I

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN CALAMANSI

(CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA) ZEST AND
LEMON (CITRUS LIMON) ZEST AS RUST REMOVER

A Research Manuscript
Submitted to the Senior High School Department
Of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary School - Amaya
Amaya, Tanza, Cavite

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for

Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand

JASPHER B. CANADILLA
KYLE A. NAZARENO
RHIENNIELL KATE G. PAYAC
ASHLEY MAE I. SARMIENTO

April 2021
 II

OUR LADY OF THE HOLY ROSARY SCHOOL - AMAYA

Senior High School Department

Authors : JASPHER B. CANADILLA

KYLE A. NAZARENO
RHIENNIELL KATE G. PAYAC
ASHLEY MAE I. SARMIENTO

Title : A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN CALAMANSI

(CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA) ZEST AND
LEMON (CITRUS LIMON) ZEST AS RUST REMOVER

A P P R O V E D:

DESIREE DIMASUAY
Subject Teacher Date

EVANGELYN V. CERERA AIREEN L. ARBIS

Senior High School Coordinator Date Principal Date
 III

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Jaspher B. Cañadilla was born on September 18, 2002 At University of Santo

Tomas Hospital. He is currently living at Biga, Tanza, Cavite He is the middle child of

the siblings of Christopher R. Cañadilla And Jasmin B. Cañadilla a Loving housewife. He

studied at Saint Augustine School where he finished his primary education at year 2014.

In year 2019, He finished his junior high education at Sawyer Integrated School. Today

he currently studying at Our Lady of the Holy Rosary School taking up Science,

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strand. His dream school is the Colegio de

San Juan de Letran in Intramuros,Manila and he planning to take Bachelor of Science in

Business Management.

Kyle A. Nazareno was born on December 6, 200w at Makati City. He is

currently living at 4th Camarilla Cubao Quezon City. He is the the younges of the

siblings of Nemecio V Nazareno and Veronica A Nazarebo a loving housewife. He

studied at Roosevelt College Cuabao where he finished her primary education at year

2013. In year 2019, she finished her junior high education at Immaculate Concepcion

School - Naic. Today he is currently studying at Our Lady of th Holy Rosary School

taking up Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strand. His dream

school is the University of the Philippines Diliman, DLSU , ADMU, UST and he is

planning to take Civil Engr, Comp science or to become a Proffesional Basketball Player.
 IV

Rhienniell Kate G. Payac was born on January 21, 2003 at Noveleta, Cavite. She

is currently living at Amaya 4, Tanza, Cavite. She is the first daughter of Ranillo G.

Payac, a welder in Saudi Arabia and Mrs. Catherine G. Payac, a loving housewife.

She studied at Amaya Elementary School where she finished her primary

education at year 2013. In year 2019, she finished her junior high education at Saint

Augustine School - Tanza. Today she is currently studying at Our Lady of th Holy

Rosary School taking up Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strand.

His dream school is the University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City, and

he is planning to take Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering.

Ashley Mae I. Sarmiento was born on October 2, 2003 at Ternate Cavite. She is

currently living at brgy 3 V. Olano st. Ternate Cavite.

She is the oldest daughter of Herwin Sarmiento and Jelyn Sarmiento. She studied

at Ternate Central elementary school where she finished her primary education at the

year of 2013. In year 2019, she finished her junior high education at Ternate National

Highschool. Today she is currently studying at Our Lady of the holy Rosary School

taking up Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strand.

Her dream school is Polytechnic University of the Philippines in Manila, she is

planning to take Bachelor of electrical Engineering.

 V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the following people for

making this research possible.

First, to our Almighty God for giving us the knowledge and understanding that we

need to perform and ensure the productivity of our research study. Also, we are grateful

because He served as our source of strength during the times of downfall and weaknesses.

To Ms. Desiree Dimasuay, our research instructor, who consistently guide us in

completing this research study. Without her dedication to help and improve us in every

step of the way, we would not reach the success of our paper. All of us are thankful for

the comments and revisions she discussed to help us be more knowledgeable about the

things that we should know as students researchers.

To Ms. Kimberly Rose Vitobina, our immersion instructor, who also guide us in

completing the research study. We re grateful because she also helps us in revising and

discussing to help us more knowledgeable about making the research study.

We also want to give thanks to our friends and classmates who also helped us all

throughout our research study to be conducted. We want to thank them for being

accessible every time we have concerns as regard in our study.

And last but not the least, we want to show our appreciation to our parents by

giving their full support and love to us, they are the ones who continuously make us feel

that all the hardships and struggles that we are facing will be paid off.
 VI

ABSTRACT

This research was conducted from January 2021 until April 2021 at the Our Lady

of the Holy Rosary School - Amaya Campus. It shows what is more effective rust

remover between calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) zest and lemon (Citrus Limon)

zest.

This quantitative - comparative study in which the researchers have donw some

experimentations and comparisons to find out what is more effective between calamansi

(Citrofortunella Microcarpa) zest and lemon (Citrus Limon) zest as rust remover.

The researchers have conducted experimentation in their house where the

researchers uses calamansi zest and lemon zest as anti rusting agents. Based on the results

of the 3 day applications of anti rusting agents, the metal that applies with the calamansi

zest only decrease its weight by one (1) gram while the metal that applies with the lemon

zest decrease its weight by three (3) grams and the metal that undergoes no treatment

does not change its weight. As the researchers compared the results, they have found out

that the lemon zest is more effective that the calamansi zest as rust remover.

After the comparisons, the researchers concluded that the lemon (Citrus Limon)

zest is more effective as rust remover than the calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa)

zest. This may be considered as a potential source of anti rust that came from kitchen

waste. But, to further analyze its effectivity, the present researchers advised other

potential researcher to conduct a deeper analysis about the physical and chemical

properties of the calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) zest and lemon (Citrus Limon).
 VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE.....................................................................................................….. I

APPROVAL SHEET.......................................................................................…....II

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA..............................................................…...........….....III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................…...V

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................…. VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................…... VII

LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................…. IX

LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................….... X

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES .................................................................…….XI

LIST OF APPENDICES..........................................................................……... XII

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study .........................................................................................1

Statement of the Problem.........................................................................................5

Objective of the Study..............................................................................................5

Hypotheses.......................................................….....................................................5

Significance of the Study .............................................................…........................6

Time and Place of the Study.........................................................….…...................6

Definition of Terms.........................................................................….....................6

Scope and Limitation of the Study...............................................................…........6

Theoretical or Conceptual Framework of the Study..............…...............…...........8

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Benefits and Background of Lemon .........................................................…...........9

 VIII

Background and Benefits of Calamansi ...................….................…..................14

How to Remove Rust……………………...............................…...….................18

What is Corrosion………....................................................................................22

METHODOLOGY

Materials ...............................................................................................…..........26

Experimental Design...........................................................................…............26

Experimental Treatments........................................................................…........27

Experimental Layout…........................................................................…….......27

Data to be Gathered.....................................……........................…......….….....28

