KIND OF TEXT

 1.  Narrative

Purpose :
To amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways; narratives
deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or lurning point of some kind, which in turn
finds a resolution.
Type of Narrative :
Adventure, mystery, science fiction, fantasy, historical fiction, contemporary fiction, dilemma
stories, dialogue, myths, legends, fairy tales, fables.
Example of Narrative Text :
                              Once upon a time their lived a group of mice under a tree in peace. However, a
group of elephants crossing the jungle unknowingly destroyed the homes of all the rats. Many of
them were even crushed to death.

Then taking of rats decided to approach the elephant's chief and request him to guide his herd
through another route. On hearing the sad story, the elephant's king apologized and agreed to take
another route. And so the lives of the rats were saved.

One day elephant-hunters came to the jungle and trapped a group of elephants in huge nets. Then
the elephant king suddenly remembered the king of the rats. He summoned on of the elephants of
his herd, which had not been trapped, to go seek help from the king and told him about the trapped
elephants.

The rat's king immediately took his entire group of rats and they cut open the nets which had
trapped the elephant's herd. The elephant herd was totally set free. They danced with joy and thank
the rats.

1. What type of text is the above text? It C. a recount text

is … D. an anecdote text
A. a narrative text E. an expository text
B. a description text
2. What destroyed the homes of all rats? C. elephant-hunter did
A. a group of mice did D. a group of elephant did
B. the hunter did E. elephant's herd
3. What helped the elephant's herd free? C. the trapped elephants did
A. the elephant-hunter did D. a group of king did
B. the hunters did E. entire group of rats did
 One day, a young farm boy named Eragon finds a blue stone while hunting and tries to sell it for
money. Unsuccessfully in his attempt, he takes the stone back to his cabin and lets it sit there until
it hatches into a beautiful blue dragon. Eragon realizes he can talk to this secret pet dragon with his
mind, and eventually learns that he and the dragon are part of a legacy of secret heroes called the
riders.
With the help of Brom, a wise man, Eragon matures into his destiny. The challenges he faces
include fighting a long-standing war, helping an ethereal elf and dealing with tragedy and revenge.
Certain details, such as Eragon’s revelation that cannot read, develop this rich work and blend
together to produce a number of plot twists. The story builds suspense steadily until the end.
Remarkably, author Cristopher Paolini began writing Eragon at the age of 15. Now 19, he has
already established himself as an exciting new creator whose influences include Tolkien,
McCaffrey, and others. His word is intricate, his character believable, and his writing engaging.
Hardcore, fans of fantasy and science fiction novels, will be enchanted by this well crafted fantasy
and unquestionably will look forward to this exciting trilogy.

4. How did he Eragon communicate with his pet dragon?

            A. Through his gesture                        B. By his thought
            C. With his own language                   D. With his eyes          
            E. Through a wise man
5. According to reviewer, the writer of the novel is ……..
            A. an exciting creator                          B. an intricate writer            
            C. a fantastic man                               D. a believable man                          
            E. a challenging person
6. We know from the text that the novel is ……
            A. boring                     B. amazing              
 C. challenging
     D. frightening             E. exaggeratin

Generic Structure :
Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants.
Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight.
Complication : a crisis arises.
Resolution : the crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.
Re-orientation : optional.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus and specific and usually Individualized Participant.
Use of Material processes (and in this text, behavioual and verbal processes).
Use of Relational Processes and Mental Processes.
Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal Circumstances.
Use of past tense.\
 2.      Recount Text

Purpose :
To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event.
Example of Recount Text :
I remember the day when I first got Sandy, my 7 year old cat. I wanted to name her because she
was so cute. My older sister Michelle convinced me to name her Sandy Bucket instead; so we
could call her Sandy for short. I was so attached to Sandy. Every time I saw her, I couldn’t walk
away, I would just have to hug her. I even slept at the end of my bed, so I can hug her the whole
night even though I was freezing.

      I always remember so many fun times with Sandy. Like when we would run and jump off the
end of our pier, and Sandy would chase after us. When I was scared or mad, I would just hug
Sandy and everything wouldn’t be so bad.

      But one night, right before I went to bed, my mom let her out. While I went to sleep, my
mom went to call Sandy back in. But she didn’t come in, so I thought she maybe went inside my
neighbor’s house. As my mom and dad went outside to look for Sandy, I became really worried.
They couldn’t find her. Every ten minutes they would go out to look for her, so I went to bed
hoping she was safe. I just thought she got lost and would come back tomorrow.

      The next day was the worst. My mom woke us early and told me and my sister, Michelle, that
Sandy died last night. I was so sad and did not want to do anything that day. When I was going to
school, I could not stop crying. At school all my friends made me cards and tried to make me stop
crying, but I couldn’t. my teacher would always look at me and ask why I was crying. Even my
friends was crying with me.

      When I got home I went to my room crying really loudly. I wanted  to scream. I came
downstairs and hugged my mom. She said we could get another cat. Then, she was trying to find a
new cat on the internet. But I did not want another cat. I want Sandy. She never found one that
looked like Sandy or at the same age or even in the same kind.

      That night I slept with my mom and we prayed for Sandy. I kept thinking she was a ghost at
the end of the bed, so I stayed closed to my mom. The next day I figured out that if Sandy was a
ghost, she would not scare me or haunt me. She would be waiting for me to play with her.

      I still think about Sandy every day and wish she could come back.

