COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Building System Design Activity Manual

ACTIVITY NO. 5: Building Service System

1.1. Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Activity

a) ability to function on multidisciplinary teams
b) ability to communicate effectively

1.2. Activity Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)

At the end of the activity, the students shall be able to:
a) Identify the lighting and electrical systems in buildings including vertical transportation.
b) Familiarize the plumbing systems in buildings
c) Classify applicable mechanical, communication, and security, and fire protection systems in their
project

1.3. Aims of the Activity

The aim of this activity is to familiarize the electrical, mechanical, plumbing, security,
communications, and fire protection systems of buildings.

1.4. Principle of the Activity

Research on the following topics to familiarize yourself with the background of the activity:
a) Lighting and Electrical Systems in Buildings
b) Plumbing Systems in Buildings
c) Mechanical Systems in Buildings
d) Security, Communications, and Fire Protection Systems in Buildings

1.5. Procedures/Instruction
The activity comprises of the following steps:
A. Lighting and Electrical System
1. Draft the electrical plan for your project.
2. Design the lighting system applicable for your project.
3. Summarize materials needed for the whole lighting and electrical system of your project.

B. Plumbing System
1. Draft the plumbing plan for your project.
2. Design the plumbing system applicable for your project.
3. Summarize materials needed for the whole plumbing system of your project.

C. Mechanical System

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 1. Draft the mechanical plan for your project.
2. Design the mechanical system applicable for your project.
3. Summarize materials needed for the whole mechanical system of your project.

D. Security, Communications, and Fire Protection System

1. Draft the security, communications, and fire protection plan for your project.
2. Design the security, communications, and fire protection system applicable for your project.
3. Summarize materials needed for the whole security, communications, and fire protection
system of your project.

1.6. Data and Discussion

1.6.1. Principle of the Activity
A. LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Description Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total
Amount
1. LED Light Bulb pcs Php.499.00
2. LED Rope Lights m Php.13.00
3. 2.0 mm2 Stranded Wire m Php.16.00
4. 3.5 mm2 Stranded Wire m Php.3,600.00
5. 5.5 mm2 Stranded Wire m Php.4,500.00
6. 8.0 mm2 Stranded Wire m Php.6,990.00
7. Convenience Outlet pcs Php.350.00
8. Range Receptacle pcs Php.399.00
9. Air Conditioning Receptacle pcs Php.249.00
10. Strip outlet pcs Php.515.00
11. USB Outlet pcs Php. 650.00
12. PVC Conduit Pipe 1.25" m Php.18.00
lengths
13. PVC Conduit Pipe 1" lengths m Php.15.00
14. PVC Conduit Pipe 0.75" m Php.11.00
lengths
15. PVC bend 1" pcs Php.35.00
16. PVC bend 0.75" pcs Php.28.00
17. Flexible Pipe 1" m Php.9.00
18. PVC Tape roll pcs Php.174.00
19. Switch MCCB 100A pcs Php.2500.00
20. Switch MCCB 200A pcs Php.3200.00
21. DP (Double Pole) MCB Box Pcs Php.2750.00
22. Multiplug 5A pcs Php.350.00
23. Multiplug 15A pcs Php.499.00
24. TPN Box (to fit only 1 TPN) pcs Php.1290.00
25. TPN 32A pcs Php.260.00
26. TPN 63A pcs Php.299.00
27. TP 63A
28. MCB 20Amp pcs Php.220.00
29. Tube Rod 36W pcs Php.110.00
30. Tube Rod 28W pcs Php.98.00
31. 6 M Modular PVC Box pcs
32. 3 M Modular PVC Box pcs
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33. Switch 5A pcs Php.35.00
34. Switch 15A pcs Php.50.00
35. Socket 5A pcs Php.74.00
36. Socket 15A pcs Php.90.00
37. MCB 6A pcs Php.500.00
38. Choke 18 watt for 4 pin CFL
39. CFL 45W Screw type
40. Connector strip 6A pcs Php.45.00
41. Connector strip 10A pcs Php.55.00
42. Connector strip 16A pcs Php.60.00
43. Single core PVC insulated m Php.4.00
copper wire 1.5sq mm (green)
44. Single core PVC insulated m Php.4.00
copper wire 1.5sq mm (red)
45. Single core PVC insulated m Php.4.00
copper wire 1.5sq mm (black)
46. Single core PVC insulated m Php.6.00
copper wire 2.5sq mm (green)
47. Single core PVC insulated m Php.6.00
copper wire 2.5sq mm (red)
48. Single core PVC insulated m Php.6.00
copper wire 2.5sq mm (black)
49. Single core PVC insulated m Php.8.00
copper wire 4sq mm (red)
50. Single core PVC insulated m Php.8.00
copper wire 4sq mm (black)
51. Single core PVC insulated m Php.10.00
copper wire 6sq mm (red)
52. Single core PVC insulated m Php.10.00
copper wire 6sq mm (red)
53. Single core PVC insulated m Php.12.00
copper wire 10sq mm (black)
54. Single core PVC insulated m Php.12.00
copper wire 10sq mm (green)
55. Single core PVC insulated m Php.15.00
copper wire 16sq mm (red)
56. Single core PVC insulated m Php.15.00
copper wire 16sq mm (black)
57. Ring type Aluminium thimble pcs Php.3.50
10 sq mm
58. Ring type Aluminium thimble pcs Php.3.70
16 sq mm
59. Ring type Aluminium thimble pcs Php.3.90
25
60. Ring type Aluminium thimble pcs Php.4.00
50 sq mm
61. Ring type Aluminium thimble pcs Php.4.30
70 sq mm
62. Ring type Aluminium thimble pcs Php.4.50
95 sq mm
63. Ring type Aluminium thimble pcs Php.4.90
120 sq mm
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64. Ring type Aluminium thimble pcs Php.5.00
150 sq mm
65. Ring type Aluminium thimble pcs Php.5.30
185 sq mm
66. Ring type Aluminium thimble pcs Php.5.50
240 sq mm
67. Ring type Aluminium thimble pcs Php.6.00
300 sq mm
68. Ring type Aluminium thimble pcs Php.7.00
400 sq mm
69. Pin type Aluminium thimble 6 pcs Php.5.00
sq mm
70. Pin type Aluminium thimble pcs Php.7.00
10 sq mm
71. 28W Tube Light Fitting pcs Php.140.00
72. 36W Tube Light Fitting pcs Php.160.00
73. Holder PVC for CFL 36W 4 Pin
74. Holder PVC for CFL 18W 2 Pin
75. Smart Wi-Fi plug-in outlet pcs Php.474.00
76. WiFi Smart Outlet pcs Php.250.00
77. 23/76 Twisted pair or flat m Php.14.00
cable
78. Junction Box 2”x2” Pcs Php.10.00
79. Junction Box 5”x5”x4” pcs Php.40.00
80. Junction Box 4”x4” pcs Php.14.00

