St.

Paul College of Ilocos Sur

(Member: St. Paul University System)
St. Paul Avenue, 2727 Bantay, Ilocos Sur
DEPARTMENT OF NURSING

In Partial Fulfilment

Of Requirements for the Subject

Health Ethics (Bioethics)

Submitted to:

Mr. Neri Miguel

Instructor

Submitted by:

Charina Aubrey Riodil

February 28, 2020

 1. General Types of Laws

Criminal law

Criminal law concerns itself with finding and punishing people who have broken the

law by committing crimes. The goal of criminal law is to uncover the true perpetrator

of a crime and exact justice. Criminal law includes a wide range of crimes, from

homicides to pirating copyrighted material.

What do criminal law paralegals do? Criminal law paralegals can work for the

prosecution or the defense. In both cases, paralegals will help attorneys prepare for

trial by gathering evidence, arranging for witness interviews and filing legal

documents with the court. During a trial, they can help their team win the case by

reviewing trial notes and preparing exhibits for court.

Corporate law

Corporate law is the system of criminal justice that makes sure businesses adhere to

local and federal regulations for conducting business legally. Paralegals in this

specialty might work for a single corporation as part of their in-house legal team, or

they might work for a firm that works with many corporate clients.

What do corporate law paralegals do? Corporate paralegals spend much of their

time performing routine job duties like filing legal paperwork and helping meet

compliance standards, but they might also be called upon to help with litigation if a

company is brought to court. Corporate paralegals often benefit from having

experience with bookkeeping and finances.

International law
International law governs the interactions between different countries. These laws

are designed to promote trade and to keep all citizens safe. International law often

deals with issues related to preserving the environment, establishing basic human

rights and regulating trade.

What do international law paralegals do? These paralegals could be part of a team

that’s involved in crafting treaties and trade agreements, or raising awareness of

human rights abuses around the world. International law paralegals may have

opportunities to travel, so consider this type of law if you have a strong interest in

other cultures and international affairs.

Commercial law

Commercial law—sometimes called trade law or business law—deals with

commerce, trade and consumer transactions. This broad legal field includes areas

like bankruptcy, contracts, mortgages and real estate, consumer credit and banking.

What do commercial law paralegals do? Paralegals in this legal specialty might find

themselves reviewing contracts, filing bankruptcy documents, guiding debtors

through the legal process or coordinating a real estate transaction. Paralegals who

are interested in this type of law can look for a firm that focuses on the area of

commercial law they’re most drawn to.

Family law

This type of law handles cases related to family relationships, such as divorce and

child custody, adoption and termination of parental rights. These cases often involve

children, and some surround difficult circumstances, such as child abuse or domestic

violence.
What do family law paralegals do? Family law paralegals might find themselves

getting to know their firm’s clients on a more personal level than paralegals in other

specialties. They can also expect to interact with social workers as they navigate

tricky and emotional negotiations between parties. These paralegals might even

serve as a guardian ad litem—that is, an impartial advocate—on behalf of a child.

Constitutional law

This area of law includes any legal proceedings related to upholding or interpreting

the U.S. Constitution. Court cases might surround issues like due process, civil rights

or freedom of speech.

What do constitutional law paralegals do? Constitutional law paralegals often work

for nonprofit or public interest groups. It helps if they have an eye for detail and a

love of history because much of their work will involve reading the Constitution itself,

as well as researching the outcomes of past constitutional law cases.

Labor law

Labor laws oversee the relationship between employers and employees. Their goal

is to ensure that employees aren’t taken advantage of by corporations, which

typically have more bargaining power or resources than an individual employee.

Labor laws govern issues like collective bargaining, unionization, benefits disputes

and more.

What do labor law paralegals do? These paralegals assist their firm or corporation in

preparing for labor disputes. They might work on cases related to strikes, unfair

termination, harassment or discrimination in the workplace. On a more routine basis,

they could help negotiate employee contracts.

Intellectual property law

Intellectual property (IP) refers to intangible creative works or inventions that are

protected by copyrights, trademarks or patents. These laws work to protect creators

from copyright infringement.

What do intellectual property paralegals do? IP paralegals conduct trademark and

patent research, file for trademarks and patents, and negotiate intellectual property

rights. They also help attorneys prepare for litigation in cases of copyright violation or

trademark infringement.

