UNIT -3 VOWELS, DIPHTHONG: TRIPHONES, DIPHONES & ABBREVIATED "W" 3.1. INTRODUCTION In the previous lessons you have been explained the consonants and the rule for joining them along with the definition of a consonant sound. Pitman’s Shofthand is written according to the sound and not according to the spellings.n this lesson yoi will learn about the Vowels, Diphthongs, Triphones, Diphones and Abbreviated 'W'. 3.2 OBJECTIVES After learning this lesson carefully, you will be able to read, write and understand the basic principles of Pitman's Shorthand and to: * recall, illustrate and undertake practice of long and short vowels sounds. * write the Diphthong sounds ‘Enjoy, Music’ ‘ow’, ‘oi’ and 'U' as heard in the words 'T’, ‘Now’, . recall, identify and undertake practice of Diphones and abbreviated shorthand writing, in practicalVowels, Diphthongs,Triphones, Diphones & Abbreviated "W" ::27 3.2.1 VOWELS Vowel is a sound which can be produced without the help of any other thing. In other words, you can say that vowel isa vocal/spoken sound which can be heard and is produced by the forced passage of the breath through a narrow opening of mouth, In English language there are five full vowels and they are a, e, i, o and u. But there are 12 vowels in shorthand. AH, A, E AW, 0, OO aei 0,u,00 Vowels are very important pre-requisite of Shorthand, because with the help of vowels, it becomes easy to learn shorthand, as Pitman’s shorthand is based on those 12 vowels. Those 12 vowels are divided in two groups i.e. 6 dot vowels and 6 dash vowels. These two groups ‘of 6 vowels each are divided further into two groups i.e. 3 heavily sounded dot vowels and three heavily sounded dash vowels three lightly sounded dash vowels, and 3 lightly dot vowels. The heavily sounded dot and dash vowels are used for the words which are spoken with heavy sound and lightly sounded dot and dash vowels are used for the words which are spoken with light sound. ‘These 12 vowels are divided in three groups of 4 each. The three groups have been allotted three different positions i. first, second and third position. These three groups of four ‘vowels each will be discussed in the later part ofthe lesson. The 12 vowels can be seen and weil understood with the help of the tables given below:- Heavy dot Vowels Heavy dash Vowels Sound As in Sign Sound Asin Sign AH Pa AW Saw A May ; ° Go Ls E We 00 Too. Pe ae Light dot Vowels : Light dash Vowels Sound Asin Sign Sound Asin Sign a That . ° Not e Pen u Much i Is : 0 Book Both the above tables explain the sounds as they are spoken in words and their signs with which they are represented in Shorthand. These vowels can well be pronounced andStenography ‘understood with the help of the undermentioned two popular sentences: " Pa may we all go too." "That pen is not much good." 5. To remember the above vowel sounds, you are required to practise the same by speaking the above two sentences again and again, Itis now clear to you that if there is a heavily sounded vowel, the same is to be represented with the light dot or dash. ‘You have been taught that there are 26 consonants/strokes in Pitman's Shorthand and you might have understood the same. Out of these 26 strokes, 5 strokes/consonants i.e. kay, Bay, em, en and ng are known as horizontal strokes because while practicing the same they are written on the line in a hofizontal position, Alll these strokes have two sides/ ie, left and right and three places for putting the vowels: Ifthe vowel is put on the left side of the straight downward stroke, itis read first and if the vowel is put on the right haid side of the straight downward stroke the same will be read last. But in case of horizontal strokes, if the vowel is coming before the stroke/consonant, the same is to be put on the upper side or the above side of the stroke and if placed under, the same is to be read last or after the stroke. Similarly, the curved strokes too have two sides. The left side of the curved strokes is known as before side and the right side of the stroke is known ‘after side’, nd if the vowel is coming before the stroke the vowel should be read first and if the same is coming after the stroke shiould be put afterwards and read afterwards. It is always better to write the stroke first and then to put the vowel. Vowels