CHAPTER-1

1.1INTRODUCTION OF KNITTING

Tirupur, the heartland of the knitwear industry in India has a supplier base which
consists essentially of manufacturer who are mostly integrated forward or
backward if not vertical. There are number of spinners of yarn integrating forward
to set up knitting plant; textile process house and then further integrating forward
to become makers of garments. Such forward integrated exporters who have grown
forward from yarn spinners are Eastman, Centwin, Poppy's, Tube Knits Fashions,
KPR etc. and those who have grown forward from leading process houses are
Victus Dyeing (Geena Garments), Reliance Dyeing, SCM, PKP etc.

Have also integrated forward to establish garment making units. Examples of

backward integration are very few like Dhanam International, Kay Tee
Corporation, Network Clothing Company etc. In Tirupur, if the integration is not
wholly owned by the exporter to become a vertical unit then the exporters buy
stakes or invest into a process house to become partners to ensure preference to
their orders for the textile process and maintain standard quality as desired by their
buyers.

Tirupur textile industry has units all along the value chain of knitwear starting from
spinning, knitting wet processing, printing, garment manufacturing and exports.

In addition there are ancillary units supplying buttons, laces, embroidery, cones
and yarn processing etc. Despite being late entrant, Tirupur's annual production far
exceeds that of other knitwear clusters. There are more than 500 production units
which are involved in exports of knitwear from Tirupur. Entire Tirupur cluster
generates direct employment for over 300,000 persons. Tirupur in 1981 had a
meager share of 15% of the total knitwear exports from India and by year 2000 its
share reached a formidable figure of 51%.
 Recent informal surveys indicate that Tirupur accounts for nearly 80% of basic
circular cotton knitwear exports from India. In the year 2002-03 Tirupur exports
touched a value of Rs.3, 000 crores
1.2OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT

The objective of the research reported here is to develop a virtual fabric handling
experience using a haptic display. Development of the capability for haptic
simulation of fabric hand requires a feedback system to translate fabric property
data into a virtual haptic display

Fabric hand refers to the total sensations experienced when a fabric is touched or
manipulated in the fingers. Term "fabric handle" or simply "handle" or "hand" is
also used. It is a complex parameter and is related to the fabric properties such as
flexibility, compressibility, elasticity, resilience, density, surface contour
(roughness, smoothness), surface friction and thermal character.
Filament yarns composed of one filament are called monofilament yarns and those
with many filaments are called multifilament yarns. For apparel fabrics
multifilament yarns are usually used.

Objective assessment has a different primary goal: it is to predict fabric hand by

testing relationships between sensory reactions and instrumental data. In 1930
Peirce described first a way of measuring some fabric mechanical properties
related to fabric drape and fabric hand. Lindberg and Dahlberg later established the
relationship of properties and garment appearance in 1961

YARNS
A continuous strand of twisted threads of natural or synthetic fibers, such as wool
or nylon, used in weaving or knitting. b. A similar strand of other materials such as
glass or plastic.
Knitting is a method by which yarn is manipulated to create a textile or fabric; it is
used in many types of garments.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE COMPANY
The scope and prospects of knitting in garment manufacturing as well as the
features of the machinery available for direct ... An analysis of apparel industry fit
sessions ·

The knitting technology has been playing a very vital role in our life style since
1000 B.C. It not only produces fabrics and shaped garments for apparel and
household purposes but also for various technical end applications.

Knowledge developed in the past, particularly in the last 50 years in the field of
knitting technology has contributed significantly to the developments of state-of-
the-art machinery on one hand and highly sophisticated and specialised textile
products on the other.

The basic principles of knitting technology as well as the recent developments in

knitting are now-a-days included in the syllabi of the textile related undergraduate
and postgraduate courses all over the country.

