STRUCTURE

OF ENGLISH
Mr. Christian Pulhin

JOHN LEO C. CABRAL

BSED 2
 Solution
List 1-3 ways your company
proposes to solve them.

PUNCTUATION
OBJECTIVES 01
At the end of this lesson, we should be Demonstrate an understanding of
able to: punctuation through correct
usage.

02
Identify when each punctuation is
needed
 PUNCTUATION
Signals that tell the reader how to go
about actually reading a piece of
writing.

“The act or practice of inserting

standardized marks or signs in written
matter to clarify the meaning and
separate structural units.”
In case you forgot,
those are:
 , - [] () -
COMMA DASHES, BRACKETS, HYPHEN
PARENTHESES

PUNCTUATION
MARKS : “” ‘’ !
COLON QUOTATION MARKS EXCLAMATION
POINT

; ’ ?
SEMI-COLON APOSTROPHE QUESTION MARK

. / ...
PERIOD SLASH ELLIPSIS
COMMA
COMMA Coordinate Clauses

A. Coordinate Clauses Commas are used before the

B. List coordinators but, yet and nor.
C. Adjectives
D. Adverbial Clauses
E. Non-restrictive
Relative Clauses and His first films met with great success,
Apposition
F. Linking Adverbs but/yet his popularity soon waned.
G. Geographical
Locations The new testing regulations will not
H. Address in help teachers, nor are they likely to

,
Letters/emails
I. Question Tags
improve educational standards.
J. Intonation and
Emphasis

COMMA
COMMA Coordinate Clauses
Commas are optional before and or or;
A. Coordinate Clauses they are recommended with longer
B. List
C. Adjectives
clauses, as this guides the reader to an
D. Adverbial Clauses accurate reading of the grouping of
E. Non-restrictive words.
Relative Clauses and
Apposition
F. Linking Adverbs
The musicians played and the children
G. Geographical sang.
Locations
H. Address in The musicians played traditional folk

,
Letters/emails songs all night long, and all the children
I. Question Tags
J. Intonation and
joined in with the singing.
Emphasis

COMMA
COMMA List
Commas are used to separate items in a
A. Coordinate Clauses list. And or or are often found before the
B. List
C. Adjectives
last item, and in this case, the final
D. Adverbial Clauses comma may be omitted.
E. Non-restrictive
Relative Clauses and
Apposition
F. Linking Adverbs
Britons are now emigrating to
G. Geographical Germany, France, Belgium (,) and/or
Locations Holland.
H. Address in

,
Letters/emails
I. Question Tags
J. Intonation and
Emphasis

COMMA
COMMA Adjectives
Commas are used to separate
A. Coordinate Clauses adjectives which describe the same
B. List
C. Adjectives
noun, unless they are separated by
D. Adverbial Clauses and.
E. Non-restrictive
Relative Clauses and
Apposition
F. Linking Adverbs
She was a brave, determined leader.
G. Geographical
Locations She was a brave, determined and wise
H. Address in leader.

,
Letters/emails
I. Question Tags
J. Intonation and
Emphasis

COMMA
COMMA Adverbial Clauses
Commas are often used when the
A. Coordinate Clauses adverbial clause comes at the
B. List
C. Adjectives
beginning of the sentence.
D. Adverbial Clauses
E. Non-restrictive
Relative Clauses and
Apposition
F. Linking Adverbs
If all the money is raised in the next few
G. Geographical weeks, the expedition will leave.
Locations
H. Address in (BUT: The expedition will leave if the

,
Letters/emails money is raised in the next few weeks.)
I. Question Tags
J. Intonation and
Emphasis

COMMA
COMMA Non-restrictive Relative Clauses
and Apposition
A. Coordinate Clauses
B. List Commas are put around non-
C. Adjectives restrictive relative clauses and
D. Adverbial Clauses appositions.
E. Non-restrictive
Relative Clauses and
Apposition
F. Linking Adverbs
Dangerous substances, banned in many
G. Geographical countries, are still being used.
Locations
H. Address in Mr Barrett, the mayor of Eastville, will

,
Letters/emails lead the discussion.
I. Question Tags
J. Intonation and
Emphasis

COMMA
COMMA Linking Adverbs

A. Coordinate Clauses Commas are used to separate linking

B. List adverbs from the rest of the sentence.
C. Adjectives
D. Adverbial Clauses
E. Non-restrictive
Relative Clauses and
Apposition
F. Linking Adverbs
However, antibiotics are often used
G. Geographical incorrectly.
Locations
H. Address in Antibiotics, however, are often used