Analysis and Statistical Treatment of Data.....................................…......…......28

Ethical Consideration........................................................................…....……..28

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................……..30

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary........................................................................................….....….…...36

Conclusion ...........................................................................................……......36

Recommendations...............................................................................……........37

REFERENCES..................................................................................…...........38

APPENDICES...................................................................................…...........40
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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Changed in grams of metal rust after the three day application..............30

Table 2. 1st Day of Application Results……………………………....................31

Table 3. 2nd Day of Application Results…………..………………....................32

Table 4. 3rd Day of Application Results…………..…………….......................32

Table 5. Anova Statistical Computation for the Data of

Three Treatment…………………………………..…………….....…................34

Table 6. One-Way ANOVA table fore Calamansi Zest, Lemon Zest, and

No Treatment……………………………………..…………….....…................34
 X

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Independent and Dependent Variable of the Study.........…...................8

Figure 1. Experimental Layout…………..........……………………...................27

 XI

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

Table 1. Timetable of Activities............................................................................40

Table 2. Budgetary Requirements of the Study ...................................................4

 1

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN CALAMANSI

(CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARPA) ZEST AND
LEMON (CITRUS LIMON) ZEST AS RUST REMOVER

JASPHER CANADILLA
KYLE NAZARENO
RHIENNIELL KATE PAYAC
ASHLEY SARMIENTO

A Research Manuscript submitted to the Senior High School Department of Our Lady of
the Holy Rosary School – Amaya,Tanza, Cavite in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion . Prepared under the supervisions of Ms.
Desiree P. Dimasuay, RPm

INTRODUCTION

Many people are struggling in the present life because of the metal rust. Some of

their things in house are destroyed by the metal rust. Metal rust is a big burden to the life

of many people. There are a lot of things that can still be used but because of the metal

rust, they become useless and become waste of money. On the other hand, we all know

that calamansi and lemon extract can be used as metal rust remover but it will just add to

the people’s expenses. Therefore, the researchers come up with this topic where the

researcher use kitchen waste as rust remover.

According to Noxudol (22 August, 2016), metals containing iron, when exposed

to air and water will rust. Rust affects the metals in many ways. Therefore, if a piece of

the metal determines the safety of objects like bridges and break caliper of a car, then it is

essential to keep them under check regularly. Rust is non-toxic and presents no biological

hazards. The only thing you need to worry about is the degradation of material. The other

effects a rust can have on your car is given below, It can severely affect the metals and
 2

makes them weaker. The effective functioning of a car depends on the strength of most of

its parts. Iron used in suspension struts and coil springs of a car are not very strong. So

these are the parts that get disintegrated first due to rust. It is important to keep braking

components away from corrosion, because the safety of the vehicle depends on it. Rust

can cause the metal parts to get stuck when they are supposed to slide over each other.

Rusty car mufflers and the outer bodies of the car can develop holes in them due to rust.

It affects the magnetic properties of a metal. Iron is a good conductor of electricity. But

rust is an insulator and when it affects iron, it decreases its conductivity. If there is any

electric connection in the car made with iron, it can go bad with rusting.

According to Sam’s Welding Inc., (27 November, 2019), exposure to oxygen

causes iron and its alloys to oxidize, or rust. The familiar orange-red color on metal is an

indication that metal is slowly reverting back to its natural, lower energy state of ore

before the refining process occurred. These are some of the dangers of rust:

 Rust can cause many problems to metal objects, all of which have harmful effects on

ordinary objects and even your health.

 Rust weakens metal. Water in the air helps hasten the formation of rust by liberating

electrons in the metal. Over time, the iron itself disappears as it corrodes into rust.

Metal grows weaker as rust mars and pits surfaces. Cooking pans, bridge supports,

vehicle brake calipers, and your decorative iron lawn chairs are susceptible to further

damage once rust gains a foothold and continues to spread unchecked.

 Rust corrodes metal. As red powdery rust replaces strong iron, weakened metal

corrodes into flakes and holes form. Metal that is very rusty cannot fulfill its intended

purpose. Corroded pipes leak water or fluid, and corroded fences allow intruders
 3

entry. Plus, corroded metal tables and chairs look unattractive at formal events where

metal should appear clean and new.

 Rust makes tools stick. The growth of rust causes moving parts to stick together.

Remember that pair of pliers left out in the rain? Rusty hand tools are difficult to

operate when important metal moving parts can no longer slide against each other

properly. Lawnmower engines seize up. Nuts and bolts cement together when rusty.

When moving parts are rusty, they become useless.

 Rust lessens magnetic properties. Iron and its alloys have unique magnetic properties

that make them useful in certain applications. Metal with a thin coat of rust probably

still retains its valuable magnetism. Badly rusted metal loses its magnetism and can

hurt industries that rely on magnets like electronics, automotive, and energy

generation.

 Rust hinders electrical conductivity. Electricity prefers to flow through metallic

conductors. Rust on metal acts as an insulator and hinders electrical conductivity

across metal connections. Electronic devices may be perfectly sound, but cannot

work when rust is present on battery coils.

 Rust can harbor tetanus bacteria. The tetanus-causing bacteria Clostridium tetani is

present in the soil around you. Tetanus is associated with rust because the bacteria is

in proximity to rusty objects in or near the ground. Rusty objects have irregular

surfaces that are more likely to harbor the dangerous bacteria. Plus, a sudden

encounter with a rusty nail or other piece of sharp metal can allow the bacteria to

enter your bloodstream.

 4

According to Betsy Jabs, (2020), ;emons are a versatile, natural option for

cleaning, beauty, cooking, and much more. Not only do they smell and taste great, but

they possess antibacterial properties making them perfect for killing germs. Their low pH

makes them perfect for beauty and personal care, and when applied directly to the skin,

lemon juice can lighten age and sunspots. Lemons have a high concentration of citric acid,

which is great for general disinfecting and cleaning. The citric acid in lemons can help

kill bacteria and mold, and also remove soap scum and mineral deposits.

Lemon make a all purpose cleaner. This is one of the simplest ways to use your

leftover lemon peels. Add the peels of several lemons to a large jar, and fill with white

distilled vinegar. Allow the solution to “steep” in a cabinet for a few weeks. Strain out the

peels, and use the vinegar solution as a great lemon-scented all-purpose cleaner. It is

perfect for degreasing, disinfecting, and leaving things smelling fresh. Add the citrus-

infused vinegar to a spray bottle and use it to clean countertops, sinks, toilets, spills,

stovetops, or other surfaces. Lemon also remove rust stains. The acid in lemons helps

remove rust stains. This can be helpful in showers where shaving cream cans have left a

rust ring or sinks where iron pots have been left. Sprinkle salt on the rust stain and rub

with half of a lemon that still has pulp inside. Allow the salt and lemon to sit for several

hours, scrubbing periodically if needed. Allow the lemon to rest on the surface overnight

if the stain has not yet disappeared, then rinse well with water.
 5

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this comparative study is to compare the effectiveness of kitchen

waste between calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) zest and lemon (Citrus Limon)

zest as rust remover for metal rust.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

General Objectives

To differentiate the effectiveness of calamansi zest and lemon zest as rust

remover

Specific Objectives

 To identify which zest between calamansi and lemon has greater ability in removing

metal rust

 To know what is the manifestation of anti- rusting capabilities of calamansi and

lemon zest

 To identify if there is there any significance difference between using calamansi and

lemon zest as rust remover

HYPOTHESIS

Null Hypothesis (�� )

There is no significant difference between rust removal capabilities of

Lemon zest and Calamansi zest.

