper ways of
handling chemicals as you do this activity.

You have just learned the actions or acids and bases on materials.
The next activity will let you increase you awareness on the possible
impact of acids and bases on human beings.

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Activity 6: The Action of Acids and Bases

Directions: Identify some characteristics of acids and bases that make them
beneficial and harmful to human beings. You may use reference materials such
as books and on line materials to learn more about the effects of various acids
and bases particularly on health and wellness of human beings. Tabulate your
results and prepare a generalization.

Acid / Base Benefit to Harmful effects Reference

Humans on Humans

Generalization:

How are certain characteristics of acids and bases of benefit to

human beings?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________

Now that you learned both good and bad effects of acids and bases, you
will then answer the question:

What would happen if acid and base are combined?

Find the answer in the next activity.

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Activity 7: Combining Acid and
Base Directions:
A. With the assistance of your teacher, My Observations
prepare samples of sulfuric acid (H2SO4 ) and ___________________________
sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Be careful in ___________________________
handling these chemicals for they can irritate ___________________________
or burn your skin when exposed. Combine the ___________________________
two chemical compounds and observe what ___________________________
happens. Write your observations. ___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
With the help of your teacher, interpret the
chemical reaction below based on your
observations in the activity.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH⇄2H2O + Na2SO4

Interpretation
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Questions:

Explain the relation of the neutralization process to stomach ulcer.

Is it advisable to drink softdrinks in the morning? Why?
Cite a practical example from which you could apply the concept of
neutralization.
How do human beings benefit from the neutralization process?

You have just learned the major characteristics of Acids and Bases.
Knowing their unique characteristics can help you gain a better
understanding on how can they be able to benefit human beings.

This is the end of the firm up phase. The next phase of this module will
guide you as you gain a deeper understanding of acid and base.

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 This phase will let you have a much deeper understanding about Acid
and Bases.

As you proceed to the rest of the activities, think about the

following question:

How are acids and bases beneficial to human beings?

Answer this question as soon as you are done with the activities below.

Directions: Answer number one and choose a task from numbers 2-4.

th
Go back to the explore phase and answer the 4 column of the KWHL
chart.
Topic: Acids and Bases
K W H L
What do you What do you want How can you find What did you
know? to find out? out what you want learn?
to learn?

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
Get a news clipping about the accident caused by a highly concentrated
substance. Note: You may go online and search for a news article.
Place the article in the WORD File. Express your feelings about the
news as it relates to acid and base.
Discuss with your parents and other members of your household the proper
ways of handling acids and bases in your home. You may take photos of
the household example of acid and base and give comments on their
basis characteristics including proper ways of handling them.
Design an experiment that will let you test, analyze and interpret the
strength of acid and base of the substance. Note: Use materials that
are safe enough to be used even without adult’s supervision. Upload
your output in the separate Word File.

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How are acids and bases beneficial to human beings?
_______________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________

This phase will have you apply your understanding of acids and bases
in creating new knowledge in science that benefits human beings.

The activity below will let you apply your understanding on

How certain characteristics of acids and bases beneficial

to human beings?’.

SITUATION

You are an expert in soil chemistry. You have noticed that the plants
in your backyard are withering. Similarly, your neighbors are having
the
TASK same problem with their plants. Your initial impression about the cause
of the problem is the quality of soil perhaps the soil is too acidic or too basic.
Design an experiment that will let you test your initial impression about the
soil. You will present the experimental design to your neighborhood association
and discuss some possibilities from which you could help the neighborhood
solve this problem as you apply your understanding on acids and bases.

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 Your experiment design needs to demonstrate your understanding of acids and
bases
Your work will be judged by your neighbors (classmates).
Your product meets the following standards:
50.

Organization
Content
knowledge Visuals
Mechanics
Delivery(result)
Write in your journal your feelings about your output and the question, How are
certain characteristics of acids and bases beneficial to human beings?

RUBRIC: PRESENTATION

Criteria Points
Beginning (1) Developing Satisfactory Excellent (4)
(2) (3)
Audience has Student
Student
Audience presents
presents
cannot difficulty information information in
Organization understand following in logical logical,
presentation presentation interesting ____
sequence
because there because sequence
which
is no sequence student jumps audience which
of information. around. can follow. audience can
follow.
Student is Student is at Student
Student does uncomfortable ease with demonstrates
not have grasp with content, and full
Content of information; knowledge
student cannot information is able to (more than ____
Knowledge answer and is able to discuss required) with
answer only important
questions rudimentary aspects of explanations
about subject. questions. the concept. and detailed
elaboration.
Student used
Student interesting
occasionally Visuals and
Student used used visuals related to elaborate
Visuals ____
no visuals. that rarely text and visuals to
support text reinforce
presentation.
and screen text
presentation. and
presentation.

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 Presentation
Student's has no
Presentation Presentation misspellings
presentation
had three has no or
had four or
Mechanics more spelling misspellings misspellings grammatical ____
errors and/or and/or and/or errors.
grammatical grammatical Language
grammatical
errors. errors. used was
errors.
vivid and
interesting.
Student Student Student used
mumbles, a clear voice
incorrectly Student's
incorrectly and correct,
pronounces voice is
pronounces precise
terms. clear.
Delivery terms, and Audience Student pronunciation ____
speaks too members pronounces of terms.
quietly for Student
students in the have difficulty most words showed
back of class hearing correctly. strong
presentation.
to hear. presence.
Total----> ____

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POST-TEST:

What happens to acetic acid solution if a pinch of sodium bicarbonate is

mixed with it?
The pH will remain the same.
The pH will decrease.
The pH will increase.
The pH will become basic.