B. PLUMBING SYSTEM
Description Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total
Amount
1.12MM PPR Pipe M Php. 132.00
2. Riser 25MM PPR M Php. 340.00
Pipe
3. 25MM PPR Pipe M Php. 160.00
4. 25MM GI Pipe M Php. 167.00
5. 19MM PPR Pipe M Php. 125.00
6. Gate Valve pc Php. 1080.00
7. Hose BIBB pc Php. 414.00
8. Water Meter pc Php. 295.00
9. Lavatory pc Php. 4810.00
10. Shower/ Eye Wash pc Php. 7324.00
11. Water Closet pc Php.10580.00
12. Sink pc Php. 3650.00
13. 150MM PVC SD M Php.800.00
14. 50MM PVC SP pc Php. 407.00
15. 150MM PVC SP pc Php. 719.00
16. 50MM PVC VP M Php. 130.00
17. 100MM PVC SP pc Php. 715.00
18. 75MM Diameter PVC pc Php. 538.00
Down Spouts

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 C. MECHANICAL SYSTEM
Description Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total
Amount
1. Airconditioning unit Panasonic 0.5HP ₱10,179.00
Compact Standard Non-
Inverter CW-620JPH

2. Kitchen exhaust Fujidenzo 60 cm Single ₱3,798

Motor Range Hood RHU-
601 BL
3. Bathroom exhaust OMNI Ceiling Mounted ₱900
fan Exhaust Fan XFC-250
10"
4. Water heater GRIPO high quality ₱2,985
electric instant water
heater 6000W GP6kw
5. Condenser (Aircon) Hisense 1.0HP Split ₱25,395
Type Inverter Air
Conditioner AS-09TR2S

6. Room to Room OMNI Wall Mounted ₱760

exhaust fans Exhaust Fan XFW-200-
8"

7. Airconditioning unit Hisense 1.0HP Split ₱25,395

(inverter) (Master’s Type Inverter Air
Bedroom) Conditioner AS-09TR2S

Aircon Horsepower based on room size (from Meralco)

