Academic Writing
Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D
2021
Learning Outcomes
After completing the course you will be able to:
1. Do direct and indirect quotation
2. write abstract and keywords
3. Write background of a journal article.
4. Review previous research and theories.
5. write research Methods.
6. Present research data
7. Discuss research findings
8. Draw conclusion
9. Write bibliography.
Teaching Method
-Tutorials
-Assignment
-Workshop
Books:
• Academic writing for Graduate students (J.M.
Swales, C. Feak)
• A Manual for writers of research paper, thesis,
dissertation (K.L. Turablan, W.C. Booth)
• Writing your journal article in twelve weeks
(W.L. Belcher)
• Academic writing: Handbook for International
students (S. Balley)
• Writing and Publishing Your Thesis (P. Heppner
and Mary J. Heppner)
Assessment
1) Participation : weekly attendance
2) Test : Mid test dan final test
3) Assignment : Mini project
4) Presentasi :-
PEMBOBOTAN KOMPONEN
KOMPONEN BOBOT
Test (UTS dan UAS) 60%
Assignment 30%
Participation 10%
Topics
1. Quotation Techniques (direct and paraphrase)
2. Intro to Outline of Journal article
3. Writing background of study and writing research
position
4. Writing literature Review based on journal articles
5. Writing underlying theory
6. Writing research methods
7. Writing research findings
8. Describing charts and diagrams for research
findings
9. Writing research discussion
10. Writing conclusion and recommendation
11. Writing bibliography based on APA or Harvard style
12. Writing Abstract and keywords
CITATION
(Pengutipan) according to
A.P.A
Agus Wijayanto
Agus Wijayanto
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is taking or using others’ work
without acknowledging its owners and as if
it was yours.
In other words, when you make use of
other’s theories, opinions, statements,
pictures, diagrams, and other products
without giving credit to the author(s) or the
owner of the works, then you are doing
plagiarism.
How to avoid plagiarism
The easiest shortcut of avoiding
plagiarism is quoting/citing and
paraphrasing.
Why Citing or Quoting?
• Citing is a method to support your
assertions or claims that you write
in your academic papers.
• Citing also means that you
acknowledge the contribution of
others’ work in your academic
papers.
• When you quote or cite another person’s
ideas in your paper and other forms of
academic writing, you must give credit to
the author(s) so that your readers could
locate the source you cited.
• You must provide the source of your
citation in a bibliography or list
of references.
• By providing proper citation source, you
could avoid plagiarism.
Direct Citation
(1) Short citation
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty
using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p.
199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA
style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for
teachers?
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style"
(Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation
as to why.
Long Citation (more than 40 words)
Based on her work on the dissertation written
by post graduate program, Jones (1998) found
the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA
style, especially when it was their first
time citing sources. This difficulty could
be attributed to the fact that many
students failed to purchase a style
manual or to ask their teacher for help.
(p. 199)
Online Source
Online Material With Page Numbers
Quotations from online sources that
have page numbers are cited in the
same way as in the examples above.
Miele (1993, p.276) stated, "the 'placebo
effect'... disappeared when behaviors were
studied in this manner".
Online Material Without Page Numbers (including e-
books)
(1) Use the paragraph number in place
of the page number, preceded by the
abbreviation @para@.
Myers (2000) stated "positive emotions
are both an end-better to live fulfilled, with
joy [and other positive emotions]-and a
means to a more caring and healthy society"
(para. 5).
(2) Use common headings include
Introduction, Method, Results,
Discussion, Conclusion, etc.
It was stated that “our existing managed
care organizations, and the ways in which
we approach treatments, are in the right
tracts” (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section,
para. 1).
(3) Shortened Heading
Many web sites provide long heading, use
a short portion of the title enclosed in
quotation marks:
"Empirical studies have found mixed results
on the efficacy of labels in education
consumers" (Krissof, 2007, "Mandatory
Labeling Has Targeted," para. 4).
Note: The full title was "Mandatory Labeling
Has Targeted Information Gaps and Social
Objectives."
Paraphrasing
Conveying other people’s
opinion/sentences etc. by
using your own language
Pada akhir abad pertengahan, penjelasan-penjelasan tentang
geografi masih berupa hasil laporan perjalanan. Laporan ini
terbagi menjadi laporan perjalanan darat dan laporan perjalanan
laut. Pengetahuan tentang geografi diperoleh dari catatan
perjalanan dari para pedagang yang melakukan perdagangan
antarnegara dan antarbenua. Selain itu, pengetahuan geografi
juga diperoleh melalui para pasukan perang yang melakukan
ekspansi ke wilayah negara atau kerajaan lain. Catatan
perjalanan darat yang cukup memberikan banyak informasi
tentang geografi adalah catatan perjalanan Via Appia. Catatan ini
menjelaskan tentang jalur perjalanan darat
antara Roma dan Capua pada tahun 950 M. Catatan lain yang
juga memberi informasi tentang geografi adalah catatan
perjalanan Jalur Sutra. Catata ini menjelaskan tentang jalur
perjalanan darat dari Tiongkok hingga ke Timur Tengah pada
masa abad pertengahan. Catatan-catatan perjalanan ini
kemudian disebarluaskan ke berbagai negara atau kerajaan,
sehingga terjadi berbagai kegiatan yang bertujuan untuk
menemukan wilayah baru yang belum dikenal sama sekali.
Contoh paraphrase:
Sebelum ditemukannya teknologi yang dapat
memetakan wilayah-wilayah di belahan dunia,
pengetahuan tentang suatu daerah tergantung
kepada catatan perjalanan atau jurnal yang
ditulis oleh penjelajah dunia yang datang di
wilayah tersebut baik sebagai pedagang antar
benua, maupun sebagai pasukan tentara
penjajah yg menguasaia wilayah tersebut.