You consulted a doctor about your abdominal pain. The doctor said you are
experiencing hyperacidity due to stress and you were advised to take
antacids whenever there is pain. What do you think is the action of
antacid?
Antacid calms down the stomach.
Antacid prevents ulcer.
Antacid neutralizes the acid in the stomach.
Antacid decreases the pH of stomach.

Your science teacher asked you to investigate a problem in your locality.

You have noticed that many plants are starting to die. Your initial
impression made you think that rainwater caused the plants to wither
therefore you decided to test it. Based on our study, sulfur-containing
gases are emitted by factories have caused rain to become acidic
therefore damaging the plants. Which of the following is going to be
your first step in helping solve this problem?
Organize an anti-pollution rally your locality
Present the data gathered to the city health office and encourage
them to cancel the permit to operate of the factories
Present the data gathered to your teacher and ask for ideas on how to
start solving this problem
Report the factories to the police

What happens to the pink litmus paper when put in an acidic solution?
Remains the same
Turns colorless
Turns violet
Turns blue
Which of the following compounds is a good ingredient for anti itch cream?
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium sulfate
Sodium acetate
Sodium bicarbonate

What will happen to acetic acid solution’ pH if a pinch of sodium

bicarbonate is added on to it?
The pH will remain the same.

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 The pH will increase.
The pH will decrease.
The pH will become basic.

How do antacids help people suffering from hyper acidity?

Antacid neutralizes the acid in the stomach.
Antacid calms down the stomach.
Antacid prevents ulcer.
Antacid decreases the pH of stomach.

As an environmental scientist, you are asked to investigate the reason why

plants fishes in the river nest to the rubber factory are dying. Based on
our study, there is presence of chemical compounds that makes the
river very acidic. These chemical compounds are being released by the
factory to the river. Which of the following is the best thing to do after
the results have been reported to your boss?
Report the factories to the police
Organize an anti pollution rally in the barangay
Present the data gathered to the city health office and discuss the
effects of the factory to the fish.
Present the data gathered to the city health office and encourage
them to cancel the permit to operate of the factory.

What happens to the red litmus paper when put in the basic solution?
Remains the same
Turns colorless
Turns to blue
Turns to violet

Sandra is stung by a bee. Which of the following compounds can she

apply on the insect bite to prevent itch?
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium sulfate
Sodium acetate
Sodium bicarbonate

Which of the following is an example of a strong acid?

carbonic acid
citric acid
concentrated acetic acid
dilute nitric acid

A given substance is an acid if it

changes litmus paper to red.

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 has a ph above 7.
has a soapy feeling.
reacts with all metals.

Which is more basic?

pH=12
pH=11
pH=2
pH=7

Which of the following statements is true concerning acids and bases?

acids and bases don't react with each other
acids mixed with bases make stronger acids
acids mixed with bases make stronger bases
acids mixed with bases neutralize each other

Acids react with

bases to produce salts and water.
neither bases, salts, nor water.
salts to produce bases and water.
water to produce bases and salts.

Which of the following is present among acids?

hydride ions
hydroxyl ions
hydronium ions
oxide ions

What may be the pH of a carbonated drink?

less than 7
more than 7
equal to 7
approximately 7.8

An acid is ___________.
a proton donor
a proton acceptor
electron donor
electron acceptor

When red litmus is added to a solution of laundry soap it turns___________.

blue
pink
red
remains colorless

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 Acids have a pH of ___________ 7.
Equals to
Greater than
More or less than
Less than

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Glossary of terms

Acid
a sour- tasting compound that releases hydrogen ions to form a solution with a
pH of less than 7, reacts with a base to form a salt, and turns blue litmus red.

Alkali
One of a class of caustic bases, such as soda, potash, ammonia, and Lithia,
whose distinguishing peculiarities are solubility in alcohol and water, uniting
with oils and fats to form soap, neutralizing and forming salts with acids, turning
to brown several vegetable yellows, and changing reddened litmus to blue.

Antacid
A drug that reduces or neutralizes stomach acid.

Base
a compound that releases hydroxyl ions to form a solution with a pH greater
than 7, reacts with acids to form salts, and turns red litmus paper blue

Litmus
a powdery substance obtained from lichens, which turns red in acids and blue in
bases.

Neutralization
make something neither acid nor alkaline: to render a substance neither acid nor
alkaline

Websites

Interactive activity
http://pbskids.org/zoom/games/kitchenchemistry/virtual-start.html
http://sv.berkeley.edu/showcase/flash/juicebar.html

Interactive Quiz
http://www.funtrivia.com/playquiz/quiz2568731d68e40.html
http://www.chem4kids.com/extras/quiz_reactacidbase/index.html

Neutralization of Acid and Base

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq4o3wr4jcU&feature=related

Acid and base: Introduction

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF40cI2O16U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQk7f6DksN8&feature=related

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Red Cabbage pH Indicator:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fc8KBz_I9s&feature=related

The pH Scale
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=fvwrel&v=M8tTELZD5Ek

pH Testing Your Body

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGxO7HFZKkM&feature=related

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