should be put on the strokes as ifa perpendicular is being put and the vowels should be wriiten by disjoining them from the strokes. You are now to read vowels and strokes in the manner in which you read longhand i.e. the thing which is coming before should be read first and the thing which is coming after should be read after, and in the manner in which you read a book i.e. from top to bottom of the page. As each stroke is provided with two sides for the putting of the vowels ~before and after, the same are provided with three positions also for the three groups of 4 vowels each as stated above. The three places can be seen as under: These three groups of vowels are-first group of 4 vowels AH A, AW and O for first position, second group of 4 vowels a, e, 0 and u for second position and third group of 4 vowels E, i, 00 and 00 for third position. On the stroke, the first position is always determined from where the consonanv/stroke is starting, the second position is in the middle of the consonant and the third position is the end of the stroke. First group of 4 vowels is meant for first position, the second group of four vowels is meant for second position and the thirdVowels, Diphthongs,Triphones, Diphones & Abbreviated " group of four vowels is meant for third position. This can be observed from the chart given below Ist Group. Tind Group Tilrd Group Ist Place Vowels Second Place Vowels Third Place Vowels eg. AH wd A E a \ . i AW © 00 ° 8 0 From the above table, you have noticed that for hrst place vowels - first stroke of the word. 1s written above the Iine-and the vowel 1s pu sn she first place, for second place vowel, the first stroke of the word has beem written on the Jme and the vowel has been put in the second place 1.¢. 1n the middle‘of the stroke/eansoriant and foi third place vowel, the first stroke of the word is written through the life andthe vowel has been put in the third place. Vowels coming with Horizontal Strokes: Ist place vowels when coming with a horxzontal stroke should be put in the first place and the stroke should be put in tne nrst place and the stroke (horizontal) snould pe written above the line. Similarly, if second place vowel is coming with a horizontal, vowel should be putat the second place and the stroke should be written on the line. Butat the horizontal stroke is with a second place vowel and is followed by. a downward stroke, the horizontal stroke should be written above the line and the second stroke which is a downward stroke will rest cn the line. Ifa horizontal stroke is with a second place vowel and is followed by an upward stroke, the same should be written on the line and the second stroke is to be written in its origitial form. In case third-place vowel, with the horizontal stroke, it should be put in the third place of the stroke, and the stroke should be written on the line. I horizontal stroke 1s with a third prace.vowel.and is followed by upward stroke, the same wiil be written below the 1ine and the second stroke which is'an horizontal stroke will be written in the original form x:¢, 1 will be written by cutting the line, But if there is a downwara stroke with the horizontal strake, the horworttal stroke willbe written above the [ine and the second stroke ‘will be written by cutting the lune and in all the cases the vowel iso be putin the third place ‘on the betore side of the secoad stroke; because itis not possible to write a horizontal stroke through the line ands adjusted according to the vowel sound. It wll be very clear to you if you go through the toflowing.table. You should now practice shorthana outimes of the words given below for understanding the vowels more clearly30:: Stenography Ist place heavy dot vowels: palm. Ist place heavy dash vowels: X airoviiocaal ball: paw. jaw. Ist place light dot vowels: Ist place light dash vowels: y : Putting the vowels while writing shorthand always failitate reading back the same, particularly when you are writing at speed and when there are words with same place/position and with ~ same strokes. While attempting theory questions in shorthand, examples are to be given and all the examples should be given by writing the same with vowels. bat.. dam... body. - got. Vowels are to be put in their respective places i.e, according to their