B‡jKUªwbK I AvaywbK e¨vswKs BDwbU
Electronic and Modern Banking
9
f‚wgKv
eZ©gvb hyM‡K Z_¨ cÖhyw³i hyM ejv nq| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i AMÖhvÎvq cwievi, mgvR I iv‡óªi cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ Gi
‡Qvquv †j‡M‡Q| myZivs cÖhyw³‡K MÖnY bv Ki‡j Avgv‡`i wcwQ‡q co‡Z n‡e| †mKvi‡YB eZ©gvb miKvi wWwRUvj
evsjv‡`k Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q| G Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v‡KI †X‡j mvRv‡bv n‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b
evsjv‡`‡k B‡j±ªwbK e¨vswKs-Gi Kvi‡Y †WweU KvW©, †µwWU KvW©, GwUGg KvW© BZ¨vw`i cwigvY †e‡oB Pj‡Q|
myZivs G wel‡q Avgv‡`i Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| G BDwb‡U e¨vswKs †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i e¨envi m¤ú‡K©
we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| Zvn‡j Avmyb Avgiv BDwbUvU †kl K‡i Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wbf©i e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v
m¤ú‡K© †R‡b ‡bB|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn
G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-9.1 : Ab-jvBb e¨vswKs aviYv I ¸iæZ¡
cvV-9.2 : Ab-jvBb e¨vswKs c×wZ
cvV-9.3 : Z_¨ msiÿY I †MvcbxqZv
gyL¨ kãgvjv AbjvBb e¨vswKs, †gvevBj e¨vswKs
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-9.1 AbjvBb e¨vswKs t aviYv I ¸iæZ¡
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
AbjvBb e¨vswKs aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AbjvBb e¨vswKs-Gi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AbjvBb e¨vswKs-Gi µgweKvk e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AbjvBb e¨vswKs aviYv
B‡j±ªwbK e¨vswKs-Gi aviYv (Concept of Electronic Banking)
eZ©gv‡b B‡j±ªwbK e¨vswKs m¤ú~Y© bZzb aviv cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Q| GwU cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki mgm¨v¸‡jv `~i Ki‡Z
†c‡i‡Q| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ev ICT e¨envi K‡i †h e¨vswKs Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡”Q Zv‡K B‡j±ªwbK
e¨vswKs ejv nq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e GwUGg †mevi K_v ejv hvq| UvKvi ev· wn‡m‡e L¨vZ GwUGg ey_ e¨envi K‡i
gvbyl †h †Kvb mgq e¨vs‡Ki UvKv Zzj‡Z cv‡i, Avevi RgvI w`‡Z cv‡i| GwUGg e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k
C‡`i Av‡M e¨vs‡Ki Kjgvwb ‡iU Av‡Mi gZ evo‡Q bv| †Kbbv gvbyl C‡`i QzwU‡Z e¨vs‡Ki G & wUGg ey_ †_‡K A_©
D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i; mivmwi e¨vs‡K †h‡Z nq bv|
B‡j±ªwbK e¨vswKs-Gi µgweKvk
wbfy©j †jb‡`b †iKW© Kivi Rb¨ e¨vs‡K Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv nq| µgvbœ‡q Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨vs‡Ki
Kvh©µg eûjvs‡k `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q| 1961 mv‡j ÔThe National City Bank of New York’ B‡j±ªwbK e¨vswKs
e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b K‡i| G e¨vsKwU EFTS (Electronic Fund Transfer System) bv‡g e-Banking Kvh©µg cÖ_g
cÖeZ©b K‡i| Gici 1967 mv‡j hy³iv‡R¨i “Barclays Bank” cÖ_‡g Cash Dispenser (CD) ¯’vcb K‡i| G‡Z
KvM‡Ri fvDPvi e¨envi Ki‡j 10 cvDÛ †ei n‡q Avm‡Zv| Gici G cÖhyw³wU BD‡iv‡ci bvbv †`‡k Qwo‡q c‡o|
myB‡Wb, d«vÝ I myBRvij¨vÛ cÖ_g “National Cash Dispenser Network” e¨envi ïiæ K‡i| Gici Rvcvb I
Av‡gwiKv 1969 mv‡j wb‡R‡`i cÖhyw³‡Z CD ‡gwkb e¨envi ïiæ K‡i| Z‡e G¸‡jvi meB wQj Ad&jvBb cÖhyw³|
Loyd’s Bank cÖ_g Cash Point 1972 mv‡j ewm‡q AvaywbK AbjvBb e¨vswKs Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i| G Cash Point-
G magnetic stripe hy³ Plastic Card e¨envi Kiv n‡Zv, hv w`‡q Cash Point †_‡K UvKv Zzjv †h‡Zv| Cash
Point¸‡jv †K›`ªxq Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi hy³ wQj| I‡qe cÖhyw³ Avwe®‹„Z nIqvi ci eZ©gv‡b B›Uvi‡bU
†bUIqvK© Lye kw³kvjx n‡q‡Q| d‡j ‡h †Kvb RvqMv †_‡K B›Uvi‡bU ev ‡gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µg m¤¢e| mg‡qi
weeZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ mviv we‡k¦ fvP©yqvj (Virtual) e¨vswKs Gi hyM ïiæ n‡q‡Q|
B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs-Gi myweav/¸iæZ¡
AvaywbK e¨vswKs-Gi Ab¨Zg ms‡hvRb n‡”Q B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs ev B-e¨vswKs| e¨vswKs RM‡Z K‡qK `kK a‡i
B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs †mev cÖPwjZ _vK‡jI evsjv‡`‡k GwU bZzb| B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs mgMÖ e¨vwKs e¨e¯’vi m¤ú~~Y©