Room Size Aircon Horsepower (HP)
6 to 11 sqm 0.5 HP
12 to 17 sqm 0.75 HP
18 to 22 sqm 1.0 HP
23 to 27 sqm 1.5 HP
28 to 40 sqm 2.0 HP
41 to 54 sqm 2.5 HP
 Bedroom 1:
Area = 9.63125 Aircon Horsepower = 0.5 HP
 Bedroom 2:
Area = 7.6875 Aircon Horsepower = 0.5 HP
 Bedroom 3:
Area = 7.6875 Aircon Horsepower = 0.5 HP
 Bedroom 4/ Sto.:
Area = 7.6875 Aircon Horsepower = 0.5 HP
 Master’s Bedroom:
Area = 14.46625 Aircon Horsepower = 0.75 HP
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 D. SECURITY, COMMUNICATIONS, AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Description Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total
Amount
1. HD CVI Cameras pcs 1053
2. HD view BNC video m 51
power cable plug
3. Passive Power Video pcs 259
Balun BNC Connector
4. cables wire m 21
5. power adapter pcs 249
6. Monitor pcs 800
7. Telephone pcs 1400
8. RJ11 telephone line m 17
wire
9. Telephone RJ11 pcs 150
modem
10. Fire extinguisher pcs 2200

Building service systems, BSS are essential

elements in the design process, which in most
cases has great impacts on architectural and
structural designs. The BSS are piping network of
fresh water and wastewater –sewage-, electrical
installation network, air conditioning systems, fire
prevention and protection systems, and
communication systems –external and internal-,
which can be summarized as MEP: Mechanical,
Electrical and Plumbing. Including the service
systems and their components into the
architectural and structural designs, and the coordination between these systems help avoid
major obstacles before the construction process.

The MEP design and coordination have importance role in the design process. The
coordination processes used to be carried out by overlaying the two-dimensional drawings of
different service systems, each of which is designed by different specialized designers. The
processes basically depended upon the experiences of architects and structural engineers to
avoid the possible conflicts and to include the systems’ components and spatial requirements
into the design and its spaces. Errors might not be fully detected by these traditional processes
until the construction stages. Identifying conflicts in the 2D-drawings of service systems used
to be an unsuccessful process, due to two main reasons: depending upon designers’ experiences
by delaying the systems coordination to later design stages and using 2D methods and 2D
drawings in detecting the errors and conflicts. These possible errors or conflicts negatively
affect the projects in many aspects, particularly in case of being undetected after the
construction completion which consequentially impact the project’s spaces to accommodate the
systems’ components and requirements.

In the current design applications, architects attempt to include the spatial requirements of
the service systems and their components in the design process as early as possible. The
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benefits resulted from this integration of BSS in the early design processes remarkably save
time, effort, and budget.

Using 3D digital modelling in the

processes of design and coordination not
only improves the designers’ raw
imagination by representing a 3D model
including the components of the service
systems, but also eliminates the errors
generated from the lack of designers’
experiences by visually presenting all
systems’ components even in case of not
using one model for all service systems.
Employing digital modelling eases the
processes of coordination and design, and
makes them more accurate. Authorities, stakeholders and decision makers will gain many
advantages, such as: creating a detailed model of both the design and the service systems which
makes them decisions more reliable and accurate.

BIM is an approach and a process in which the design model potentially includes various
building information of different components and spaces, in order for the users to visualize,
manage, analyze and/or design in a better way. BIM approach offers an effective assistance
represented in making a multidisciplinary model that has BSS in one detailed model, which
helps discover and solve any obstacles of overlapping or/and conflicting. Unlike other digital
tools that help the imagination capabilities of architects or architecture students, BIM proceeds
beyond to unveil and expose possible problems that may appear in the later processes of
designing and construction.
Both the architecture students in the academia level and the graduates in the industry
market, lack the technical knowledge required into the architectural design. According to two
surveys of RIBA -Royal Institute of British Architects- and ACENZ -Association of
Consulting Engineers New Zealand- in 2007, graduates do not have the design knowledge to
solve the technical/construction details inside the designed spaces (Abdelhameed, 2018). The
two studies highlighted that the graduates moreover lack the knowledge to build what they
design (Abdelhameed and Saputra, 2019).

A. Lighting and Electrical Systems and Building

The term
‘lighting’
refers to
equipment, the
primary
purpose of
which, is to
produce light.
This is
typically some

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form of lamp, but lighting can also refer to the use of natural light to provide illumination.

Light is the electromagnetic radiation that exists within a certain portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum. In terms of 'visible light', i.e. that which enables the sense of
sight, it is the part of the spectrum that can be detected and seen by the eye.

