BDwbU

A¤ø-ÿvi
Acid- Base 9
f~wgKv (Introduction)

Dcv`v‡bi ivmvqwbK a‡g©i Dci wfwË K‡i †hŠwMK c`v_©‡K wewfbœ †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv nq| Gi g‡a¨ wZbwU cÖavb
†kÖwYi †hŠM n‡jv GwmW, ÿviK I jeY| GwmW UK ¯^v` hy³ nq| ÿvi KUz ev wZ³¯^v` hy³ nq| jeY¸‡jv wbR¯^
¯^v` hy³ nq| GwmW I ÿvi‡Ki wewµqvi d‡j jeY I cvwb Drcbœ nq|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU m gvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV - 9.1 : GwmW I Gi ivmvqwbK ag©
cvV - 9.2 : ÿviK Ges ÿvi
cvV - 9.3 : pH
cvV - 9.4 : cvwb
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-9.1 GwmW I Gi ivmvqwbK ag©

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-

 Gwm‡Wi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ ai‡bi GwmW‡K kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Gwm‡Wi wewfbœ ag© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mwµq avZzi mv‡_ Gwm‡Wi wewµqv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
 avZe Kve©‡b‡Ui mv‡_ Gwm‡Wi wewµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 avZzi A·vB‡Wi mv‡_ Gwm‡Wi wewµqv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 jNy Gwm‡Wi Zwor cwievwnZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mwµq avZzi mv‡_ Gwm‡Wi wewµqv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvwbi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Ges Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Gwm‡Wi ag© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã GwmW, ˆRe GwmW, A‰Re GwmW, wjUgvm KvMR, Pz‡bi cvwb, avZzi A·vBW, avZzi
nvBWª·vBW, Zwor cwievwnZv, A¨v‡bvW, K¨v‡_vW, eZ©bx, mwµqZv wmwiR, A¤øag©,
AvqwbZ|

Avgiv wewfbœ ai‡bi Lvev‡ii mv‡_ †jeyi im e¨envi K‡i _vwK| Lv`¨ `ªe¨‡K my¯^v`y I gy‡Lv‡ivPK
Ki‡Z †ZuZz‡ji e¨enviI †`Lv hvq| dzmKvi g‡a¨ †ZuZz‡ji cvwb †bB fvevB hvq bv| PvjZvi AvPvi,
PvjZv w`‡q Wvj ivbœv Kiv, RjcvB Gi AvPvi, RjcvB w`‡q Wvj ivbœv Kiv, KigPvi Wvj, Avgovi AvPvi, KuvPv
Avgov Ges Avgovi Wvj Av‡iv K‡Zv wKQz G meB wKš‘ Gwm‡Wi e¨envi| cÖwZwU Dcv`vbB UK ¯^v` hy³| †jey‡Z
_v‡K mvBwUªK GwmW| †ZuZz‡j UviUvwiK GwmW, Rj cvB, KigPv, AvgjwK I KuvPv Avgovq mvBwUªK GwmW eZ©gvb|
G QvovI KuvPv Avg, Kgjv †jey, Av‡cj, Rv¤^yiv, AvgjwK, WDqv, jUKb, KvDdj, Av‡iv K‡Zv n‡iK iK‡gi
d‡ji g‡a¨ eZ©gvb _v‡K GwmW| evRv‡i wewfbœ iK‡gi mdU wWªsKm cvIqv hvq, G¸‡jv cÖK…Z A‡_© Kve©wbK GwmW
(H2CO3)-Gi `ªeb| wewfbœ iK‡gi my¯^v`y ivbœvq UK `B Gi e¨envi Kiv nq| †evinvwb ˆZwi‡ZI UK `B Gi
`iKvi c‡o| UK`B Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K j¨vKwUK GwmW| G¸‡jv Avgv‡`i Lv`¨ `ªe¨‡K Av‡iv my¯^v`y K‡i| gy‡L
Lvev‡ii iæwP Av‡b| Lv`¨ `ªe¨‡K nR‡g mnvqZv K‡i| †jey ev Kgjv †jeyi im Avgv‡`i kix‡i wfUvwgb wm-Gi
NvUwZ cyiY K‡i Ges †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvnvh¨ K‡i|
†R‡b AevK n‡eb, Avgv‡`i cvK¯’wji †`qvj nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW (HCl) Drcbœ K‡i| G nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW
Lvev‡ii mv‡_ wewfbœ ÿwZKviK AYyRxe‡K †g‡i †d‡j Ges Lv`¨ cwicv‡K mnvqZv K‡i| Avevi cvK¯’wj †_‡K
AwZwi³ GwmW Drcbœ n‡j eyK R¡vjv I Mjvq R¡vjv‡cvov Abyfe K‡i _vwK| ZLb Avevi AwZwi³ GwmW‡K
cÖkwgZ Ki‡Z †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU (NaHCO3) A_ev G›UvwmW RvZxq Ilya †meb K‡i _vwK| G Kvi‡Y
Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq A¯^vfvweKnv‡i GwmW Drcbœ nq G ai‡bi Dcv`vb‡K Kg cwigv‡b ivLv DwPZ|

180 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 9

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq Kve©wbK GwmW I nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW Qvov D‡jøwLZ me GwmW ˆRe GwmW| Z‡e ˆRe GwmW
¸‡jv Kx ïay djg~‡ji g‡a¨B _v‡K? bv, me Ae¯’v‡ZB ˆRe GwmW _vK‡Z cv‡i| evRv‡i Kuv‡Pi †evZ‡j wf‡bMvi
cvIqv hvq| GwU g~jZ B_v‡bvwqK GwmW (CH3-COOH)-Gi 6-10% Rjxq `ªeY|