,
Letters/emails incorrectly.
I. Question Tags
J. Intonation and
Emphasis

COMMA
COMMA Geographical Locations

A. Coordinate Clauses Commas are used to separate the

B. List name of a place from the county,
C. Adjectives
D. Adverbial Clauses
state or country in which it is found.
E. Non-restrictive
Relative Clauses and
Apposition
F. Linking Adverbs
G. Geographical
They live in Alberta, Canada.
Locations
H. Address in

,
Letters/emails
I. Question Tags
J. Intonation and
Emphasis

COMMA
COMMA Address in Letters

A. Coordinate Clauses Commas are used after forms of

B. List address and in signature lines after
C. Adjectives
D. Adverbial Clauses
the salutation.
E. Non-restrictive
Relative Clauses and
Apposition Dear Michael,
F. Linking Adverbs
G. Geographical
Thanks you for your mail …
Locations
H. Address in

,
Letters/emails
I. Question Tags
Best regards,
J. Intonation and Katherine Jones
Emphasis

COMMA
COMMA Question Tags

A. Coordinate Clauses Commas are used before questions

B. List tags.
C. Adjectives
D. Adverbial Clauses
E. Non-restrictive
Relative Clauses and
Apposition
F. Linking Adverbs This was a great experience, wasn’t
G. Geographical it?
Locations
H. Address in

,
Letters/emails
I. Question Tags
J. Intonation and
Emphasis

COMMA
COMMA Intonation and Emphasis

A. Coordinate Clauses Commas can be used to mark level

B. List intonation (i.e. steady, constant, neither
C. Adjectives
D. Adverbial Clauses
rising nor falling pitch) combined with a
E. Non-restrictive pause. This can signal added emphasis
Relative Clauses and to the phrases or clauses separated by
Apposition
F. Linking Adverbs
the comma.
G. Geographical
Locations
H. Address in The problem was resolved, to

,
Letters/emails everyone’s surprise and pleasure.
I. Question Tags
J. Intonation and
Emphasis

COMMA
COLON
COLON Explanation

A. Explanation
A colon can introduce an explanation
B. Details for the first part of the sentence, as an
C. List alternative to a linker expressing reason.

In the end the documentary was not

broadcast because it was said to
constitute a threat to national security.
In the end the documentary was not
broadcast: it was said to constitute a
threat to national security.

: COLON
COLON Details
A colon can be followed by additional,
A. Explanation more specific information about the first
B. Details part of the sentence, as an alternative
C. List to a linker introducing details.
Nearly everybody played a part in the war
effort, that is, millions of people were
involved in Civil Defence and other voluntary
organisations.
Nearly everybody played a part in the war
effort: millions of people were involved in
Civil Defence and other voluntary
organisations.

: COLON
COLON List

A. Explanation
Colons can be used to introduce a list
B. Details of items.
C. List

The researchers recommended the

following changes: a reduction o
working hours, greater involvement in
decision-making, and an improvement
in working conditions.

: COLON
SEMI-COLON
SEMI-COLON Compound Sentences
A semi-colon can be used instead of a
A. Compound Sentences
B. List
full stop to separate two grammatically
independent clauses when there is a
close semantic connection between the
two.

By 1598 the cumulative debt was 85

million; by the time Olivares came to
power it was up to 120 million.

; SEMI-COLON
SEMI-COLON List
Semi-colons can be used instead of
A. Compound Sentences
B. List
commas to separate items in a list,
especially if these items are long or
complex.
Nearly everyone played a part in the
war effort: over a million men joined
the Home Guard; even larger numbers
of volunteers were active in Civil
Defence against air raids; thousands of
women were recruited into the
Women's Land Army.

; SEMI-COLON
FULL STOP
PERIOD Initials and Abbreviations
As well as marking the end of a
A. Initials and Abbreviations
B. Decimals
sentence, full stops are used after
C. Falling Intonation initials and abbreviations.

C. S. Lewis, Ms. Bennett, Dr. Jones, U. K.

. PERIOD
PERIOD Decimals

A. Initials and Abbreviations It also separates a unit from a decimal

B. Decimals in figures.
C. Falling Intonation

1.25%

. PERIOD
PERIOD Decimals

A. Initials and Abbreviations The full stop marks falling intonation,

B. Decimals independently of the semantic-
C. Falling Intonation
syntactic unit it is associated with

Until the advent of the mobile phone,

which brings out the ostrich in us. (Kate
Fox, 2004, Watching the English,
London, Hodder, pp. 145-146)

. PERIOD
DASHES,
BRACKETS AND
PARENTHESES
DASHES, A Comment
BRACKETS AND Dashes can be used in informal writing
PARENTHESES to separate a comment (i.e. a
parenthetical remark) from the rest of
A. A Comment the sentence.
B. Afterthought
C. Interruption
One month later — who knows why —
he decided to leave for South Africa.