sounds. If the vowels are not put in their appropriate places, it will lead to mis-reading the outlines and the result will be more mistakes. Rather, if an outline has been written at its proper place, the same can be easily read by putting the appropriate vowels while writing at speed. In case of any doubt, you should discuss the problems relating to vowels with your colleagues, and try to arrive at the correct solutions because group discussions always lead to the correct solutions to a problem. Practice exercises Write in Shorthand:- 1 First Place Vowels: Pa map Shah knock Balm Saw Ball 2. Second Place Vowel Laid Raid Shape Date debt Make Vote3 Deep Keep tool Beat Lead Feed bill ‘Vowels, Diphthongs,Triphones, Diphones & Abbreviated " Third Place Vowel Write the following sentences in shorthand five times:~ 4. (a) They should ship all the coal (b) They should change the date. cy (ce) ‘The Head may have on Monday. @) Should all the money be put into a bank? 3.1__INTEXT QUESTIONS ‘Choose the correct answer: tp (@) (b) ©) @ (b) © (@) (b) © @ &) How many long vowels are there in Pitman’s Shorthand: 3 6 2 How many full vowels are there in English Language? 4 5 6 For first place vowel, the first stroke of the word should be written: On the line above the line through the line When coming in the middle of the two strokes, the third place vowel is written: at the end of the first stroke on the before side of the second stroke32:: Stenography () ‘on the before side of the second stroke at the third place 5. Inthe absence of a vowel, generally the outline: (@) can be read easily (b) cannot be read easily (©) ___can be read but with difficulty. SHORT FORMS/GRAMMALOGUES: \. be... the. but... which two or two... who. 3.2.2. DIPHTHONGS You must have read such words as ‘my’ ‘mile’, ‘die, ‘tie’, boy’, ‘toy’, ‘cow’, "bow, 'few', ‘view’, ‘duty, beauty’ (sounded bewti) and 'royal'. You will find many more such words in English language. A further class of vowels known as diphthongs or double sounds. These double vowels or diphthongs are not entirely new sounds but are compounds of the simple vowels. We define a diphthong as the union of two vowels in one sound or syllable. You Pronounce two vowels as a-i but you pronounce the diphthong as ai (I) not a-i Similarly in the word ‘cow’ you do not pronounce the two vowels as a-oo but pronounce them jointly as 00. So you will see that in diphthongs the first vowel glides into the second vowel and both sound together. Diphthongs - 1, OW, OF and U The signs representing the four common diphthong below: shorthand are given in the chart Dipthong sound Sign As heard in the word Place with stroke 1 I die : (first) 2 ow cow (third) 3. Ol joy (first) 4. U few (third) at In the chart above you will see that the first and the third diphthongs I and Ol are placed in the first positions with consonants while the second and the fourth diphthongs OW and U are placed in the third positions. You will write these diphthongs both before and after the consonant strokes like vowel signs according to their occurrence. The third place diphthongsVowels, Diphthongs,Triphones, Diphones & Abbreviated "W" :: 33 OW and U will be indicated like third place vowels in such words as mouth beauty and so on. You will be able to memorise the four diphthongs as heard in a single sentence. I now enjoy music’, You will write the consonant stroke in the first place (above the line), if diphthong I and Ol are indicated, and in case of diphthong OW and U, you will write the stoke in the third place (cutting the line). For example you will write ‘tie’ as ‘toy’. and as ‘duke’. as cow. a SHORT FORMS/GRAMMALOGUES Joining of Diphthongs ‘You tan join the diphthong signs in many words, because the joining is easy and lifting of pen or pencil is avoided which quickens the writing. You will join the diphthong I while occurring, 2 first sound in a word lke item. £5 le. €Y€5...fnnn- You can abbreviate v the sign.... _.. While prefixing it to strokes | and m, for example you will write I will as. am as. 572. The sign....%... will change its place in word 'nigh’ which will be - written as... In this case........