†ZZzj RjcvB KigPv AvgjwK

KuvPv Avgov †jey Rv¤§yiv jUKb

KuvPv Avg Kgjv †jey wf‡bMvi Kgj cvbxq

wPÎ 1 : A¤øxq dj
Avcbviv j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wM‡q †`L‡eb my›`i Kuv‡Pi †evZ‡ji †KvbvwU‡Z †jLv Av‡Q nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vvwiK GwmW HCl,
†KvbwU‡Z bvBwUªK GwmW (HNO3) †KvbwU‡Z mvjwdDwiK GwmW (H2SO4) | G¸‡jv meB wKš‘ A‰Re GwmW|
cvwb‡Z wewfbœ Abycv‡Z †hvM K‡i Zv‡`i `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| Rjxq `ªe‡Y †_‡KB Giv Zv‡`i GwmW ag© cÖ`k©b
K‡i| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †K¬vivBW M¨v‡mi †Kv‡bv GwmW ag© _v‡K bv| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †K¬vivBW M¨vm cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z n‡q
nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW Drcbœ K‡i _v‡K|
g‡b ivL‡eb : KL‡bvB j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wM‡q †Kv‡bv GwmW‡K Lvwj nv‡Z ai‡eb bv Ges gy‡L w`‡q ¯^v` †bqvi †Póv
Ki‡e bv| A‰Re GwmW ¸‡jv LyeB wec¾bK, ÿqKviK I Zxeª RviK c`v_©|
Gwm‡Wi mvaviY ag© t
1| ¯^v` : cÖvq mKj GwmW UK ¯^v` hy³, GwmW Lye `ye©j n‡j Gi UK ¯^v` Avi _v‡K bv|
2| wkÿv_©xi KvR : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wM‡q jNy Gwm‡Wi ivmvqwbK ag© My‡jv‡K cixÿv Ki‡eb|

A¤ø-ÿvi 181
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1| wjUgvm cixÿv :
wb‡`©wkKv : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wM‡q GKwU jvj e‡Y©i I GKwU bxj e‡Y©i wjUgvm KvMR wbb| wjUgvm KvMR `ywU‡K
cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q wbb| Gevi GKwU †QvU Kvu‡Pi weKv‡ii g‡a¨ mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y jNy mvjwdDwiK GwmW wb‡q bxj
wjUgvm KvM‡Ri `yB Z…Zxq Ask Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨ Wzevb| djvdj wb‡Pi Q‡K wj‡L ivLyb| GKB fv‡e cybivq jvj
wjUgvm KvMR‡K wb‡q cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Kiæb| djvdj Q‡K wj‡L ivLyb|
wjUgvm KvMR GwmW `ªe‡Y Wzev‡bvi c~‡e© eY© GwmW `ªe‡Y Wzev‡bvi cv‡i eY©
bxj wjU gvm ............................... ...................................
jvj wjU gvc ............................. ..............................
2| mwµq avZzi mv‡_ wewµqv :
Gwm‡Wi AYy‡Z cÖwZ¯’vcb †hvM¨ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eZ©gvb _v‡K| G nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, avZz ev avZzi b¨vq wµqvkxj g~jK Øviv
cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq| GKwU cixÿvi gva¨‡g G KvRwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
cixÿvi DcKiY :
cixÿvi DcKiY wn‡m‡e GKwU †Uó wUDe, †j` †gwkb †_‡K msMÖn Kiv †jvnvi ¸ov, †h †Kv‡bv A‰Re GwmW I
g¨vP ev·|
cixÿv :
1| GKwU †UówUDe cwi®‹vi K‡i Zv‡Z 4-5 mL jNy mvjwdDwiK GwmW Xvjyb|
2| `yB wZb UzKiv †jvnvi ¸ov Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨ Wzev‡eb|
3| †Uó wUD‡ei gy‡L R¡jšÍ g¨vP KvwV aiæb| cixÿv I ch©‡eÿ‡Yi djvdj Q‡K wj‡L ivLyb|
cixÿv ch©‡eÿY wm×všÍ
cixÿvb‡j 4-5 mL jNy 1| ........................................ 1| .......................................
mvjwdDwiK GwmW Gi mv‡_ 2-3 ............................................. ...........................................
UzKiv †jvnvi Zvi| ............................................ ............................................
cixÿv b‡ji gy‡L R¡jšÍ g¨vP wewµqv : Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) 
KvwV| FeSO4 (aq) + H2(g)

G cixÿwU wRs‡Ki UzKiv, g¨vM‡bvwmqv‡gi UzKiv GgbwK A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi UzKiv wb‡qI m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
g‡b ivL‡eb : jNy A‰Re Gwm‡oi mv‡_ AwZkq mwµq avZz Na I K GZB `ªæZ wewµqv K‡i †h we‡ùvi‡Yi m„wó
nq| G Kvi‡Y DcwiD³ cixÿvq G `ywU avZz‡K e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
3| avZe Kve©‡bU I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡b‡Ui mv‡_ wewµqv:
GwmW avZe Kve©‡bU ev avZe nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Kve©b WvB-A·vBW M¨vm Drcbœ
K‡i _v‡K|
D`vniY:
Na2 CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g).
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g).
GKwU cixÿvi gva¨‡g G cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Kiv hvK:
cixÿv:
1| GKwU k³ †gvUv †UówUD‡e 1-2 g cwigvY KwVb †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU wbb|
2| †QvU GKwU cwi®‹vi cixÿv b‡ji g‡a¨ 1mL Gi gZ cwi®‹vi ¯^”Q Pz‡bi cvwb wbb|

182 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 9

3| Drcbœ M¨vm‡K mieivn Kivi Rb¨ euvKv‡bv KuvP bj‡K wP‡Îi Abyiƒcfv‡e mvRvb|
4| Gevi k³ †gvUv †U÷wDU‡e iwÿZ †mvwWqvg Kve©‡b‡Ui g‡a¨ 3-4 mL jNy nvD‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW †hvM Kiæb|
5| Drcbœ M¨vm‡K wP‡Îi Abyiƒcfv‡e Pz‡bi cvwbi g‡a¨ Pvjbv Kiæb|
6| djvdj Q‡K wjwceÜ Kiæb|
cixÿv ch©‡eÿY wm×všÍ
1| cixÿv b‡j 1-2 g KwVb K) ey`ey` AvKv‡i M¨vm wbM©Z 1| Kve©‡bU je‡bi mv‡_ Gwm‡Wi
†mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU + 3-4 mL jNy n‡qwQj G wbM©Z M¨vm Pz‡bi cvwb‡Z wewµqvq CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
nvD‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW Pvjbv Kivi c~‡e© Pz‡bi cvwb ¯^”Q
wQj|
L) G M¨vm Pz‡bi cvwb‡Z Pvjbv
Kivi ci Pz‡bi cvwb †Nvjv n‡q
hvq|
wewµqv :
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 
2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) 
CaCO3(s) + NO

wewµqvwU‡K AvqwbK mgxKi‡bi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Ki‡j

CO32- (aq) + 2H+(aq)  H2O(l) + CO2(g).