2. Sources of Law

The three sources of law are constitutional, statutory, and case law. The sources

of law are ranked as follows: first, constitutional; second, statutory; and third,

case law.

3. Why do we need Laws or Importance of Law?

The law is important for a society for it serves as a norm of conduct for citizens. It

was also made to provide for proper guidelines and order upon the behaviour for all

citizens and to sustain the equity on the three branches of the government. It keeps

the society running. Without law there would be chaos and it would be survival of the

fittest and everyman for himself. Not an ideal lifestyle for most part. The law is

important because it acts as a guideline as to what is accepted in society. Without it

there would be conflicts between social groups and communities. It is pivotal that we

follow them. The law allows for easy adoption to changes that occur in the society.

4. Look for a case concerning on Medical Issue

Immunization

Influenza and pneumonia and are among the top 10 causes of death for older adults.

Emphasis on Influenza vaccination for seniors has helped. Pneumonia remains one

of the most serious infections, especially among women and the very old.

5. Code of Ethics for Philippines Nurses

Code of Ethics for Nurses in the Philippines was devised as a guide for carrying

out nursing responsibilities which would tackle difficult issues and decisions that a

profession might be facing, and give clear instruction of what action would be

considered ethical or right in the given circumstance. 

The Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses in the Philippines is promulgated by

the Board of Nursing (BON) and was consulted with accredited professional

organizations like the Philippine Nurses Association. It also coincides with the ideals

of Republic Act No. 9173 or the “Philippine Nursing Act of 2002.”

The Code of Ethics for Filipino Nurses was made after a consultation on October

23, 2013 at Iloilo City after accredited professional organizations decided to adopt a

new Code of Ethics under the RA 9173.

CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES

WHEREAS, the Board of Nursing (BON) has the power to promulgate a Code of

Ethics for Registered Nurses in coordination and consultation with the accredited

professional organization (Sec. 9, (g), Art III of (Republic Act) No. 9173, known as

the “Philippine Nursing Act of 2002);

WHEREAS, in the formulation of the Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses, the Code

of Good Governance for the Professions in the Philippines was utilized as the

principal basis thereof:  All the principles under the said Code were adopted and

integrated into the Code of Ethics as they apply to the nursing profession;

WHEREAS, the promulgation of the said Code as a set of guidelines, regulations or

measures shall be subject to approval by the Commission (Sec. 9, Art. II of R.A. No.

9173); and

WHEREAS, the Board, after consultation on October 23, 2003 at Iloilo City with the

accredited professional organization of registered nurses, the Philippine Nurses

Association, Inc. (PNA), and other affiliate organizations of Registered Nurses,

decided to adopt a new Code of Ethics under the afore-mentioned new law;

NOW, THERFORE, the Board hereby resolved, as it now resolves, to promulgate

the hereunder Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses:

ARTICLE I

PREAMBLE

SECTION 1.

Health is a fundamental right of every individual. The Filipino registered nurse,

believing in the worth and dignity of each human being, recognizes the primary

responsibility to preserve health at all cost.  This responsibility encompasses

promotion of health, prevention of illness, alleviation of suffering, and restoration of

health.  However, when the foregoing are not possible, assistance towards a

peaceful death shall be his/her obligation.

SECTION 2.

To assume this responsibility, registered nurses have to gain knowledge and

understanding of man’s cultural, social, spiritual, physiological, psychological, and

ecological aspects of illness, utilizing the therapeutic process. Cultural diversity and

political and socio-economic status are inherent factors to effective nursing care.

SECTION 3.

The desire for the respect and confidence of clientele, colleagues, co-workers, and

the members of the community provides the incentive to attain and maintain the

highest possible degree of ethical conduct.

ARTICLE II

REGISTERED NURSES AND PEOPLE

SECTION 4.

Ethical Principles

1. Values, customs, and spiritual beliefs held by individuals shall be

respected.

2. Individual freedom to make rational and unconstrained decisions shall be

respected.
 3. Personal information acquired in the process of giving nursing care shall

be held in strict confidence.

SECTION 5. 

Guidelines to be observed:

REGISTERED Nurses must

1. consider the individuality and totality of patients when they administer care.

2. respect the spiritual beliefs and practices of patients regarding diet and

treatment.