cwieZ©b K‡i w`‡q‡Q| evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~n MÖvnK‡`i `ªæZZi I DbœZi †mev cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³i e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Q|
BDwbU 9 c„ôv 170
wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ
K. gvwjK‡`i `„wó†KvY †_‡K myweavt
1. `ªæZ I wbf©yj †mev cÖ`vb: B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g e¨vsK MÖvnK‡`i `ªæZ I wbfzj© †mev w`‡Z
cv‡i| G‡Z e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZ g‡°‡ji Av¯’v e„w× cvq| d‡j e¨vsK AwaK MÖvnK AvK…ó Ki‡Z cv‡i; d‡j
AwaK gybvdv AR©b m¤¢e nq|
2. DbœZ †mev cÖ`vb: B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs MÖvnK‡`i DbœZgv‡bi †mev cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j RbM‡Yi
Kv‡Q e¨vs‡Ki mybvg e„w× cvq| Giƒc mybv‡gi Kvi‡Y e¨vsK AwaK msL¨K MÖvnK‡K Kv‡Q Uvb‡Z cv‡i hvi
d‡j GKw`‡K AvgvbZ e„w× cvq Ges Ab¨w`‡K FYMÖnxZvi msL¨vI †e‡o hvq|
3. cÖkvmwbK e¨q n«vm: B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs e¨vs‡Ki cwiPvjbv I cÖkvmwbK e¨q n«vm Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY
Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii d‡j Kg Rbkw³ wb‡qvM K‡i `ªæZ I mn‡R †ewk KvR Kiv m¤¢e nq| d‡j
cÖkvmwbK e¨q n«vm cvq|
4. Avq e„w×: B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vi Kvi‡Y F‡Yi my` eve` Avqmn †WweU KvW© wd, †µwWU wd, AbjvBb
e¨vswKs wd, A_© ¯’vbvšÍi wd, GmGgGm e¨vswKs wd BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z wewea Avq e„w× cvq|
5. cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKv: e¨vs‡K ICT-Gi e¨envi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kivi mvg_©¨ I `ÿZv evwo‡q †`q|
B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v bZzb bZzb †mev cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g RbMY‡K AvK…ó Ki‡Z cv‡i| e¨vs‡Ki
`ÿZviI Dbœqb N‡U|
6. Af¨šÍixY cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb: Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g mg¯Í e¨vswKs Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b Kiv n‡j e¨vs‡Ki
wfZ‡i KvMR I bw_i †Kvb ¯‘c _v‡K bv| d‡j e¨vs‡Ki wfZ‡i DËg Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek m„wó nq|
7. KvMy‡R †jb‡`b n«vm: B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vq mKj Z_¨ ev †jb‡`b Kw¤úDUv‡i msiÿY Kiv nq|
d‡j KvMy‡R †jb‡`b n«vm cvq|
8.
L) MÖvnK‡`i `„wó‡KvY †_‡K myweav
1. mg‡qi mvkÖq: Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g ¯^í mg‡qi g‡a¨ wewfbœ cY¨ I †mevi g~j¨ e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g cwi‡kva
Kiv hvq| d‡j MÖvnK‡`i mgq mvkÖq nq|
2. `ªæZ Z_¨ cÖvwß: B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vq †jb‡`‡bi weeiYx Ges Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ Riæwi wfwˇZ
ZvrÿwYKfv‡e cvIqv hvq|
3. `ªæZ A_© ¯’vbvšÍi: AbjvBb e¨vswKs-Gi gva¨‡g MÖvnKMY GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b `ªæZ A_© ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii
myweav †fvM Ki‡Q|
4. wnmv‡ei wbivcËv: G e¨e¯’vq One Stop e¨vswKs Gi AvIZvq GKB e¨w³ KZ…K © Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨
†jb‡`b Kvh© m¤úbœ nq weavq MÖvn‡Ki wnmv‡ei m‡e©v”P wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv m¤¢e nq|
5. ¯^í e¨q: Giƒc e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vq MÖvnKMY Kg Li‡P e¨vswKs myweav MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6. wewfbœgLy x †mev cÖvwß: B-e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vq MÖvnKMY mvaviY e¨vswKs Gi cvkvcvwk ATM KvW©, †WwewU KvW©,
†µwWU KvW,© Online Banking, SMS e¨vswKs, Home Banking BZ¨vw` wewfbœgyLx †mev-myweav †fvM
Ki‡Z cvi‡Q|
wkÿv_©xi KvR B-e¨vswKs †_‡K MÖvnK wK ai‡bi †mev cvq Zv LvZvq wjLyb|
BDwbU 9 c„ôv 171
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
mvims‡ÿc:
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ev ICT e¨envi K‡i †h e¨vswKs Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡”Q Zv‡K B‡j±ªwbK e¨vswKs
ejv nq| AvaywbK e¨vswKs-Gi Ab¨Zg ms‡hvRb n‡”Q B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs ev B-e¨vswKs|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ √) wPý w`b|
1. B-e¨vswKs cwiPvwjZ nq Kx‡mi gva¨‡g?
K. ‡bUIqvK© L. ‡dmeyK
M. Uz¨BUvi N. ¯‹vB‡c
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU B-e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ Acwinvh©?