Gevi G cixÿvwU jNy nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi cwie‡Z© jNy mvjwdDwiK GwmW A_ev jNy bvBwUªK GwmW e¨envi
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| djvdj GKB cv‡eb|
wb‡R Kiæb :
Gevi Kve©‡bU je‡Yi cwie‡Z© nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU jeY wb‡qI GKB cixÿv m¤úbœ Kiæb| G‡ÿ‡Î k³ †gvUv
cixÿv b‡ji g‡a¨ 1-2g ‡mvwWqvg nvD‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU wb‡eb| evKx me c~‡e©i cixÿvi Abyiƒc|
msNwVZ wewµqv :
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g).
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g)  CaCO3(s) + (mv`v) H2O(l)

G cixÿvwUI jNy nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi cwie‡Z© jNy mvjwdDwiK GwmW A_ev jNy bvBwUªK GwmW‡K e¨envi
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| djvdj GKB cv‡eb|
avZzi A·vB‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv :
GwmW avZzi A·vB‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i _v‡K| avZzi A·vBW mg~n ÿvi ag©x GwUi mv‡_
Gwm‡Wi wewµqv N‡U| GKwU cixÿvi gva¨‡g welqwU †`Lv hvK|
cixÿv :
1| GKwU k³ cixÿvb‡j nvD‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW wbb|
2| cixÿvb‡ji Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨ cÖvq 1-2 g K¨vjwmqvg II A·vBW‡K wbb|
3| wgkÖb‡K mvgvb¨ Zv‡c 5-10 wgwbU DËß Kiæb|
4| GLb wgkÖ‡bi `ªeYwU‡K VvÛv K‡i wbb|

A¤ø-ÿvi 183
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

djvdj Q‡K wjwce× Kiæb|

cixÿv ch©‡eÿY wm×všÍ
1| cixÿvb‡j 3-4 mL 1| .................................... 1| ..................................
nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW + 1-2g ........................................ .......................................
K¨vjwmqvg (II) A·vBW + Zvc wewµqv : CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ........................................
CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
G cixÿv nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi cwie‡Z© mvjwdDwiK GwmW A_ev bvBwUªK GwmW `ªeY e¨env‡i Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
GKBfv‡e K¨vjwmqvg (II) A·vB‡Wi cwie‡Z© Kcvi (II) A·vBW, g¨vM‡bwmqvg (II) A·vBW, †mvwWqvg (I)
A·vBW-†h †Kv‡bv avZe A·vBW‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
5| avZyi nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv:
GwmW avZyi nvB‡Wªv·B‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i _v‡K| avZzi nvB‡Wªv·BW ÿvi weavq GwUi
mv‡_ Gwm‡Wi wewµqv N‡U| GwmW I ÿv‡ii wewµqvq jeY I cvwb Drcbœ nq|
cixÿv:
1| GKwU cixÿvb‡j 3-4 mL jNy nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW wbb|
2| cixÿvb‡ji Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨ 3-4 mL jNy Kw÷ªK †mvWvi `ªeY †hvM Kiæb|
3| wgkªYwU‡K mvgvb¨ Zv‡c 5-7 wgwbU DËß Kiæb|
4| Gevi wgkÖYwU‡K VvÛv Kiæb| djvdj Q‡K wjwce× Kiæb|
cixÿv ch©‡eÿY wm×všÍ
1| cixÿvb‡j 3-4 mL jNy 2| ...................................... 1| ....................................
nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW + 3-4 mL ........................................... ..........................................
KwóK †mvWvi `ªeY + mvgvb¨ wewµqv : NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ..........................................
Zvc| NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

GKB cixÿv nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi cwie‡Z© mvjwdDwiK GwmW A_ev bvBwUªK GwmW w`‡q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
GKBfv‡e Kw÷K †mvWv `ªe‡Yi cwie‡Z© g¨vM‡bwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW ev K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW Gi `ªeY wb‡qI
cixÿv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
6| jNy Gwm‡Wi Zwor cwievwnZv:
jNy GwmW `ªe‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevn m¤úbœ nq| G cixÿvwUI
Avcbviv wb‡Riv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
1| GKwU weKv‡ii g‡a¨ cÖvq A‡a©K cwigvY jNy nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW
wbb|
2| GKwU wRsK avZzi cvZ‡K A¨v‡bvW I Kcvi avZzi cvZ‡K K¨v‡_vW
wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiæb|
3| cwievnx Zvi Øviv cvZ `ywU‡K hy³ K‡i wP‡Îi b¨vq eZ©bx c~Y©
Kiæb| wPÎ 2 : GwmW `ªe‡Yi cwievwnZvi cixÿv

4| e¨vUvwii mvnv‡h¨ eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn cwiPvjbv Kiæb|

184 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 9

Gevi djvdj wb‡Pi Q‡K wjwce× Kiæb|

cixÿv A¨v‡bvW ch©‡eÿY wm×všÍ
1| A¨v‡bvW A_ev K¨v‡_vW cvZ‡K 1| ................................... 1| ......................................
GwmW `ªeY n‡Z Dc‡i †Zvjv ........................................ .......................................
n‡qwQj|
2| A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_vW cvZ 2| ............................... 2| ..............................
`ywU‡K `ªe‡Y Wzwe‡q eZ©bx c~Y© Kiv .............................. .....................................
n‡qwQj|
mwµq avZzi mv‡_ Gwm‡Wi wewµqv t
avZzi mv‡_ Gwm‡Wi wewµqv mwµqZvi wmwiR Abymv‡i m¤úbœ nq| ch©vq ZvwjKvq †gŠj mg~‡ni ag©‡K ch©v‡jvPbv
Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, †Kv‡bv †gŠj Zwor abvZ¥K, †Kv‡bv †gŠj Zwor FYvZ¥K Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †gŠj ivmvqwbKfv‡e
wbw®‹q| Zwor abvZ¥K †gŠj ivmvqwbK wewµqvi mgq RvwiZ n‡q abvZ¥K Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| nvB‡Wªv‡Rbmn mKj
avZz Zwor abvZ¥K †gŠj|
†h †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Z¨v‡Mi cÖeYZv h‡Zv †ewk †m †gŠj Z‡Zv †ewk mwµq| Avi †h †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Z¨v‡Mi
cÖeYZv h‡Zv Kg †m †gŠjwU Z‡Zv Kg mwµq| †gŠ‡ji mwµqZvi wb¤œ µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡jv †h †gŠj †kÖYxi D™¢e
N‡U, Zv‡K mwµqZv wmwiR e‡j|
avZzi mwµqZv wmwiR:
avZzi bvg ms‡KZ
wjw_qvg Li
cUvwmqvg K
K¨vjwmqvg Ca
mwµq
†mvwWqvg Na
g¨vM‡bwmqvg Mg
A¨vjywgwbqvg Al
wRsK Zn
Avqib Fe
†µvwgqvg Cr
K¨vWwgqvg Cd
wb‡Kj Ni
wUb Sn
†jW Pb
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb H
Kcvi Cu
gviKvwi Hg Kg
wmjfvi Ag mwµq
†Mvì Au

