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ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering 1(1) (2021) 19-22
ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering
Journal homepage: http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/AJSE/
Kamias (Averrhoa Bilimbi), Starfruit (Averrhoa
Carambola), and Karamay (Phyllanthus Acidus) Fruit
Extract as Alternative Stain Remover
Jurish Pauleen Hitalia*, Yca Justerine Bringuelo, Ivan Henry Jordan, Edward Martinez, Remo Leba Jr.,
Anamarie G. Vadez, Hassanal Abusama, Alan Paculanan
Sultan Kudarat State University, Tacurong City, 9800 Sultan Kudarat, The Philipines.
Correspondence: E-mail: Jurshpauleenhitalia@sksu.edu.ph
ABSTRACTS ARTICLE INFO
This study generally aimed to determine the effectiveness of Article History:
Received 26 Mar 2021
kamias, star fruit, and karamay fruit extracts in removing Revised 6 Apr 2021
stains. Previous studies revealed the effectiveness of Kamias Accepted 11 Apr 2021
as a stain remover, while, this study compared the Available online 11 Apr 2021
effectiveness of different fruit extracts as a stain remover ____________________
Keyword:
and the potential utilization of other fruit extracts from trees Alternative stain remover,
that are locally available. We determined the cost of making Averrhoa bilimbi,
stain remover using kamias, karamay, and star fruit extracts, Averrhoa carambola,
Phyllanthus acidus,
the ability of these fruit extracts as a stain remover in terms Commercial bleach,
of the degree of strain reduction and whitening of the cloth, Natural bleach,
and ultimately, the significant difference between the Sultan Kudarat State University,
Philippines
various treatments. Results revealed that the use of star fruit
extract was the cheapest among the four treatments while
the highest cost was incurred using Karamay extract. There
was a significant difference observed between treatments.
Bleach was the most effective in removing the stains and
whitening the fabric, followed by the kamias extract. In
terms of removing stains, whitening the cloth, and
availability in the neighborhood, the extract was found to
have the best results. We, therefore, recommended the use
of kamias extract as an alternative organic stain remover for
fabrics and be used by the households. Being derived from
natural fruit extract and contain no dangerous chemicals, the
product is safe for human use and environment-friendly.
© 2021 Kantor Jurnal dan Publikasi UPI
Jurish Pauleen Hitalia, et al., Kamias (Averrhoa Bilimbi), Starfruit (Averrhoa Carambola), and ... | 20
1. INTRODUCTION
Stain is one of the common problems of households especially to those who cannot afford
to buy expensive bleach. Using commercial bleach can cause harm to humans and to the
environment as well.
Related studies about bleaching have been done include the Effectiveness of kamias as an
alternative stain remover (Martinez, 2013), Pineaple peels as organic stain removal and
whitening agent on fabrics passion fruit peel as a bleaching agent for kraft pulp (Martins et
al., 2018), (Martins et al., 2018), a potensial strain remover on the White Tea on Chocolate-
stained (Santamaria et al., 2017), and lemon peel.
However, there is no study about karamay (Phyllanthus acidus). Therefore, this study aims
to compare the potential and effectiveness of Kamias, Star fruit and Karamay fruit extracts in
removing stains. Kamias, Balimbi and Karamay can be easily found in the locality and demand
lower price therefore its utilization as bleach is potential. If found effective as stain remover,
using the product will help the household avoid too much spending. The use of Kamias extract
as an alternative organic stain remover were recommended for fabrics and be used by the
households. Being derived from the natural fruit extract and contain no dangerous chemicals,
the product is safe for human use and environment-friendly.
2. METHODS
The research had an experimental nature of the study. The study was carried out in
Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four (4) treatments replicated three (3) times.
The data gathered in this study were the cost of using the fruit extracts which was done by
recording all the expenses, extent of stains removed and whitening the fabric that was
determined by inviting ten (10) housewives as evaluators to rate the preference using the
rating scale.
The fruits were harvested from the identified sources with the province of Sultan Kudarat.
During the harvesting, the researchers made sure that over-ripe fruits were excluded. The
harvested fruits were washed with clean running water and drained. After which, the upper,
center, and the lower portion of Kamias, Star fruit and Karamay fruits were cut to facilitate
juice extraction. The experiment was set-up following the experimental layout of the study.
The white cotton cloth was cut into small pieces measuring 3.5” X 4” and was used as fabric
to be stained with 2.5 ml of soy sauce.