K. mdUIq¨vi L. ¯§vU †dvb
M. wbivcËv iÿx N. ‰e‡`wkK gy`vª
3. B‡jKUªwbK e¨vs‡Ki m~Pbv nq KZ mv‡j?
K. 1961 mv‡j L. 1969 mv‡j
M. 1971 mv‡j N. 1973 mv‡j
4. me©c_Ö g B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs Gi m~Pbv nq †Kvb †`‡k?
K. hy³ivR¨ L. hy³ivóª
M. BZvwj N. jy•gevM©
5. AbjvBb e¨vswKs Gi gva¨‡g-
i. Ab¨ kvLvq wbR account-G UvKv Rgv †`qv hvq
ii. Ab¨ kvLv †_‡K UvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv hvq
iii. Ab¨ kvLvq AwZ `ªæZ UvKv ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
6. B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vq-
i. axiMwZ n«vm †c‡q‡Q
ii. DbœZ †mev cvIqv hvq
iii. wbfzj wnmve iÿY m¤¢e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
BDwbU 9 c„ôv 172
wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ
cvV-9.2 AbjvBb e¨vswKs c×wZ
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
AbjvBb e¨vswKs c×wZ eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
AbjvBb e¨vswKs Kvh©vewji weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
AbjvBb e¨vswKs Gi myweav-Amyweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AbjvBb e¨vswKs
eZ©gv‡b e¨vsKmg~n B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs‡qi c×wZ e¨envi K‡i †hme MÖvnK †mev cÖ`vb K‡i, Zv wb‡P
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
1. ‡WweU KvW© (Debit Card)
MÖvnK †WweU KvW© e¨envi K‡i wb‡Ri wnmv‡ei bM` A_© D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zvi wnmv‡e D‡Ëvjb‡hvM¨ UvKvi
e¨v‡jÝ †`L‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU †WweU Kv‡W©i GKwU mywbw`©ó b¤^i i‡q‡Q| wbw`©ó cwigvY UvKv Rgv w`‡q MÖvnK e¨vsK
†_‡K †WweU KvW© myweav wb‡Z cv‡i| G KvW©wU Cash Card bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
2. ‡µwWU KvW© (Credit Card)
eZ©gv‡b eûj cwiwPZ †µwWU Kv‡W©i g‡a¨ VISA, Master Card, American Express Card BZ¨vw` Ab¨Zg|
G¸‡jvi gva¨‡g e¨vsK wbw`©ó A_©g~‡j¨i †µwWU KvW© MÖvn‡Ki AbyK~‡j Bmy¨ K‡i| G KvW© e¨envi K‡i gvbyl wbw`©ó
cwigvY FY myweav ‡fvM K‡i| KvW©†nvìvi (Kv‡W©i gvwjK) evwK‡Z cY¨`ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b G KvRwU
AbjvBb e¨vswKs Gi gva¨‡g ¯^qswµqfv‡e ZvrÿwYK msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K|
3. GwUGg (ATM-Automated Teller Machine)
GwUGg UvKvi ev· bv‡g L¨vZ| w`bivZ 24 N›Uv e¨vs‡K UvKv Rgv †`Iqv, RgvK…Z UvKvi cwigvY Rvbv, Ab¨
wnmv‡e UvKv ¯’vbvšÍi Ges UvKv D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨ GwUGg e¨envi Kiv nq| mvaviYZ evwYwR¨K GjvKvq ev †hLv‡b
NbemwZ †mLv‡b iv¯Ívi cv‡k wbivc` ¯’v‡b G †gwkb ¯’vcb Kiv nq, hv‡Z MÖvnKMY mn‡R Gi myweav †fvM Ki‡Z
cv‡i| MÖvn‡Ki bv‡g eivÏ †`Iqv Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g ATM hš¿wU e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| GwUGg †`‡ki e¨vswKs Lv‡Z GK
Avg~j cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q|
4. †nvg e¨vswKs (Home Banking)
MÖvnK‡`i Zv‡`i wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡b †i‡L e¨vsK †h mKj e¨vswKs †mev cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K †nvg e¨vswKs e‡j| GRb¨
e¨vswKs †mev MÖn‡Y Zv‡K D³ e¨vs‡Ki Awd‡m hvevi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| †nvg e¨vswKs †mev mg~‡ni g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
†Uwj‡dv‡bi wej cÖ`vb, we`y¨Zmn wewfbœ BDwUwjwU wej cwi‡kva BZ¨vw`| eZ©gv‡b †gvevBj e¨vswKs-Gi gva¨‡g Lye
mn‡R †nvg e¨vswKs †mev MÖnY Kiv hvq|
5. Iq¨vi UªvÝdvi (Wire Transfer)
B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs-Gi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ dmj n‡jv Iq¨vi UªvÝdvi e¨e¯’v| †Uwj‡dvb e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wewfbœ
Avw_©K cÖwZôvb GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b A_© ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Q| Iq¨vi UªvÝdv‡ii gva¨‡gB SWIFT bvgK A_©
¯’vbvšÍ‡ii wm‡÷g cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| SWIFT-Gi cy‡iv K_vwU n‡jv The Society for Worldwide Interbank
Financial Telecommunication–Gi cÖeZ©b nq| SWIFT code e¨envi K‡i e¨vsK wbivc‡` MÖvn‡Ki A_© Ab¨Î