1.     The type of the text is … c.     Recount

a.     Spoof d.    Narrative

b.    Newsitem e.     Report

 2.     What is the main idea of the text … d.    Looking for Sandy

a.     Sandy’s dead e.     The writer slept with her mom

b.    The lost of beloved cat

c.     The careless of the writer’s mom

3.     How could the cat got lost? c.     Someone took the cat to the remote
area
a.     The cat played with another cat
d.    The thief took the cat
b.    The neigbour kept the cat in his/her
house e.     The writer’s mom let the cat out one
night

On Saturday night, we went to the Town Hall. It was the last day of the year and a large crowd of
people had gathered under the Town Hall clock. It would strike twelve in twenty minutes’ time.
Fifteen minutes passed and then, at five to twelve, the clock stopped. The big minute hand did not
move. We waited and waited, but nothing happened. Suddenly someone shouted,”It’s two minutes
past twelve! The clock has stopped!”
I looked at my watch. It was true. The big clock refused to welcome the New Year. At that
moment, everybody began to laugh and sing.
                                    (sumber: detik-detik UN bahasaInggris; 2005/2006;
IntanPariwara)
1. When did the clock stopped?
A. At 5.12                                                       b. At 11.55
C. At 12.00                                                     d. At 12.02
2. Why did the people gather under the Town Hall clock?
A. To welcome the New Year                                    b. To see the newly bought clock
C.To strike the laughing people                      d. To stop people who shouted
3. Based on the text, where was the B. At home
writer? C. AT the beach
A. At the center of the town D. At the market

Generic Structure :
Orientation : provides the setting and introduces participants.
Events : tell what happened, in what sequence.
Re-orientation : optional-closure of events.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on specific Participant.
Use of material processes.
Circumstances of time and place.
Use of past tense.
Focus on temporal sequence.
 3.     News Item

Social Function :
To inform leaders, listeners or viewers about events the day which are consideren newsworthy or
important.
Example of News Item Text :

Bridge breaks in Central Java, killing 5 people and injuring 29 others

A footbridge packed with tourists broke at a mountainous resort on Java Island Wednesday,
killing five people and injuring 29 after they plunged into a rocky riverbed, police and tourist
officials said.

The victims were evacuated to three nearby hospitals, said Surono, an employee at the Baturaden
resort in Central Java province, adding that they fell more than 20 meters (yards) after one of the
steel cables holding the small bridge snapped. Local police, chief Emron Putra Agung said five
people were killed and 29 injured. The accident occurred as the country enjoys a weeklong holiday
marking the end of the Islamic month Ramadan, when people traditionally flock to holiday sites.
Baturaden, located 300 kilometers (190 miles) east of the capital Jakarta, is one of the most
popular resorts on the slopes of Mount Slamet (3,428 meters, 11,246 feet), Java's second-highest
peak.

1.    The text tells us about …. D.      The accident on the broken bridge
in Baturaden.
A.      The evacuation of the victims.
E.        The popular tourist resort in
B.       The tourist resort in Central Java. Central Java.
C.       The killing of five visitors in
Baturaden.

2.    Some local tourist were killed and C.       They were in the riverbed.
injured in Baturaden when ….
D.      They were climbing Mount Slamet,
A.      They were swimming in the river. Central Java.

B.       They were enjoying the view on E.        They were swinging on the small
the small bridge. bridge over the Rocky River.

3.    The footbridge in Baturaden broke C.       It had not been used for long time.
because ….
D.      It lied on the slope of Mount
A.      It couldn’t afford supporting Slamet.
overload.
E.        It was used to evacuate the
B.       It had been too old to walk on. victims.
 AUSTRALIAN JOB ADS FALL

SYDNEY:  The number of Australian job advertisements in newspapers and on the internet fell
2.4 percent in June from May but were still up 24.1 percent year-on-year, figures showed on
Monday in another sign the economy continues to slow.

The number of jobs advertised in metropolitan newspapers alone dropped 1.9 percent in June to
their lowest level since May 2003 and were down 6.1 percent from a year earlier.

Internet ads also declined in June, falling 2.5 percent from May but were still up 30.6 percent
year-on-year.

The recent slowing in growth in job advertisements was consistent with cooling domestic
economic activity, particularly in housing and retail spending, said ANZ senior economist Tony
Pearson. “It suggests the exceptionally strong performance of the labour market over the past half
year or so is coming to an end,” Pearson said.

1.      The decrease of Australian job ads c.     the metropolitan newspaper
is caused by … circulation

a.     the figures of job growth d.    the dull housing and retail business

b.    the labour market activity e.     the internet and newspaper role

2.      Which is NOT TRUE according to c.     Annual Australian job ads were
the text? down.

a.     Australian economy slowed d.    Australians advertised job vacancy in

gradually. newspapers and internet.

b.    The fall of job ads was influenced by e.     The lowest decline of job ads
labour market. happened in May.

3.      …. figures showed on Monday in another sign the economy continues to slow.

The underlined words have synonymous meaning with ….

a.       symptom            d. notice

b.       trace                  e.  indicator

c.        warning
 Generic Structure :
Newsworthy event(s) : recounts the event in summary from.
Backroundevents : elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
Sources : comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.
Use of Material Processes to retell the events
(in the text bellow, many of the Material Processes are nominalised).
Use of projecting Verbal Processes in sources stage.
Focus on Circumstances (e.g.mostly within qualifiers).

4.     Review

Purpose :
To critique an art work, event for a public audience.
Such works of art include movies TV shows, books, plays, operas, recordings, exhibitons, concerts
and ballets.
Example of Review Text :
Harry Potter and Philosopher’s Stones

Judged by this first volume, the Harry Potter books are a fine addition to English children’s fantasy
literature. Harry Potter, orphaned when his parents are killed by the evil wizard Voldemort, is
taken in by his aunt and uncle, who are Muggles – ordinary, non-magical people. Harry is rather
out of place there, but things improve greatly for him when goes to the Hogwarts School of
Witchcraft and Wizardry – except that one of  the staff is in league with Voldemort.