Source text:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking
notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final
[research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.
Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact
transcribing of source materials while taking notes.
(Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed.
(1976): 46-47.)
Acceptable Paraphrase:
Students should take a few direct quotations to help
minimize the amount of quoted material in a
research paper (Lester, 1976).
Source text:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and
as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper.
Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear
as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the
amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking
notes.
(Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-
47.)
Unacceptable Paraphrase:
Students often use too many direct quotations when
they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the
final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of
the final copy should consist of directly quoted material.
So it is important to limit the amount of source material
copied while taking notes. (Lester, 1976)
Two or More Authors
Smith and Jones (2008) found that consumers
were unmoved by the advertisement .
First citation:
Wasserstein, Zappulla, Rosen, Gertman, and
Rock (1994)) found that the data are related.
Subsequent citations:
However, Wasserstein et al. (1994) did not
mention the type of the data they discussed.
Authors with Identical Surnames
Include the first author's intials in all text citations,
even when the year of publication is different.
A.Wijayanto (2011) and M. Wijayanto (2008)
found that politeness ....
As stated by M.F. Gilbert (2014) and J. Gilbert
(2007) that sun energy is....
No Author
Put double quotation marks around the
title of an article, chapter or web page.
Use italics for the title name of a journal,
a book, a brochure or a report.
Web example:
The marketing mix, or the four P's of marketing
("The Marketing Mix," 2009) shows that...
Book example:
The book College Bound Seniors (2008)
shows that many first-year students...
Use the term "Anonymous" only when
a work designates the author as
Anonymous: (Anonymous, 2008)
Image
Cite images (photographs, paintings, charts,
maps, etc.) in the text in the same way
you cite other sources: author, creator, or
artist and the date.
(Harris, 2014)
Personal Communications (e-mail, letters,
memos, conversations, interviews)
Do not include these sources in your list
of references. Cite in the body of the text
only.
T.K. Lutes (personal communication, April
18, 2001)
(V.G. Nguyen, personal communication,
September 28, 1998)
Citing a source within a source
(secondary sources)
In-text:
Bennett (as cited in Wijayanto, 1999) defined
classroom management refers to….
In the Reference List:
Wijayanto, A. (1999). Classroom management in EFL
teaching. (3rd ed.). Aberdeen, United Kiingdom:
Addison Wesley Co.
Citing Foreign Language
In-Text:
Provide its traslation
In Reference:
Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-
hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature].
Beirut: Dar Al-Thaqafah.
REFERENCE LIST
Book/Edited book:
Ellis, Rod. (1985). Understanding Second
Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Fraser, Bruce. (2010). Pragmatic competence:
The case of Hedging, in Kaltenböck, G.,
Mihatsch, W., and Schneider, S. (eds.). Studies
in Pragmatics 9: New Approaches to Hedging.
Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 15-
34.
Jurnal Article:
Saito, Hidetoshi and Beecken, Masako. (1997). An
Approach to instruction of pragmatic aspects: Implications
of pragmatic transfer by American learners of Japanese.
The Modern Language Journal, Vol. 81(3): 363-377.
Provided by JESTOR: http://www.jstor.org/stable/329311.
Accessed: 30/01/2009.
Foreign Language Title
Molinari, E., & Labella, A. (2007). Psicologia clinica:
Dialoghi e confronti [Clinical psychology: Dialogue
and confrontation]. Milan: Springer.
Power point Slide:
Boeninger, C. F. (2008, August). Web 2.0
tools for reference and instructional services
[Presentation slides]. Retrieved from
http://libraryvoice.com/archives/opal-20-
conference-presentation-slides/
Annual Report:
Honda Motor Co. (2004). Annual report.
Retrieved from
http://world.honda.com/investors/annualre
port/2004/07.html
Application/Software:
Rightsholder, A. A. (year). Title of
Software or Program (Version number)
[Mobile application software].
Conference/Seminar article:
Anderson, D. N. (2008, May). Cab-
hailing and the micropolitics of gesture.
Paper presented at the Arizona
Linguistics and Anthropology
Symposium, Tucson, AZ.
Brochure:
Research and Training Center on
Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines
for reporting and writing about people
with disabilities (4th ed.) [Brochure].
Lawrence, KS: Author.
Legislation:
Name of Act, Reference Code, c.[chapter #],
s.[section #] (date). Retrieved from [URL]
Thesis/dissertation:
Roth, D. H. (2004). Adult reflections on
childhood verbal abuse. Unpublished
Master’s thesis, University of
Saskatchewan.
Online Thesis/dissertation:
Roth, D. H. (2004). Adult reflections on
childhood verbal abuse (Master’s
thesis, University of Saskatchewan).
Retrieved from http://www.....
Entry in Reference work:
Bergman, P.G. (1993). Relativity. In The
new encyclopaedia Britannica (15th ed.,
Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago:
Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Autism. (1993). In Merriam-Webster's
Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.).
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Others not included in this
discussion can be found in APA
referencing guide
Exercise 1:
Source Text:
Refusals commonly come as responses to previous initiating
acts such as requests, invitations, offers, and suggestions.
Because of the reason, they are considered to be more
challenging than other acts which initiate interactional
structures. In addition, refusals are facing threatening; on the
one hand they threaten negative face since they require
addressees to refrain from doing future acts, but on the other
hand they coerce the addressees’ positive face when they
function as rejections. Studies reported that refusals are
sensitive to social variables; therefore, they are often
performed indirectly and mitigated. For example, they can be
mitigated by means of adverbs or mental state predicates, a
justification of a refusal, an indefinite reply, an alternative, a
postponement, or by setting a condition for future acceptance.
(Takaheshi, Beebe., 2012, p. 46).