The level of light on a surface is described as ‘Illuminance’ and is measured in lux

(lx), where one lux is equal to one lumen per square metre (lm/m²) and a lumen is the SI
unit (International System) of luminous flux, describing the quantity of light emitted by a
lamp or received at a surface.

In relation to external lighting, Urban Design Guidelines for Victoria, published by

The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning in 2017
suggests that: ‘Lighting performs a number of functions, from supporting way-finding,
orientation and safe movement at night to providing a decorative effect for building
facades, landmarks and paths. Lighting systems can be large- scale and utilitarian, or small
and ornamental. They may use overhead lamps, bollards, up-lights, bulkhead or veranda
lighting, feature and facade illumination. Shop display lighting can also contribute to
overall public realm lighting levels. Lighting is critical to creating a public realm that is
safe and inviting for users.’

Lighting in these buildings is predominantly fluorescent. Lamps range in size and

wattage, and the available colors can range from warm white to cool white. Incandescent
tungsten-filament lamps are used mostly for accent lighting, since their light-output
efficiency is low. Mercury-vapor and metal halide-vapor lamps have the same efficiency as
fluorescent lamps, but certain types may have longer operating lives. High-pressure
sodium-vapor lamps have even higher efficiencies and are used in industrial applications;
their marked orange color and high intensity has limited their commercial and institutional
use, however. Each of these types of lamp is used in a variety of fixtures to produce
different lighting conditions. Incandescent lamps can be placed in translucent glass globes
for diffuse effects, or in recessed ceiling-mounted fixtures with various types of reflectors
to evenly light walls or floors. Fluorescent lamps are typically installed in recessed
rectangular fixtures with clear prismatic lenses, but there are many other fixture types,
including indirect cove lights and luminous ceilings with lamps placed above suspended
plastic or metal eggcrate diffuser grids. Mercury-vapor and high-pressure sodium-vapor
lamps are placed in simple reflectors in high-ceilinged industrial spaces, in pole-mounted
light fixtures for outdoor applications on parking lots and roadways, and in indirect up-
lighting fixtures for commercial applications.

 Lightning protection system

A lightning strike can exceed 100 million Volt Amps. Any grounded object that
provides a path to earth will emit upwards ‘positive streamers’ or fingers of electrical
charge. These create a channel of plasma air for the huge downward currents of a lightning
strike.

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 The high voltage currents from a lightning strike will always take the path of least
resistance to ground. A lightning protection system (LPS) can protect a structure from
damage caused by being struck by lightning by providing a low-resistance path to ground
for the lightning to follow and disperse.

An LPS does not attract lightning, and cannot dissipate lightning, it simply provides
fire and structural damage protection by preventing lightning from passing through
building materials themselves.

Buildings most at risk are those at high altitudes, on hilltops or hillsides, in isolated
positions and tall towers and chimneys.

 Hazards of a lightning strike

In the absence of an LPS, a lightning strike may use any conductor as a path to
reach ground, which could include phone cables, power cables, utilities such as water or
gas pipes, or the structure itself if it is a steel frame.

Some of the main hazards presented by a lightning strike to a building include:

 Fire caused by lightning igniting flammable materials or overheating electrical wiring.
 Side flashes, when lightning jumps through the air to reach a better-grounded
conductor.
 Building components can be damaged by explosive shock waves, glass shattered,
concrete and plaster fragmented, and so on.
 Any electrical appliance plugged into a circuit may be badly damaged.
 The air inside porous materials such as masonry may expand rapidly.
 Materials containing moisture from humidity or rain may flash to steam.
 Other materials can reach their plastic limit and melt or ignite.

Types of LPS

Rods or ‘air terminals’

A lightning rod is a tall metallic tip, or pointed needle, placed at the top of a
building. One or more conductors, often copper strips, are used to earth the rod. Rods are
designed to act as the ‘terminal’ for a lightning discharge.

Conductor cables
Numerous heavy cables placed around the building in a symmetrical arrangement.
This is sometimes referred to as a ‘Faraday cage’. These cables are run along the tops and
around the edges of roofs, and down one or more corners of the building to the ground
rod(s) which carry the current to the ground. This type of LPS may be used for buildings
which are highly exposed or house sensitive installations such as computer rooms.

Ground rods

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 These are long, thick rods buried deep into the earth around a protected structure.
They are normally made of copper or aluminum and are designed to emit positive
streamers.

Designing an LPS
Inclusion of an LPS should take into consideration during the design stage. The
design should ensure that even if lightning strikes the structure first, the large voltage
currents will be drawn into the LPS before serious damage can be done.