3. uphold the rights of individuals.

4. take into consideration the culture and values of patients in providing

nursing care.  However, in the event of conflicts, their welfare and safety

must take precedence.

ARTICLE III

REGISTERED NURSES AND PRACTICE

SECTION 6.

Ethical Principles

1. Human life is inviolable.

 2. Quality and excellence in the care of the patients are the goals of nursing

practice.

3. Accurate documentation of actions and outcomes of delivered care is the

hallmark of nursing accountability.

SECTION 7. 

Guidelines to be observed:

REGISTERED Nurses must

1. know the definition and scope of nursing practice which are in the

provisions of R. A. No. 9173, known as the “Philippine Nursing Act of 2002”

and Board Res. No. 425, Series of 2003, the “Rules and Regulations

Implementing the Philippine Nursing Act. of 2002”, (the IRR).

2. be aware of their duties and responsibilities in the practice of their

profession as defined in the “Philippine Nursing Act of 2002” and the IRR.

3. acquire and develop the necessary competence in knowledge, skills, and

attitudes to effectively render appropriate nursing services through varied

learning situations.

4. if they are administrators, be responsible in providing favorable

environment for the growth and developments of Registered Nurses in

their charge.
 5. be cognizant that professional programs for specialty certification by the

BON are accredited through the Nursing Specialty Certification Council

(NSCC).

6. see to it that quality nursing care and practice meet the optimum standard

of safe nursing practice.

7. insure that modification of practice shall consider the principles of safe

nursing practice.

8. if in position of authority in a work environment, be normally and legally

responsible for devising a system of minimizing occurrences of ineffective

and unlawful nursing practice.

9. ensure that patients’ records shall be available only if they are to be issued

to those who are professionally and directly involved in their care and when

they are required by law.

SECTION 8. 

Ethical Principle

1. Registered Nurses are the advocates of the patients: they shall take

appropriate steps to safeguard their rights and privileges.

Guidelines to be observed:

REGISTERED Nurses must 

1. respect the “Patients’ Bill of Rights” in the delivery of nursing care.

 2. provide the patients or their families with all pertinent information except

those which may be deemed harmful to their well-being.

3. uphold the patients’ rights when conflict arises regarding management of

their care.

SECTION 9. 

Ethical Principle

1. Registered Nurses are aware that their actions have professional, ethical,

moral, and legal dimensions. They strive to perform their work in the best

interest of all concerned.

SECTION 10. 

Guidelines to be observed:

REGISTERED Nurses must 

1. perform their professional duties in conformity with existing laws, rules

regulations, measures, and generally accepted principles of moral conduct

and proper decorum.

2. not allow themselves to be used in advertisement that should demean the

image of the profession (i.e. indecent exposure, violation of dress code,

seductive behavior, etc.).

3. decline any gift, favor or hospitality which might be interpreted as

capitalizing on patients.
 4. not demand and receive any commission, fee or emolument for

recommending or referring a patient to a physician, a co-nurse or another

health care worker; not to pay any commission, fee or other

compensations to the one referring or recommending a patient to them for

nursing care.

5. avoid any abuse of the privilege relationship which exists with patients and

of the privilege access allowed to their property, residence or workplace.

ARTICLE IV

REGISTERED NURSES AND CO-WORKERS

SECTION 11.

Ethical Principles

1. The Registered Nurse is in solidarity with other members of the healthcare

team in working for the patient’s best interest.

2. The Registered Nurse maintains collegial and collaborative working

relationship with colleagues and other health care providers.

SECTION 12. 

Guidelines to be observed:

REGISTERED Nurses must 

 1. maintain their professional role/identity while working with other members

of the health team.

2. conform with group activities as those of a health team should be based on

acceptable, ethico-legal statndards.

3. contribute to the professional growth and development of other members

of the health team.

4. actively participate in professional organizations.

5. not act in any manner prejudicial to other professions.

6. honor and safeguard the reputation and dignity of the members of nursing

and other professions; refrain from making unfair and unwarranted

comments or criticisms on their competence, conduct, and procedures; or

not do anything that will bring discredit to a colleague and to any member

of other professions. PRC-BN

7. respect the rights of their co-workers.  

ARTICLE V

REGISTERED NURSES, SOCIETY, AND ENVIRONMENT

SECTION 13. 