 6

Alternative Hypothesis (�� )

There is a significant difference between rust removal capabilities of

Lemon zest and Calamansi zest.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The primary purpose of this study is to determine which which among

calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) zest and lemon (Citrus Limon) zest and is more

effective to be rust remover.

 For the community, this study will help the people to know what kitchen waste that

can be recycle is more effective as rust remover.

 For the future researchers, the results will be used for the continuity on the study of

which kind of kitchen waste between calamansi zest and lemon zest is morerust

remover.

 For the soap and detergent industry, this study impacts the soap and detergent

industry progressively by providing innovative information about calamansi and

lemon zest having metal rust removing properties.

TIME AND PLACE OF THE STUDY

The researchers are expecting this study will be approved on January 2021 at Our

Lady of the Holy Rosary School – Amaya, Campus. Upon following its approval, the

collecting of data will be conducted through experimenting the materials and it will

possibly ends on April 2021.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Cleanse - to make clean.

2. Cleansing - intended to clean something thoroughly, especially the skin.

3. Peeling- to remove the outer covering or the skin of a fruit or vegetables

4. Rust - a reddish or yellowish-brown flaky coating of iron oxide that is formed

on iron or steel by oxidation, especially in the presence of moisture.

5. Zest - a piece of the peel of a citrus fruit (such as an orange or lemon) used as

flavoring.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The study will focus on knowing and analyze what is more effective among

calamansi zest and lemon zest as rust remover for metal rust. This study will also

determine how effective and what has greater capability between calamansi zest and

lemon zest as rust remover for metal rust. The researcher will collect data through doing

the experiment or application.

 8

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Title

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN

CALAMANSI (CITROFORTUNELLA
MICROCARPA) ZEST AND LEMON
(CITRUS LIMON) ZEST AS RUST
REMOVER

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Rust remover (Calamansi Zest Effects of rust remover in

and Lemon Zest) metal rust

Figure 1

The study will focus on comparing and analyzing what is more effective among

calamansi zest and lemon zest as rust remover. The researcher will collect the data

through experiment. After conducting the experiment or application, the researcher will

know which type of cleansing agent is more effective as rust remover.

 9

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The researcher’s topic is all about comparing calamansi and lemon zest as more

effective cleansing agent fore metal rust. The reason why the researchers establish in

reviewing the literature is for the people to know the background and other benefits of

calamansi and lemon in human life. The researchers also want to know what are the

different cleansing agent and lastly what are the corrosion or rust and how it affects the

metals.

BENEFITS AND BACKGROUND OF LEMON

According to Rizada, A. ( 23 July 2010), Lemon’s gift is that it is an acid and

smells much fresher than vinegar which is fermented and it is good antiseptic killer or

mold, germs, and bacteria. Lemon oil can be used in household as lubricant. Lemon oil is

renowned as being very lubricating which also a reason why it is often used on furniture.

Lemon can also be aromatherapy because it calm fears and lift depression by just adding

few drops of pure lemon oil to a diffuser. It can also be an antiseptic and deodorizer

because the acid in lemon juice kills mold, bacteria, and germ. Lemon can also be glass

cleaner because of its acid, it will break down the alkaline minerals found in hard water.

It is also an air freshener by just simmering sliced lemons in water. Microwave cleaner by

just putting a slice of lemon in a cup of water and put in the microwave it for 30 seconds

on high. Lemons can also be used as metal cleaner. It can also be whitener. We all know

that lemon juice and the sun combined proves to whiten clothes, hair and more by just

soaking the clothes in some water and lemon juice. Lemons can also be soap scum and

shower stalls. Soap is very alkaline and when it combines with hard water minerals, it
 10

tends to form soap scum that can then coat shower stalls, bathtubs, and sinks because the

acid cut through this soap scum. mineral. Lemons can also be personal care as alpha

hydroxy acid, hair spray, hair lightener, and skin lightener. To sum up, it says that there is

a significant relationship between lemon and our daily life. The author used the archival

method in gathering or primary and secondary sources. The same method was also used

in analysis of the study.She analyzed sources by looking “ into the different uses ” of

lemon in home. This article stated the different uses of lemon in our home and the author

talks about the uses of lemons at home and it also explain the procedure that the people

can do with a lemon for it to became useful in daily life.

According to The Nibble, (2010), the birthplace of the lemon has not yet been resolved,

in spite of the fact that science recommends it could be northwestern India, where they have been

developed for over 2,500 years. Middle Easterner dealers carried the lemons to the Center East

and Africa at some point after 100 C.E. It is accepted to have been brought into southern Italy

around 200 C.E.; and was being developed in Egypt and in Sumer, the southern part of

Mesopotamia years and years after the fact. From the start, lemons were not generally developed

as food: It was to a great extent a fancy plant until about the tenth century. The Middle Easterners

brought the lemon into Spain in the eleventh century, by 1150, the lemon was broadly developed

in the Mediterranean. The lemon came into full culinary use in Europe in the fifteenth century;

the main significant development in Europe started in Genoa. Lemons went to the New World in

1493, when Christopher Columbus brought lemon seeds to Hispaniola. Spanish triumph spread

the lemon all through the New World, where it was as yet utilized predominantly utilized as an

elaborate plant, and for medication. Lemons were filled in California by 1751; and during the

1800s in Florida, they started to be utilized in cooking and seasoning. The name "lemon" first

showed up around 1350–1400, from the Center English word limon. Limon is an old French word,
 11

demonstrating that the lemon entered Britain by means of France. The Old French gets from the

Italian limone, which traces all the way back to the Arabic laymun or limun.

Business development of lemons bloomed in the two California and Florida during the

1800s, however because of an exceptional freeze in the colder time of year of 1894-1895.

Planting continued in 1953 because of a need not for new lemons, yet a business opportunity for

frozen lemon concentrate, which had gotten mainstream, and for common cold-press lemon oil.

The 200 or so cultivars of lemon that can be found in the U.S., some are best for lemon oil, some

for juice and some are the best in general. A few cultivars are more overwhelming , some are

more profitable, some have less seeds, some are better in muggy environments like Florida, in

bone-dry environments like Arizona and Texas or in colder environments. Lemons are hand-

picked. They're at that point arranged by shading, washed, covered with a fungicide to forestall

stem-end decay, covered with a meager layer of wax for protection and appeal and restored until

prepared for transportation. The author used the archival method in gathering of primary,

secondary sources and analysis of the study. The author analyzed the source by looking” into the

History of Lemon”. The author stated the origin of the lemon and the other history of lemon. The

article focused in the history of lemon but it did not explain the use, benefits and the other

information that lemon has.