The data gathered were analysed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in Complete
Randomized Design (CRD). Test for the significant differences among treatment means were
further analyzed using Tukey Kramer Multiple Comparison in SPSS Software v.17 at 5% level
of significance.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The following results were obtained after the experiment. The Star Fruit extract was the
cheapest of the four (4) treatments with only Php10.00 pesos total expenses. This was
followed by Kamias extract which costs 15 pesos for every 100 grams and commercial bleach
(Php 17.00). The highest cost was incurred in Treatment 4 (Karamay Extract) with Php 25.00
total expenses. The prices of each treatment were based on the market current price.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10. 17509/xxxxt.vxix
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21 | ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering, Volume 1 Issue 1, April 2021 Hal 19-22
Table 1 shows that there were significant differences between the treatments. Evaluators
rated the clothes with 1 being the best stain remover, and 3 being the least stained removed
(lower mean = better). Based on the means, the commercial bleach or Treatment 0 has shown
the best performance in terms of the extent to the stains it removed. In terms of the extent
of stains removed, the bleach was still the best treatment among the treatments with a
significant difference between the results. Meanwhile, the best alternative stain remover for
removing the stain was Kamias. Kamias is an ethanolic fruit that contains oxalic acid (Lao,
2015). The content of oxalic acid in the kamias extract could scrape stain on the cotton cloth.
Table 1 shows that there were significant differences between the treatments used in the
study. Evaluators rated the clothes with 1 being the best fabric whitener, and 3 being the
worst fabric whitener (lower mean = better). Based on the means, the commercial bleach or
Treatment 0 has shown the best performance in terms of whitening the fabric. When
compared to the total mean of Treatment 0 to 1, the absolute difference between the means
is 0.9. This was followed by Treatment 1, the Kamias extract. Its absolute difference when the
bleach’s total mean was compared to other treatments was the lowest. Treatment 3
(Karamay extract) was next with an absolute difference of 1.5 when Treatment 0 was
compared to the total mean of it, and 0.6 absolute difference when compared to the total
mean of Treatment 1. In terms of whitening the fabric, the bleach was still the best treatment
among the treatments with a significant difference between the results. Meanwhile, the best
alternative fabric whitener was Kamias. The star fruit reported could color changes of enamel
tooth, the kandungan pada star fruit dapat digunakan juga untuk diaplikasikan pada kain
(Musnadi et al., 2018). Karamay has biodegraded oil (Dajiang et al., 1988). Kamias have a
strong chemical content of strain removal qualities (Madarang, 2020).
Table 1. Extent of stains removed and whiteness of the fabric as rated by the evaluators
Evaluators Treatment Whiteness by type of fruit
0 1 2 3 Bleach Kamias Starfruit Karamay
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 2
2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3
3 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3
4 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 2
5 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3
6 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3
7 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 2
8 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3
9 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 2
10 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 2
Sum 10 19 30 25 10 19 30 25
Mean 1 1.9 3 2.5 1 1.9 3 2.5
variance 0 0.1 2.5 0.28 0 0.1 2.5 0.28
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/xxxx.vxix
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Jurish Pauleen Hitalia, et al., Kamias (Averrhoa Bilimbi), Starfruit (Averrhoa Carambola), and ... | 22
4. CONCLUSION
Star fruit was the most affordable, followed by kamias, bleach, and Karamay, which was
the most expensive. Bleach was the most preferred stain remover by the evaluators in both
categories, followed by Kamias. Karamay and Star Fruit came in last place. When all factors
were considered, bleach outperformed the other three treatments in stain removal. Kamias
extract was the best alternative to commercial bleach used in the study in terms of removing
stains, whitening the fabric, cost, and availability in the neighborhood.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The conduct of this research would not have been possible without the aid of the people
behind: To the Respondents, Adviser, Statistician, Committee, Family and the Almighty God
5. AUTHORS’ NOTE
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this
article. Authors confirmed that the paper was free of plagiarism.
6. REFERENCES
Dajiang, Z., Difan, H., and Jinchao, L. (1988). Biodegraded sequence of Karamay oils and semi-
quantitative estimation of their biodegraded degrees in Junggar Basin, China.
In Organic Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration, 295-302.
Lao, M. B. C. (2015). Hematologic Effect of Averrhoa Bilimbi (Kamias) Ethanolic Fruit Extract.
BMJ open. 5 (1)
Madarang, K. A. (2020). Go natural: development of cleaner and disinfectant from cucumber
tree (Averrhoa bilimbi). Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(11), 98-101.
Martinez, P. M. (2013). Effectiveness of kamias as an alternative stain remover. Prezi.Com.
Retrieved from https://prezi.com/en_frkfn6pvu/effectiveness-of-kamias-as-an-
alternative-stain-remover/
Martins, M. D., Guimarães, M. W., de Lima, V. A., Gaglioti, A. L., Da-Silva, P. R., Kadowaki, M.
K., and Knob, A. (2018). Valorization of passion fruit peel by-product: Xylanase
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Musnadi, S. I. M., Noerdin, A., Irawan, B., and Soufyan, A. (2018, August). Effect of Small
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