- - [] () Dashes, Brackets and Parentheses

DASHES, Afterthought
BRACKETS AND The dash can also be used to introduce
PARENTHESES an afterthought, where it could be
replaced by a colon.
A. A Comment
B. Afterthought
C. Interruption
And if Dwayne tells you he’s going to be
a rap star, don’t mention the negative
odds — give an example of someone
who hit the charts. (Anthony Marais,
2002, Xenophobe’s guide to the
Californians, London, Oval Books, p. 61)

- - [] () Dashes, Brackets and Parentheses

DASHES, Interruption
BRACKETS AND When punctuating dialogue, the dash
PARENTHESES can indicate an interruption or a
broken-off sentence.
A. A Comment
B. Afterthought
C. Interruption
“Well, you see, what I mean is that it’s
like—”

- - [] () Dashes, Brackets and Parentheses

QUOTATION
MARKS
QUOTATION
MARKS Quotation marks can be double " " or
single ' ' . Double marks are more
common in hand-written texts, whereas
single marks are usually found in
printed material.

She said, ‘You're looking wonderful’.

“You're looking wonderful,” she said.

“” ‘ ’ Qoutation Marks
QUOTATION Single Quotation Mark
MARKS The single quotation marks are a British
writing convention. With this kind, the
punctuation will go outside the
quotation marks. The examples have
been enlarged so that you can see
clearly:

She said, ‘You're looking wonderful’.

“” ‘ ’ Qoutation Marks
QUOTATION Double Quotation Mark
MARKS According to American writing
standards, double quotation marks are
used in South Africa, and even in Britain,
both kinds can be used and it is
up to the writer to decide which style he
prefers. What is important is
consistency, so if you choose one, stick
to it

“You're looking wonderful,” she said.

“” ‘ ’ Qoutation Marks
QUOTATION Quotes within Quotes
MARKS
“‘The Dementor’s Kiss’ is my
favorite chapter in the whole
series,” Tom said.

““The Dementor’s Kiss” is my

favorite chapter in the whole
series,” Tom said.

“” ‘ ’ Qoutation Marks
QUOTATION Quotes within Quotes
MARKS
“‘The Dementor’s Kiss’ is my favorite
chapter in the whole series,” Tom
said.

We use single quotation marks

for quotes within quotes

“” ‘ ’ Qoutation Marks
APOSTROPHE
APOSTROPHE
Genetive Form
A. Genetive Forms
B. Contracted Forms
C. Abbreviation
Plural of Abbreviation
Einstein's theory of relativity
the students' complaints

’ APOSTROPHE
APOSTROPHE
Contracted Form
A. Genetive Forms
B. Contracted Forms
C. Abbreviation
Plural of Abbreviation
The party's over.

They don’t care about us

’ APOSTROPHE
APOSTROPHE
A. Genetive Forms
Abbreviation
B. Contracted Forms
C. Abbreviation
Plural of Abbreviation
We landed at Miami Int’l Airport.

The CEO’s of the two companies

’ APOSTROPHE
EXCLAMATION
MARK
EXCLAMATION
MARKS Exclamation marks are used for
exclamatives, signalling positive or
negative emotion (surprise, anger,
interest, fear etc.)

That’s great!
Be careful!
You idiot!

! Exclamation Marks
EXCLAMATION
MARKS Exclamation marks are very common in
informal writing, where more than one
may be used.

Can’t wait to see you!!!

! Exclamation Marks
QUESTION
MARK
QUESTION
MARKS The question mark indicates a question.

What’s your name?

Is this yours?
Was it good or bad?

? Question Marks
QUESTION
MARKS It can mark rising intonation (to signal
interest or surprise and to attract
attention)

And?
Excuse me?
You have told him about us?

? Question Marks
ELLIPSIS
ELLIPSIS
The triple dot is used to signal an
incomplete statement. It is common in
informal writing.

Carpe Diem… This time tomorrow you

might be swimming. (Anthony Marais,
2002, Xenophobe’s guide to the
Californians, London, Oval Books, p. 31)

... Ellipsis
ELLIPSIS
When enclosed in square brackets, it
can also signal that a part of a text has
been omitted.

“The course feedback […] provided

insight into lecturer preferences.”

... Ellipsis
Thank You