Part of  the attention of  Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone comes from the familiar but at
the same time exotic setting of  an English public school, complete with houses and schoolboy
adventures, in which Harry and his friends Ron and Hermione struggle to save the world and win
the house cup.

So Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone will be a great Christmas present for kids who haven’t
read it yet – and it is a book that adults (at least those without stunted imaginations) can read as
well.

C.     Voldemort was killed

1. The story of Harry Potter began when .... D.    his parents killed Voldemort
A.    he became an orphan E.     his uncle and aunt killed Voldemort
B.     his uncle and aunt adopted him
 2. When Harry Potter lived with his uncle C.     things improved in his life
and aunt, .... D.    he had fantasy about magic
A.    he felt uncomfortable E.     he became ordinary people
B.     he befriended Voldemort

3. We can conclude from the first Voldemort

paragraph that .... D.    Harry Potter’s parents adopted him as
A.    Harry Potter’s parents were muggle an orphan
B.     Harry Potter lived in a magical place E.     Harry Potter enjoyed his life with his
C.     Harry Potter is a relative of uncle and aunt

2012 Film
2012 is Roland Emmerich's film which uses the Mayan calendar and other endof-days prophecies
for their doomsday scenario. It images the world coming to an end in 2012.

2012 film brings off a series of wonders. The movie hits its peak early on. It starts when Cussack
drives a limo through the streets of Los Angeles as freeways and skyscrapers crumble all round
him from the shock of a 10.5 R.S. earthquake. The preposterous flying sequence is equally
thrilling. The climax occurs aboard the giant ark, when an equipment malfunction threatens almost
the entire mission.

Unfortunately, the crucial sequence is not filmed or edited with the necessary clarity. In 2012 film,
Emmerich leaves us confused as to exactly what is happening to whom. However, Emmerich' 2012
deserves credit for casting Cussack.

McCarthy has perhaps his best role ever as Peet's cocky. Danny Glover lends dignity to the role of
the president. Chiwetel Ejiofor, as the chief scientist, brings a moving sense of anguish to a stock
role. Piatt has fun playing the villain of the piece, and Woody Harrelson also chews the scenery as
a bugeyed radio prophet trying to warm his listeners about Armagedon.

All in one, 2012's cinematography, production design and visual effects are awards-worthy. Music
also propels the movie. It presents American Idol runner-up. Adam Lambert, who provides a
rousing anthem over the end credits.

happened
1. The film 2012 comes to the climax when D. the preposterous flying sequence is
.... equally thrilling
A. the skyscrapers were crumbling E. an equipment malfunction threatens the
B. the entire mission was threatened mission 
C. a shocking 10.5 R.S. earthquake
 2. The Maya calendar predicts that .... D. a 10.5 RS earthquake will happen in Los
A. the doomsday will happen in 2072  Angeles only
B. Roland Emmerich will make a 2012 film E. the giant ark will save some people from
C. the end of the day will happen in Los the earthquake
Angeles

3. Based on the text, we know that .... Mayan calendar.

A. Cussack plays a character in 2012 film.  D. Adam Lambert stars 2012 movie.
B. 2012 film is based on Cussack's true E. in this film, doomsday happens before
experience. 10.5 R.S. earthquake occurs.
C. a series of wonders happened in the

Generic Structure :
Orientation :
places the wook in its general and particular context, often by comparing it with others of its kind
or through analogue with a non-art object or event.
Interpretive Recount summaries the plot and/or provides an account of how the reviewed rendition
of the wook came into being; is optional, but if present often recursive.
Evaluation :
provides an evaluation of the wook and/or its performance or production; is usually recursive.
Evaluative Summation :
provides a kind of punchline which sums up the reviewr’s opinion of the art event as a whole; is
optional.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on Particular Participant.
Direct expression of options through use of Attitudinal Ephitots in nominal groups; qualitative
attributes and affective Mental Processes.
Use of elaborating and extending clause and group complexes to package the information.
Use of metaphorical language(e.g., The wit was there,dexterously ping ponged to and fro..).

5.     Descriptive

Purpose :
To describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Example of Descriptive Text :

Victoria Caroline Beckham is an English singer-songwriter, dancer, model, actress, fashion

designer and business woman. She was born on April 17, 1974, in Essex, England. She became
famous in the 1990's with the pop group "The Spice Girl"and was known as Posh Spice. In 1999,
she married the Manchester United and England footballer, David Beckham. They have four
children, three sons and a daughter.

After The Spice Girl split up, she pursued a solo singer career, but also started her own fashion
range called dVb Style. Since this initial foray into fashion Victoria Beckham has brought out her
own range of sunglasses and fragrance, entitled "Intimately Beckham"and a range of handbags and
jewelry.
In addition she had written two best-selling books: one her autobiography and the other, a fashion
guide.

1. What did Victoria do before being a C. Joined The Spice Girl

solo singer? D. Created fashion style
A. Married to David Beckham E. Wrote many books
B. Worked as fashion designer

2. We found in the text that .... fragrance

A. Victoria named her fragrance by dVb D. Posh Spice is the title of her new
style album
B. Beckham is Victoria's autobiography E. Spice Girls is Victoria's label for her
C. Beckham is Victoria's brand for her wardrobe

C. She designed The Spice Girls

3. Based on the text, what do we know D. She married to an ordinary person
about Victoria? E. She arranged many songs for The
A. She is an ordinary woman Spice Girls
B. She is a multi-talented woman

My best friend
I have a special friend. She is my classmate and sits besides me. Her name is Rohmi. Rohmi is a
quite girl and very simple on the look. However, I really adore her. She is not only kind but also
tough.
          Rohmi comes from a very simple family. Her father is a pedicab driver and her mother has
passed away. She has a younger brother. His name is Rahmat. In order to help their father, Rohmi
and her brother work part-time to earn some money. Rohmi sells food during our class break,
while her brother sells newpapers and magazines after school.
One thing that I always admire about her is that she can manage her time well, and she always
looks cheerful.