An LPS can be designed so as to utilize parts of the building that can safely carry
large current loads, and draw energy away from the parts of the building that are not able
to.

An LPS should be designed and installed to prevent side flashes between objects.
By maintaining the electrical continuity of objects to a bonding conductor, any differences
in electric potential can be zeroed, allowing any voltage changes to occur simultaneously.

Electricity has become an essential part of contemporary life, energizing lights,

appliances, heat, air conditioning, televisions, telephones, computers, and many other
modern conveniences.

Electricity arrives at your house from your local utility company by a power line or
underground though a conduit. Most homes have three-wire service—two hot wires and
one neutral.

Throughout the house, one hot wire and one neutral wire power conventional 120-
volt lights and appliances. Both hot wires and the neutral wire make a 240-volt circuit for
large appliances such as air conditioners and electric furnaces.

An electric meter, monitored by your electric utility company, is mounted where the
electricity enters your house.

The main panel is usually right next to or under the meter. This is the central distribution
point for the electrical circuits that run to lights, receptacles, and appliances throughout the
house.
Failure to design proper grounding will render an LPS ineffective as safe dispersal
of the energy from the strike will not be possible. Additional earthing from that provided by
a utility supplier is often required.

Electrical systems in these buildings begin at a step-down transformer provided by

the utility company and located within or very close to the building. The transformer
reduces the standard line potential to two dual voltage systems, which then pass through
master switches and electric meters to record the subscriber’s usage. Each of the voltages
provided serves a separate category of use; different levels are required for incandescent
lights and small appliances, large appliances, ceiling-mounted non-incandescent lighting,
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and heavy machinery. Each
voltage pair has a separate
distribution system of wiring
leading from the meters and
master switches to circuit
breaker panels, where it is
further broken down into
circuits similar to residential
uses. Because high-voltage
wiring is considered hazardous,
the switches controlling
overhead lighting use lower
voltages, and each heavy
machine has its own fused
switch. From the circuit breaker
panel, low-voltage power conduit and wiring is typically distributed through partitions and
ceiling sandwich spaces, but, in large open areas of commercial buildings, there may be
wireways embedded in the floor slab. These wireways can be either rectangular metal tubes
inserted into the concrete slab before pouring or closed cells of formed steel deck; the
wireways are tapped where desired to provide convenience outlets at floor level.

Every electrical design has unique requirements, depending on the scope of the
project. The project scope is determined by the customers’ requirements and the type of
structure that the customer will occupy. For example, if the project requires new electrical
systems for an existing building, then the electrical designer works to incorporate all the
new electrical wiring into the existing system. The de- signer must evaluate the existing
electrical system to ensure that existing electrical systems can accommodate new additional
electrical loads that will be imposed on them. When the design is for a new pro- posed
facility, then the scope of the project is much greater. Electrical designs for these types of
projects require an entirely new electrical system design.

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B. Plumbing Systems in Building
The term 'plumbing' refers to any system that allows the movement of fluids,
typically involving pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks and other apparatus. Modern
plumbing may also involve the movement of gases such as fuel gas.

The etymology of the term ‘plumbing’ comes from ‘plumbum’, the Latin word for
lead. This is because the first effective pipes used for the movement of water were lead
pipes used by the Romans. After the Second World War, increased awareness of lead

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 poisoning resulted in copper piping taking precedence over lead.

Although ancient Greek, Persian and Indian cities had used primitive forms of
plumbing, the Romans were the first to pioneer expansive systems of plumbing, such as
aqueducts, the removal of wastewater, and other sanitary features.

Today, plumbing systems might be used for:

 Heating and cooling.
 Waste removal.
 Potable cold and hot water supply.
 Water recovery and treatment systems.
 Rainwater, surface and subsurface water drainage.
 Fuel gas piping.
A plumber is a person that fits and repairs plumbing and associated fixtures. Plumbers may
also take on roles involving design, management, consultancy, teaching, and so on.

Qualifications obtained by plumbers may involve:

 Apprenticeships.
 Foundations courses.
 National Vocational Qualifications
(NVQs).
 Specialist qualifications.
The plumbing and piping systems in
modern buildings are often complex. They
don’t just distribute liquids and gases. They also
control flow, and there may be more than one
system. For example, the potable water may
feed more than just the indoor faucets, showers,
bathtubs, washing machines and dishwashers. It
may also be distributed to irrigation systems,
hot tubs, fountains and swimming pools. When
potable water is fed to multiple systems, the water distribution system must contain
backflow preventers in order to prevent contamination of the drinking water from water
that may have come into contact with dirt or chemicals.