†cÖiY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
BDwbU 9 c„ôv 173
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
6. Avi G wm Gm (RACS-Retail Automated Clearing House Service)
AviGwmGm c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ e¨vs‡Ki †jb‡`bmg~n myôzfv‡e `ªæZZvi mv‡_ m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| ¯^sqwµq
wbKvk N‡ii b¨vq Automated Clearing House Association-Gi m`m¨MYB †Kej G myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
G ai‡bi †jb‡`b wbw`©ó †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbvi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K|
7. †PK †jb‡`b (Cheque Transaction)
G †mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨vsK GKwU †PK msiÿY Microfilm Kwc e¨envi K‡i| d‡j MÖvnK AZx‡Zi †P‡Ki Z_¨
Rvb‡Z PvB‡j e¨vsK Microfilm n‡Z Zv msMÖn K‡i MÖvnK‡K cÖ`vb K‡i| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b Gi e¨envi A‡bK K‡g
G‡m‡Q|
8. weµq †mev we›`y ev wc I Gm (Point of Sale †mev ev POS)
g~jZ wc I Gm †mevwU n‡”Q Ggb GKwU e¨e¯’v †h e¨e¯’vq cY¨ ev †mevMÖnxZv cY¨ ev †mevi g~j¨ †WweU KvW© ev
†µwWU Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cv‡i| G e¨e¯’vq e¨vsK we‡µZv cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ GKwU Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡q
we‡µZv cÖwZôvb GKwU Point of Sale (POS) Uvwg©bv‡j Punch K‡i UvKv MÖnY K‡ib| Card punch Kivi mv‡_
mv‡_B cY¨ ev †mevi g~j¨ †µZvi wnmve †_‡K Debit n‡q hvq Ges we‡µZvi wnmv‡e †µwWU n‡q hvq|
9. Iqvb ÷c mvwf©m (One-stop service)
eZ©gv‡b GKRb MÖvnK hw` †P‡Ki gva¨‡g UvKv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j wZwb ‡PKwU `vwqZ¡iZ Kg©KZ©vi wbKU
Rgv w`‡j H Kg©KZ©v MÖvn‡Ki Bank Account wU hvPvB K‡i †`L‡eb †h †P‡K cÖ`Ë ¯^vÿ‡ii mv‡_ bgybv ¯^vÿ‡ii
wgj Av‡Q wKbv, Account G ch©vß UvKv Av‡Q wKbv ev cwi‡kv‡ai wel‡q †Kvb wb‡`©kbv Av‡Q wKbv| G mKj Z_¨B
GKRb Kg©KZ©v Zvi Computer Gi gva¨‡g †c‡Z cv‡ib| hw` mg¯Í Z_¨ wVK _v‡K Zvn‡j e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v MÖvn‡Ki
wnmv‡e †P‡K D‡jøwLZ UvKvi cwigvY w`‡q †WweU K‡i †`q Ges MÖvnK‡K H UvKv mv‡_ mv‡_B UvKv MYbvKvix h‡š¿i
gva¨‡g ¸‡Y cÖ`vb K‡ib|
10. †gvevBj e¨vswKs (Mobile Banking)
e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vq me©‡kl ms‡hvRb n‡jv †gvevBj e¨vswKs| G c×wZ‡Z †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g e¨vswKs I Ab¨vb¨
Avw_©K †mev cÖ`vb Kiv nq| †gvevBj e¨vswKs-Gi gva¨‡g cÖ`vbK…Z †mevmg~n n‡”Q bM` A_© Rgv, bM` A_©
D‡Ëvjb, †eZb cÖvwß, GK wnmve †_‡K Ab¨ wnmv‡e A_© ¯’vbvšÍi, cY¨ µq BZ¨vw`| †gvevBj e¨vswKs G‡ZvUvB
cÖmvi cv‡”Q †h, fwel¨‡Z KvMy‡R gy`ªvi e¨envi K‡g hv‡e, e¨vs‡Ki kvLv K‡g hv‡e Ges †jb‡`‡b hyMvšÍKvix
cwieZ©b Avm‡e|
wkÿv_©xi KvR †gvevBj e¨vswKs m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi e³e¨ LvZvq wjLyb|
BDwbU 9 c„ôv 174
wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ
mvims‡ÿc:
cÖwZwU †WweU Kv‡W©i GKwU mywbw`©ó b¤^i i‡q‡Q| wbw`©ó cwigvY UvKv Rgv w`‡q MÖvnK e¨vsK †_‡K †WweU KvW©
myweav wb‡Z cv‡i| ‡µwWU KvW© e¨envi K‡i gvbyl wbw`©ó cwigvY FY myweav ‡fvM K‡i| KvW©‡nvìvi (Kv‡W©i
gvwjK) evwK‡Z cY¨`ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z cv‡i| w`bivZ 24 N›Uv e¨vs‡K UvKv Rgv †`Iqv, RgvK…Z UvKvi cwigvY
Rvbv, Ab¨ wnmv‡e UvKv ¯’vbvšÍi Ges UvKv D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨ GwUGg e¨envi Kiv nq| MÖvnK‡`i Zv‡`i wb‡Ri
Ae¯’v‡b †i‡L e¨vsK †h mKj e¨vswKs †mev cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K †nvg e¨vswKs e‡j| AviGwmGm c×wZi mvnv‡h¨
wewfbœ e¨vs‡Ki †jb‡`bmg~n myôzfv‡e `ªæZZvi mv‡_ m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| wcIGm e¨e¯’vq e¨vsK we‡µZv
cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ GKwU Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡q we‡µZv cÖwZôvb GKwU Point of Sale (POS) Uvwg©bv‡j Punch K‡i
UvKv MÖnY K‡ib| †gvevBj e¨vswKs-Gi gva¨‡g cÖ`vbK…Z †mevmg~n n‡”Q bM` A_© Rgv, bM` A_© D‡Ëvjb,
†eZb cÖvwß, GK wnmve †_‡K Ab¨ wnmv‡e A_© ¯’vbvšÍi, cY¨ µq BZ¨vw`|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√ √) wPý w`b|