3. What does the second paragraph tell you about?

a. Rohmi and her family
b. Rohmi and her father
c. Rohmi and her brother
d. Rohmi and her friends

4.”…Rohmi and her brother work part-time to earn some money.”

What do the underlined words mean?
a. work for the whole of working week
 b. work for only part of each day or week
c. work for the purpose of getting money as much as possible
d. work for family

5. Where did the writer sit ?

a. in front of Rohmi
b. behind Rohmi
c. next to Rohmi
d. far from Rohmi

Generic Structure :
Identifications : identifies phenomenon to be described.
Description : describes parts qualities, characteristics.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on particular Participant.
Use of Attributive and Identifying Processes.
Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups.
Use of simple present tense.

6.      Report

Purpose :
To describe the way things are, with reference to arange of natural, man-made and social
phenomena in our environment.
Example of Report Text :

Bees

Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants, and are known for their role in
pollination and for producing honey and beeswax. There are nearly 20,000 known species of bees
in nine recognized families though many are undescribed and the actual number is probably
higher. They are found on every continent except Antarctica, in every habitat on the planet that
contains insect-pollinated flowering plants.

Bees have a long proboscis (a complex "tongue") that enables them to obtain the nectar from
flowers. They have antennae almost universally made up of 13 segments in males and 12 in
females, as is typical for the super family. Bees all have two pairs of wings, the hind pair being the
smaller of the two; in a very few species, one sex or caste has relatively short wings that make
flight difficult or impossible, but none are wingless.

The smallest bee is Trigona minima, a stingless bee whose workers are about 2.1 mm (5/64") long.
The largest bee in the world is Megachile pluto, a leafcutter bee whose females can attain a length
of 39 mm (1.5"). Members of the family Halictidae, or sweat bees, are the most common type of
bee in the Northern Hemisphere, though they are small and often mistaken for wasps or flies.

1. What is the text about? C. Telling the habitat of the bees.

A. Describing bees in general. D. Giving information about bees in the

Northern Hemisphere.
B. Explaining bees in Antarctica.

2. What is  the main idea of paragraph C. Bees produce honey and beeswax.
one?
D. Bees only live with insect-flowering
A. Bees live on every continent. plants.

B. Bees belong to flying insects.

3. Which of the following sentences B. It has 13 antennae.

describes the physical appearance  bees? 
C. Its length is 39 mm.
A. None has wings.
D. Its tongue is complex. 

Do you know Rhinoceros?. Where do you see it?. Rhinoceros are big and heavy animals.
They are also quiet. They pay little attention to the surroundings. Rhinoceros eat grass like horses.
They have one or two horns above their nostrils. There are five types of rhinoceros in the world.
Two types are in Africa, the black and the white rhinoceroses. Three others are in India, Sumatra
and Java. The Javanese and the Indian have only one horn. The Sumatran type is the smallest . A
Sumatran rhinoceros can be one meter or somewhat more up to the shoulder . It can one ton in
weight . The white African is the biggest. It can be twice higher and three times in weight.
1. How many types of rhinoceros are B.     two
there in Africa? C.     three
A.    one D.    four
2. What type of Rhinoceros is the B.     Asian
smallest? C.     Javanese
A.    African D.    Sumatran
3. The text above is belong to …..genre. C.     recount
A.    report D.    procedure
B.     narrative

Generic Structure :
General classifications : tells what the phenomenon under discussion is.
Description tells what the phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of (1) parts, (2) qulitifies,
(3) habits or behaviors, if living; uses, if non-natural.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on Generic Participant.
Use of Relational Processes to state what is and that which it is.
Use of simple present tense (uniess extinct).
No temporal sequence.

7.     Explanation

Purpose :
To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural
phenomena.
Example of Explanation Text :

The following text is for questions 1 to 4

A geyser is the result of underground water under the combined conditions of high temperatures
and increased pressure beneath the surface of the earth. Since temperature rises approximately 1 F
for every sixty feet under the earth's surface, and pressure increases with depth, the water that
seeps down in crack and fissures until it reaches very hot rock in the earth interior becomes heated
to temperature in excess of 290 F. Because of the greater pressure, the water shoots out of the
surface in the form of steam and hot water. The result is a geyser. In order to function, then a
geyser must have a source of heat, reservoir where water can be stored until the temperature rises
to an unstable point, an opening through which the hot water and steam can escape, and
underground channels for resupplying water after an eruption.

Favorable conditions for geyser exist in some regions of the world including New Zealand,
Iceland, and the Yellowstone National Park area of the United States. The most famous geyser in
the world is Old Faithfull in Yellow Park. Old Faithfull erupts almost every hour, rising to a height
of 125 to 170 feet and expelling more than ten thousand gallons during each eruption.
 1. How geyser is produced? crack that absorbing water.
A. By the rise of temperature pressure D. From the temperature and absorbed
functioning hot steam. water that occurs on earth surface.
B. From a huge tension of heated water that E. By the hot water and temperature of hot
coming out from the earth crack. rock that occurs on earth surface.
C. From the heated temperature in earth

2. Steam and hot water shoot out of the D. high temperature and increased pressure
surface because of .... E. underground temperature and increased
A. hot rock and water pressure
B. temperature and pressure
C. greater pressure 

3. Reservoir where the water can be C. open 

stored will be after eruption and D. empty
resupplying again ..... E. unstable
A. hot
B. narrow

4. "... and expelling more than ten A. heating

thousand gallons during each eruption." B. melting
(Paragraph 2) C. wasting
The underlined word is closest in meaning D. supplying
to .... E. Discharging

Chocolate

Have you ever wondered how people get chocolate from? In this article we'll enter the amazing
world of chocolate so you can understand exactly what you're eating.
Chocolate starts with a tree called the cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in
places such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size
of a small pine apple. Inside the fruit are the tree's seeds, also known as cocoa beans.
The beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun and then shipped to the chocolate maker.
The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from
different places have different qualities and flavor, so they are often sorted and blended to produce a
distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed. Winnowing removes the meat nib of the
cacao bean from its shell. Then, the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a
liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter. All seeds contain some amount of fat,
and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs
form liquid. It's pure bitter chocolate.

