Pre-Romanesque art and architecture

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The royal palace, later church, of Santa María del Naranco, an example of Asturian architecture
of the Ramirense period.

The interior of the Church of São Pedro da Lourosa (Lourosa, Portugal).

Church of St. Margaret of Antioch, Kopčany (Kopčany, Slovakia, 9th century).

Pre-Romanesque art and architecture is the period in European art from either the emergence
of the Merovingian kingdom in about 500 CE or from the Carolingian Renaissance in the late 8th
century, to the beginning of the 11th century Romanesque period. The term is generally used in
English only for architecture and monumental sculpture, but here all the arts of the period are
briefly described.

The primary theme during this period is the introduction and absorption of classical
Mediterranean and Christian forms with Germanic ones creating innovative new forms, leading
to the rise of Romanesque art in the 11th century. In the outline of Medieval art it was preceded
by what is commonly called the Migration Period art of the "barbarian" peoples: Hiberno-Saxon
in the British Isles and predominantly Merovingian on the Continent.

In most of western Europe the Roman architecture tradition survived the collapse of the empire.
The Merovingians (Franks) continued to build large stone buildings like monastery churches and
palaces.
The unification of the Frankish kingdom under Clovis I (465 – 511) and his successors,
corresponded with the need for the building of churches, and especially monastery churches, as
these were now the power-houses of the Merovingian church. Two hundred monasteries existed
south of the Loire when St Columbanus, an Irish missionary, arrived in Europe in 585. and only
100 years later by the end of the 7th century, over 400 flourished in the Merovingian kingdom
alone.[1] The building plans often continued the Roman basilica tradition.

Many Merovingian plans have been reconstructed from archaeology. The description in Bishop
Gregory of Tours' History of the Franks of the basilica of Saint-Martin, built at Tours by Saint
Perpetuus (bishop 460-490) at the beginning of the period and at the time on the edge of
Frankish territory, gives cause to regret the disappearance of this building, one of the most
beautiful Merovingian churches, which he says had 120 marble columns, towers at the East end,
and several mosaics: "Saint-Martin displayed the vertical emphasis, and the combination of
block-units forming a complex internal space and the correspondingly rich external silhouette,
which were to be the hallmarks of the Romanesque".[2]

The Merovingian dynasty were replaced by the Carolingian dynasty in 752 AD, which led to
Carolingian architecture from 780 to 900 CE, and Ottonian architecture in the Holy Roman
Empire from the mid-10th century until the mid-11th century. These successive Frankish
dynasties were large contributors to Romanesque architecture.

Baptistery of Aix Cathedral 500 AD built by the Merovingians

Contents
 1 Examples of Frankish buildings
 2 Imperial styles
o 2.1 Carolingian art
o 2.2 Ottonian art
 3 Regional styles
o 3.1 Croatia
o 3.2 England
o 3.3 France
o 3.4 Spain and Portugal
 o 3.5 Italy
 4 See also
 5 References
 6 External links

Examples of Frankish buildings

Merovingian, Carolingian and Ottonian

Digital reconstruction of Ingelheim Palace 800 AD.

St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim 1031 AD.

Reconstruction of Charlemagne's palace of Aachen 800 AD.

 Baptistère de Riez built in the 4th, 5th and 7th centuries

 Fréjus Cathedral circa 450 AD
 Crypt of Saint-Laurent Grenoble circa 500 AD
 Aix Cathedral circa 500 AD, baptistery built by the Merovingians
 Baptistère Saint-Jean 507 AD
 Baptistère de Venasque circa 500 AD
 Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés circa 540 AD
 Radegonde de Poitiers Tomb of St. Radegunda 587 AD
 Jouarre Abbey 630 AD, Merovingian crypt
 Kloster Reichenau 724 AD
 Benedictine Convent of Saint John, Müstair 780 AD
 Granusturm 788 AD, 20 meter tall tower in Aarchen
  Lorsch Abbey, gateway, (c.800)
 Palatine Chapel in Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) (792-805)
 Ingelheimer Kaiserpfalz 800 AD
 Oratory of Bishop Theodulf of Orleans in Germigny-des-Prés 806 AD
 St. Ursmar's Collegiate church, in Lobbes, Belgium (819-823)
 St. Michael, Fulda, rotunda and crypt (822)
 Einhard's Basilica, Steinbach (827)
 Saint Justinus' church, Frankfurt-Höchst (830)
 Schloss Broich 883-884 AD, Carolingian fortress
 Broich Castle, Muelheim on the Ruhr (884)
 Abbey of Corvey (885)
 St. George, Oberzell in Reichenau Island (888)
 St. Georg (Reichenau-Oberzell) 900 AD
 St. Johannis (Mainz) 910 AD
 Church of St Philibert, Tournus 950 AD
 St. Cyriakus, Gernrode 969 AD