Spacer fabrics may have open or closed structure or a gridded, mesh-like structure.
Various mesh sizes can be obtained by regulating the distance between inlay yarns
in two directions. Spacer fabrics with open structures find appropriate application
for concrete reinforcement owing to better flow of the concrete mixture into the
fabrics.
1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE COMPANY

The second most popular technique of fabric or garment formation by inter-looping

one or one set of yarns. Continuous length of yarn is converted into vertically
intermeshed loops either by hand or by machine. The most important parameter of
a knitted fabric is loop length which can be varied during knitting by changing
machine parameters, process parameters and yarn parameters. The other important
parameters of a knitted fabric which are considered for assessing the quality of the
fabric are courses per inch, wales per inch, stitch density, GSM and tightness
factor.
Types of knitting:

1. Weft -Apr-2012 — CONCLUSION• We should all concentrate on using cotton and allied yarn in
Knitting industry for value addition for the economic upliftment of our

2. Warp knitting

Weft knitting is where the loops are formed one after another in a weft-ways
direction as the fabric is formed. Warp knitting is where a set of warp yarns are
simultaneously formed into loops.

Difference between warp and weft knits:

[table id=20 /]

Knitting fabric properties:

[table id=18 /]

Other essential properties: woven vs knits

[table id=19 /]
 CHAPTER-2

2.1 PROFILE OF THE COMPANY

Company name. : Superior knitting

Address :No.1/346,R.B.S.Thottam,ponnapuram,mudalipalayam,
Tirupur-641 606
Proprietor :vikaram

Phone number. :99655 75311

Company establish :1995

TIN No : 33CZFS1054N1Z3

CST No & Date : 7709864&13/05/2020

PAN No : CZFPS1054N

Production capacity :1,00,000

Annual turnover :10,00,000

Number of employees :30

Lunch time :12.30p.m to 1.30p.m

Working hours : 18 hours

2.2 ABOUT THE COMPANY

Knitting is a method by which yarn is manipulated to create a textile or fabric; it is

used in many types of garments. Knitting may be done by hand or by machine.
Structure of stockinette stitch, a common weave in knitted fabric. The meandering
red path defines one course, the path of the yarn through the fabric. 

knitting is a technique for producing a two domination fabric made from a one-

dimensional yarn or thread. Knitting, production of fabric by employing a
continuous yarn or set of yarns to form a series of interlocking loops. 

Knitted garments are often more form-fitting than woven garments, since their
elasticity allows them to contour to the body's outline more closely; by contrast,
curvature is introduced into most woven garments only with sewn darts, flares,
gussets and gores, the seams of which lower the elasticity of the woven fabric still
further.

Knitting is done by hand or using machines. In hand-knitting, fabric is produced

using flat knitting or circular knitting methods. ... While flat knitting produces two-
dimensional flat fabric, circular knitting creates tubular-shaped fabric. The basic
process begins with casting on, or creation of stitches on the needle.

Knitting also helps in the area of social interaction; knitting provides people with
opportunities to socialize with others. Some ways to increase social interaction
with knitting is inviting friends over to knit and chat with each other. Even if
they've never knitted before this can be a fun way to interact with friends.[2] Many
public libraries and yarn stores host knitting groups where knitters can meet locally
to engage with others interested in hand crafts.

Another interesting way that knitting can positively impact one's life is improving
the dexterity in your hands and fingers. This keeps the fingers limber and can be
especially helpful for those with arthritis.
2.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY

 Profit Earning.
 Creation of customers.
 Regular innovations.
 Best possible use of resources.
 Production and Supply of Quality Goods and Services.
 Adoption of Fair Trade Practices.
 CHAPTER-3

3.1 ORGANIZATION CHART

3.2 DEPARTMENT WISH CHART
 CHAPTER-4

4.1 FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS DEPARTMENT

1.ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT
Administrative department's main function is to control the hole. The
firm's administrative authority remains in hands of managing director and general
manager.

2.PERSONAL DEPARTMENT
The functions of personal department
 Time and control
 Training and development
 Man, power supply
 Employee's welfare administration

TIME AND CONTROL

The register maintaining in the office by time keeper department
supervisor.

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

Training and development is an Important part of the personal
department. It's a worker training and external development in company
management.

MAN,S POWER SUPPLY

Salaries and wages paid by employer to company management in
minimum wages act.

SECURITY CONTROL
 The company management maintains for separate Control in the
concern two shifts works mainly.

EMPLOYEES WELFARE ADMINISTRATION

Employee’s welfare mean other service in company management.
3.FINANCE DEPARTMENT
Finance Department is the part of an organization that is responsible
for acquiring funds for the firm, managing funds within the organization and
planning for the expenditure of funds on various assets.