According to The Editors (2018),Lemons aren't only useful for adding flavor to plans.

They're additionally valuable around the house. This are some household uses of lemon. For

health, use lemon for a soar throat and bad breath., After a cleanser, wash your hair with lemon

juice to make it sparkle., Suck on a lemon to settle an irritated stomach. In the kitchen, Clean

stained utensils with a fabric dunked in lemon juice., Utilize one lemon juice and salt to scour

chinaware to its unique shine., Rub kitchen and washroom fixtures with lemon strip. Wash and

dry with a fabric to sparkle and eliminate spots., Fish or onion scent on your hands can be

removed by scouring them with lemons., To get scents out of wooden rolling pins, bowls, or

cutting board, rub with a piece of lemon., Clean copper pots by slicing a lemon down the middle
 12

and scouring the cut side with salt until the salt sticks. Rub the lemon onto the metal, and clean

dry. In outdoor, A couple of drops of lemon juice in outside house-paint will fend bugs off while

you are painting and until the paint dries., Blend one tablespoon of lemon squeeze with two

tablespoons of salt to make a rust remover. In other uses, Remove scratches on furniture by

blending a pieces of lemon juice and plate of mixed greens oil and scouring it on the scratches

with a fabric., To make furniture clean, blend one lemon juice and olive oil., To remove dried

paint from glass, apply hot lemon juice with a fabric. Leave until almost dry, and afterward wipe

off., Make your own freshener. Cut a few lemons, cover with water, and let stew in a pot for

about 60 minutes., Before you begin to vacuum, put a couple of drops of lemon juice in the

residue sack. It will make the house smell new. In this study, the author stated that the lemon has

a different uses in cleaning and freshening the house hold. The author used the archival method in

the gathering of primary, secondary sources and analysis of the study. analyzed the source by

looking “into the uses of lemon in the way of cleaning, freshening and more” around the house.

The author stated different way to clean and freshening the house hold using lemon. The article

focused in the use of lemon around the house but did not explain how lemon help to rid other

house hold problem like dirt, rust, stain on house hold tools.

According to Nowak C. (02 September 2020) , Lemons are cleaners that most of

the people didn’t know that they need. Lemon is not a colored liquid in a spray bottle that

can be used as cleaning product in people’s day to day life. Lemons are natural cleaning

agent that can help people to achieve clean home. These are some what can lemons do or

clean along with simple chemical free materials.. Lemons clean brass and copper along

with the salt and start scrubbing in it. A cup of water and two tablespoons of lemon juice

can also steam clean a microwave and heat if for about three minutes or until it boils and

let it sit for ten minutes. Then wipe down the inside and you’re done and no scrubbing

needed. Lemon can also remove dunk from a grater. Run lemon down the side of the
 13

grater to remove food particles and rinse with warm and soapy water. The utensils get

cleaned and your fingers stay uncut and you can also use a lemon to clean grills the same

way. Lemons also brightens clothes. Just simply soak cotton and polyester clothes in a

lemon juice to bleach whites and brighten colors and keep the clothes in for an hour or

longer then dry them in the sun. Lemons also keep your fridge smelling fresh by just

leaving a half lemon on a saucer in the fridge to keep foul odors at bay. Lemons also

sanitize earrings by just mixing water and tablespoons of lemon juice. Lemons also deal

with the clogged drain by just pouring half box baking soda and lemon juice down a drain

and a chemical reaction will turn the ingredients into foam. Then add boiling water to

rinse out the foam and the clog will disappear.

Lemon also exfoliate face for glowing skin with the help of one tablespoon of

olive oil, half a cup of granulates sugar and a tablespoon of honey. It can also fight acne.

After washing and drying the face, dip a cotton ball in lemon juice and apply it to the

affected area after that rinse it with water and do it every morning and before bedtime.

On this study Nowak Claire stated that there is a significant relationship between lemon

extract and the dirt, stain, rust and odor in objects. And she used the archival method in

gathering or primary and secondary sources. The same method was also used in analysis

of the study. She analyzed sources by looking “ into the uses in cleaning” of lemon in

household. The author stated the different uses of lemon for cleaning in different objects.

This article focused on the different uses of lemon in our daily life but not explained how

lemon and what compound that the lemon have and it remove those dirt, rust, stain, and

odor on objects.
 14

According to The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. As a cultivated tree, the

lemon is presently grown to a restricted degree in most tropical and subtropical countries.

Lemon trees for commercial planting are ordinarily propagated by grafting or budding the

specified variety on seedlings of other Citrus species, such as the sweet orange, grapefruit,

mandarin orange, acrid orange, or tangelo. Seedlings of these species are superior to

lemon seedlings as root stocks since they are more uniform and less susceptible to the

various crown- and foot-rot diseases. On this study the author said

lemonade, made with lemon, sugar, and water, is a popular warm-weather beverage,

lemon trees for commercial planting are usually propagated by grafting or budding the

desired variety on seedlings of other Citrus species, such as the sweet orange, grapefruit,

mandarin orange, sour orange, or tangelo. Seedlings of these species are superior to

lemon seedlings as root stocks because they are more uniform and less susceptible to the

various crown- and foot-rot diseases. The author used the archival method in the

gathering of primary , secondary sources and analysis of the study he analyse the

“Lemons are a good source of vitamin C”. In article The Editors of Encyclopaedia

Britannica stated As a cultivated tree, the lemon is now grown to a limited extent in most

tropical and subtropical countries. This article focused on that the Lemons contain citric

acid, which is corrosive and damaging to tooth enamel. It's not until lemon juice has been

fully digested and metabolized that it becomes alkaline.

BACKGROUND AND BENEFITS OF CALAMANSI

According to Lynna May A. Bocala, ( 27 October 2014). Calamansi could be a

rich source of vitamin C. its juice is utilized as a flavoring ingredient or as an added

 15

substance in various food preparations. The pulp can be utilized in beverages, syrups,

concentrates, and purees. Though, the peel can be require in making jams, candies and

marmalade. Most frequently, they endure from afflictions caused by contamination of

diverse microorganism in our body, due to safe system. Most cognizant individuals

consider to natural method of treatment rather than chemicals. In boosting the body’s

immune system, citrus fruits are exceptionally compelling having tall in Ascorbic Acid or

vitamin C content. Calamansi Juice has anti-bacterial property which is effective and

natural mouthwash as it eliminates morning breath. Drinking Calamansi Juice is

definitely a natural and effective, to keep your kidney healthy. At no specific time, ten or

more calamansi fruit in a glass of water are needed to consume.Aside from that, it also

eliminates urine odor and lighten urine color. On this study The author said Calamansi

Juice has anti-bacterial property which is effective and natural mouthwash as it eliminates

morning breath. The author utilized the archival method within the gathering of primary ,

secondary sources and analysis of the study . He analyze the source by looking

“Description of Calamansi Fruits”. In article Lynna May A. Bocala stated Calamansi is a

rich source of vitamin C. its juice is used as a flavoring ingredient or as an additive in

various food preparations. This article focused on Calamansi Juice is much cheaper than

any other health and beauty products over the counter, but it contains similar benefits, yet

natural.