¥....... has been written in the third place joined with the stroke... >=... Obviously it is for easy and quick joining. You can write the sign for OW ( A_) joined with a stroke- (@) inthe beginning of a word as ‘ow! (b) in the end of a word as ‘bow. You will abbreviate the Sigh sn (4..u:-nwhile affixing to stroke n (~~ }, for example you write now as.....5<%. You can join the semi-circle....A.......Sign for diphthong U with strokes and write it view’ as. _jknew! h kh SL Generally you will join the convenient directions, for example, you write ‘due’ as. diphthongs for convenient and easy writings. 3.2.3. TRIPHONES In words like ‘diary’ you will notice that sounds I Ol OW and U have been immediately followed34:: Stenography by another vowel sounda a eand e which have been represented by a small tick. When a vowel sound ly follows a diphthong we call it a triphone- tri = three and phone = sound. So diphthong + any other vowel = triphone. You will represent the third called triphone, hi vowel sound with a small tick attached to the dipthong as i A triphone is a vowel immediately following a diphthong represented by a small tick. examples: lying. om variety. ud power, As fewer... 3.2. INTEXT QUESTIONS. 1. Fill in the blanks: vowels, (a) The word I consists of (b) A diphthong is the... of two yowels .in one sound or syllable, : (c) The sign of diphthong I is written in the. place. (a) Vowels e and oo sounded together is pronounceé..... (©) The word diphthong means.. @® A. ® is a third vowel sound immediately following a diphthong. ign represents the sound Ul, it is written in, lace, -sign, it is written (t) The sound U is represented by....... ir place. 2. Choose the right word in the following sentence: in of vowel sound aw and i as heard in the word try/toy/ (6) Diphthongs are written in one/both side(s) or the strokes (©) Land Ol are second/first/third place diphthongs. (4) - Uand OW are first/second/third place diphthongs. ” (©) __Listhird/first place dipthong and U is second/third/first place diphthong.() © @ () wf @ w i 3.2.4 Vowels, Diphthongs, Triphones, Diphones & Abbreviated "W" :: 35. Write the following words in shorthand: right, lie, buy, high, cow, cowed, vouch, boy, toy, joy, duty, beauty. Correct the outlines of the following words: v \ Die. Sigh. Fill in the blanks: ..the diphthong signs in some. You ca Joining of diphthongs... Jifting of pen or pencil. Joining diphthong is... cathe shorthand writing, Diphthong signs can be joined in the ..of a word. The sign for I can be. Words ‘I am' can be written in shorthand joined as... Fill in the blanks: A triphone is a... immediately following a dipthong represented by a The word fewer is composed of... ‘The word diary is composed of.. DIPHONES Diphones have an important place in English language. There are many words in English which can not be pronounced or accurately written without the help of Diphones. In fact many words which can not be represented or expressed with the help of Vowels and Diphthongs in English can be expressed with the help of Diphones. Definition:- Diphone can be defined as: “anion of two vowel sounds occurring consecutively ‘and pronounced separately". “The two vowel sounds which car not be expressed by the four signs of Diphthongs, can be listed in the category of Diphones.Diphones are as important in English Shorthand as are Diphthongs. Therefore, Diphones shouldbe thoroughly practised so that you are able to write these typical sounds accurately in Shorthand. 3.3. INTEXT QUESTIONS Fill in the blanks with suitable words: @ -is a union of two vowel sounds pronounced seperately. (i) Diphones are as important in Shorthand as are..... (i) Diphonic sounds can not be expressed by the signs of. (iv)__Diphone is the occurrence of two vowel sounds. CLASSIFICATION OF DIPHONES Diphones are represented by two angular signs placed inthe three vowel places, according to the first vowel sound. Like Vowels, Diphones are also classified or divided into two groups, i.e. Dot Vowel Diphones and Dash Vowel Diphones. DOT VOWEL DIPHONES: The left angular sign. .of Diphone represents a dot vowel followed by any other vowel. The sign will be put in the place of the first vowel of the combination, Ist place Dot Vowel Diphone (ah + any vowel) £. Nayak Mulayam deity laying saying paying Payee Illrd place Dot Vowel Diphone (e + any vowel) fod. Leo pets, neoVoweis, Diphthongs,Triphones, Diphones & Abbreviated "W" :: 37 Asia Zia India radio 34 _ INTEXT QUESTIONS/DRILL EXERCISE 1. Write in Shorthand the following words: @ Asia (i) ratio Gi) saying (iv) paying (vy) gaity 2. Read, transcribe & practice the following words: @ wi) (iv) ) wi) 3. Fillin the blanks with appropriate words: @ —-Diphones are. vowel sounds pronounced separately. (i) Diphones are classified int vowel groups. Gi) Dot Vowel Diphones are represented by the angular sign. (iv) Dot Vowel Diphones are divided into. places. (&)__Diphones are used in vowel places according to the.... .