Apart from financial incentives the two key interesting elements are Yarn Bank
and financial assistance for the solar energy scheme. The scheme was launched
simultaneously in three major clusters, Tirupur, Ludhiana and Kolkata.

Bookkeeping
This is the most basic function of the finance department. It involves the day-to-
day recording, analysis and interpretation of a company’s financial transactions. 

Management of company’s cash flow

It is the duty of the finance department to manage all cash flows into and out of a
company and ensure that there are enough funds available to meet the day-to-day
running of the company.  

Budgets and forecasting

In this function, the finance department works with managers to prepare the
company’s budgets and forecasts and also give feedback with regards to the
financial standing of the company. 
Advising and sourcing longer-term financing
It is the duty of the finance department to advise companies on the best financing
mix that could yield the company the best profit and also help them source longer-
term financing at the lowest cost such that there is a profit level of liquidity. 

Financial Reporting and analysis

Financial reporting and analysis is the function that takes raw accounting entries
and transforms them into meaningful, usable and comparable financial statements. 

4.PURCHASE DEPARTMENT
A purchase department, also called procurement
department or purchasing department, supports operations by serving as the
primary buyer of goods and services in a private sector company, government
agency, educational institution or another type of organization.

The purchasing department is similar to the sourcing department but the main
difference is that the sourcing department works for sourcing the fabrics alone
while the purchasing department works for sourcing the accessories and trims.
However, the working procedure is the same. The working is as follows.

Then the purchasing department has to follow up with the supplier for deliveries as
and when the merchandiser asks for the new set of the materials for that particular
style and then the department also has to maintain the receipts and also they have
to maintain the documents of the inspections that are being carried out for those
materials.

Competitive Procurement Duties

Often, state, local or federal laws require government agencies to make certain
purchases through a competitive bidding process. Some private companies follow
the same practice and task their procurement department with soliciting and
evaluating bids and selecting the best business to supply the goods or services.
For example, a county government’s purchasing department might solicit bids
from automobile dealers to replace police cars. A growing tech company might
petition bids from furniture companies to furnish a new department.

Purchasing Department Jobs and Salaries

Purchasing departments employ agents, buyers, managers and support staff such as
assistants and receptionists. Purchasing department personnel typically work full
time and some work more than 40 hours per week.

Typically, purchasing department employees have bachelor’s degrees in areas such

as supply management, finance or business. However, some small companies or
organizations employ purchasing staff who have not earned a college degree.

5.PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

A production department is a group of functions within a

business that is responsible for the manufacture of goods. ... The production
department can be the largest organization within a business. It may employee
mechanics, machine setup specialists, maintenance personnel, and machine
operators.

The production function relates the maximum amount of output that can be
obtained from a given number of inputs. A production function relates physical
output of a production process to physical inputs or factors of production. It is a
mathematical function that relates the maximum amount of output that can be
obtained from a given number of inputs – generally capital and labor. The
production function, therefore, describes a boundary or frontier representing the
limit of output obtainable from each feasible combination of inputs.
Production Calculations, Weft Knitting Calculation, knitting machine speed,
number of feeds, knitted fabric production, knitted fabric weight, relation between
length, width and weight, production calculations, GSM Grams per square meter,
length of fabric produced, Loop length, Course length, Stitch density, Feeder
density, Suitable yarn count for single jersey knitting machine, Wales space,
Fabric thickness, Fabric diameter (Tubular), Yarn length per stitch, Yarn length
per course
PRODUCTION PROCESS
6.STORES DEPARTMENT

A department store is a retail establishment offering a wide range

of consumer goods in different areas of the store, each area ("department")
specializing in a product category. ... Some stores are one of many within a larger
retail chain, while others are independent retailers.

Knitting machines and knitting in general at Distinctive Knits. See more ideas
about knitting, machine. The in-charge of store is called storekeeper or stores
manager. The organisation of the stores department depends upon the size and
layout of the factory, nature of the materials stored and frequency of purchases and
issue of materials.

The main duties and responsibilities of a store-keeper are: To issue requisition on

purchase department for purchasing materials at the right time. To accept into
stores, materials supplied by suppliers or returned by production departments. To
check in all materials as to quality and quantity.