According to Ghaz, S. ( 02 August 2019), Calamansi is a citrus fruit that is

believe to be originally grown in Southeast Asia. It is also called ‘Kalamansi’ or ‘Golden

limes’. Calamansi is widely used in making a sauce, flavoring a food or only as a healthy

beverage. And here are some of the health benefits of calamansi. Calamansi helps control
 16

the cholesterol level and health researchers says that this citrus fruit can help control

cholesterol in the body and also excellent for healthy weight loss. It also boosts immunity

because it is excellent in boosting immunity of the body against the diseases. It aids in the

production of the white blood cells which help fight infection.. It also removes body odor

because base on an article, citrus fruit got antibacterial properties making it an excellent

food in removing body odor. Calamansi also helps in preventing diabetes. Researchers

proved that citrus fruit can help lower the glucose level in the blood. It also helps manage

the secretion of insulin which controls the glucose in making it an excellent fruit in

preventing diabetes. This article stated that there is a significance relationship between

the calamansi and the human health. The author used the archival method in gathering or

primary and secondary sources. The same method was also used in analysis of the

study.She analyzed sources by looking “ into the background and health benefits” of

lemon in human body. The author stated the background of calamansi and the health

benefits of calamansi in human body. And it focused in stating the background and the

different health benefits of calaman but it did not explain how the Calamansi or what are

the compound of calamansi have that helps the the body to be healthy or to reduce human

illness.

According to Jonathan, ( 19 September 2019), Calamansi fruit is presently part of

culinarians and nourishment condiments. The accessibility of this fruit within the market

could be a whole year-round. However, calamansi’s supply influences the cost of it

within the market. The harvesting season when the oversupply occurs is during the

months of July to September. At that time, the cost is cheap. Due to this, more buyers

prepare their favorite, Vitamin C-riched mineral drink, the Calamansi Juice. In terms of
 17

cooking uses, calamansi is frequently utilized by Filipinos as a common condiment for

pancit, a traditional Filipino rice noodle dish. Calamansi juice blended with soy sauce is

additionally a very common dipping sauce and marinade used for a assortment of Filipino

dishes. Calamansi fruit is now part of culinarians and food condiments. The availability

of this fruit in the market is a whole year-round. In terms of nutrition, calamansi is a

vitamin C rich food but because of their fairly small size, it would take approximately 34

calamansi fruit to meet your daily intake of vitamin C. The author utilized the archival

method within the gathering of primary, secondary sources and analysis of the study . He

analyze the source that “ the Calamansi as condiments”. In article Jonathan stated Time

passes by, this small fruit creates vast impact in our daily life. The article focus on centers

on the many ways calamansi can be utilized as a spice in products that include

Calamansi.

According to Author, Calamansi could be a natural product approximately half

the size of a lime and almost impeccably round. In spite of the fact that they ripen to

orange, they’re ordinarily picked while they’re still green. The substance within could be

a bright and deep yellow-orange. The researcher learned that grimy marks are not

effectively removed by just rinsing a water so it require something that can remove the

dirty marks. Calamansi and Eba natural product is known to be as common bleaching

agent since of its corrosiveness, to help remove stains. On this study The Author said the

calamansi is high in vitamin C. The fruit can be frozen whole and used as ice cubes in

beverages. Calamansi juice has been utilized as an immune booster for generations. In

spite of its high levels of citric acid, many people drink it as a soothing substance for the

stomach. People who need to lose weight might consider drinking Calamansi juice. The
 18

author utilized the documented method within the gathering of essential , secondary

sources and analysis of the study . He analyze the source by looking “uses of calamansi “.

In article the author stated different uses of calamansi and the benefits of it. This article

focused on the diverse uses of Calamansi in our way of life but not clarified what the

compound that the Calamansi has inclination may cause stomach cramps, indigestion or

diarrhea in case expended in excessive amounts.”

HOW TO REMOVE RUST

According to Kozomos, K. (2018), Furniture gets rust and we tend to throw it and

this often happens after a damp winter season where the presence of air, water and

oxygen is extremely high and that’s the reason why it weakens and gets rusty. Instead of

holding out a garage sale for expensive furniture, why not try some DIY tricks to clean

it.These are some tips how to remove rust from metal furniture. You can use white

vinegar to remove rust in aluminum foil. White vinegar is the most effective household

item that can be used to remove rust. Next are lime and salt where lime juice activates the

salt crystals and makes the rust soft and easy to remove. Simply sprinkle some salt on the

rusted area and then sprinkle lime juice on it and let it sit for two to three hours and then

wipe the area. Potato and dish soap can also be used as cleaning agents for metal rust.

First used WD-40 to remove rusty particles and then cut a potato in half and rub dish

soap all over it and as for the corner, create a mixture of potato juice and dish soap and

pour it on the corners or you can either use a hand brush or scrabber to reach corner areas.

Next are baking soda and water. Its combination is the same as lime juice and salt. You

just need to create a thick layer on rusted areas to allow time for baking soda to work.
 19

You just need to sprinkle the baking soda on the rust and then sprinkle water on it and let

it sit for an hour or two and scrub this with a brush. Lastly is the Oxalic Acid and we all

know using it is quite risky but it removes rust quite fast. You just need to take certain

precautions and before using it, you must wear rubber gloves, goggles and nose clip. To

sum up, the article says that talks about the uses of lemons at home and it also explain the

procedure that the people can do with a lemon for it to became useful in daily life. The

author used the archival method in gathering or primary and secondary sources. The same

method was also used in analysis of the study.She analyzed sources by looking “ into the

background and health benefits” of lemon in human body. In this article, Kozomos stated

the different materials that can be use in cleaning metal rust that can be found in your

home. He also stated how the different home materials cleans the metal rust and it even

stated the steps how to use those said objects.

According to Poskin (2019),when water discovers its way to the outside of a metal and

stays there for quite a long time, the outcome is that an oxidation interaction can occur and leave

your tool rusty. this doesn't really mean it's the end point for that thing; it will take real effort, yet

you'll be happy to realize that annoying rust can be taken out from a metal surface. This is the

five things to remove rust from metal. Baking Soda, Wash the metal and shake dry. Residue with

heating pop , make sure to cover every single rusty zone. Leave the metal for an hour, then brush

with steel wool, removing the rust down to the metal. Wash, and towel dry. Vinegar, Put the

metal in white vinegar and let sit in long time. Eliminate the item and scratch with a metal brush

or steel wool. It is best used in significant rust found on tools or items that are all steel and it is

very easy. Potato and Dish washing, Sounds insane, but it is really effective. Cut your potato

down the middle and cover the open end with dish cleanser. Utilize the potato like you would a

scouring cushion and watch the rust disappear as it responds with the cleanser and potato.it is best

in less rust stain and it is simple and generally quick strategy. Citric acid, You probably won't
 20

have this laying around the house, but it can found in the food stores. Add a couple of crawls of

heated water to a bowl and sprinkle in 2-3 tablespoons of the citric acid. Lower your thing and let

sit for the time being, remove in the morning, then brush it, rinse and dry. Lemon and Salt,

Liberally coat the rusted area in a layer of salt, cut a lemon, and press the juice over the salt.