1. MICR wb‡Pi †KvbwUi mv‡_ m¤ú„³?
K. ‡WewU KvW© L. ‡µwWU KvW©
M. ‡PK N. cÖZ¨q cÎ
2. Ab-jvBb e¨e¯’vq MÖvn‡Ki Z_¨ e¨vsK †Kv_vq msiÿY K‡i?
K. f‡ë L. mvf©v‡i
M. DcMÖ‡n N. ‡Mvcb K‡ÿ
7. MÖvn‡Ki A_© n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k †KvbU e¨eüZ nq?
K. BEFTN L. MICH
M. BSECR N. ‡µwWU KvW©
3. evwK‡Z cY¨ `ªe¨ µq Kiv hvq-
K. ATM KvW© Gi gva¨‡g L. Debit KvW© Gi gva¨‡g
M. Credit card Gi gva¨‡g N. Cash Card Gi gva¨‡g
4. ‡Kvb ai‡bi e¨vsK e¨e¯’vq AbjvBb e¨vswKs myweavRbK?
K. GKK L. MÖæc
M. kvLv N. ‡PBb
5. AbjvBb e¨vswKs †KvbwU †ewk e¨envi Kwg‡q‡Q-
K. ‡c-AW©vi L. e¨vsK WªvdU
M. cÖZ¨q cÎ N. ‡PK
6. ‡Kvb ai‡bi B‡j±ªwbK e¨vswKs †mevq MÖvnK wb‡RB A_© UªvÝdvi Ki‡Z cv‡i?
K. Iqvb ¯úU mvwe©m L. ATM
M. AbjvBb e¨vswKs N. ‡nvg e¨vswKs
7. evsjv‡`‡k ATM ey_ G wbivcËv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq-
i. PIN ii. Pattern
iii. Password
BDwbU 9 c„ôv 175
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
8. B‡j±ªwbK e¨vswKs cwiPvwjZ nq-
i. ‡bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g ii. Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g
iii. AbjvB‡b gva¨‡g
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
9. ‡WweU Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g-
i. cY¨ µq Kiv hvq
ii. bM` UvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv hvq
iii. dvÛ UªvÝdvi Kiv hvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
10. ‡µwWU Kv‡W©i myweav n‡jv-
i. FY m„weav jvf Kiv hvq
ii. ATM †_‡K UvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv hvq
iii. cY¨ ev †mev µ‡q e¨envi Kiv hvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i, ii I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
BDwbU 9 c„ôv 176
wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ
cvV-9.3 e¨vs‡K Z_¨ msiÿY I †MvcbxqZvi ¸iæZ¡
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
AbjvBb e¨vswKs c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ msiÿY I †MvcbxqZvi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AbjvBb e¨vswKs c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ msiÿY I †MvcbxqZvi ¸iæZ¡
cyivZb e¨e¯’vq e¨vs‡Ki eo †iwRóvi LvZvq MÖvn‡Ki me Z_¨ wjwce× K‡i wbw`©ó K‡ÿ Zvjve× K‡i
ivLv n‡Zv| ZvB KviI c‡ÿ †Kvb wbw`©ó MÖvn‡Ki Z_¨ Pzwi K‡i †mB Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i RvwjqvwZi
my‡hvM ‡cZ bv| ZvQvov, mbvZb e¨e¯’vq mkix‡i e¨vs‡K G‡m †jb‡`b Ki‡Z nZ e‡j e¨vs‡Ki c‡ÿI hvPvB Kiv
mnR wQj| wKš‘ B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v †jb‡`b mnRKiY I `ªæZ mg‡q wb®úwËi my‡hvM wb‡q Avwef©~Z n‡jI
MÖvn‡Ki Z‡_¨i wbivcËv I ‡MvcbxqZv ûgwKi g‡a¨ c‡o‡Q|
MÖvn‡Ki Z‡_¨i †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kivi KvRwU e¨vsK I MÖvnK Df‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb| eZ©gv‡b firewall e¨envi K‡i
e¨vs‡Ki mvf©v‡i wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v †bIqv nq|
1. e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv t MÖvn‡Ki Z‡_¨i ‡MvcbxqZv iÿvq e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv n‡jv wb¤œiƒc:
K. cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbqš¿Y: e¨vs‡Ki `vwqZ¡cvÖ ß e¨vw³ Qvov mvf©v‡i cÖ‡e‡ki †ÿ‡Î mZK©Zv Aej¤^b I wewawb‡la
Av‡ivc|
L. ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msiÿY: e¨vsK mvf©v‡i Z_¨ msiÿ‡Yi c~‡e© Z_¨‡K †Mvcb ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍi
(Encryption) K‡i msiÿY K‡i _v‡K| †Mvcb mvs‡KwZK iƒcvšÍ‡ii wewfbœ c×wZ i‡q‡Q hv evievi Kiv DwPZ
bq|
M) Kg©KZ©v‡`i‡K ch©‡eÿY Kiv: mvf©v‡i `vwqZ¡ cÖ`v‡bi c~‡e© mswkøó Kg©KZ©v‡`i Rxeb e„ËvšÍ ch©‡eÿY Kiv|
N) cÖvK…wZK wech©q †_‡K iÿvi e¨e¯’v : cÖvK…wZK wech©q †_‡K mvf©v‡ii wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Kivi gva¨‡g
e¨vsK MÖvn‡Ki Z_¨‡K myiÿv w`‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr e¨vK-Avc e¨e¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e|
2. MÖvn‡Ki f~wgKv: Z_¨ msiÿ‡Y MÖvn‡KiI h‡_ó f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| MÖvnK‡K Aek¨B Zvi †Mvcb b¤^iwUi e¨env‡i
mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|
K. kw³kvjx cvmIqvW© e¨envi: kw³kvjx I `xN© cvmIqvW© MÖvn‡Ki wnmv‡ei wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡e| mvaviY
bv¤^vi, Aÿi I wewfbœ wPýmg~‡ni mgwš^Z e¨envi cvmIqvW©‡K kw³kvjx K‡i|
L. wbivcËv: MÖvn‡Ki wnmv‡e cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ cvmIqv‡W©i cvkvcvwk wØZxq wbivcËv wnmv‡e ‡gvevBj b¤^i A_ev
†Kvb wbivcËv cÖkœ (Security question) e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
M. cÖwZevi e¨envi Kivi ci MÖvn‡Ki wnmve †_‡K mwVKfv‡e jM-AvDU (Log out) Kiv|
AbjvBb e¨vswKs Gi wbivcËv SzuwKmg~n: AbjvBb e¨vswKs n‡jv B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs-Gi GKwU we‡kl iƒc|
AbjvBb e¨vswKs-Gi wbivcËvi SzuwK¸‡jv n‡jv:
1. wdwks (Fhishing) t Acivaxiv fvBivmhy³ f~qv B‡gBj wKsev †U·&U †g‡mR cvVv‡bi gva¨‡g MÖvn‡Ki Z_¨ Pzwi
Ki‡Z cv‡i| G cÖwµqv‡K wdwks e‡j|
BDwbU 9 c„ôv 177
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
2. KvW© RvwjqvwZ t MÖvn‡Ki GwUGg KvW© RvwjqvwZi gva¨‡g Acivaxiv MÖvn‡Ki Z_¨ I A_© Pzwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. ¯úvB Iqvi (Spy ware) t GB †Mvcb mdUIqvi †gvevB‡j wKsev Kw¤úDUv‡i msiwÿZ Z_¨ Acivax‡K cvPvi
K‡i †`q|
wkÿv_©xi KvR AbjvBb e¨vswKs-Gi wbivcËv m¤ú‡K© LvZvq wjLyb|
mvims‡ÿc:
B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v †jb‡`b mnRKiY I `ªæZ mg‡q wb®úwËi my‡hvM wb‡q Avwef©~Z n‡jI MÖvn‡Ki Z‡_¨i
wbivcËv I ‡MvcbxqZv ûgwKi g‡a¨ c‡o‡Q| MÖvn‡Ki Z‡_¨i †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kivi KvRwU e¨vsK I MÖvnK
Df‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb| eZ©gv‡b firewall e¨envi K‡i e¨vs‡Ki mvf©v‡i wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v †bIqv nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 9.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√√) wPý w`b|
1. AbjvBb e¨vswKs-G wbivcËvi Rb¨ †KvbwU †Mvcb ivLv cÖ‡qvRb-
K. cvmIqvW© L. wnmve b¤^i
M. b¨vkbvj AvBwW b¤^i N. †KvbwU bq|
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
DËi ms‡ÿc
mswÿß DËi-cÖkœ
1. cÖ_g Ab jvBb e¨vswKs wm‡÷g †Kv_vq Pvjy nq?