-vowel sound, Note: If you are able to answer the questions, check your answers from the Answers given at the end. Write every wrong outline 25 times in your Shorthand Note Book.38:1 Stenography DASH VOWEL DIPHONES ‘The right angular Diphonic sign.. -represenis the addition of any vowel to the ~ Dash Vowels in the three places as will be clear from the examples given below: The right angular sign represents a dash vowel followed by any other vowel. Ist plgce Dash Vowel Diphone (aw + any vowel) tawing (to make white leather from skin) nex cawing (to make sound like a crow) sawing (to saw-or cut across) IInd place Dash Vowel Diphone (o + any vowel) 7 , Poet going sae Goel (Goyal) Goa Fai Fr, Goenka Hanoi Ilird place Dash Vowel Diphone (00 + any vowel) , * doing Dua Lai shoeing Hua in Shorthand the following words: @ Boeing tocing doing (iv) showing () sawing (i) Rao Re@ @ ww iv) @ a), i) (iv) w) Vowels, Diphthongs,Triphones, Diphones & Abbreviated "W" ::39 Read, copy and transcribe the following Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the words given in the brackets: Diphones are. two) vowel sounds pronounced separately. (three! Diphones are classified vowel groups. (two/three) Dash Vowel Diphones are represented by the... ingular sign. (lef _ Fight) Diphones are divided into. rowel places. (two/three) The right angular sign of a Diphone represents the addition of any vowel to th wvowel in three places. (dot/dash) Note: After writing the answers in your book in the places given, you should check your answers with the answers given at the end of this lesson. Write each incorrect answer in your Shorthand Note Book 25 times in Shorthand. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIPHTHONGS & DIPHONES ‘After learning the definitions and use of Diphthongs and Diphones, you must have understood the major difference between the two vowel sounds. However, on the basis of pronounciation (phonetic sounds) it may be difficult for you to make a clear distinction between tine two. Here are some points which should be remembered to distinguish the sounds of Diphthongs and Dipltones. Diphthongs Diphones 1 ‘Two vowel sounds are pronounced 1. Two vowel sounds are simultaneously. pronounced separately. 2. Twovowel sounds occur consecutively. 2. In diphones also two vowels ‘occur consecutively. ‘Are expressed by three angular signs 3. Are expressed by two angular and a semi-circle. signsonly.40 :: Stenography 4. _ Signs can be attached & abbreviated 4._—_‘Signs can not be attached or with some strokes. abbreviated with any stroke. 5. Are placed on Ist and 3rd Vowel places. Are placed on all vowel places according to the vowel sound. i.e., Ist, Ind & IIrd place. 3.6 INTEXT QUESTIONS 1, © Write in Shorthand the following words: @ le (vi) Kenya @) Leo (vil) mile Gi) shy (viii) Romeo (iy) Asia (ix) coil () China (x) Goel 2. Read, copy & transcribe: @ i wv ) wi (vii) . (viii). & Oot 3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words given in the brackets: @ signs can be attached with the strokes initially & finally. (Diphthong/Diphone) wo ~~Can be divided into two vowel groups. (Diphones/Diphthongs) (iy Signs can be used in all the three vowel places. (Diphthong/Diphone) (iv) There are no second place...... in English Shorthand (Diphthongs/Diphones)Vowels, Diphthongs,Triphones, Diphones & Abbreviated "W" :: 41 Note: Check & correct your answers with the Answers given at the end. Write each outline 25 times in your note book. THE DEFINITION & USE OF ABBREVIATED "W" ‘Abbreviated means shortening of words. But in Shorthand writing such devices are used for easy and facile outlines with a view to get more speed and accuracy. Abbreviation of "W" is therefore, device through which itis possible to get clear, easy and facile joining