†Kv‡bv avZzi Ae¯’vb mwµqZvi wmwi‡R nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi Dc‡i n‡j, Zvi mwµqZv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb A‡cÿv AwaK| Giv
Gwm‡Wi jNy `ªeY †_‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡e| A_©vr nvB‡Wªv‡Rb A‡cÿv AwaK mwµq avZz I jNy
Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq avZzi jeY I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm Drcbœ nq|

A¤ø-ÿvi 185
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

nvB‡Wªv‡Rb A‡cÿv AwaK mwµq avZz + jNy GwmW  jeY + nvB‡Wªv‡Rb,

D`vniY¯^iƒc, AwaK mwµq wRsK avZz I jNy nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW ev jNy mvjwdDwiK GwmW ev jNy bvBwUªK
Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq avZzi jeY I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Zn(s) + 2H2SO4(aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Zn(s) + 2HNO3(aq)  Zn(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)

GKBfv‡e †mvwWqvg, g¨vM‡bvwmqvg, A¨vjywgwbqvg, Avqib cÖf…wZ AwaK mwµq avZzi mv‡_ jNy Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq
avZzi jeY I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
†mvwWqvg, g¨vM‡bwmqvg I A¨vjywgwbqvg avZzi mv‡_ jNy nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW, jNy mvjwdDwiK GwmW I jNy
bvBwUªK Gwm‡Wi wewµqv †`Lvb|
wRsK avZzi mv‡_ jNy Gwm‡Wi wewµqv‡K AvqwbK mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
Zn(s) + 2H+  Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)
mwµqZvi wmwi‡R Kcvi avZzi Ae¯’vb nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi wb‡P| myZivs Kcvi avZzi Gwm‡Wi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ
Ki‡e bv| Kcvi avZy, jNy nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW †_‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i bv|
Cu(s) + 2HCl(aq)  †Kv‡bv wewµqv N‡U bv|

wKš‘ jNy I Mvp bvBwUªK GwmW Ges DËß Ae¯’vq Mvp mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ Kcvi avZz wewµqv K‡i|
wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î G A¯^vfvweKZvi KviY n‡jv bvBwUªK GwmW I mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi Zxeª RviY ag©| Zxeª RviK
bvBwUªK GwmW I mvjwdDwiK GwmW we‡qvwRZ n‡q Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb Drcbœ K‡i| Drcbœ Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb avZzi
mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i avZe A·vBW Drcbœ K‡i|
2HNO3 (ga¨g Mvp)  H2O+ 2NO + 3[O]
2HNO3 (Mvp)  H2O+ 2NO2 + [O]
H2SO4 (Mvp)  H2O+ SO2 + [O]

Gwm‡Wi we‡qvRb wewµqvq Drcbœ Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb AwZ mn‡RB nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ev Kcvi A_ev Kcvi A‡cÿv Av‡iv
Kg mwµq avZzi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q avZe A·vBW Drcbœ K‡i|
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb A‡cÿv Kg mwµq avZz + [O]  avZe A·vBW|
Cu + [O]  CuO.
2Ag + [O]  Ag2O.
avZzi A·vBW Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq)  CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

Gwm‡Wi ivmvqwbK a‡g© cvwbi f‚wgKv t

Gwm‡Wi ag© Kvh©Ki nq cvwbi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z| cvwbi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z GwmW Zvi GwmwWq ag© cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
G wel‡q GKwU cixÿv m¤úbœ Kiv hvK| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †K¬vivBW M¨vm fwZ© M¨vmRv‡ii g‡a¨ ﮋ bxj wjUgvm KvMR
aiæb †`L‡eb wjUgvm KvM‡Ri eY© AcwiewZ©Z Av‡Q| G M¨vmRv‡ii g‡a¨ KwVb K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡b‡Ui UzKiv †d‡j
†`L‡eb †Kv‡bv wewµqv N‡U bv Ges CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ nq bv| Ggb wK M¨vmRv‡ii g‡a¨ Avqib avZzi UzKiv ev
wRsK avZzi UzKiv ivL‡jI †Kv‡bv iƒc wewµqv msMwVZ nq bv|
(i) HCl(g) + ﮋ bxj wjUgvm KvMR  bxj wjUgvm KvM‡Ri eY© AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

186 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 9

(ii) HCl(g) + CaCO3(s)  †Kv‡bv wewµqv N‡U bv Ges CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ nq bv|
(iii) HCl(g) + Fe  †Kvb wewµqv N‡U bv Ges H2 M¨vm Drcbœ nq bv|

†Kb Giƒc djvdj cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv? KviY HCl (M¨vm) Gi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H+) †bB| nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK
Gwm‡Wi †ÿ‡Î DcwiD³ me cixÿv¸‡jvB nu¨v m~PK djvdj cÖ`k©b KiZ| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †K¬vivBW M¨vm cvwb‡Z
`ªexf‚Z n‡q nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H+) †`q| Rjxq `ªe‡Y eZ©gvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb Gwm‡Wi ‰ewkó¨ m~PK ag© cÖ`k©b
K‡i _v‡K|
HCl(g) + H2O(l)  HCl(aq).
HCl(aq)  H+(aq) + Cl(aq)
(i) H+(aq) + ﮋ bxjwjUgvm  jvj eY© aviY K‡i|
(ii) 2H+(aq) + CO32 (aq)  H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(iii) 2H+(aq) + Fe(s)  H2(g) + Fe+(aq)