Ottonian and Holy Roman Empire

 Mainz Cathedral begun 991 and 994 AD and retains some structure of this period.
 St. Michael's Church Hildesheim 1031 AD

Imperial styles
Carolingian art

Saint Mark, from the so-called Ebbo Gospels, a piece of Carolingian illustration.
Main articles: Carolingian art and Carolingian architecture
Carolingian art is the roughly 120 year period from about 780 to 900 AD, during Charlemagne's
and his immediate heirs' rule, popularly known as the Carolingian Renaissance. Although brief,
it was very influential; northern European kings promoted classical Mediterranean Roman art
forms for the first time, while also creating innovative new forms such as naturalistic figure line
drawings that would have lasting influence. Carolingian churches generally are basilican, like the
Early Christian churches of Rome, and commonly incorporated westworks, which is arguably the
precedent for the western facades of later medieval cathedrals. An original westwork survives
today at the Abbey of Corvey, built in 885. After a rather chaotic interval following the
Carolingian period, the new Ottonian dynasty revived Imperial art from about 950, building on
and further developing Carolingian style in Ottonian art.

Ottonian art

Main articles: Ottonian art and Ottonian architecture

German pre-Romanesque art during the 120-year period from 936 to 1056 is commonly called
Ottonian art after the three Saxon emperors named Otto (Otto I, Otto II, and Otto III) who ruled
the Holy Roman Empire from 936 to 1001.

After the decline of the Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire was re-established under
the Saxon (Ottonian) dynasty. From this emerged a renewed faith in the idea of Empire and a
reformed Church, creating a period of heightened cultural and artistic fervour. It was in this
atmosphere that masterpieces were created that fused the traditions from which Ottonian artists
derived their inspiration: models of Late Antique, Carolingian, and Byzantine origin.

Much Ottonian art reflected the dynasty's desire to establish visually a link to the Christian rulers
of Late Antiquity, such as Constantine, Theoderich, and Justinian as well as to their Carolingian
predecessors, particularly Charlemagne.

Ottonian monasteries produced some of the most magnificent medieval illuminated manuscripts.
They were a major art form of the time, and monasteries received direct sponsorship from
emperors and bishops, having the best in equipment and talent available.

Regional styles
Croatia

Main article: Croatian Pre-Romanesque art and architecture

Pre-Romanesque Church of St Donatus in Zadar, from the 9th century.

In the 7th century the Croats, with other Slavs and Avars, came from Northern Europe to the
region where they live today.[3] The first Croatian churches were built as royal sanctuaries, and
the influence of Roman art was strongest in Dalmatia where urbanization was thickest. Gradually
that influence was neglected and certain simplifications and alterations of inherited forms, and
even creation of original buildings, appeared.

All of them (a dozen large ones and hundreds of small ones) were built with roughly cut stone
bounded with a thick layer of malter on the outside. Large churches are longitudinal with one or
three naves like Church of Holy Salvation (Croatian: Crkva Sv. Spasa) at the spring of the river
Cetina, built in the 9th century, along with the Church of Saint Cross in Nin. The largest and
most complicated central based church from the 9th century is dedicated to Saint Donatus in
Zadar.

