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Introduction To Embedded Systems

1. An embedded system is an electronic system designed to perform specific tasks, containing both hardware and software. Examples include appliances, vehicles, and industrial machines. 2. Embedded systems are specialized for specific applications, using customized hardware and software, whereas general purpose computers can run various applications but are not optimized for any particular task. 3. Early embedded systems included NASA's Apollo guidance computer and Autonetics' Minuteman missile computer. Embedded systems have evolved from 8-bit to 16-bit and now 32-bit processors, and can be classified by generation, complexity, determinism, or triggering conditions.

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463 views2 pages

Introduction To Embedded Systems

1. An embedded system is an electronic system designed to perform specific tasks, containing both hardware and software. Examples include appliances, vehicles, and industrial machines. 2. Embedded systems are specialized for specific applications, using customized hardware and software, whereas general purpose computers can run various applications but are not optimized for any particular task. 3. Early embedded systems included NASA's Apollo guidance computer and Autonetics' Minuteman missile computer. Embedded systems have evolved from 8-bit to 16-bit and now 32-bit processors, and can be classified by generation, complexity, determinism, or triggering conditions.

Uploaded by

venkata satish
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Introduction to Embedded Systems


What is Embedded System?

An Electronic/Electro mechanical system which is designed to perform a specific function and is


a combination of both hardware and firmware (Software)

E.g. Electronic Toys, Mobile Handsets, Washing Machines, Air Conditioners, Automotive
Control Units, Set Top Box, DVD Player etc…

Embedded Systems are:


Unique in character and behavior

With specialized hardware and software
Embedded Systems Vs General Computing Systems:

General Purpose Computing System Embedded System


A system which is a combination of generic A system which is a combination of special
hardware and General Purpose Operating System purpose hardware and embedded OS for
for executing a variety of applications executing a specific set of applications
Contain a General Purpose Operating System May or may not contain an operating system
(GPOS) for functioning
Applications are alterable (programmable) by The firmware of the embedded system is
user (It is possible for the end user to re-install the pre-programmed and it is non-alterable by
Operating System, and add or remove user end-user
applications)
Performance is the key deciding factor on the Application specific requirements (like
selection of the system. Always „Faster is Better‟ performance, power requirements, memory
usage etc) are the key deciding factors
Less/not at all tailored towards reduced operating Highly tailored to take advantage of the
power requirements, options for different levels power saving modes supported by hardware
of power management. and Operating System
Response requirements are not time critical For certain category of embedded systems
like mission critical systems, the response
time requirement is highly critical
Execution behavior is deterministic for
Need not be deterministic in execution behavior certain type of embedded systems like „Hard
Real Time‟ systems
History of Embedded Systems:

First Recognized Modern Embedded System: Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) developed by
Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory.

It has two modules

1.Command module(CM) 2.Lunar Excursion


module(LEM)
RAM size 256 , 1K ,2K words

ROM size 4K,10K,36K words

Clock frequency is 1.024MHz

5000 ,3-input RTL NOR gates are used

User interface is DSKY(display/Keyboard)


First Mass Produced Embedded System: Autonetics D-17 Guidance computer for Minuteman-I
missile
Classification of Embedded Systems:

Based on Generation (March-2017)

Based on Complexity & Performance Requirements


Based on deterministic behavior


Based on Triggering

1. Embedded Systems - Classification based on


Generation

First Generation: The early embedded systems built


around 8-bit microprocessors like 8085 and Z80 and 4-bit
microcontrollers
EX. stepper motor control units, Digital Telephone Keypads etc.

Second Generation: Embedded Systems built around 16-bit microprocessors and 8 or


16-bit microcontrollers, following the first generation embedded systems
EX.SCADA, Data Acquisition Systems etc.

Third Generation: Embedded Systems built around high performance 16/32 bit
Microprocessors/controllers, Application Specific Instruction set processors like Digital
Signal Processors (DSPs), and Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs).The
instruction set is complex and powerful.
EX. Robotics, industrial process control, networking etc.

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