cÖK…Z A‡_© kZfvM weï× Ges ﮋ Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv GwmWB Ii AvZ¥ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i bv| weï× mvjwdDwiK GwmW
I weï× bvBwUªK GwmW eY©nxb Zij| weï× Ae¯’vq Giv †Kv‡bv fv‡eB Av‡qvwbZ Ae¯’vq _v‡Kbv| weï×
mvjwdDwiK GwmW ev weï× bvBwUªK Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bviƒc nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi Dcw¯’wZ †bB| myZivs weï×
mvjwdDwiK GwmW ev weï× bvBwUªK GwmW Gi g‡a¨ Gwm‡Wi ˆewkó¨ m~PK ag© Dcw¯’Z _v‡K bv| GgbwK weï×
mvjwdDwiK GwmW ev weï× bvBwUªK GwmW‡K wewfbœ AvbycvwZK nv‡i `ªexf‚Z K‡i ¯^ ¯^ Gwm‡Wi `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv
nq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ cÖwZwU `ªeY Gwm‡Wi ˆewkó¨ m~PK ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i|
H2SO4(l) + H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq).
2-
H2SO4(aq)  2H+(aq) + SO (aq)
4
HNO3(l) + H2O(l)  HNO3(aq).
-
HNO3(aq)  H+(aq) + NO (aq)
3
wb‡R Kiæb t
Abv`ª© bvBwUªK Gwm‡Wi †Kjv‡mi Dci ﮋ bxj wjUgvm KvMR ivLyY| Kx †`L‡Z †c‡jb? bxj wjUgvm KvM‡Ri
e‡Y©i †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡jv? wbwðqB bv| Giƒc eY© cwieZ©b bv nIqvi KviY Abv`ª© bvBwUªK GwmW †Kjv‡m †Kvb
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb †bB| G Ae¯’vq bvBwUªK GwmW avZe Kve©‡bU Gi mv‡_ †Kv‡bviƒc wewµqv K‡i bv Ges Kve©b
WvBA·vBW M¨vmI Drcbœ K‡i bv|
Gevi bvBwUªK Gwm‡Wi †Kjvm‡K cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z K‡i `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z Ki| G `ªe‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Dc‡iv³ cixÿv¸‡jv
m¤úbœ Kiæb| †`L‡e cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î nu¨v m~PK djvdj cv‡eb| bvBwUªK GwmW Rjxq `ªe‡Y AvqwbZ n‡q nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
Avqb Drcbœ K‡i| Drcbœ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb Gwm‡Wi ˆewkó¨ m~PK ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i|
me GwmW Rjxq `ªe‡Y m¤ú~Y©fv‡e AvqwbZ nq bv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv GwmW Rjxq `ªe‡Y m¤ú~Y©fv‡e AvqwbZ nq;
Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv GwmW Rjxq `ªe‡Y AvswkKfv‡e AvqwbZ nq| Rjxq `ªe‡Y m¤ú~Y©fv‡e AvqwbZ n‡j IB
GwmW‡K Zxeª GwmW e‡j| †hgb, nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW, mvjwdDwiK GwmW, bvBwUªK GwmW BZ¨vw`| Rjxq `ªe‡Y
AvswkKfv‡e AvqwbZ n‡q‡Q Giƒc GwmW‡K `ye©j GwmW e‡j| †hgb- Kve©wbK GwmW, B_v‡bvwqK GwmW,
wg_v‡bvwqK GwmW BZ¨vw`, mej GwmW `ªe‡Y nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi cwigvY `ye©j GwmW `ªe‡Yi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi
Zzjbvq AwaK nq|

A¤ø-ÿvi 187
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wPšÍv K‡i DËi w`b t

1| GKwU eY©nxb Zij GwmW Kxbv Zv Kxfv‡e kbv³ Ki‡eb?
wkÿv_©xi KvR 2| mej GwmW I `ye©j Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨ Kxfv‡e cv_©K¨ wba©viY Ki‡eb?
3| ﮋ bxj wjUgvm KvMR †Kb kZfvM weï× mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi
ms¯ú‡k©I e‡Y©i cwieZ©b NUvq bv?

mvims‡¶c :
 GwmW: GwmW UK ¯^v` hy³| bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj e‡Y© cwiYZ K‡i| ÿviI ÿvi‡Ki mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY
I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i| avZzi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i H2 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i|
 ‰Re GwmW: ˆRe GwmW g~jZ Kve©w·wjK g~jK (-COOH) A_ev mvj‡dvwbK GwmW g~jK (-SO3H) eZ©gvb
_v‡K Ges A¤øag© cÖKvk cvq, I‡`i‡K ˆRe GwmW e‡j|
 A‰Re GwmW: A‰Re †hŠM wKš‘ UK ¯^v` hy³, bxjwjUgvm jvj K‡i, ÿvi ev ÿvi‡Ki mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i
jeYI cvwb Drcbœ K‡i Ges avZzi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i H2 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K A‰Re GwmW e‡j|
 wjUgvm KvMR: GwU wb‡Ri eY©‡K cwieZ©b K‡i `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ A¤øxq A_ev ÿvixq Zv wb‡`©k K‡i|
 Zxeª GwmW: Rjxq `ªe‡Y m¤ú~Y© fv‡e AvqwbZ nq| †hgb- HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 BZ¨vw`|
 `ye©j GwmW: Rjxq `ªeY AvswkKfv‡e AvqwbZ nq| †hgb- H2CO3, H-COOH, CH3-COOH BZ¨vw`|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.1

1| †KvbwU `ye©j GwmW?

(K) HCl (L) HNO3
(L) H2SO4 (N) H2CO3
2| †KvbwU Zxeª GwmW?
(K) HCl (L) H2NO3
(L) H-COOH (N) CH3-CO3
3| †KvbwU ‰Re GwmW?
(K) H2CO3 (L) HNO3
(L) HCl (N) H-COOH
4| wb‡Pi Dw³¸‡jv fv‡jvg‡Zv jÿ Kiæb -
(i) avZe Kve©‡b‡Ui mv‡_ Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
(ii) mvBwUªK GwmW n‡jv wfUvwgb wm
(iii) HNO3, H2SO4 Gwm‡W _v‡K Zxeª weRviY ag©
wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU mwVK
(K) i (L) i I ii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

188 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 9

cvV-9.2 ÿvi I ÿviK

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-

 ÿvi I ÿviK RvZxq c`v_© cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ÿvi Gi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ÿvi kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨envh© e¯‘i Ici ÿvi Gi cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ avZe je‡bi mv‡_ ÿvi Gi wewµqv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ÿvi Gi ivmvqwbK a‡g© cvwbi f‚wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã jeY, Zwor cwievwnZv, avZzi nvB‡Wªv·vBW, ÿviKxq g~jK, wf‡bMvi, D¾¡jZv, FYvZ¡K
jMvwi`g, PH wgUvi,

