NATIONAL SHORTHAND SCHOOL (BOOKS)
Pitman’s Shorthand Online Tutorial
LESSON – 4
ALTERNATIVE FORMS FOR ‘R’ AND ‘H'
CONSONANT ‘R’
The liquid consonant ‘r’ is the most frequently occurring consonant
in English language. It is provided with two alternative forms; one
is downward …….. and the other is upward ……… These two forms
are provided for easy joining with other strokes and also to indicate
the occurrence of initial or final vowel sound.
When preceded by vowel, initial ‘r’ is written downward; thus,
air arrow ear ore arc arab array early
When not preceded by vowel, upward ‘R’ is written; thus,
raw ray row rate rob read rush rope
Generally, initial or final ‘r’ is written upward when followed by
vowel; thus
carry perry fairy borrow sherry dairy merry
Initial or final ‘r’ is written downward when not followed by vowel;
thus,
Car par far bore share door mar
Before ‘m’, initial ‘r’ is always written downward for easier joining;
thus,
arm ram army room ream armour
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CONSONANT ‘H’
The consonant ‘h’ is also provided with two alternative forms –
upward and downward .
The upward form of ‘h’ is generally employed; thus
happy heavy hung hatch heap hurry hero
The downward form is used when it is standing alone or when it is
immediately followed by ‘k’ or ‘g’; thus,
hoe he hook hockey hague
GRAMMALOGUES INTRODUCED IN THIS LESSON
put be to-be it had do difference/different much which
The grammalogue signs or abbreviated grammalogue signs
may be joined to the strokes or outlines either initially,
medially or finally, according to convenience to make phrases
or compound words; thus,
I-can I-have I-will you-may I-take have-you
If-you-can I-thank-you I-will-do-the I-have-the of-which thank-you
It-should-be it-can-be you-may-be tomorrow thank-you I-love-you
If-you-are I-think-you-should-be why-do-you how-are-you
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NATIONAL SHORTHAND SCHOOL (BOOKS)
Pitman’s Shorthand Online Tutorial
EXERCISE - 7
Write shorthand outlines for the following words in the space
provided below, verify with the key and practise the outlines:
pair dare fair core fairy curry hog honey
robe rich cheer cherry Rome morrow he Hope
aware beware early lorry armour armoury Hockey hurry
Read the following shorthand script, write in English and verify them
with the key and practise them:
<a href=
http://www.nssbooks.com/images/answers/SHORTHAND_KEY_EXERCISE_07.pdf
target=”_blank” style=> KEY TO EXERCISE 7</a>
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NATIONAL SHORTHAND SCHOOL (BOOKS)
Pitman’s Shorthand Online Tutorial
Take required no. of print outs of this page and practise all the outlines as given in
Exercise-7 at least each three lines each, as per the examples already given:
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BRIEF ANALYSIS
LIQUID ‘R’
The liquid ‘r’ is provided with two alternative forms; upward form
and downward form. This is mainly to provide easy joining with
other strokes and also to decipher the vowel occurred in the word
even without placing the vowel. Certain rules are provided for use
of upward and downward ‘r’.
Initial ‘r’ is written downward when preceded by vowel and
upward when followed by a vowel.
Final ‘r’ is generally written downward when no vowel follows
and upward when a vowel follows.
Medially, upward ‘r’ is generally used before downstrokes,
horizontals or upstrokes; but downward ‘r’ is used before a right
handed curve; before ‘m’; after ‘h’ when no vowel follows ‘r’;
after ‘k’ ‘g’ ‘f’ ‘v’ ‘l’(up) when no vowel follows ‘r’ – but if a vowel
follows upward ‘r’ is used.
Derivative words are written with the same form of ‘r’ as in the
root word, provided a convenient outline is obtained; otherwise
either form may be used which is convenient in joining.
STROKE ‘H’
The downward form ‘h’ is used when it stands alone and in its
derivative words.
The downward form ‘h’ is used before the straight strokes of ‘k’
or ‘g’.
The downward form of ‘h’ is used before ‘m’ ‘l’(up) ‘r’(down)
when preceded by a vowel; or before ‘m’ ‘r’(down) if followed by
a triphone (explained in the next lesson).
The donward form of ‘h’ is used to provide briefer, more
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compact, more easily vocalized outline than is secured by using
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the upward ‘h’.
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The upward ‘h’ is used before a downstroke; before ‘n’ ‘ng’ and
‘w’.
The upward ‘h’ is used before upward ‘r’ followed by a vowel;
before ‘p’ ‘b’ ‘t’ ‘ch’ ‘j’ ‘f’ ‘v’ ‘th’ ‘TH’ ‘n’ ‘ng’ ‘w’; or when a
triphone occurs between ‘h’ and ‘r’.
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