When we talk about piping, we’re talking about process piping, which is typically
used in industrial buildings, chemical manufacturing plants and even in bakeries. These
pipes may contain water, but they may also contain chemicals, natural gas, propane and
even foodstuffs, like cola syrup, carbonated water, oil and grease and various baking and
cooking ingredients. Process piping systems have to be regularly inspected, cleaned and
monitored in order to ensure safe, reliable operation and to prevent containments from
entering the system.

C. Mechanical Systems in Building

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 Any building service using machines. They include plumbing, elevators, escalators,
and heating and air-conditioning systems. The introduction of mechanization in buildings
in the early 20th century brought about major adjustments; the new equipment demanded
floor space, and the design team began to include electrical and HVAC (heating,
ventilating, and air-conditioning) engineers. Heating and cooling changed dramatically.
Modern buildings, with their large heat gains, turned central heating into little more than a
supplement. Heat removal is a much more serious burden, especially in warm weather. The
roofs of high-rises are occupied by cooling towers and mechanical penthouses; entire floors
are often dedicated to the containment of blowers, compressors, water chillers, boilers,
pumps, and generators.
The mechanical services installation shall comprise heating, ventilation, water, soils and
wastes, and fire protection services. The design of the Mechanical Services must take into
account the site microclimate, the building form and orientation of spaces, the thermal
performance characteristics of the building, the occupancy trends and restrictions on
pollutant emissions.

D. Security, Communications, and Fire Protection Systems in Buildings

In the context of building automation, a security system is composed of two
constituent elements. Figure below is a conceptual diagram. The first is a monitoring
system that oversees what is going on in and around the building by means of cameras and
sensors of various types. The second is a crime prevention system that performs ingress and
egress management and control based on the information from the monitoring systems.

 Monitoring Systems
Monitoring systems may include motion sensors for ingress monitoring and fire
detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, and the like to monitor for emergencies within the
building. The monitored information is
sent via the network to a supervisor in
the form of emergency signals and
images. This information can also be
stored and managed on a security data
server, if needed.

 Crime Prevention Systems

Crime prevention systems may
incorporate sensors such as door open-
close detectors and glass break
detectors to detect emergencies as well as ingress and egress management functions to
enforce entrance and exit regulations and keep logs of those entering and leaving. They
control the entrance and exit of persons to and from the building in conjunction with the
information from the monitoring systems.

 Communication Networks of Security Systems

Via the network, the large volumes of data making up the security logs, operation
logs, and entrance and exit logs from the monitoring and crime prevention systems are
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tracked on security monitoring PCs and stored and managed on security data servers. This
information may also be linked via a network to other building automation systems (air
conditioning systems, lighting systems, etc.) to enable more efficient building security
management.

Solutions
 Sensing
These solutions are suitable for building security systems and deliver low cost and power
efficiency alongside highly accurate measurement. Using these reference boards contributes
to significantly shorter development time.

 Connectivity
Renesas connectivity solutions are available for wireless communication (BLE and Sub-
GHz) and wired communication (PLC) applications. They enable customers to build
networks linking devices and systems without the need to install new wiring.

 User Interface
Renesas HMI solutions comprise microcontrollers incorporating exclusive touch panel
sensing technology and a custom development environment that facilitates quick
development of high-grade products. There are also solutions that can be used to boost
legibility and ease of use with interfaces supporting video and 3D-graphics.

Communications services is a specialized discipline concerned with connectivity,

primarily voice, data, and information technology.

Over the past few decades, telephones have been a necessity and not just an option
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 for homes and offices. This need intensified with the addition and acceptance of internet
connections that also ran through the same phone lines. Communication services arrange
and plan all of these connections and wirings so that they remain well hidden but easily
accessible within any structure.

Protecting your business against fire is one of the most important things you can do
for your financial safety and the safety of your employees. Not only fire dangerous, but
they can cause severe damage which can lead to downtime and costly repairs. The best way
to protect your business from fire, reduce potential damage to the building and its contents,
and keep occupants safe, is by investing in a fire protection system. Fire protection systems
include fire suppression, sprinklers, smoke detectors, and other fire protection equipment
that works in tandem to protect against fire. It is best to work with a fire protection
company that understands the needs of your property and provides a variety of integrated
protection systems. Keystone Fire Protection Co. provides a full range of fire protection
services, from system design to installation, maintenance, inspection, and repair.