Allow the blend to sit, then scrub the rust with the rind. if there is a remaining rust, just repeat the

procedure. In this study, Poskin explained that baking soda, vinegar, citric acid, dish washing and

lemon with salt can remove rust from metals. The author used the archival method in the

gathering of primary, secondary sources and analysis of the study. She analyzed the source by

looking into” how rust from metal can remove in a easy way of methods” . In the article, In

article, Poskin explained the five different methods for removing rust from metal objects. The

article focused on the different methods on how rust remove from metals but not explained how

those methods can really remove rust in metals object and if this methods is very effective or not.

According to Betts, J. (2020), It's time to look for a rust remover when elbow grease fails

to remove rust. But with so many of them on the market, each of them with different strengths

and weaknesses, which is the best? There are both acid-based rust removers out there, as well as

ways to either eliminate rust or turn it to a new, non-corrosive material depending on advanced

chemistry. Keep reading to see how the different forms of Russians are It helps to comprehend

exactly what rust is in the first place before undertaking the chemical method of rust elimination.

Basically, when exposed to oxygen and moisture (water or humidity), iron corrodes; the scientific

name for the process is oxidation. They shape an orangey-red residue (rust) on any surface

containing or in contact with iron, including clothing, as iron molecules are oxidized. It helps to

comprehend exactly what rust is in the first place before undertaking the chemical method of rust

elimination. Basically, when exposed to oxygen and moisture (water or humidity), iron corrodes;

the scientific name for the process is oxidation. They shape an orangey-red residue (rust) on any

surface containing or in contact with iron, including clothing, as iron molecules are oxidized.

Rust removers are not suitable for fragile products such as wool or silk, so you can find the
 21

remedy below for most other surfaces. Nitric acid, acetic acid (white vinegar), phosphoric acid,

hydrochloric acid, muriatic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, etc. In a rust remover, the average

concentration of acid is around 30%-the highest quantity that can dissolve in water and act as a

cleaning agent. While powerful and fast, acids typically operate within minutes of application and

emit harsh chemical substances. Rust stains are difficult to remove because of their bright color

and resistance to bleach and soap. The ideal solution to keeping metal surfaces free from rust is to

take preventive measures. The author used the archival method in the gathering of primary ,

secondary sources and analysis of the study . He analyze the source by looking on How to

Remove Rust From Metal in Easy Ways. In article , the author explained The Best Rust

Removers for Household Use. The article focus on the different types of rust remover for

household use but some products that they provide is not in the Philippines they located in US

California.

According to Kellog, K. (2020), Rust may seem like the stopping point, yet it's

conceivable to save those oxidized objects. When you figure out how to remove rust. There are

various strategies for removing rust, and large numbers of them use things you as of now have in

your kitchen. Find seven different ways to eliminate rust and resurrect your metal. Vinegar, To

handle things with huge rust, put the rusty tools in a bowl of vinegar and sit it in an hour. after

that remove the item and scrub the rust with steel wool. If there are some excess rust spots,

repeat the process then rinse and dry. Baking Soda, baking soda functions admirably on things

with light rust stains. It also work on a thin metal. Blend water and heating baking soda into a

thick like glue and spread it everywhere on the metal, ensuring that the spots are very much

covered. Allow the baking soda to sit on the item for an hour. Use steel wool to scour and

remove the rust. Lemon and Salt, This strategy consolidates the acidity of the lemon with the

abrasiveness of the salt to handle rust spots. Cover the rusted area with salt and put the lemon

juice over the layer of salt. Let the salt and lemon blend sit for around two hours. Clean the item

with the lemon skin. Flush off the lemon, salt, and dry altogether. Potato Salt and Dishwashing,
 22

Cut a potato , cover the cut area with dish cleanser, and sprinkle salt onto the potato. Salt goes

about as a gentle rough to help scratch the rust off as it breaks up. Rub the rusted area with the

potato to remove the rust. Flush and dry well.

Critic Acid, It is the best method in all piece. Put the rusty item in a critic acid and sit it in

a long time, then using a steel wool brush it to remove the dissolve rust, then rinse and dry.

Chemical Solution, you can remove rust from metal with a chemical solution like Metal Glo. It’s

formulated for safe use on knives, silverware, and even jewelry. When cleaning your knives,

make sure to rub Metal Glo along the grain pattern to avoid scratching the metal. Naval Jelly, It is

commonly used in a heavy thing or a big/thick metal object, just spray it in the rusty metal and sit.

The rust may dissolve into 5 to 10 minutes. In this study, Kellog Kristi explained that there is a

significant way to rid the rust from the metals using different methods. The author used the

archival method in the gathering of primary, secondary sources and analysis of the study. She

analyzed the source by looking “into different ways on how to get rid rust from metals” around

in the kitchen. In the article, Kellogg stated the different method for removing rust that can

discover in the kitchen. The article focused in stating the different way on how to rid the rust

from metals in the kitchen but it did not explain on how it actually helps to remove the rust from

the metal.

WHAT IS CORROSION

According to The Electrochemical Society, (2020), Corrosion is a galvanic

mechanism in which metals deteriorate, usually but not necessarily to their oxides,

through oxidation. For starters, iron rusts, silver tarnishes, and copper and brass develop a

bluish-green surface called a patina as they are exposed to air. Of the different metals that

are subject to corrosion, iron is by far the most economically relevant. In the United

States, an extra $100 billion a year is invested The development of methods to protect
 23

metal surfaces from corrosion is also a very important field of industrial research. We

detail some of the chemical and electrochemical processes responsible for corrosion in

this chapter. The chemical basis for certain traditional procedures for corrosion

prevention and corroded metal treatment is also investigated. Oxidation of most metals is

thermodynamically random under atmospheric conditions, with the noticeable exception

of gold and platinum. Therefore, it is somewhat somewhat shocking that any metals in

the hot, oxygen-rich atmosphere of Earth are usable at all.

However, some metals, for kinetic purposes, are resistant to corrosion. Aluminum

in soft-drink cans and aircraft, Rust, The Result of Metallic Iron Corrosion. Iron, which is

also an impurity or a lattice defect, is oxidized to Fe2+(aq) at an anodic site on the iron

base. At a separate site on the surface of the iron, which serves as the cathode, oxygen is

converted to vapor. Electrons are passed via the electrically-conductive metal from the

anode to the cathode. Air for the F is a liquid. Most common kinds of corrosion result

from electrochemical reactions. Buildings and bridges can collapse, oil pipelines break,

chemical plants leak, bathrooms flood. Take a metal structure such as the Statue of

Liberty. The author used the archival method in the gathering of primary , secondary

sources and analysis of the study . He analyze the source by looking on Corrosion and

Corrosion Prevention.. In article , Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention , break, chemical

plants leak, bathrooms flood. Take a metal structure such as the Statue of Liberty. The

article focus on how to prevent corrosion Some metals acquire a natural passivity, or

resistance to corrosion. This occurs when the metal reacts with, or corrodes in, the

oxygen in air. Harmful corrosion can be prevented in numerous ways.