2. Ab jvBb e¨vswKs Gi ˆewkó¨ ¸‡jv wK wK?
3. Ab jvBb e¨vswKs Gi myweav¸‡jv wK wK?
4. Ab jvBb e¨vswKs Gi Amyweav¸‡jv wK wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. evsjv‡`‡k Ab jvBb e¨vswKs wel‡qi Dci GKwU eY©bv wjLyb|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœvejx
1. GKwU Riæwi cÖ‡qvR‡b Avwgi nVvr Ôevwiaviv e¨vsKÕ †_‡K 10,000 UvKv D‡Ëvj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv| wKš‘
qvKvi evwn‡i Ae¯’vb Kivq †m Zvi gv‡K †dv‡b GKwU AbjvBb A¨vKvD›U †Lvjvi c×wZ eywS‡q ej‡jv|
Avwgi gv A¨vKvD›UwU Ly‡j AZ¨šÍ `ªæZZvi mv‡_ UvKv Zzj‡Z mÿg n‡jb| wZwb AevK n‡q †`L‡jb, mbvZb
c×wZi †P‡q bZzb G c×wZ Av‡iv wbf©yj Ges Kvh©Ki|
K. DÏxc‡K Avwgi gv wb‡R Dcw¯’Z bv n‡qI †Kvb Dcv‡q UvKv Zzj‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb eY©bv Kiæb|
L. ¯^í mg‡q UvKv D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨ Awg†ii AbjvBb †mev †bqvi †hŠw³KZv wbiƒcY Kiæb|
BDwbU 9 c„ôv 178
wdb¨vÝ, e¨vswKs I wegv wØZxq cÎ
2. †mwjg ZvjyK`vi 15 eQi a‡i GKwU e¨vs‡K Kg©iZ i‡q‡Qb| wewfbœ mgqB e¨vs‡Ki KvRK‡g© wZwb bvbvb
fzj-ÎæwU Ges Kv÷gvi‡`i nqivwb †`‡L‡Qb| wKš‘ weMZ K‡qKeQ‡i nVvr e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©vewj B‡jKUªwbK n‡q
hvIqvq wZwb jÿ¨ Ki‡jb, cyiv‡bv me mgm¨v AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB wbg©yj n‡‡Q| d‡j Kv‡Ri MwZ I MÖvnK msLv
e„w× †c‡q‡Q| B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs Gi myweav Dc‡fvM K‡i wZwb AZ¨šÍ AvbwšÍZ n‡jb|
K. evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gvb †gwkb¸‡jv weMZ KZ eQ‡ii M‡elYv I DbœwZi dmj?
L. Cash point †gwkb Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i?
M. DÏxc‡K B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs-Gi d‡j Kxfv‡e Kv‡Ri MwZ I MÖvnK msL¨v e„w× †c‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. GKRb e¨vsK Kg©Pvix wn‡m‡e †mwjg ZvjyK`vi B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs n‡Z Kx Kx myweav cv‡e e‡j Zzwgg‡b
K‡iv?
3. ivqnvb mv‡ne eD Ges kvwjKv‡`i wb‡q GKwU †i÷z‡i‡›U †L‡Z †M‡jb| wej Avmvi ci gvwbe¨vM Ly‡j wZwb
†`L‡Z †c‡jb Zvi Kv‡Q bM` UvKv wKQz Kg Av‡Q| wKš‘ Zvi mv‡_ GKwU ATM KvW© wQj| mv‡_ mv‡_ wb‡P
†b‡g wZwb ¯^í `~i‡Z¡ H e¨vs‡KB GKwU ATM ey_ Lyu‡R †c‡jb| †mLv‡b `ªæZZvi mv‡_ wZwb Zvi KvW© Ges
ATM †KvW w`‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq UvKv Zz‡j wej cwi‡kva Ki‡Z mÿg n‡jb|
K. me©c_Ö g ¯’vwcZ CD †_‡K MÖvnKMY Kx cwigvY A_© D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z mÿg wQ‡jb?
L. ATM-Gi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
M. DÏxc‡K ivqnvb mv‡ne ATM myweavi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e DcK…Z n‡q‡Qb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. ATM ey_ †_‡K UvKv †Zvjvi †ÿ‡Î KvW© Ges P I N †KvW e¨env‡ii mv_©KZv g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
4. gywbi †nv‡mb Youth Bank †_‡K †WweU KvW© Bmy¨ Ki‡jb| †Kbbv bM` UvKv nv‡Z ivLv wbivc` bq| †mLv‡b
50,000 nvRvi UvKv Rgv nevi ci _vBj¨vÛ åg‡Y wM‡q KvW©wU e¨envi K‡i wZwb wewfbœ mgq UvKv D‡Ëvjb