1. The text is about ... C. the raw chocolate

A. the cacao tree D. the making of chocolate 
B. the cacao beans E. the flavour of chocolate

2. The third paragraph focuses on ... C. where chocolate comes from

A. the process of producing chocolate  D. the chocolate liquor
B. how to produce the cocoa flavour E. the cacao fruit

3. " ..., so they are often sorted and B. combined

blended to produce ..." (Paragraph 3) C. separated 
The underlined word is close in meaning D. distributed
to ... E. organized
A. arranged

Generic Structure :
A general statement to position the readers.
A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.
Closing.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on generic, non-human Participants.
Use mainly of Material and Relational Processes.
Use mainly of temporal and causal Circumstances and Conjuctions.
Some use of Passive voice to get theme right.

8.     Procedure

Purpose :
To describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps.
Example of Procedure Text :
                                                           
 How to Make an Ice Cream :
Ingredients : ~ 2 cups heavy cream
                   ~ 1 cup whole milk
                   ~ 2/3 cup sugar
                   ~ 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
Steps :
~ First, mix the ingredients
~ Second, heat until the sugar is dissolved
~ Third, Chill the mixture in the refrigerator
~ Next, Freeze the ice cream in an ice cream maker
~ After that, Add chopped chocolate bar
~ Finally, Finish freezing the ice cream

Answer The Questions Below

1. What is the purpose of the text ?

a. How to make an ice cream
b. How to buy an ice cream
c. How to sell an ice cream

2. What are ingredients we need to make an ice cream ?

a. 2 cups heavy cream, 1 cup whole milk, 2/3 cup sugar, 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
b.1 cups heavy cream,1 cup whole milk, 2/3 cup sugar, 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
c. 2 cups heavy cream, 1 cup whole milk, 2/3 cup sugar, 1 teaspoon chocolate extract

3.What should we do first to make an ice cream based on the text ?

a. Buy the ingredients
b. Mix the ingredients
c. Heat until the sugar is dissolved

Ingredients

 4 red potatoes
 1 tablespoon olive oil
 1 onion, chopped
 1 green bell pepper, seeded and chopped
 2 tablespoons olive oil
  1 teaspoon salt
 3/4 teaspoon paprika
 1/4 teaspoon ground black pepper
 1/4 cup chopped fresh parsley

Equipment

 Large skillet
 Plate
 Pot

Steps
1.  Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add potatoes and cook until tender but still firm,
about 15 minutes.
2.  Drain the potatoes and cut them into 1/2 inch cubes when they are already cool.
3.  In a large skillet, heat 1 tablespoon olive oil over medium high heat. Add onion and green
pepper. Cook about 5 minutes stirring often, until soft. Transfer to a plate and set aside.
4.  Pour remaining 2 tablespoons of oil into the skillet and turn heat to medium-high.
5.  Add potato cubes, salt, paprika and black pepper. Cook, stirring occasionally, until potatoes are
browned about 10 minutes.
6.  Stir in the onions, green peppers and parsley and cook for another minute. Serve hot.

PREP TIME: 20 Min

COOK TIME: 25 Min

1.  What does the text tells about ? the meal.

A.  the potatoes and their use C.  the food should be served hot
B.  how to make fried potatoes D.  The potatoes must be cut after they are
C.  boiling potatoes in good ways getting cool.
D.  someone‟s experience in cooking
3.  How long do we need to try the recipe
2.  Which statement is NOT TRUE until it is ready to be served ?
according to the text ? A.  45 minutes
A.  It takes 25 minutes to cook the food B.  40 minutes
well. C.  25 minutes
B.  You need 3 kinds of equipment to cook D.  20 minutes

9.     Analytical
 Purpose :
To persuade the reader or listener that somethings the case.
Example of Analytical Text :

Global Warming

Everybody should change their way of life to reduce global warming.There are several things
that we can do. One of them is by buying and consuming fresh local groceries as much as possible.
It of course includes local vegetables, fruits, bread, etc.

Local groceries don’t need much transportation to get it into the market. It of course means, the
amount of carbon dioxide produced is less than the groceries from other region. Therefore, by
buying local groceries we are helping reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced.

Consuming fresh groceries instead of frozen ones are healthier for us. Furthermore, fresh food or
groceries means no requirements for it to be freeze up. It means that no electricity is needed and
saving energy means reducing carbon dioxide and money.

So, from now on we should consume fresh local groceries to reduce global warming.

  c)       It of course includes local

vegetables, fruits, bread, etc
1. What is the type of the text?
 
a)       Analytical exposition
3. What kind of generic structure will you
b)       Hortatory exposition find in the text?
c)       Narrative text  a)       Orientation, complication,
resolution
2. The main idea of the first paragraph is?
b)       Thesis, Argument, Reiteration
a)       There are several things that we can
do c)       Thesis, Argument,
Recommendation
b)       Change their way of life to reduce
global warmingan

I personally think that reading is a very important activity in our life.  Why do I say so?  Firstly,
by reading we can get a lot of knowledge about many things in the world such as Science,
technology. Sports, arts, culture, etc written in either books, magazine, newspaper, etc.

