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Electrical Concepts: Directional Earth Fault Protection

The document discusses directional earth fault protection. It explains that earth faults are characterized by zero sequence current I0, which allows for more sensitive detection than other methods. It describes using both voltage and current polarization to provide directional capability. For voltage polarization, the zero sequence voltage 3V0 is used as the reference phasor during a line-to-ground fault. For current polarization, the zero sequence current I0 is used as the reference phasor without needing an additional potential transformer. Directional elements can be set to operate or not operate based on whether I0 lags or leads the reference phasor.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
213 views5 pages

Electrical Concepts: Directional Earth Fault Protection

The document discusses directional earth fault protection. It explains that earth faults are characterized by zero sequence current I0, which allows for more sensitive detection than other methods. It describes using both voltage and current polarization to provide directional capability. For voltage polarization, the zero sequence voltage 3V0 is used as the reference phasor during a line-to-ground fault. For current polarization, the zero sequence current I0 is used as the reference phasor without needing an additional potential transformer. Directional elements can be set to operate or not operate based on whether I0 lags or leads the reference phasor.

Uploaded by

Sureshraja9977
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2/21/2017 Directional Earth Fault Protection | Electrical Concepts

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Principle and Types Generally earth faults are Single Line to Ground (SLG) and Line­
Line  to  Ground  (LLG)  faults.  Earth  faults  are  characterized  by
Resistance Switching in the  presence  of  Zero  Sequence  Curren  I0.  Since,  except  for
Circuit Breaker
unbalance,  normal  system  operation  is  not  having  Zero
Current Chopping in Circuit Sequence  Current  I0,  much  more  sensitive  pick­up  is  possible
Breaker for  earth  fault  by  using  zero  sequence  current  component  I0  =
(Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3 and declaring a fault if I0 exceeds a threshold.
 
RECOMMENDED We know that I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3
 
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2/21/2017 BOOKS Directional Earth Fault Protection | Electrical Concepts

However, in a system with multiple sources or parallel paths, we
require earth fault relays to be directional as discussed in earlier
post How to Incorporate Directional Featurein a Relay.
 
As  we  discussed  in  earlier  post  How  to  Incorporate  Directional
Feature in a Relay, that for making a Relay directional we need
Reference Phasor. The reference phasor is called as Polarizing
Quantity.  For  ground  fault  relaying  both  Voltage  and  Current
Polarization can be used.
 
We  will  consider  each  Voltage  and  Current  Polarization
separately for Earth Fault Protection.
 
Voltage Polarization:
 
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Let the system be initially unloaded and a ground fault occur on
phase A.
Therefore Ib = Ic = 0 and Ia = 3I0.
For  Single  Line  to  Ground  fault  there  is  a  drop  in  voltage  of
phase  A  while  phase  B  and  C  voltages  remain  unchanged.
Phasor  diagram  for  Voltage  and  current  for  SLG  fault  can  be
drawn as below.
 
Voltage  and  Current  Phasor  under  Single  Line  to  Ground
Fault:
 
In the phasor diagram only 3I0 is shown as Ib = Ic =0 and Ia =
3I0 for Single Line to Ground fault.
 

 
 

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2/21/2017 Directional Earth Fault Protection | Electrical Concepts

Now we will find the Zero Sequence Voltage under the fault.
 
As V0 = (Vag+Vbg+Vcg)/3, phasor sum of Va,Vb and Vc is to be
taken.
     3V0 = Vag+Vbg+Vcg, phasor sum
 

 
 
From phasor diagram it is clear that Zero Sequence Voltage 3V0
is in phase opposition with Vag (Phase Voltage of A). Therefore
it is appropriate to take ­3V0 as a reference phasor.
In  normal  power  system  V0is  not  present  but  available  only
during  the  fault.  Let  the  maximum  torque  be  drawn  at  60
degrees  lag  with  respect  to  ­3V0  phasor  as  shown  in  figure
below.
 

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2/21/2017 Directional Earth Fault Protection | Electrical Concepts

 
 
As  we  know  that  Zero  Torque  Line  is  perpendicular  to  the
Maximum  Torque  Line,  therefore  we  draw  Zero  Torque  Line  as
shown in figure above.
 
It is then clear that zero Torque Line which separates the plane
into  Operate  and  Do  Not  Operate  zone  leads  ­3V0by  30
degrees.  Thus,  for  fault  in  the  correct  region,  3I0  lags  ­3V0
hence falls in operate region. If fault is behind the relay, 3I0 will
lead ­3V0 by about 45 to 60 degrees and hence will lie in do not
operate  region.  Hence,  earth  fault  directional  unit  will  not  pick­
up.
 
Current Polarization:
 
For  providing  direction  feature  in  earth  fault  relay  we  can  also
use  current  as  refrenec  phasor  which  is  called  current
polarization.  It  is  an  alternative  for  voltage  polarization.  It  does
not require an additional Potential Transformer (PT).
 
For balanced system,
Ia+Ib+Ic = 0, phasor sum is taken here.
 
Therefore,  I0  =  (Ia+Ib+Ic)/3  =  0  which  means  absence  of  Zero
Sequence Current in balanced system.
 
During  ground  fault  say  at  phase  A,  3I0  flows  from  ground  to
neutral  of  a  Wye  connection  of  Transformer.  If  we  assume  for
simplicity  that  Ib  =  Ic  =  0,  then  3I0  and  Ia  are  in  phase.  This
indicates that directional unit for ground relay should pick­up as
Ia  is  in  phase  with  3I0.  Thus  we  place  maximum  torque  line  at
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2/21/2017 Directional Earth Fault Protection | Electrical Concepts

zero  degrees  with  respect  to  I0  phasor.  The  corresponding


Operate and Do Not Operate zones are marked in figure below.
 

 
If fault is behind the relay, then the Ia will fall in Do Not Operate
region and hence relay will not pickup as Zero sequence Current
through  the  neutral  of  Wye  connection  and  Relay  will  be  in
phase opposition.
 

Thank you! It will be great to have your suggestion.

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Related Posts:
1. Sensitive Earth Fault Protection
2. Restricted Earth Fault Protection of Transformer
3. Single Line to Ground Fault Analysis
4. Reactance and MHO Relay

 admin  Power System Protection , Uncategorized

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