 24

According to Silicons Inc, (2020), It may be harmful as well as productive to the

ability of electrochemical processes to break down compounds into components or

produce new compounds. Corrosion in the atmosphere is an all-too-common effect of

electrochemical interactions between materials and substances. A dangerous and highly

expensive problem is corrosion. Because of that, it will topple houses and bridges,

destroy oil pipes, spill chemical facilities, and flood toilets. Corroded electrical

connections can cause fires and other hazards, corroded surgical implants can cause

blood poisoning, and corrosion damage to works of art around the world has been caused

by air pollution. The healthy d endangers corrosion. Take a frame of metal, such as the

Liberty Statue. Powerful and permanent, it feels. However, like almost all metal objects,

when it interacts with chemicals in its atmosphere and deteriorates, it may become brittle.

This corrosion is often harmless or even helpful: the greenish patina covering the copper

skin of the statue shielded the metal from weather damage below. Within the statue, how

it's finished A normal passivity or resistance to corrosion is obtained by certain metals.

This happens as the metal responds to the oxygen in the air or corrodes in it.

The effect is a thin layer of oxide that prevents the ability of the metal to undergo

another reaction. Examples of this are the patina that occurs on copper and the

weathering of some sculpture materials. When the thin film is weakened or lost, security

fails. In this study, the author stated that there are significant relationship with the rust

and the metal. The author used the archival method in the gathering of primary ,

secondary sources and analysis of the study . He analyze the source by looking on what

causes Corrosion. In article, “What is Corrosion” This ultimately causes severe damage

to your building. The article focus on how to prevent corrosion Some metals acquire a
 25

natural passivity, or resistance to corrosion. This occurs when the metal reacts with, or

corrodes in, the oxygen in air. Harmful corrosion can be prevented in numerous ways.
 26

METHODOLOGY

This chapter gives an outline of research methods that will follow in the study. It

provides information on how the researchers will collect the data needed in the study.

The researchers also stated the materials to be use and the experimental design chosen.

This chapter also have the experimental treatments, the experimental layout, and the

analysis and statistical treatment of data that will follow in the process.

Materials

Calamansi - 20 grams this material is needed to undergo the experiment and it will be

compared to lemon.

Container - this will be the storage of the object that will undergo the experiment.

Grater - this material is needed for the lemon and calamansi to become a zest.

Lemon - 20 grams of this material is needed to undergo the experiment and it will be

compared to calamansi.

Metal Rust - this material is the one that will undergo the experiment. This material is

the one that will be determine what variable is more effective as cleansing agent for metal

rust. To be specific, the researchers will use 3 meta; with rust.

Methods

Experimental Design

This study will be using True Experimental Research Design. This design is the

one of the designs that was used in an experiment that will establish a scientific method

to test the two different variables that can be a cleansing agent for metal rust under the
 27

condition controlled by the researchers or to simply say to prove whether the study

hypothesis is true or not. The researcher will manipulate the variable to compare the

effects of the independent variables to dependent variable.

Experimental Treatments

The research study has two experimental treatments.

T0 – Control treatment, no cleansing agent application

T1 - Calamansi zest

T2 – Lemon zest

Experimental Layout

Weighing and Preparation of

Procurement of the materials
Metal Rust

Soaking of Cleansing Agents Application of Cleansing

to Metal Rust Agents to the Metal Rust

Weighing, Analyzing, and

Interpretating the Results

Figure 2.

The researchers will collect lemon and calamansi that is already extracted in their

kitchen and will grater it to produce 20 grams of lemon zest and 20 grams of calamansi

zest. The researchers will also find 3 nails in their house that is rusting. The metal which

is the nail with rust will weigh first and will record its weight. The metal with rust will be
 28

put in a separate container. For the application, 20 grams of calamansi zest and 20 grams

of lemon zest will be scrub in metal rust in separate container. The metal with rust will

soak in calamansi zest, lemon zest and one that has no application of cleansing agents in

separate container for 8 hours. After the experiment, the researchers will weigh again the

metal 3 times each nail and will analyze and interpret the data if the hypothesis is either

proven or not.

Data to be gathered

The researchers are aiming to discover if what cleansing agent from kitchen waste

is more effective in removing rust in metals.

Analysis and statistical treatment of Data

The researchers will be using the One Way Analysis of Variance (One-way

ANOVA) to test the three different groups and to know if there are different result

between the three groups.

F = MSB
MSE

Ethical Consideration

1. Honesty – The researchers will be honest in collecting the data or information about

the experiment.

2. Respect – Everything that was indicated in their study must respect the authority and

should not abide any law. The researchers should ensure that they will respect the

outcome of the experiment.

 29

3. Responsible – researchers will be responsible in collecting the data. They should put

correct and exact outcomes.

4. Objectivity – The researcher will not become bias and they will only based on the

result of the experiment.

5. Carefulness – The researcher will avoid carelessness errors and will take good care

of the research activities and experiment.

 30

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section shows the results obtained by the researchers throughout the

conduction of their study. It answers both the generals and specific questions formulated

by the researchers in the earlier part of their study.

Table 1. Changes in grams of metal rust after the three day application.

APPLICATION

1ST APPLICATION 2ND APPLICATION 3RD APPLICATION

Kinds of
Original After Before After Before After
Application
Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight (g)

Metal 1 w/
17 17 17 16 16 16
Calamansi Zest

Metal 2 w/
17 16 16 15 15 14
Lemon Zest

Metal 3 w/
17 17 17 17 17 17
No Treatment

Average 51 50 50 49 49 48

Based on the data presented, the table shows that the lemon zest is more effective

than the calamansi zest because the weight of the metal that applies with the lemon zest

decrease its weight by three (3) grams in three day application while the metal that
 31

applies with calamansi zest only decrease by one (1) gram in three day application and as

for the metal that undergoes no treatment, it does not change its weight.

Table 2. 1st day of Application Results

Metal1 w/Calamansi Zest Metal2 w/ Lemon Zest Metal3 w/ no treatment

Based on the data presented, the table shows that the calamansi zest is less

effective than the lemon because the weight of the metal with calamansi zest does not

change in weight while the weight of the lemon decrease one (1) gram. On the other hand,

the control treatment does not change its weight.

 32

Table 3. 2nd day of Application Results

Metal1 w/Calamansi Zest Metal2 w/ Lemon Zest Metal3 w/ no treatment

Based on the data presented, the table shows that both metal that applies with

calamansi and lemon zest decrease in weight by one (1)gram. On the other hand, the

control treatment does not change its weight.

