2/21/2017 Directional Earth Fault Protection | Electrical Concepts
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Principle and Types Generally earth faults are Single Line to Ground (SLG) and Line
Line to Ground (LLG) faults. Earth faults are characterized by
Resistance Switching in the presence of Zero Sequence Curren I0. Since, except for
Circuit Breaker
unbalance, normal system operation is not having Zero
Current Chopping in Circuit Sequence Current I0, much more sensitive pickup is possible
Breaker for earth fault by using zero sequence current component I0 =
(Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3 and declaring a fault if I0 exceeds a threshold.
RECOMMENDED We know that I0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3
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However, in a system with multiple sources or parallel paths, we
require earth fault relays to be directional as discussed in earlier
post How to Incorporate Directional Featurein a Relay.
As we discussed in earlier post How to Incorporate Directional
Feature in a Relay, that for making a Relay directional we need
Reference Phasor. The reference phasor is called as Polarizing
Quantity. For ground fault relaying both Voltage and Current
Polarization can be used.
We will consider each Voltage and Current Polarization
separately for Earth Fault Protection.
Voltage Polarization:
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Let the system be initially unloaded and a ground fault occur on
phase A.
Therefore Ib = Ic = 0 and Ia = 3I0.
For Single Line to Ground fault there is a drop in voltage of
phase A while phase B and C voltages remain unchanged.
Phasor diagram for Voltage and current for SLG fault can be
drawn as below.
Voltage and Current Phasor under Single Line to Ground
Fault:
In the phasor diagram only 3I0 is shown as Ib = Ic =0 and Ia =
3I0 for Single Line to Ground fault.
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2/21/2017 Directional Earth Fault Protection | Electrical Concepts
Now we will find the Zero Sequence Voltage under the fault.
As V0 = (Vag+Vbg+Vcg)/3, phasor sum of Va,Vb and Vc is to be
taken.
3V0 = Vag+Vbg+Vcg, phasor sum
From phasor diagram it is clear that Zero Sequence Voltage 3V0
is in phase opposition with Vag (Phase Voltage of A). Therefore
it is appropriate to take 3V0 as a reference phasor.
In normal power system V0is not present but available only
during the fault. Let the maximum torque be drawn at 60
degrees lag with respect to 3V0 phasor as shown in figure
below.
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2/21/2017 Directional Earth Fault Protection | Electrical Concepts
As we know that Zero Torque Line is perpendicular to the
Maximum Torque Line, therefore we draw Zero Torque Line as
shown in figure above.
It is then clear that zero Torque Line which separates the plane
into Operate and Do Not Operate zone leads 3V0by 30
degrees. Thus, for fault in the correct region, 3I0 lags 3V0
hence falls in operate region. If fault is behind the relay, 3I0 will
lead 3V0 by about 45 to 60 degrees and hence will lie in do not
operate region. Hence, earth fault directional unit will not pick
up.
Current Polarization:
For providing direction feature in earth fault relay we can also
use current as refrenec phasor which is called current
polarization. It is an alternative for voltage polarization. It does
not require an additional Potential Transformer (PT).
For balanced system,
Ia+Ib+Ic = 0, phasor sum is taken here.
Therefore, I0 = (Ia+Ib+Ic)/3 = 0 which means absence of Zero
Sequence Current in balanced system.
During ground fault say at phase A, 3I0 flows from ground to
neutral of a Wye connection of Transformer. If we assume for
simplicity that Ib = Ic = 0, then 3I0 and Ia are in phase. This
indicates that directional unit for ground relay should pickup as
Ia is in phase with 3I0. Thus we place maximum torque line at
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2/21/2017 Directional Earth Fault Protection | Electrical Concepts
zero degrees with respect to I0 phasor. The corresponding
Operate and Do Not Operate zones are marked in figure below.
If fault is behind the relay, then the Ia will fall in Do Not Operate
region and hence relay will not pickup as Zero sequence Current
through the neutral of Wye connection and Relay will be in
phase opposition.
Thank you! It will be great to have your suggestion.
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Related Posts:
1. Sensitive Earth Fault Protection
2. Restricted Earth Fault Protection of Transformer
3. Single Line to Ground Fault Analysis
4. Reactance and MHO Relay
admin Power System Protection , Uncategorized
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