Fire protection systems are considered either active or passive. Active fire
suppression systems require some kind of action to undergo their intended purpose whether
it be to trigger an alarm or release a clean suppression agent. Fire detection systems may
seem passive but are actually considered active fire protection and can be combined with a
suppression or sprinkler system to extend protection.

Passive fire protection is often forgotten but equally as important and must be
combined with active fire protection systems for full fire protection. Passive fire protection
systems are those systems put in place within the structure of the building and require no
human interaction to do what they were intended to do. For example, fireproofing walls or
compartmentalization of a building can prevent the spread of a fire without any human
action or even the need for electricity. Emergency lighting and exit signs are also
considered examples of passive fire protection.

The fire protection services and maintenance required for a particular fire protection
system relies on specific local laws and fire codes and/or National Fire Protection Agency
regulations. Parts of your fire protection systems may need to be inspected or tested at
regular intervals. You may need to be trained on how to use specific fire protection
equipment. That’s why it is best to work with a fire protection company that provides a full
spectrum of fire protection services. Not only will Keystone Fire Protection Co. help design
and install active and passive fire protection systems, but we will also provide guidance on
proper maintenance, schedule inspections or testing, and stand by for emergency repairs.
Contact Keystone today to get a quote for fire protection services or ask about the right fire
protection system for your business today.

1.6.2. Design Attachments/Illustrations (See attached)

Attachment 1: Lighting Plan

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Attachment 2: Lighting Plan

Attachment 3: Electrical Plan

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Attachment 4: Electrical Plan

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Attachment 5: Plumbing System

Attachment 6: Plumbing System

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 Attachment 7: Plumbing System

Attachment 8: Plumbing System

1.6.3. Observation
Imagine yourself in the most fabulous building in the world. Now take away the lighting,
heating and ventilation, the lifts and escalators, acoustics, plumbing, power supply and energy
management systems, the security and safety systems and you are left with a cold, dark,
uninhabitable shell.
Everything inside a building must do what it was designed to do, not just to provide
shelter but also be an environment where people can live, work and achieve and also to make
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them safe and comfortable.
To make a building come to life it includes:
 Energy Supply – gas, electricity and renewable sources
 Heating and Air Conditioning
 Water, Drainage and Plumbing
 Natural and Artificial Lighting, and Building Facades
 Escalators and Lift
 Ventilation and Refrigeration
 Communication Lines, Telephones and IT Networks
 Security and Alarm Systems
 Fire Detection and Protection

Modern buildings are built to create better, consistent and productive environment in which
to work and to live. Building must be designed with features to provide:
 Better Lighting
 Comfortable Space Temperature, Humidity and Air Quality
 Convenient Power and Communication Capability
 High Quality Sanitation; and
 Reliable Systems for the Protection of Life and Property

All these desirable features have become a reality with advances in building systems.
Block-type buildings without windows, such as department stores, are totally dependent on
electrical lighting, ventilation and space conditioning. High-rise buildings must rely on high-
pressure water for drinking and cleaning purposes and for protection against fire.
Impact Systems on Buildings:
 Demand considerable amounts of floor and ceiling space, proper space allocation is
needed during the preliminary planning.
 Add to the cost of construction of building, sophisticated building, such as research
buildings, hospitals, computer centers
 Increase in energy consumption, energy consumed by occupied building, including
residential, commercial, institutional and industrial facilities, account for 50% of all
energy usage by an industrialized country; it also accounts for large portion of the
operating costs of such buildings.

Mechanical Systems
Are the mechanical systems in your building functioning correctly? When we talk about
mechanical systems in a building, we are talking about the machines and systems that help the
building operate smoothly. Common mechanical systems include the HVAC system, electrical
wiring, plumbing, ventilation, escalators and elevators. Basically, if it has moving components
or helps something move, like water, gas or electricity, it’s probably a mechanical system
 HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning)/ ACMV (Air-Conditioning and
Mechanical Ventilation)
 Site Utilities – Water Supply, Drainage, Sanitary Disposal, Gas Supply
 Plumbing – Water Distribution, Water Treatment, Sanitary Facilities, etc.
 Fire Protection – Water Supply, Standpipe, Fire and Smoke Detection, Annuciation,
etc.
 Special Systems
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 Property managers and building owners often think of the HVAC system as the machinery
that supplies the building with climate-controlled air, but an HVAC system is far more
complex than the rooftop or ground unit that facilitates heat transfer. Modern commercial
HVAC systems are comprised of either rooftop units or, air ducts, CO2 sensors, thermostats,
fans and dampeners. Some systems may even contain humidifiers and dehumidifiers as well as
carbon monoxide detectors.
In order to keep the building comfortable, eliminate allergens and mold and prevent toxic
gases from building up in the indoor environment, all of these pieces of equipment must work
together. The thermostats must be programmed for the season as well as the time of day and
anticipated occupancy levels. The CO2 sensors must detect the amounts of CO2 in the air and
trigger the dampeners to open when CO2 levels are too high in order to allow fresh air into the
building. The dehumidifiers and/or humidifiers must monitor the moisture in the air and turn
on and off in order to maintain ideal humidity levels, and the fans and blowers must operate
long enough to circulate the air in the building to prevent stagnation. Keeping all of these
components working optically helps keep building occupants comfortable and prevents the
development of sick building syndrome.