Table 4. 3rd day of Application Results

Metal1 w/Calamansi Zest Metal2 w/ Lemon Zest Metal3 w/ no treatment

 33

Based on the pictures presented, the table shows that the calamansi zest is less

effective than the lemon because the weight of the metal with calamansi zest does not

change in weight while the weight of the lemon decrease one (1) gram. On the other hand,

the control treatment does not change its weight.

Difference in weight change

Upon the observation the researchers in the experiment that they conducted, metal

that applies with lemon zest decrease 1 gram in weight a day for three (3) days after the

application of lemon zest while metal that applies with calamansi zest only decrease 1

gram on the 2nd day of application. Therefore, lemon zest have the greater ability than

the calamansi zest and no treatment as an anti rust agent.

Manifestation of Rust Removing Capabilities

When the metals are exposed or combined to the oxygen, corrosion or what we

called rusting happens. With that, the weight of the iron or any other metal increases but

with the experiment done by the researchers, there is a manifestation of weight change

using calamansi and lemon zest. Where when the researchers applies the two different

zest in two different metal, rust are taken off the metal and the metals that undergo the

experiment decreases its weight upon weighing it after the 3 day application of two zest

on it.
 34

Table 5. Anova Statistical Computation for the Data of Three Treatment

Table 4. One-Way ANOVA table for Calamansi zest, Lemon Zest and No treatment

SOURCES SS df MS F

Between
6.22 2 3.11 6.91
Treatment

Within
2.67 6 5.61
Treatment

Total Treatment 8.89 8 1.11

F = 6.91

Table F = 3.88

F < table F = Reject the Null Hypothesis (H0)

The One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA\0 test is employed to compare the

capabilities to remove rust of the three (3) treatment (2 experimental and 1 controlled

treatment) as previously recommended by Ms. Desiree Dimasuay, our instructor. Similar

 35

to the calculation for paired T-test, the application of AOVA statistical treatment was

done manually. And through this calculation, it came up rejecting the null hypothesis.

Therefore, there is a significant difference between rust removal capabilities of calamansi

zest and lemon zest

 36

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The research study focused on comparing the effectiveness of kitchen waste

between calamansi zest and lemon zest as rust remover. They performed three (3)

different treatment to three (3) different metal with rust. Metals with rust were (gathered

at area of Amaya 4, Tanza, Cavite ) used for the experiment. Calamansi zest and Lemon

zest are used as the applicator used at rust remover for metal rust. The researchers

followed procedures where they weigh first the metals before the application and every

after the experiment, they will weigh again the metals and record the data. The

researchers collected the data where metals that applies with lemon zest decreases by

three (3) grams while the metal that applies with calamansi zest only decrease by one (1)

gram and the metal that undergoes no treatment does not change its weight. And the

researchers uses the One-Way ANOVA for the statistical analysis of data where it says

that there is a significant rust removal capabilities of calamansi zest and lemon zest.

Conclusion

It there can, therefore, be concluded that there is a significant difference between

rust removal capabilities of calamansi zest and lemon zest as rust remover. Where in the

metal that applies with lemon zest decrease high amount in weight means that high

amount of rust are removed than the metal that undergoes the application of calamansi

zest and no treatment. And the data that the researchers collected shows that the lemon

zest removes rust or more effective anti rust than the lemon zest. But as a contrary,
 37

according to research, lemon zest does not have acids to remove metal rust while the

calamansi zest have and the researchers for this study came to that results because they

used different kind of metal therefore it affects the results.

Recommendations

For further improvement of this study, the researchers want to recommend some

points:

 Have a phytochemical analysis of the fruits from different institution offering that

service because it would be helpful in distuinguishing whether the pythochemicals

affect the anti-rusting capabilities of the fruits.

 Time management. This study alloted so much time from the preparation until the

analysis so it would be easier for future researchers on the same field if they would

have a time management.

 Use same kind of metal in the experiment.

 Test different fruits or plant extract for anti-rusting and rust removal.

 Try using salt spray test at DOST for better experimentation. Thus, it will require

more money. So it is better to save money for this research because the process is

costly.

 Instead of making zest, make it pulverized and add to water and do not scrub on the

metal.
 38

REFERENCES

Rizada, A. (2010, July 23). Gawaing Bahay blogspot. 14 Uses of Lemons (or Calamansi)

at Home. Retrived from https://gawaing-bahay.blogspot.com/2010/07/14-uses-of-

lemons-or-calamansi-at-home.html?fbclid

The Nibble. (2010, April). Lemon Glossary ~ Lemon Varieties. Retrived from

https://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/fruits/lemon-types.asp

Old Farmers Almanac. (2018, January 23). Houehold Uses for Lemons cleaning,

frehening and more. Retrived from https://www.almanac.com/content/household-

uses-lemons?fbclid=IwAR1bhYotAitua12a91of3z-Onq4M4OlD0k4QekKzpj9xq

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 40

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Timetable of Activities

Group member(s)
Activities/ Task Time to complete
responsible

Jaspher Canadilla
Kyle Nazareno
Choosing a topic 2 days
Rhienniell Kate Payac
Ashley Sarmiento
Jaspher Canadilla
Kyle Nazareno
Chapter 1 - Introduction 6 days
Rhienniell Kate Payac
Ashley Sarmiento

Jaspher Canadilla
Kyle Nazareno
Finding Related Studies 3 days
Rhienniell Kate Payac
Ashley Sarmiento

Jaspher Canadilla
Kyle Nazareno
Making Notecard 6 days
Rhienniell Kate Payac
Ashley Sarmiento

Jaspher Canadilla
Kyle Nazareno
Chapter 2 - RRL 6 days
Rhienniell Kate Payac
Ashley Sarmiento

Outline of Methodology 2days Jaspher Canadilla

 41

Kyle Nazareno
Rhienniell Kate Payac
Ashley Sarmiento

Jaspher Canadilla
Kyle Nazareno
Chapter 3 - Methodology 6 days
Rhienniell Kate Payac
Ashley Sarmiento

Jaspher Canadilla
Kyle Nazareno
Data Collection 14 days
Rhienniell Kate Payac
Ashley Sarmiento

Jaspher Canadilla
Making Data Collection Kyle Nazareno
3 days
Paper Rhienniell Kate Payac
Ashley Sarmiento

Jaspher Canadilla
Chapter 4 - Results and Kyle Nazareno
5 days
Discussions Rhienniell Kate Payac
Ashley Sarmiento

Jaspher Canadilla
Chapter 5 - Conclusion and Kyle Nazareno
2 days
Recommendations Rhienniell Kate Payac
Ashley Sarmiento

Table 5. The table shows the activities done by the researchers all throughout the

conducting of the study as well as the respective members who are assigned on each task.
 42

Appendix 2. Budgetart Requirements of the Study

Item Cost

Weighing Scale ₱ 200.00

Calamansi ₱ 50.00

Lemon ₱ 200.00

Transportation ₱ 50.00

Table 6. The table above shows the budgetary requirements of the study. The items and

its cost are tallied in the table.