ÿvi I ÿviK t
MÖv‡g _vjv evmb cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z QvB e¨envi Kiv nq| _vjv evmb QvB Øviv gvR‡j cwi®‹vi n‡q hvq|
QvB Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K ÿvi I ÿviK| KjvcvZv †cvov‡j †h QvB cvIqv hvq Zv Øviv GK mgq Rvgv
Kvco cwi®‹vi Kiv n‡Zv| GwUI ÿvi| GLb Kvco KuvPv †mvWv e¨envi K‡i Rvgv Kvco cwi®‹vi Kiv nq, GwUI
ÿvi| Zvn‡j ÿvi I ÿviK Kx? ÿviK n‡jv H me c`v_© hv GmwW‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i| mvaviYZ avZzi A·vBWmg~n
ÿviK Ges Rjxq `ªe‡Y `ªeYxq avZzi A·vBW hv `ªexf‚Z n‡q nvB‡Wªv·vBW Drcbœ K‡i, G¸‡jv ÿvi| ÿvi ev
ÿviK GwmW‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i _v‡K| †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW, cUvwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW,
K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW, A¨v‡gvwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW cÖf…wZ n‡jv ÿvi| A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡q ÿvi
A¨v‡gvwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW Drcbœ K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ avZy ev avZzi b¨vq wµqvkxj †hŠMg~j‡Ki †h mKj nvB‡Wªv·vBW
cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq Zv‡`i‡KB ÿvi ejv nq|
ÿvi Rjxq `ªe‡Y nvB‡Wªvw·j Avqb (OH-) `vb K‡i| Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW, cUvwkqvg
nvB‡Wªv·vBW cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Rjxq `ªe‡Y `ªexf‚Z n‡q nvB‡Wªvw·j Avqb (OH-) `vb K‡i|
NaOH(aq)  Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
KOH(aq)  K+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Ca(OH)2(aq)  Ca+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
ÿviK n‡jv avZz ev avZzi b¨vq wµqvkxj g~j‡Ki A·vBW ev nvB‡Wªv·vBW hv Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I
cvwb Drcbœ K‡i| Kcvi A·vBW, Avqib (II) A·vBW, Avqib (III) A·vBW Gi cÖ‡Z¨‡KB ÿviK| cvwb‡Z
`ªexf‚Z nq bv e‡j Giv ÿvi bq, ÿviK|
†h me ÿvi Rjxq `ªe‡Y m¤ú~Y©fv‡e AvqwbZ nq Zv‡`i‡K Zxeª ÿvi ejv nq| †hgb- †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW
(NaOH), cUvwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW (KOH), K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW Ca(OH)2 BZ¨vw` Zxeª ÿvi| ‡h me ÿvi
Rjxq `ªe‡Y AvswkK AvqwbK nq Zv‡`i‡K g„`y ÿvi ejv nq| †hgb- A¨v‡gwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW (NH4OH) Avqib
(ii) A·vBW Fe(OH)2, Avqib (III) nvB‡Wªv·vBW Fe(OH)3, A¨vjywgwbqvg (III) nvB‡Wªv·vBW A1(OH)3 BZ¨vw` g„`y
ÿvi|

A¤ø-ÿvi 189
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

g‡b ivL‡eb:
A¨v‡gvwbqvg (NH3) ÿvi ev ÿviK bq eis GwU GKwU ÿvi ag©x †hŠM| A¨v‡gvwbqv cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡q A¨v‡gwbqvg
nvB‡Wªv·vBW (NH4OH) Drcbœ K‡i| A¨v‡gvwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW ÿvi|
NH3 (g) + H2O(l)  NH4OH (aq)
K‡qKwU eûj cÖPwjZ ÿvi I G‡`i e¨envi wb‡¤œ Q‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv|
bvg ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ e¨envi
†mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW ev KwóK †mvWv NaOH cwi®‹viK wn‡m‡e, Uq‡jU wK¬bvi cÖf…wZ‡Z,
mvevb cÖf…wZ‡Z, KvMR wk‡í, †ikg wk‡í, is
Dcv`vb, †c‡Uªvwjqvg we‡kva‡b, ivevi cÖf„wZ‡Z,
cixÿvMv‡i weKviK wn‡m‡e|
K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW Ca(OH)2 N‡ii †`Iqv‡ji PybKvg Kivi Rb¨, cv‡bi
mv‡_, weøwPs cvDWvi Drcv`‡b, KuvP Drcv`‡b,
wm‡g›U Drcv`‡b, Pvgov wk‡í, A¨‡gvwbqvg jeY
†_‡K A¨v‡gvwbqv cybiæ×v‡i|
jNy ÿv‡ii ag©:
1| ÿvi cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq|
2| Gi Rjxq `ªeY‡K ¯úk© Ki‡j mvev‡bi b¨vq wcw”Qj g‡b nq|
3| Gi Rjxq `ªeY jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i|
cixÿv: GKwU †QvU weKv‡ii g‡a¨ †mvwWqv‡g nvB‡Wªv·vBW Gi `ªeY wb‡q Zv‡Z cÖ_‡g †fRv bxj wjUgvm KvM‡Ri
`yB Z…Zxq Ask Wzev‡q ch©‡eÿY Kiæb| †`L‡eb bxj wjUgvm KvM‡Ri eY© AcwiewZ©Z Av‡Q| Gevi †fRv jvj
wjUgvm KvMR‡K GKBfv‡e Wzevb| Kx †`L‡jb? wbðqB jvj wjUgvm bxj e‡Y© cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q|

wPÎ-1 : ÿvi `ªe‡Yi jxU gvm KvM‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ cixÿv

4| ÿvi Rjxq `ªe‡Y we‡qvwRZ n‡q nvB‡Wªvw·j Avqb (OH-) `vb K‡i|
NaOH (aq)  Na+(aq) + OH (aq)
5| ÿv‡ii Rjxq `ªeY Zwor cwievwn|
G cixÿvwU Avcbviv wb‡Riv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
1| GKwU weKv‡ii g‡a¨ cÖvq A‡a©K cwigvY jNy KwóK †mvWvi `ªeY wbb|
2| GKwU wRsK avZzi cvZ‡K A¨v‡bvW I Kcvi avZzi cvZ‡K K¨v‡_vW wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiæb|
3| cwievwn Zvi Øviv cvZ `ywU‡K hy³ K‡i wP‡Îi b¨vq eZ©bx c~Y© Kiæb|
4| e¨vUvwii mvnv‡h¨ eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevn cwiPvjbv Kiæb|