Secondly, by reading we can get a lot of news and information about something happening in any
parts of the world which can we see directly.

Another reason, reading can give us pleasure too.  When we are tired, we read books, newspaper
or magazine on the entertainment coloumn such as comedy, short story, quiz, etc. To make us
relaxed.
The last, reading can also take us to other parts of the world.  By reading a book about Irian Jaya
we may feel we’re  really sitting in the jungles not at home in our rooms.

From the facts above, it’s obvious that everyone needs to read to get knowledge, information and
also entertainment.  Or in summary we can say reading is truly important in our life.
 1.      Why is reading very important in a.       buy a lot of books
our life?  Because….. b.      borrow a lot of books
a.       By reading, we can get a lot of c.       look for newspaper and magazine
friends, relatives, experience, etc. d.      sell and buy many expensive books
b.      By reading, we can get little e.       Read a lot of books and other printed
knowledge but a lot of entertainment. materials.
c.       By reading, we are always relaxed.
d.      By reading, we are always happy. 3.      What does the text tell us about?
e.       By reading we can get a lot of a.       The description of reading
knowledge, news, information and b.      The function of reading
entertainment c.       The importance of reading
d.      The disadvantages of reading
2.      If we want to get knowledge, what e.       The purpose of reading
should we do?

Generic Structure :
Thesis
Position : introduces topic and indicates writer’s position.
Preview : outlines the main arguments to be presented.
Arguments
Point :reslates main arguments outlined in Preview.
Elaboration : develops and supports each point/argument
Reiteration : reslates writer’s position
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on generic human and non-human Participants.
Use simple present tense.
Use of Relational Processes.
Use of internal conjunction to state argument
Reasoning through Causal Conjunction or nominalization.

10.                      Hortatory

Purpose :
To persuade the readers or listener that somethings should or should not be the case.
Example of Hortatory Text :
 Smoking in a restaurant does not only give the bad impact to the active smokers but also  the
passive ones.

Smoking in a restaurant is impolite. The smell of the smoke affects all people and can turn them
off their food. People pay to taste good food and not to be put off by foul-smelling smoke.

Besides, smoking harm the others especially passive smokers, that is, breathing in smoke made
by a smoker, can lead to asthma attacks and even cancer.

Finally, smoking is dangerous and a health risk to the smoker. Cigarettes cause heart and lung
disease and people do not smoke anywhere, not just in restaurants.

Regarding to the bad impacts, smoking must not be allowed in any restaurants.

1. The communicative purpose of the text     The synonym of the underlined word
is to… is…

    A. explain how the smoking can be     A.Rude                                D.
dangerous Sensitive

    B. retell about some positive effects of     B. Polite                               E. Kind

smoking
    C. Delicate
    C. persuade  readers with the smoking
risk

    D. describe how the smoking is not 3. The statements below are true based on
allowed the text, except…

    E. persuade readers that smoking must     A. Smoking is dangerous               
be banned     B. Smoking makes us better           

    C. Smoking is unhealthy for the

2. Smoking in a restaurant is impolite. smoker
(paragraph 2).      D. Smoking must not be allowed

    E. Smoking harms to the others

Solve the Problem of Economic Issues

 Government should not raise fuel price to solve the problem of economic issues. People were
affected severely with the high fuel price hike last year. Obviously they cut their spending. As an
example, they had to buy lower quality of rice or palm oil. There were also fewer buyers of
secondary commodities like flour, or canned meat or fish.
 Furthermore, the condition of low income family will become even worse because their expenses
will increase while their salaries will not. Many companies will have to trim the number of
employees because they are incapable of managing buying or selling price, standard wages and
personal affairs.

Finally, government should not raise fuel price to overcome economic problem but the solution
should be sought by tapping into the nation’s own potential and utilizing it to enhance productivity
to its maximum.

Answer the following questions based on the text!

1. The text above is in the form of? c)       Recommendation

a)          Hortatory exposition text 3. What is the generic structure of the text
?
b)          Narative text
a)       arguments ,recommendation and
c)           Analytical exposition thesis

2. The generic structure of the first b)      recommendation, arguments and

paragraph is? thesis

a)       arguments c)       thesis, arguments and

recommendation
b)      Thesis

  Generic Structure :
Thesis : announcement of issue concern.
Arguments : reasons for concern, leading to recommendation.
Recommendation : statement of what ought or ought not to happen.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on generic human and non-human Participants, except for speaker or writers referring to
self.
Use of :
Mental Processes : to state what writer thinks or feels about issue, e.g. realize, feel, appreciate.
Material Processes : to state what happens e.g., is polluting, drive, travel, spend, should be treated.
Relational Processes : to state what is or should be, e.g., doesn’t seem to have been, is.Use of
simple
present tense

11.                     Discussion

Purpose :
To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and
‘Against/Cons’).
Example of Discussion Text :
 Nature VS Nurture 

People wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. Two distinct
schools of thought on the matter have develop. The two approaches are very different from each
other. The controversy is often referred to as nature and nurture.

Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior
patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little to
do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory.

Proponents of the nurture theory claim that our environment is more important than our
biologically based instinct in determining how we will act. They see humans as beings whose
behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.

Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior . In fact, it is quite likely that the
key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will
continue for a long time is certain.

1. What do the nurture supporters think B. personalities and behavior are formed by
about human personality ? nature and environment
A. Human personalities are developed for a C. the nature and nurture are two matters
long time. that determine our personalities
B. Genetic factors play big roles in a person D. the environment has no influence on the
behavior. formation of our personalities
C. Our abilities are determined by our E. there is a conflict between nature
biological parents. supporters and environment supporters
D. Our environment plays important role in
our personalities.  3. What does the writer think about the
E. Our behavior isn’t determined by our controversy above ?
surrounding. A. It is over now
B. It has really ended
2. The main idea of the first paragraph C. It will not end soon 
is . . . . D. It is easily solved now
A. there are two opinions about what E. It will be confusing.
determines our personalities

The government has just published a report which suggest that television is partly responsible for
the serious increase in crime over the last ten years. The exposure of violence or pornography
harmfully effects on children.