Ethical Principles 

1. The preservation of life, respect for human rights, and promotion of healthy

environment shall be a commitment of a Registered Nurse.

 2. The establishment of linkages with the public in promoting local, national,

and international efforts to meet health and social needs of the people as a

contributing member of society is a noble concern of a Registered Nurse.

SECTION 14. 

Guidelines to be observed:  REGISTERED Nurses must 

1. be conscious of their obligations as citizens and, as such, be involved in

community concerns.

2. be equipped with knowledge of health resources within the community, and

take roles in primary health care.

3. actively participate in programs, projects, and activities that respond to the

problems of society.

4. lead their lives in conformity with the principles of right conduct and proper

decorum.

5. project an image that will uplift the nursing profession at all times.

ARTICLE VI

REGISTERED NURSES AND THE PROFESSION

SECTION 15. 

Ethical Principles:
 1. Maintenance of loyalty to the nursing profession and preservation of its

integrity are ideal.

2. Compliance with the by-laws of the accredited professional organization

(PNA), and other professional organizations of which the Registered Nurse

is a member is a lofty duty.

3. Commitment to continual learning and active participation in the

development and growth of the profession are commendable obligations.

4. Contribution to the improvement of the socio-economic conditions and

general welfare of nurses through appropriate legislation is a practice and

a visionary mission.

SECTION 16. 

Guidelines to be observed:

REGISTERED Nurses must 

1. be members of the Accredited Professional Organization (PNA).

2. strictly adhere to the nursing standards. PRC-BN

3. participate actively in the growth and development of the nursing

profession.

4. strive to secure equitable socio-economic and work conditions in nursing

through appropriate legislation and other means.

 5. assert for the implementation of labor and work standards.

ARTICLE VII

ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES, REPEALING

CLAUSE, AND EFFECTIVITY

SECTION 17.

The Certificate of Registration of Registered Nurse shall either be revoked or

suspended for violation of any provisions of this Code pursuant to Sec. 23 (f), Art. IV

of R. A. No. 9173 and Sec. 23 (f), Rule III of Board Res. No. 425, Series of 2003, the

IRR.

SECTION 18.

The Amended Code of Ethics promulgated pursuant to R. A. No. 877 and P.D. No.

223 is accordingly repealed or superseded by the herein Code.

SECTION 19.

This Code of Ethics for Nurses shall take effect after fifteen (15) days from its full and

complete publication in the Official Gazette or in any newspapers of general

circulation.

Done in the City of  Manila, this 14th day of July, 2004.

6. Code of Ethics for International Nurses

 PREAMBLE

Nurses have four fundamental responsibilities: to promote health, to prevent illness,

to restore health and to alleviate suffering. The need for nursing is universal.

Inherent in nursing is a respect for human rights, including cultural rights, the right to

life and choice, to dignity and to be treated with respect. Nursing care is respectful of

and unrestricted by considerations of age, colour, creed, culture, disability or illness,

gender, sexual orientation, nationality, politics, race or social status. Nurses render

health services to the individual, the family and the community and coordinate their

services with those of related groups.

THE ICN CODE The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses has four principal elements that

outline the standards of ethical conduct.

ELEMENTS OF THE CODE

1. Nurses and people

The nurse’s primary professional responsibility is to people requiring nursing care. In

providing care, the nurse promotes an environment in which the human rights,

values, customs and spiritual beliefs of the individual, family and community are

respected. The nurse ensures that the individual receives accurate, sufficient and

timely information in a culturally appropriate manner on which to base consent for

care and related treatment. The nurse holds in confidence personal information and

uses judgement in sharing this information. The nurse shares with society the

responsibility for initiating and supporting action to meet the health and social needs

of the public, in particular those of vulnerable populations. The nurse advocates for

equity and social justice in resource allocation, access to health care and other
social and economic services. The nurse demonstrates professional values such as

respectfulness, responsiveness, compassion, trustworthiness and integrity.

2. Nurses and practice

The nurse carries personal responsibility and accountability for nursing practice, and

for maintaining competence by continual learning. The nurse maintains a standard of

personal health such that the ability to provide care is not compromised. The nurse

uses judgement regarding individual competence when accepting and delegating

responsibility. The nurse at all times maintains standards of personal conduct which

reflect well on the profession and enhance its image and public confidence. The

nurse, in providing care, ensures that use of technology and scientific advances are

compatible with the safety, dignity and rights of people. The nurse strives to foster

and maintain a practice culture promoting ethical behaviour and open dialogue.