Ki‡jb Geswewfbœ `ªe¨vw` µ‡qi Kv‡R e¨envi Ki‡jb|
K. KZ mv‡j me©c_Ö g †WweU Kv‡W©i e¨envi Pvjy nq?
L. Master Card ej‡K Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡K åg‡Y Li‡Pi Rb¨ gywbi mv‡ne †Kvb †WweU KvW© e¨envi K‡ib? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. Avcwb Kx g‡b K‡ib bM` UvKv nv‡Z ivLvi †P‡q †WweU KvW© e¨envi Kiv AwaK wbivc`? gZvgZ w`b|
5. ûgvqyb mv‡ne GKRb e¨emvqx| wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b memgq bM` UvKv e¨vsK †_‡K D‡Ëvjb I enb KZvi Rb¨
SzuwKc~Y© Ges mgq mv‡cÿ| mgq euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ wZwb H e¨vsK †_‡K GKwU †µwWU KvW© Bmy¨ Ki‡jb| d‡j
Zvi e¨emvwqK Kg©KvÐ mnR n‡q hvIqvi cvkvcvwk e¨vsKI myweavcÖvß n‡jv|
K. POS-Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
L. †µwWU KvW© e¨env‡ii cÖwµqv ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
M. DÏxc‡K ûgvqyb mv‡ne †Kvb ai‡bi †µwWU KvW© e¨envi Ki‡j me‡P‡q DcK…Z n‡eb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. GKRb †µZv Ges e¨emvqx wn‡m‡e ûgvqyb mv‡n‡ei Ges Bmy¨Kvix e¨vsKwUi †µwWU KvW© e¨envi I cÖ`v‡bi
mv_©KZv g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
6. Avw¤^qv cÖwZgv‡m MÖv‡g Zvi gv‡K WvK‡hv‡M UvKv cvVvq| wKš‘ G c×wZ‡Z †m †ewk fimv cvqbv| GKw`b Zvi
GK mnKgx©‡K †m †dv‡bi gva¨‡g UvKv cvVv‡Z †`‡L| cieZx©‡Z †m AbjvB‡bi GKwU e¨vsK A¨vKvD›U Lyj‡Z
PvB‡j Zvi mnKgx© Zv‡K mZK© K‡i| Zvi mnKgx© Rvbvq c~‡e© b¤^i I cvmIqvW© Pzwi nIqvq †m cÖZviYvi
¯^xKvi n‡q‡Q|
K. SWIFT-Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
L. SMS e¨vswKs-Gi AvIZvfz³ †mev¸‡jv wjLyb|
BDwbU 9 c„ôv 179
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
M. Avw¤^qvi mnKgx© †Kvb c×wZ‡Z A_© †cÖiY K‡i? eY©bv Kiæb|
N. Avw¤^qvi mnKgx©i AbjvBb e¨vswKs bxwZ KZUzKz †hŠw³K e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib|
7. B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs m¤ú‡K© fxwZ _vKvq gynvBwgb GKw`b Zvi gv‡K eywS‡q ejj, Kxfv‡e b¤^i Ges cvmIqvW©
e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e¨vsK MÖvnK‡`i wbðqZv †`q| dg©c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g me Z_¨ MÖnYI hvPvB-evQvB Kivi myweavI
†m Zvi gv‡K Rvbv‡jv| Gme ï‡b gynvBwg‡bi gv Avk¦¯Í n‡jb|
K. jwe ATM Kx?
L. ev‡qv‡gwUªK m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b|
M. DÏxc‡K †MvcbxqZv iÿvi e¨vcv‡i gynvBwgb Zvi gv‡K Kxfv‡e Avk¦¯Í Ki‡jv? e¨vL¨v w`b|
N. B‡jKUªwbK e¨vswKs m¤ú‡K© gynvBwg‡bi gv‡qi G fxwZ KZUzKz †hŠw³K e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib?
8. wg‡mm jvfjx ingvb me Kv‡RB B-e¨vswKs †mev MÖnY K‡ib| wKš‘ MÖv‡g wM‡q wZwb †`L‡jb Zvi †evb mbvZb
c×wZ‡Z e¨vswKs †mev MÖnY Ki‡Q| MÖv‡g Kw¤úDUvi Ges B›Uvi‡bU myweav mnRjf¨ bv nIqvq B-e¨vswKs
†mLv‡b GLbI cÖPwjZ bq|
K. KZ mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k LyPiv B-e¨vswKs †mev Pvjy nq?
L. eZ©gvb kniv‡j B-e¨vswKs G‡Zv RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i‡Q †Kb?
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k †Kvb ai‡bi B-e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ? eY©bv Kiæb|
N. DÏxc‡K D™¢~Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡k B-e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vi cÖPj‡b Kxiƒc c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?
we‡kølY Kiæb|
9. we‡`k †_‡K G‡m gCb mv‡ne Zvi fv‡Mœ Avwmd‡K wb‡q Kzwóqv Nyi‡Z †M‡jb| wKš‘ wewfbœ mgq cÖ‡qvR‡b UvKv
Zzj‡Z wM‡q wZwb Ach©vß ATM ey_mn B-e¨vswKs Gi †ÿÎ bvbvb ai‡bi Amyweavi m¤§yLxb n‡jb| Avwmd
Zv‡K Rvbv‡jv GLbI G‡`‡k B-e¨vswKs ˆkk‡eB Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q|
K. K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvq †Kvb KvW©wUi gva¨‡g †µwWU KvW© RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡iwQj?
L. †PK¯‘c cwi®‹viKiY cÖwµqvwU ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
M. DÏxc‡K gCb mv‡ne Kzwóqvq B-e¨vswKs mvwf©m MÖn‡Y †Kvb ai‡bi Amyweavi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Qb? e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
N. ÔGLbI G‡`‡k B-e¨vswKs ˆkk‡eB Ae¯’vb Ki‡QÕ- Avwm‡di G e³e¨wU Kx †hŠw³K?
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 9.1 : 1.K 2.K 3.K 4.L 5.L 6.L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 9.2 : 1. M 2.L 3.M 4.M 6.N 7.N 8.N 9.N 10.N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 9.3 : 1. K
BDwbU 9 c„ôv 180