Stores Organisation. All the items are stored at one place. Materials are received
by & issued from one store. It is ideal from control point of view. Most of the
business concerns have a practice to follow this system Centralised Stores.
7.SALES DEPARTMENT

The sales department consists of a set of business activities and

processes that help a sales organization run effectively, efficiently and in support
of business strategies and objectives. The sales department generally
includes sales, sales support or business operations.

This is a core business practice which is applied to conserve a margin and

simultaneously satisfy the market demand. In any business, a well established
S&OP process is the mark of excellence. A sales and operations plan is generally
prepared on the basis on the Annual Operations Plan (AOP) which is based on
sales and supply. 

DIRECT EXPORT

Supplies Made to Order from World's Largest Supplier Base. Join Free! Logistics
Service. Most Popular. Production Monitoring. Trade Assurance. Types: Clothing,
Phones and Accessories, Computers, Consumer Electronics.

Export process of Knitted or crocheted fabrics, government rules to export Knitted

or crocheted fabrics, different precautions to be taken care to export Knitted or
crocheted fabrics , export documentation to export Knitted or crocheted fabrics.
8.EXPORT DEPARTMENT

As sales are solely the result of a marketing policy, the export

department might be described as an instrument that carries out all the tasks
generated by the international marketing policies of the company. The export
department has concrete goals: to perform all the tasks related to the international
sales.

This post explains export process of Knitted or crocheted fabrics, government rules
to export Knitted or crocheted fabrics, different precautions to be taken care to
export Knitted or crocheted fabrics , export documentation to export Knitted or
crocheted fabrics .

Any importer or exporter of Knitted or crocheted fabrics should know ITC code
(HS code) of their export product. Knitted or crocheted fabrics Export guidelines
to foreign buyers of pile fabrics, including "long pile" fabrics and terry fabrics. 

Export clearance procedures of knitted or crocheted fabrics of wool or fine animal

hair, Export documents require for knitted or crocheted fabrics containing by
weight 5% or more of elastomeric yarn, Customs procedures to export knitted or
crocheted fabrics

Government licenses required to export knitted or crocheted fabrics of synthetic

fibers, Methods to export knitted or crocheted fabrics of artificial fibers, Export
procedures to bring knitted or crocheted fabrics unbleached or bleached, Shipping
procedures to export knitted or crocheted fabrics dyed, Export tips to foreign
buyers of knitted or crocheted fabrics.
9.ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT

An accounting department provides accounting services and manages

the finances of a company. Its responsibilities include recording accounts, paying
bills, billing clients and customers, tracking assets and expenditures, managing
payroll and keeping track of critical tax documents.

CASH BOOK

A cash book is a financial journal that contains all cash receipts and disbursements,

including bank deposits and withdrawals. Entries in the cash book are then posted
into the general ledger.

JOURNAL

PURCHASE JOURNAL

A purchase journal is a specialised accounting journal and it is also a prime entry

book/daybook/main entry book which is used in an accounting system to keep
track of the orders of items placed using accounts payable

SALES JOURNAL

A sales journal is a specialized accounting journal and it is also a prime entry book
used in an accounting system to keep track of the sales of items that customers
have purchased on account by charging a receivable on the debit side of an
accounts receivable account and crediting revenue on the credit side. 
LEDGER

A ledger account contains a record of business transactions. It is a separate record

within the general ledger that is assigned to a specific asset, liability, equity item,
revenue type, or expense type. Examples of ledger accounts are:
Cash. Accounts receivable.

ACCOUNTS DETAILS

Account Details: customer name and account number. Basic: It includes the basic

information about the account, like customer ID, account type, mode of operation,
status, etc. Balance and Limits: It includes information like available balance,
amount hold, net balance, unclear funds, overdraft limits, etc.
 CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSION OF THE KNITTING COMPANY

The superior knitting are a rapidly developing superior knitting unit

It is outcome of hard work and the efficient skilled by the general

manner

Kntting has significant psychology and social benefits, which can

contribute to wellbeing and quality of life. As a skilled and creative occupation,it
has therapeutic potential-an area requiring further research. We should all
concentrate on using cotton and allied yarn in Knitting industry for value addition
for the economic upliftment of our We should all concentrate on using cotton and
allied yarn in Knitting industry for value addition for the economic upliftment of
our.