3. Nurses and the profession

The nurse assumes the major role in determining and implementing acceptable

standards of clinical nursing practice, management, research and education. The

nurse is active in developing a core of research-based professional knowledge that

supports evidence-based practice. The nurse is active in developing and sustaining

a core of professional values. The nurse, acting through the professional

organisation, participates in creating a positive practice environment and maintaining

safe, equitable social and economic working conditions in nursing. 3 The nurse

practices to sustain and protect the natural environment and is aware of its

consequences on health. The nurse contributes to an ethical organisational

environment and challenges unethical practices and settings.

4. Nurses and co-workers

The nurse sustains a collaborative and respectful relationship with co-workers in

nursing and other fields. The nurse takes appropriate action to safeguard individuals,

families and communities when their health is endangered by a co-worker or any

other person. The nurse takes appropriate action to support and guide co-workers to

advance ethical conduct

7. Paulinian Ethics

Christ-Centeredness. Christ is the center of Paulinian life; he/she follows and

imitates Christ, doing everything in reference to Him.

Commission. The Paulinian has a mission – a life purpose to spread the Good

News; like Christ, he/she actively works “to save” this world, to make it better place

to live in.

Community. The Paulinian is a responsible family member and citizen, concerned

with building communities, promotion of people, justice, and peace, and the

protection of the environment.

Charism. The Paulinian develops his/her gifts/talents to be put in the service of the

community, he/she strives to grow and improve daily, always seeking the better and

finer things, and the final good.

Charity. Urged on by the love of Christ, the Paulinian is warm, hospitable, and “all to

all”, especially to the underprivileged.

Thus, Paulinian Education is committed to the formation of self-directed Catholic

Filipino men and women who find fulfillment in intelligent fellowship and responsible

leadership in meeting their responsibilities to God, country, and fellowmen.

8. Qualities of a Paulinian Nurse

I believe it’s a combination of both of those types of characteristics that we find in

good nurses, and these seven qualities stand out:

 Being a person who deserves a high level of respect. Our kindness,

fairness, caring, trustworthiness, emotional stability, empathy and

compassion are part of who we are as people on a personal level and

serve us well as nurses.

 Exhibiting strong communication skills that help us communicate with

patients and colleagues, sometimes at their worst life moments.

 Effectively using our critical-thinking skills to solve and identify problems to

improve protocols and patient care.

 Our attention to detail, which helps us follow detailed orders from

colleagues and individualize each patient’s care.

 Time management and delegation skills help us keep up with patient care

responsibilities throughout our shifts.

 Our ability to be flexible and adapt to changing scenarios and situations on

the fly.

 Being a team player that works fluidly with patients, families and

interdisciplinary healthcare teams every step of the way.

We develop and strengthen all of the skills above through our years of education,

training and practice.

9. Ethical Principles

The ethical principles that nurses must adhere to are the principles of justice,

beneficence, nonmaleficence, accountability, fidelity, autonomy, and veracity.

Justice is fairness. Nurses must be fair when they distribute care, for example,

among the patients in the group of patients that they are taking care of. Care must

be fairly, justly, and equitably distributed among a group of patients.

Beneficence is doing good and the right thing for the patient.

Nonmaleficence is doing no harm, as stated in the historical Hippocratic Oath.

Harm can be intentional or unintentional.

Accountability is accepting responsibility for one's own actions. Nurses are

accountable for their nursing care and other actions. They must accept all of the

professional and personal consequences that can occur as the result of their actions.

Fidelity is keeping one's promises. The nurse must be faithful and true to their

professional promises and responsibilities by providing high quality, safe care in a

competent manner.

Autonomy and patient self-determination are upheld when the nurse accepts the

client as a unique person who has the innate right to have their own opinions,

perspectives, values and beliefs. Nurses encourage patients to make their own
decision without any judgments or coercion from the nurse. The patient has the right

to reject or accept all treatments.

Veracity is being completely truthful with patients; nurses must not withhold the

whole truth from clients even when it may lead to patient distress.