190 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 9

Gevi djvdj wb‡Pi Q‡K wjwce× Kiæb t

cixÿv ch©‡eÿY wm×všÍ
1| A¨v‡bvW A_ev K¨v‡_vW cvZ‡K 1| .................................... 1| ....................................
ÿvi `ªeY n‡Z Dc‡i †Zvjv ......................................... .........................................
n‡qwQj|
2| A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_vW cvZ 2| ...................................... 2| ......................................
`ywU‡K `ªe‡Y Wzwe‡q eZ©bx c~Y© Kiv ......................................... .........................................
n‡qwQj|
6| ÿvi Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)
KOH(aq) + HNO3 (aq)  KNO3 (aq) + H2O(l)
Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  CaSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

7| ÿvi Rjxq `ªeY avZe je‡Yi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i avZzi nvB‡Wªv·vBW Drcbœ K‡i| Drcbœ nvB‡Wªv·vBW
A`ªeYxq n‡j Dnvi ˆewkó¨ c~Y© e‡Y©i Aat‡ÿc cvIqv hvq| †hgb,
CuSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Cu(OH)2 (bxj) + Na2SO4(aq)
FeSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Fe(OH)2 (meyR) + Na2SO4
(aq)
FeCl3(aq) + 3NaOH(aq)  Fe(OH)3 (jvj‡P ev`vgx) +
3NaCl (aq)
G cixÿvwU Avcbviv wb‡Riv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
1| wP‡Îi b¨vq (wPÎ bs 2) 1wU ÷¨v‡Û 8wU †U÷wUDe cici
mvRvb|
2| cÖwZwU †U÷wUD‡ei g‡a¨ ch©vqµ‡g cÖvq 0.5 mL K‡i †jW,
Kcvi II, AvqiY III, A¨vjywgwbqvg, wRsK, K¨vjwmqvg I
g¨vM‡bwmqvg Gi bvB‡UªU je‡Yi `ªeY wbb|
3| cÖwZwU †U÷wUD‡e 2-3 †duvUv K‡i †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW
`ªeY †hvM K‡i cwieZ©b ch©‡eÿY Kiæb|
4| cyYivq cÖwZwU †U÷wUD‡e Av‡iv 3-4 †duvUv K‡i †mvwWqvg
nvBWª·vBW `ªeY †hvM K‡i SuvKvb Ges cwieZ©b ch©‡eÿY wPÎ 2 : †U÷wUDe †nvìv‡i †U÷wUDe
Kiæb|
5| ch©‡eÿ‡Yi djvdj wb‡Pi Q‡K wjwce× Kiæb|
µwgK avZzi jeY avZyi je‡Yi `ªe‡Y NaOH(aq) Drcbœ Aa:‡ÿ‡ci AwZwi³ cwigv‡Y NaOH(aq)
bs Avqb †hvM Kivi d‡j Drcbœ eY© †hvM Kivi c‡i cwiewZ©Z
avZe nvBWª·vBW| Ae¯’v I eY©
1| Pb(NO3)2 Pb 2+

2| Cu(NO3)2 Cu2+
3| Fe(NO3)2 Fe2+
4| Fe(NO3)3 Fe3+
5| Zn(NO3)3 Zn2+

A¤ø-ÿvi 191
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

6| An(NO3)3 Al3+
7| Ca(NO3)2 Ca2+
8| Mg(NO3)2 Mg2+

g‡b ivL‡eb : avZzi je‡Yi `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW `ªeY †hvM K‡i Drcbœ ˆewkó¨ c~Y© e‡Y©i Aa:†ÿc
†_‡K je‡bi ÿviKxq g~jK m¤ú‡K© cÖvq cwic~Y© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq|
DcwiD³ cixÿvi mswkøó wewµqv:
1| Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Pb(OH)2(s) (mv`v)+ 2NaNO3(aq)
Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH  Na2Pb(OH)4(aq)
Avqb AvKv‡i : Pb2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Pb(OH)2(s)
2| Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Cu(OH)2(s) (bxj eY©) + 2Na+(aq)
Avqb AvKv‡i : Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Cu(OH)2(s) (bxj eY©)
3| Fe(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Fe(OH)2(s) (meyR) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Avqb AvKv‡i : Fe3+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Fe(OH)2(s) (meyR)
4| Fe(NO3)3(aq) + 3NaOH(aq)  Fe(OH)3(s) (jvj‡P ev`vgx) + 3NaNO3(aq)
Avqb AvKv‡i : Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)  Fe(OH)3(s) (jvj‡P ev`vgx)
5| A1(NO3)3(aq) + 3NaOH(aq)  A1(OH)3(s) (mv`v †Rjxi b¨vq Aa:‡ÿc) + 3NaNO3(aq)
A1(OH)3(s) + NaOH(aq)  NaA1(OH)4 (aq)
Avqb AvKv‡i : A13+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)  A1(OH)3(s) (mv`v AvVv‡jv †Rjx)
6| Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Zn(OH)2(s) (mv`v AvVv‡jv †Rjx) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Zn(OH)2(s) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2Zn(OH)4 (aq)
Avqb AvKv‡i : Zn2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Zn(OH)2(s) (mv`v AvVv‡jv †Rjx)
7| Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Ca(OH)2(s) (mv`v) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Avqb AvKv‡i : Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Ca(OH)2(s) (mv`v) + 2NaNO3(aq)
8| Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Mg(OH)2(s) (mv`v) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Avqb AvKv‡i : Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Mg(OH)2(s) (mv`v)
g‡b ivL‡eb: `ªe‡Yi A13+ Avqb I Zn2+ Avqb Dfq `ªe‡Y NaOH `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j Dfq †ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g mv`v
AvVv‡jv †Rwji b¨vq Aa:†ÿ‡ci m„wó nq| G Aa:‡ÿ‡ci g‡a¨ AwZwi³ (NaOH) †hvM Ki‡j Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB
Aa:‡ÿc `ªexf‚Z n‡q hvq| G Ae¯’vq `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ KwVb A¨v‡gvwbqg †K¬vivBW, †hvM K‡i DËß Ki‡j hw` cybivq
mv`v AvuVv‡jv †Rjxi b¨vq Aa:‡ÿc wd‡i Av‡m Z‡e `ªe‡Yi avZe AvqbwU A13+| Avi hw` Aa:‡ÿc wM‡q wd‡i bv
Av‡m Z‡e avZe AvqwbU Zn2+ Avqb|
A13+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)  A1(OH)3(s)
(mv`v AuvVv‡jv †Rjx)
A1(OH)3(s) + NaOH(aq)  NaA1(OH)4(aq)