of W with certain types of strokes. You have already, read about the use of W stroke in the previous lessons. However, to obtain a clear and easy joining of outlines with W, the stroke of W is shortened or abbreviated. in the form of a semicircle and a small hook before certain consonantal strokes. ‘THE SEMI-CIRCLE OF "W" In Shorthand writing, the stroke of W can not easily be joined with certain strokes. Therefore, «the Stroke of W is shortened or abbreviated initially in the form ofa right semi-circle before k, g.mand rstrokes. The initial semi-circle of W is read first and the vowels and the strokes following it are read after, as will be clear from the following examples: semen Wig week worry worried were ‘womanly walk walking But if a vowel preceds W, the semi-circle of W can not be used. In such cases, the stroke of W is used because a vowel sign can be indicated or placed on a stroke, as will be evident from the following words: ware but aware wake" awake war i award worry" awara 3.7__ INTEXT QUESTIONS 1. Read, copy and transcribe: ) aot42: Stenography 2. Write in Shorthand the following words: @ worth Gi) awardee (il) warranty (iv) weeding ©) width (vi) wipe (vii) wage (viii) washer (@) weeping (%) waging 3. Filllin the blanks with appropriate words: @ Wis represented initially by i-citcle before k, g, m, r sei Gi) The semi-circle of W can not be used initially when -preceds. Gi) Initially the stroke of W is used when it is not followed by (iv) The initial semi-circle of W is read. and the vowels & strokes are read after SU ee Note: Check & correct your answers and write each outline 25 times in your note book. ABBREVIATED W BEFORE L STROKE Whenever W comes before L stroke initially, the W stroke is abbreviated in the form of a small hook to give a facile and easy outline. In other words, it can also be said that the semi- circle of W when joined initially with L stroke, forms a small hook. The initial hook of W is read first and the vowels and L stroke are read after the hook. The hooked from of W takes the vowel positions following it; as will be clear in the following examples: will 2 (s well weld welding wield wealth wealthy WilliamVowels, Diphthongs,Triphones, Diphones & Abbreviated 3.8 _ INTEXT QUESTIONS 1. Write in Shorthand the following words: @ wool Gi) willing Gi) weld Gv) wild () —wieldy (i) will (vi) wooley (ii) welding | (ox) wall (x) walled 2. Read, copy and transcribe: @ Gi) w) ' ii) @& SUMMARY Vowels: ‘After reading this lesson carefully, you are now aware that there are six heavy vowels and ‘ix corresponding light vowels. The heavy/long vowels are represented by heavy dots and dashes whereas light/short vowels are represented by light dots | and dashes. Vowels are to be written by disjoining the same on the stroke. ‘There are three places for putting the vowels i. first place, second place and third place. “These places are meant for first place vowels, second place vowels and third place vowels respectively. Vowels written on the left side of the strokes and on the upper side of the horizontal strokes are known as vowels on the before side and vowels put on the right side and under the horizontal strokes are known as vowels on the after side of the stroke and they be read as they are put on the stroke. When first and second place vowels are coming between the two strokes, the same are to be put afier the Ist stroke and when third palce ‘vowel comes that is to be put on the before side of the second stroke on the third place. Diphthong: 1. A diphthong means double sounds. It is defined as a union of two vowel sounds spoken/pronounced together.44:: Stenography 2, There are four common diphthongs - I OW Ol and U as heard in the sentence "I NOW ENJOY MUSIC." 3 Diphthongs 1... are indicated in the first place while OW...7 J are indicated in the third place. Strokes are accordingly written above and through the line reprectively, 4 Diphthongs follow vowel pattern in writing with consonants. ‘They are indicated before and after a stroke according to occurrence of the sounds. 5. Signet. nd0) when occurring first is joined to a consonant in words like Item ( LL. -.) lee (. ) -) ete, It is also abbreviated when joined to consonant | SS and m in words like Iwill (2%...) Lam (. ). Exceptionally, itis joined in ~ the third place in word like "nigh" 6 The sign . (OW) is abbreviated when affixed to consonant n ( -). as in the word now (, 7. Sign (U)is joined to a consonant in convenient direction for example, few (. 