Many people who are alive today know what it is like to live in a world without television.
Television as we know is only about forty years old. Yet it is so much a part of our lives that it
seems as if it had always existed.

Some people think that the years before the invention of television were a better time. They claim
that families talked more and did more things together. More books were read. People used their
imaginations more fully. People got more outdoor exercises.

But others disagree. They claim that television is a powerful educational tool. It informs us of what
is going on in the world, from a famine in Africa to a local politics and fashion. It helps us
understand how people live, work, and struggle.

In 1961, Newton Minow, a government official, called prime-time schedules “ a vast wasteland.”
Television is credited with being a great teacher, but it is also blamed for the poor reading and
writing skills of our population. Television gets praised for helping us understand the people of the
world. But it has been accused of helping to destroy family life. Television keeps us informed
about the political issues of the day.

Experts will probably continue to argue about television’s value. But everyone agrees that it is one
of the most significant inventions of the twentieth century.

1. The writer wants to tell ….. d. satisfy

a. the development of television e. choose
b. the advantages of television program
c. how television destroys people’s life 3. Which of the following is good for
d. how television improves people’s children in watching TV?
knowledge a. The children should watch the violence
e. the influence of television on people’s on TV
daily life b. Children may watch TV whenever they
like
2. Many people claim that television is a c. There shouldn’t be government
powerful educational tool. From this censorship of TV program
statement we know that they ….. with the d. Children should spend all their time to
existence of television. watch TV program
a. love e. Children should be accompanied by their
b. agree parents in watching TV
c. prefer

Generic Structure :
Issue.
Statement.
Preview.
Arguments for and against or statement of differing points of view.
Point.
Elaboration .
Conclusion or Recommendation.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
 Focus on generic human and non-human Participants.
Use of :
Material Processes, e.g. has produced, have developed, to feed.
Relational Processes, e.g., is could have, cause, are.
Mental Processes, e.g. feel
Use of Comperative : contrastive and Consequential cinjunctions.
Reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns(abstraction)

12.Advertisement text

Definition of advertisement :
 A public or announcement , usually paid for , as of things for sale , needs , etc.
EXAMPLE :
 International TV and Video production company in Central Jakarta is looking for a qualified
graphic artist to design an interactive DVD. - Must have good English . - good graphic design
skills . - have computer skills to create multi-level interactive product . - video editing capabilities .
Example:

1.       What is kind of the text above? 3.       If we buy 4 supreme single
a.       Announcement ensemble, how much money that we can
b.      Advertisement save?
c.       Short message a.       $549
d.      Caution b.      $380
2.       Which statement is not true based c.       $169
on the text? d.      $676
a.       We can get pillows and bed spread 4.       The sentence “Open 7 days”
if we buy sainsbury queen bed frame. means....
b.      We can save $169 for buying a.       This shop is opened just in certain
supreme single ensemble. day
c.       We just pay $769 for supreme b.      This shop is opened everyday
deluxe queen ensemble. c.       This shop is closed in certain day
d.      The time is limited to get the sale d.      This shop is closed on Sunday
product.
 Question
Who are the most suitable people to drive What is the purpose of the text?
the car? a. to promote the car
a. young people b. to inform the car
b. old people c. to retell the story about the car
c. children d. to give detail information about the car
d. kids
How many national award did new Handa
How many awards did  New Handa Jazza Jazza get?
get? a. 68
a. 68 b. 51
b. 51 c. 34
c. 34 d. 17
d. 17

13.Announcemen

Definition of Announcement

Announcement is an official notification about something so know to many people are usually
written announcement. Pasted on a board it easy to see people or published.

Purpose: the purpose of announcement is to information us what has happened or what will happen.

Generic Structure of Announcement

Purpose            : The text that contains what event will be held

Day and Date   : Day and Date realization

Time                : The text that contains when the event will be held

Place                : The text that contains where the event will be held

Sender            : The text that contains name of the person who will be contacted

Specific Text of Announcement

• Directed for general

 • Using Simple Present Tense

• Using Imperative Sentences

Tom !
I am going to Anula supermarket to get some sugar.
Would you like to turn the stove on when you are
home? I have put some soup there. Just heat it for
about 5 minutes and then take it out from stove
before you have dinner.

Mia

1.  What is the message about ? C. The stove

D. The supermarket
A. Telling Tom to eat the soup E. Anula supermarket
B. Asking Tom to buy some sugar 3. Would you like to turn the stove on when
C. Asking Tom to go to supermarket you are home?
D. Telling Tom to heat the soup The underlined word is synonymous to….
E. Telling Tom to wait for about 5 A.      Oven
minutes
B.      Spatula
2.  I’ve put the soup there. The word there
refers to …. C.      Spoon
A. Home
D.     Bowl
B. Kitchen
E.      Plate

SCHOOL ANNOUNCEMENT
FRIDAY January 25th, 2010
There will be a girls’ basketball short meeting rigth after school this afternoon in the school library.
The meeting is expected to last around 45 minutes and finish by 5. Every member needs to be present
in this important meeting. Should anyone unable to attend the meeting, find Mr. Elder for permission
and further details about the agenda. Looking forword to seeing you all in the meeting.
 