Altar rails and windows of those churches were highly decorated with transparent shallow string-
like ornament that is called pleter (meaning to weed) because the strings were threaded and
rethreaded through itself. Motifs of those reliefs were taken from Roman art; sometimes figures
from the Bible appeared alongside this decoration, like relief in Holy Nedjeljica in Zadar, and
then they were subdued by their pattern. This also happened to engravings in early Croatian
script – Glagolitic. Soon, the Glagolitic writings were replaced with Latin on altar rails and
architraves of old-Croatian churches.

From the Crown Church of King Zvonimir (so called Hollow Church in Solin) comes the altar
board with figure of Croatian King on the throne with Carolingian crown, servant by his side and
subject bowed to the king.

By joining the Hungarian crown in the twelfth century, Croatia lost its full independence, but it
did not lose its ties with the south and the west, and instead this ensured the beginning of a new
era of Central European cultural influence.
England

Main articles: Anglo-Saxon art and Anglo-Saxon architecture

The Benedictional of Saint Aethelwold, an Anglo-Saxon illuminated manuscript.

Anglo-Saxon art covers the period from the time of King Alfred (885), with the revival of
English culture after the end of the Viking raids, to the early 12th century, when Romanesque art
became the new movement. Prior to King Alfred there had been the Hiberno-Saxon culture,
producing in Insular art the fusion of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic techniques and motifs, which had
largely ceased in Ireland and Northern England with the Viking invasions. Anglo-Saxon art is
mainly known today through illuminated manuscripts and metalwork.

France

After the demise of the Carolingian Empire, France split into a number of feuding provinces, so
that lacking any organized Imperial patronage, French art of the 10th and 11th centuries became
localised around the large monasteries, and lacked the sophistication of a court-directed style.

Multiple regional styles developed based on the chance availability of Carolingian manuscripts
(as models to draw from), and the availability of itinerant artists. The monastery of Saint Bertin
became an important centre under its abbot Odbert (986-1007) who created a new style based on
Anglo-Saxon and Carolingian forms. The nearby abbey of Saint Vaast created a number of
works. In southwestern France at the monastery of Saint Martial in Limoges a number of
manuscripts were produced around year 1000, as were produced in Albi, Figeac and Saint-Sever-
de-Rustan in Gascony. In Paris there developed a style at the abbey of Saint Germain-des-Prés.
In Normandy a new style developed from 975 onward.

Spain and Portugal

Main article: Spanish Pre-Romanesque art and architecture

Saint Frutuoso Chapel in Braga, Portugal.

The first form of Pre-Romanesque in Spain and Portugal was the Visigothic art, that brought the
horse-shoe arches to the latter Al-Andalus Arab architecture and developed jewellery.

After the Arab invasion, Pre-Romanesque art was first reduced to the Kingdom of Asturias, the
only Christian realm on the country at the time which reached high levels of artistic depuration.
(See Asturian art). The Christians who lived in Moorish territory, the Mozarabs, created their
own architectural and illumination style, Mozarabic art.

The best preserved Visigothic monument in Portugal is the Saint Frutuoso Chapel in Braga.

Italy

See also: Lombard Romanesque

Southern Italy benefited from the presence and cross fertilization of the Byzantines, the Arabs,
and the Normans, while the north was mostly controlled first by the Carolingians. The Normans
in Sicily chose to commission Byzantine workshops to decorate their churches such as Monreale
and Cefalù Cathedrals where full iconographic programmes of mosaics have survived. Important
frescos and illuminated manuscripts were produced.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pre-Romanesque architecture.

 Book: Romanesque Art and Architecture

 Asturian architecture

References
 1. http://www.all-art.org/history128-2.html
2. V.I. Atroshenko and Judith Collins, The Origins of the Romanesque (Lund
Humphries, London) 1985, p. 48. ISBN 0-85331-487-X
3. http://www.rastko.org.rs/arheologija/vsedov-slavs_2.html

 Joachim E. Gaehde (1989). "Pre-Romanesque Art". Dictionary of the Middle Ages. ISBN
0-684-18276-9
 Jacques Fontaine (1995) L'art pré-roman hispanique, Nuit des temps, Editions zodiaque
ISBN 2-7369-0215-7

External links
 El Portal del Arte Románico Visigothic, Mozarabe and Romanesque art in Spain.

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