10. What is felony/torns?

Felony is defined as a crime that is considered to be more serious in nature. In

criminal law, a felony is a category of crimes that are often classified as the most

serious type of offenses. Felonies can be either violent or nonviolent.

Each state has their own, different punishments for these crimes, but felonies are

generally punishable by imprisonment for more than one year, in a federal facility as

opposed to a local or county jail.

Felonies generally include such serious offenses as:

 Homicide;

 Attempted murder;

 Rape;

 Arson;

 Human trafficking;

 Burglary;

 Robbery;

 A failure to inform a sexual partner of positive HIV status;

  Criminal damage to property;

 Escaping from prison;

 Interfering with a guardian’s custody rights (this includes interstate

interference);

 Assisting in a felony;

 Child pornography;

 Child abuse;

 Money laundering; or

 Stalking.

It is important to note that state and federal criminal statutes may categorize various

other types of crimes as felonies.

11. Human Acts Vs. Acts of Man

Human acts are actions done intentionally, free, and deliberate of a person.

These are actions that a man properly master for he does them with full knowledge

and of his own will. Acts which proceed from a deliberate freewill.  A man is fully

responsible with the consequences of his acts.  Involves and man’s responsibility

and accountability of the results of his/her actions while Acts of man are instinctive,

such as physiological in nature.  These are actions done under the circumstances of

ignorance, passion, fear, violence, and habits.  Acts that are performed by men

without being master of them through his intellect and will, therefore acts of man are

involuntary actions.

Essential attributes of Human Acts

Knowledge - is supplied by the intellect and it directs the will to want the object it

proposes

Freedom - An act is done when the doer acts by his own initiative and choice

without being forced to do so by another person or situation.

Voluntariness - An act is done willfully when the doer consents to the acts,

accepting it as his own, and assumes accountability for its consequences.

Actions are done under the circumstances of:

 Ignorance

 Passion

 Fear

 Violence

 Habits

12. Human Vs. Humane

Being human is simply what we are. Being humane is a way a human can act.

Every person is a human. Every one of us.

If you care about being humane, and about humane treatment, it means you are not

only focusing on your own humanity. It means you recognize the humanity that is

definitely also present in people around you. It means you want to treat other people

the way you want to be treated. Like humans. Treated well. Treated with respect.
Treated equally. Treated with care. It probably means that you want that too, from

other people reciprocally.

Developing a methodology takes time because when you realize it’s not that way, if

you care, you’ll get mad. But you can’t fix problems like that with anger. Maybe with

some help from passion for your work. But that’s definitely not the same thing.

It’s only a little later after seeing, after getting angry, if you want to solve problems

that you can use empathy (and as a colleague recently reminded me, empathy’s less

emotionally driven cousin, compassion) to solve them.

The goal is what matters, and we are all flawed people. Humans. If you want to

successfully be humane you’ll probably be more focused on that and less on

perfection and how you look while you get to your solutions.

Perfection is not at all Human and isn’t necessary to be humane.

13. Justice, Welfare, Common Good

Justice - the quality of being just; conformity to the principles of righteousness and

rectitude in all things; strict performance of moral obligations; practical conformity to

human or divine law; integrity in the dealings of men with each other; rectitude;

equity; uprightness

- conformity to truth and reality in expressing opinions and in conduct; fair

representation of facts respecting merit or demerit; honesty; fidelity;

impartiality; as, the justice of a description or of a judgment; historical justice

Welfare - is a type of government support for the citizens of that society. Welfare

may be provided to people of any income level, as with social security (and is then

often called a social safety net), but it is usually intended to ensure that people can
meet their basic human needs such as food and shelter. Welfare attempts to provide

a minimal level of well-being, usually either a free- or a subsidized-supply of certain

goods and social services, such as healthcare, education, and vocational training.

Common Good - In philosophy, economics, and political science, the common good

refers to either what is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given

community, or alternatively, what is achieved by citizenship, collective action, and

active participation in the realm of politics and public service. 

- In contemporary economic theory, a common good is any good which is

rivalrous yet non-excludable, while the common good, by contrast, arises in

the subfield of welfare economics and refers to the outcome of a

social welfare function.

Classic examples of common goods are water and air. Water and air can be

polluted: water flows can be tapped beyond sustainability, and air is often used in

combustion, whether by motor vehicles, smokers, factories, wood fires.