1.  The text is about…. C.     Ask for permission from Mr. Elder.
A.    A girls’ basketball short meeting right
D.    Let the class teacher know about her
B.     Find Mr. Elder for permission
absence.
C.     Looking forword to seeing you all in
E.     The meeting is expected
the meeting.
3. “Should anyone unable to attend the
D.    The meeting is 45 minutes and finish by meeting, find Mr. Elder for…
The antonym of the word “unable” is….
5
A.    Able
E.     Every member needs to be present
B.     Allowe
C.     Have to
2. What should a student do if she it not able
to attend the meeting? D.    Ough to
A.    Go home
E.     Follow
B.     Go to the library
14.SPOOF TEXT

Definition
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny
ending.

Generic Structure of Spoof

1.Orientation
2.Events
3. Twist

Language Feature of Spoof

1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order

Exampel:

The Blonde and the Lawyer

A blonde and a lawyer are seated next to each other on a flight from LA to NY.
The lawyer asks if she would like to play a fun game.
The blonde, tired, just wants to take a nap, politely declines and rolls over to the window to
catch a few winks.
The lawyer persists and explains that the game is easy and a lot of fun.
He explains, "I ask you a question, and if you don't know the answer, you pay me $5.00,
and vise versa."
Again, she declines and tries to get some sleep. The lawyer, now agitated, says, "Okay, if
you don't know the answer you pay me $5.00, and if I don't know the answer, I will pay you
$500.00."
This catches the blonde's attention and, figuring there will be no end to this torment unless
she plays, agrees to the game. The lawyer asks the first question. "What's the distance from
the earth to the moon?" The blonde doesn't say a word, reaches into her purse, pulls out a
$5.00 bill and hands it to the lawyer. "Okay" says the lawyer, "your turn."
She asks the lawyer, "What goes up a hill with three legs and comes down with four legs?"
The lawyer, puzzled, takes out his laptop computer and searches all his references, no
answer. He taps into the air phone with his modem and searches the net and the library of
congress, no answer. Frustrated, he sends e-mails to all his friends and coworkers, to no
avail. After an hour, he wakes the blonde, and hands her $500.00.
The blonde says, "Thank you", and turns back to get some more sleep.
The lawyer, who is more than a little miffed, wakes the blonde and asks, "Well, what's the
answer?" Without a word, the blonde reaches into her purse, hands the lawyer $5.00, and
goes back to sleep.
1. The story tells us about … a. If the blonde could not answer the
a. A plane which a blonde and a lawyer lawyer’s question, she paid him $5.00,
took. and vise versa.
b. A lawyer who played a game with a b. If the blonde could not answer the
blonde. question, she should pay $5.00. If the
c. A lawyer who bet on something with a lawyer could not answer her question, he
blonde. should pay $500.00.
d. A blonde who was tricked by a lawyer. c. If the blonde could not answer the
e. A blonde who lost her money. lawyer’s question, she paid him $500.00,
and vise versa.
2. What did the lawyer want to play with d. If the blonde could not answer the
the blonde? lawyer’s question, she paid him $500.00.
a. hide and seek If the lawyer could not answer her
b. chicken limbo question, he paid her $5.00.
c. jump rope e. If the lawyer could not answer her
d. guessing game question, he paid her $500.00. If the
e. scrabble blonde could not answer his question, she
did not have to pay him.
3. What was the rule of the game finally?

The Zoo Job Story

One day a clown was visiting the zoo and attempted to earn some money by making a street
performance. He acted and mimed perfectly some animal acts. As soon as he started to drive
a crowd, a zoo keeper grabbed him and dragged him into his office. The zoo keeper
explained to the clown that the zoo's most popular gorilla had died suddenly and the keeper
was fear that attendance at the zoo would fall off. So he offered the clown a job to dress up
as the gorilla until the zoo could get another one. The clown accepted this great opportunity.
So the next morning the clown put on the gorilla suit and entered the cage before the crowd
came. He felt that it was a great job. He could sleep all he wanted, played and made fun of
people and he drove bigger crowds than he ever did as a clown. He pretended the gorilla
successfully.

However, eventually the crowds were tired of him for just swinging on tires. He began to
notice that the people were paying more attention to the lion in the next cage. Not wanting
to lose the attention of his audience, he decided to make a spectacular performance. He
climbed to the top of his cage, crawled across a partition, and dangled from the top to the
lion's cage. Of course, this made the lion furious, but the crowd people loved it.
At the end of the day the zoo keeper came and gave him a raise for being such a good
attraction. Well, this went on for some time, he kept taunting the lion, the audience crowd
grew a larger, and his salary kept going up. Then one terrible day happened. When he was
dangling over the furious lion, he slipped and fell into the lion cage. The clown was really in
big terrible situation. He was terrified.

Sooner the lion gathered itself and prepared to pounce. The clown was so scared. He could
do nothing and he began to run round and round the cage with the lion close and closer
behind. Finally, the lion could catch him. The clown started screaming and yelling, "Help
me, help me!", but the lion was quick and pounces. The clown soon found himself flat on
his back looking up at the angry lion and suddenly he heard a voice from the lion’s
mouth;"Shut up you idiot! Do you want to get us both fired?".

1.      What the zookeeper do seeing the A.    Attract guitar skills to the visitors
clown started to drive a crowd ? B.     Do some attraction with gorilla suits
A.    He throw a net and catch him C.     Mime some animal acts
B.     He give the clown some tip D.    Cleaning services
C.     He grabbed the clown and dropped it E.     He didn’t have a new job yet
to his office 3.      What happened with the Clown when
D.    The clown run away from zoo he taught the lion ?
E.     The clown is closing to the A.    He mock the lion
zookeeper B.     He throw a meat to the lion
C.     He sing a song
D.    He was slip into lion’s cage
2.      What is the Clown’s new job ? E.     He perform a gorilla scrawl
 Homework
Kind of text

Name: niken prihatini

Class:XII ipa2