8. A third vowel sound immediately following a diphthong sound called triphones is x indicated by a small tick in words like towel ¢ fR- and fewer (.. & DIPHONE: * Aiphone is the occurrance of two vowel sounds pronounced separately. * _ Diphones are representad by two angular signs placed in three vowels, according to the first vowel sound. Like vowels, Diphones are also divided into two groups i.e., dot vowel diphones and dash vowel diphones, ABBREVIATED 'W': a W stroke is abbreviated before k, g, m, r (upward and downward) in the form of a semi-circle.Vowels, Diphthongs,Triphones, Diphones & Abbreviated "W" * Wis abbreviated in the form of a hook before L stroke initially. *. Wan not be abbreviated initially ifit is preceded by a vowel. EXTENDED LEARNING/MATERIAL FOR ENRICHMENT ‘ For advance learning and enrichment of your knowledge regarding the definition of Diphones and Diphthongs, a number of books are available on Linguistics and Phonetics. However, it would be desirable for the students that they should understand the broad difference between them in regard to their application in Shorthand writing. If you thoroughly practise the outlines and the words formed with Diphonic and Diphthongal sounds, you can use their signs without any difficulty. For extended learning you can consult the following books on the subject: 1. Pitman Shorthand Instructor, New Fra Edition, pages 22-25 and 119-120. TERMINAL QUSETIONS 1, Explain in brief the meaning of vowel and their uses in Pitman's Shorthand. a! Prepare a chart explaining 12 vowel signs. 3. What are the consequences if vowels are not placed in their proper places. 4. Explain in detail i intervening vowel. DRILL EXERCISES Write in shorthand: 1. pie, pile, piracy, die, dial, shy, file, file, pipe, tire, ripo, buy, high, bite, time, timely, ride, fire, isle, idle, Lam. 2. boy, boil, boiling, boiler, toil, toile, coil, toy, enjoy, joy. 3. cow, cowed, rout, rowdy, pouch , vouch.loud, couch, foul, mouth, bow, vow, outlaw, lounge. : 4. few, view, review, sue, issue, knew, due, fuel value, mule, item, eyes, high, deny, argue, irony, oil. 5. now,new, ice, sigh, bureau, beauty, duty, fury. 6. tower, power, royal, dialogue, diary, vial, genuine, annuity, towel, fewer, riot.46 Stenouraphy Write the following words in note book in Shorthand: @ working, work, Gi) wide, widely, witch, (ii) wateh, (iv) worm, worriedI (vy). weekly. wicky, Write in Shorthand the following words in your note book: a Roy, boil. Goel, Mica, folio. ~ Gi) File, Romeo, barium, radium (ii) Mania, radio, video, polio (iv) deity, tile, area, aerial () Nigeria, opium, knife, Korea ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS/TERMINAL QUESTIONS Intext Questions 3.1 Lb) Deeb) Is 1) an) 5..2° ©) : Intext Questions 3.2 1 (@) two (b) unionVowels, Diphthongs, Triphones, Diphones & Abbreviated "W" :: 47 (©) first (d) ow (e) double sounds (triphone (@) (h) Correct: (a) toy (®) both” (©) first @ © third” (e) first, third w written @) (b) () @ © 3) join, words avoids easy; quickness beginning, end abbreviated —48:: Stenography 6. (vowel, small i) ~ three Gi) three Intext Questions 3.3 i) Diphone Gi) Diphthongs Gi) Diphthongs (iv) Consecutively Intext Questions 3.4 Le @ (iv). nee [0 eee ees 2 @ deity Gi) tying Gil) india (iv) payee Zia (vi) Malaria 3 @ two two Gi) eft (iv) three () first Intext Question 3.5Vowels, Diphthongs, Triphones, Diphones & Abbreviated "W" :: 49 Intext Question 3.5, i i Gi) we sons (WV) oo LZ a Gi) shoeing Gi) going (iv) Tene @) two Gi) right (iv) three (v) dash Intext Question 3.6 (iii) Roy (iv) Ria icy (Wi) ideat ii) idle \50:: Stenography (x) ire () Polio “ ( __Diphthong (i) iphones Gi) iphone (iv) Diphthongs Intext Question 3.7 is (walk Gi) weaker (ii) wicky (iv) weekly (vy) worth (vi) worrying (vi) worthy (vill) wore (x) warm (warmth 2 cocon (ii) A ™ “od 6) ON D) wy hie ce) @ right vowel Gi) gmt (iv) firstVowels, Diphthongs, Triphones, Diphones & Abbreviated "W" ::51 Intext Question 3.8 ad (iv) (viii) 2. @ welfare willingly wealthy wealth (v) unwell (vi) unwilling (vii) Wali (viii) ilkwill (ix) wall (%) Wooley