Electrical Systems

For all building construction or remodeling building projects, the owner or occupant must
first have a concept for the new design, and then the architect or designer can produce a set of
building plans. These plans convey all the required information to the local inspection authority
and associated building trades so that the construction or remodeling can take place. Because
commercial and industrial building contain a number of electrical systems, these plans include
specific electrical designs and additional documentation to verify that the design conforms to
all building codes.

An electrical design goes through several important stages of development. First, the
designer must understand the scope of the project. Then, the de- signer defines and designs
each component (such as general office areas, specialized machinery, and power distribution
equipment) to recognized industry standards. Finally, these individual compo- nents are
compiled to form the final presentation for the design.
 Electrical Power – Normal, Standby, and Emergency Power Supply and Distribution
 Lighting – Interior, Exterior, and Emergency Lighting
 Auxiliary – Telephone, Data, Audio/Video, Sound, Security Systems, etc.
 Special Systems

1.6.4. Conclusion
Your building’s electrical system powers all the components in the building from lights,
and outlets to the security system, computers, servers and HVAC. To get an idea of the
importance of this system, think about all the items in your building that cease to function
during a power outage. This will give you an idea of the scale of your building’s electrical
system. However, this system also includes safety features, like circuit breakers, GFI outlets,
which are supposed to be installed in rooms that contain water fixtures, and arc fault
interrupters. Older buildings may need power distribution systems in order to ensure the
building has enough power for all the modern equipment that is now needed in buildings, and
buildings with critical systems or life-saving systems that cannot be without power may need
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backup generators to supply power in case there is an electrical grid outage.

Most building owners, property managers and superintendents are keenly aware of the
energy costs associated with operating a building, including the cost of water, electricity and
gas. For that reason, most are interested in implementing energy-efficient upgrades and
exploring alternative energy sources, including low flow faucets and showerheads, Energy Star
rated appliances, solar panels and wind turbines. These energy-saving systems are considered
mechanical systems because they relate to the overall performance of the building. Not to
mention, these systems may be connected to other systems, such as the BAS system, plumbing
system and electrical systems.

Mechanical services are responsible for significant portion of energy and water
consumption in buildings. Thus, they have become important components of most modern
building complexes, with a strong influence on other services and the architecture.

The criteria for the design and selection of the various mechanical systems shall be
examined on an individual basis to provide as accurate a result as possible. The following
issues shall be included in a selection matrix format at stage 3 for appropriate mechanical
systems; capital cost, running costs, replacement cost, plant space, controls, maintenance,
efficiency, noise, appearance, interference with user events, response, impact on build,
compatibility with natural ventilation where appropriate.

In designing the mechanical services such as the heating, hot water etc. The Design Team
shall take account the possibility that parts of the school will be used outside normal school
hours and design accordingly for these areas. These areas normally include the General-
Purpose Room and ancillary areas and associated corridors.

Building automation systems (BAS) provide automatic control of the conditions of indoor
environments. The historical root and still core domain of BAS is the automation of heating,
ventilation and air-conditioning systems in large functional buildings. Their primary goal is to
realize significant savings in energy and reduce cost. Yet the reach of BAS has extended to
include information from all kinds of building systems, working toward the goal of "intelligent
buildings". Since these systems are diverse by tradition, integration issues are of particular
importance. When compared with the field of industrial automation, building automation
exhibits specific, differing characteristics
At first glance, communication lines can appear simple enough, especially if we are just
looking at one phone and a modem on a single room or house. It becomes more complicated
though if we begin looking at multiple connections, networks and systems for a multi-level
structure such as an office building.

It is always better to plan ahead rather than having to deconstruct a part of your home or
office in later years just to accommodate the new systems that you require. Getting the services
of specialist engineers greatly help to avoid these hiccups, saving time and money

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1.6.5. Documentation