Universal typology which investigates all languages of the world and aims at singling out in them such

features/phenomena which are common in all languages. These features are referred to as absolute
universals.
Their identification is carried out not only on the basis of the existing (living) languages but also on the basis of
dead languages like Sanskrit, ancient Greek or Latin. Also the hypothetic abstract etalon language created by
typologists for the sake of investigation is widely made use of by universal typology. This "language" plays a
very important role in foreseeing the quantitative representation of various features/ phenomena in different
languages. Universal typology on its part provides the etalon language with all necessary data concerning
the quantitative representation of various phonetical, lexical and grammatical features or means of
expression.
Special or charactereological typology, in contrast to universal typology, usually investigates concrete
languages, one of which is, as a rule, the native tongue. The language in which the description of
isomorphic and allomorphic features is performed is usually referred to as metalanguage. In our here case the
metalanguage is English.
General typology has for its object of investigation the most general phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic
or stylistic features. This typological approach to the morphological structure of words in different languages
enabled the German scholar W. Humboldt to suggest the first ever typological classification of languages (on
the morphological basis).
Partial typology investigates a restricted number of language features/phenomena; for example, the
system of vowels/consonants, the means of word-formation or the syntactic level units. As a result, several
level typologies are distinguished:
a) typology of the phonetic/phonological level units;
b) typology of the morphological level units;
c) typology of the lexical level units;
d) typology of the syntactic level units.
Areal typology investigates common and divergent features in languages of a particular geographical area
with respect to their mutual influence of one language upon the other.
A scientific generalisation of such long-term influences in the phonetic/ phonological, lexical or even
grammatical aspects of different languages of multinational areas like Dagestan, the Balkans, Transcarpathia/
Transcaucasia and others is of considerable theoretical and practical value.
Structural typology has for its object the means of grammatical expression, the order of constituent parts at
the level of words, word-combinations and sentences. Structural typology aims at identifying mainly dominant
features, which characterise the structural type of each of the contrasted languages.
Functional typology, as can be understood from its name, investigates the frequency of language units in
speech, the regularities and particularities of their use with the aim of expressing different meanings.
Content typology investigates the types of possible meanings expressed by various language units and
their forms in the contrasted languages. Worth mentioning are also some other branches of typological/
Contrastive typological investigations as:
Qualitative typology, investigating predominant features (phonetic, morphological, syntactic) in the
contrasted languages and characterising them according to the predominance of some of these
qualities. Hence, languages are found to be vocalic, consonantal or tender, harsh, etc. Due to the
predominance of some morphological features languages may correspondingly be identified (classified) as
synthetic, analytical, agglutinative, etc. In opposition to qualitative typology quite obvious is the existence of
Quantitative typology which was singled out and identified by the American linguist J. Greenberg. The aim of
this typology is to investigate the quantitative correlation of some features and phenomena and their
identifying (dominant) role in the contrasted languages. Thus, taking into account the small quantity of
inflexions and the great role of analytical means as prepositional connection and placement of components in
English word-groups and sentences, this language can be identified by its syntactic structure as
predominantly analytical. Apart from these there are distinguished some other equally important for
typological or Contrastive typological investigation branches of this linguistic subject, the most well-known
among them being the following:
Semasiological typology which investigates the ways of expressing meaning (the inner content) of
language units in the contrasted languages.
Onomasiological typology is a part of semasiological typology. Its object of investigation is isomorphic and
allomorphic ways of giving family names and nicknames to people in different contrasted languages.
Synchronic and diachronic typologies investigate language units or phenomena of a definite level with the aim
of establishing isomorphisms and allomorphisms in their form and meaning during a definite historical period
(or periods) in the contrasted languages
Near universals features or phenomena common in many or some languages under typological investigation.
Metalanguage is the language in which the actual presentation/analysis of different features/phenomena of
the contrasted languages is carried out.
Isomorphic features/phenomena are common features/phenomena in languages under Contrastive analysis.
Isomorphic in English and Ukrainian is, for example, the existence of consonants and vowels, assimilation, and
the categories of number, person, tense, as well as parts of speech, the existence of sentences, etc.
Allomorphic features/phenomena are observed in one language and missing in the other. For example:
palatalisation of practically all consonants or the dual number in Ukrainian, the gerund or the diphthongs and
analytical verb forms in English, which are missing (allomorphic) in Ukrainian.

The deductive method is based on logical computation/calculation which suggests all