NaA1(OH)4(aq) + NH4Cl(s) Zvc

 NaCl + A1(OH)3(s) + H2O(l) + NH3(g)
(cybivq mv`v AvuVv‡jv †Rjx)

192 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 9

Av‡iv g‡b ivL‡eb : `ªe‡Yi Ca2+ Avqb I Mg2+ Avqb Dfq `ªe‡Y NaOH `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j mv`v Aa:‡ÿc c‡o|
wKš‘ c„_K c„_Kfv‡e (Ca2+) Avqb I (Mg2+) Avq‡bi `ªe‡Y NH4OH `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j, Ca2+ Avq‡bi `ªe‡Y
†Kv‡bv Aa:‡ÿ‡ci m„wó nqbv wKš‘ Mg2+ Avq‡bi `ªe‡Y Mg(OH)2 Gi mv`v e‡Y©i Aa:‡ÿ‡ci m„wó nq|
+
Mg2+(aq) + 2NH4OH(aq)  Mg(OH)2(s) + 2NH4 (aq)
mv`v Aa:‡ÿc
2+
Ca (aq) + 2NH4OH(aq)  †Kvb Aa:‡ÿ‡ci m„wó nq bv|

A¨v‡gvwbqvg je‡Yi mv‡_ ÿvi I ÿvi‡Ki wewµqv :

A¨v‡gvwbqvg jeY we‡kl K‡i A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW A¨v‡gvwbqvg bvB‡UªU, A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU cÖf…wZi mv‡_ ÿvi
ev ÿvi‡K DËß Ki‡j A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨v‡m Drcbœ nq|
2NH4Cl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) Zvc
 CaCl2 + 2H2O (l) + 2NH3(g).
NH4NO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) Zvc
 NaNO3(aq) + H2O (l) + 2NH3(g).
2NH4Cl(aq) + CaO(s) Zvc
 CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + 2NH3(g).
(NH4)2SO4(aq) + Na2O(s) Zvc
 Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + 2NH3(g).

Avqb AvKv‡i: NH4+ (aq) + OH(aq)  NH3(g) + H2O(l) G cwiÿvwU Avcbviv wb‡Riv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
1| GKwU cixÿvb‡j 1mL A¨v‡gvwbqvg je‡Yi Nb `ªeY wbb|
2| G `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ Av‡iv 1mL †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi `ªeY‡K wb‡q wgkÖb‡K DËß Kiæb|
3| cixÿv b‡ji gy‡L wm³ jvj wjUgvm KvMR aiæb Ges ch©‡eÿY Kiæb|
4| wm³ jvj wjUgvm KvMR bxj eY© aviY K‡iwQj|
5| cixÿb‡ji gy‡Li Ici nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW wm³ KuvP `Û aiæb Ges ch©‡eÿY Kiæb wbwðqB mv`v †auvqvi
m„wó Ki‡e|
ÿv‡ii ivmvqwbK a‡g© cvwbi f‚wgKv:
ÿv‡ii ivmvqwbK a‡g© cvwbi f‚wgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| `ªeYxq avZe A·vBW cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡q nvB‡Wªv·vB‡W
cwiYZ nq| avZe nvB‡Wªv·vBW `ªe‡Y AvqwbZ n‡q OH- Avqb Drcbœ K‡i| KwVb Ae¯’vq avZe A·vB‡Wi g‡a¨
- -
OH Avqb _v‡K bv| avZe A·vBW cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_B `ªe‡Y AvqwbZ n‡q OH Avqb Drcbœ
K‡i| G OH- AvqbB †Kej gvÎ FYvZ¥K Avavb enb K‡i|
D`vniY:
Na2O(s) + H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq).
NaOH(aq)  Na+(aq) + OH-(aq).
CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq).
Ca(OH)2(aq)  Ca2+ + 2OH-(aq).

A¨v‡gvwbqv †hŠMwU M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq _v‡K| cvwb‡Z A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm‡K `ªexf‚Z Kiv n‡j A¨v‡gvwbqvg Avqb (NH4+)
I nvB‡Wªvw·j Avqb (OH-) Drcbœ K‡i|
NH3(g) + H2O(l)  NH4OH(aq)
NH4OH(aq) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

A¤ø-ÿvi 193
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvwb‡Z hZÿY A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm `ªexf‚Z bv nq ZZÿY Avi OH- Avqb Drcbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ﮋ Ae¯’vq
A¨v‡gvwbqvi g‡a¨ ÿvi ev ÿviK †Kv‡bv ag©B Dcw¯’Z _v‡K bv| myZivs nvB‡Wªvw·j Avq‡bi Dcw¯’wZi Dci ÿvi
`ªe‡Yi ˆewkó¨ wbf©i K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î cvwbi f‚wgKvB cÖavb|
A¨v‡gvwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW Rjxq `ªe‡Y AvswkKfv‡e AvqwbZ nq| A¨v‡gvwbqvi `ªe‡Y wKQzmsL¨K A¨v‡gvwbqvg Avqb
(NH+4), nvB‡Wªvw·j Avqb (OH-) Awe‡qvwRZ A¨v‡gvwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW (NH4OH), I cvwbi AYy eZ©gvb _v‡K| †h
me ÿvi Rjxq `ªe‡Y AvswkKfv‡e AvqwbZ nq Zviv `ye©j ÿvi| †h me ÿvi Rjxq `ªe‡Y m¤ú~Y©fv‡e AvqwbZ nq
Zviv mej ÿvi| A¨v‡gvwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW `ye©j ÿvi| †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW, cUvwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW mej ÿvi|
`ye©j ÿv‡ii Rjxq `ªe‡Y nvB‡Wªvw·j Avqb (OH-) Gi NbZ¡, mej ÿv‡ii Rjxq `ªe‡Yi nvB‡Wªvw·j Avq‡bi
Zzjbvq Kg nq|

g‡b ivL‡eb :
GwmW `ªe‡Yi Zzjbvq ÿvi `ªeY Z¡K I †Pv‡Li †ewk ÿwZ K‡i| ÿvi `ªeY ÿq KviK c`v_©| GwU AZ¨šÍ
wec`RbK| ÿvi `ªeY e¨env‡ii mgq AZ¨šÍ mZK©Zvi mv‡_ e¨envi Ki‡eb, hv‡Z Z¡‡K ev RvgvKvc‡o bv jv‡M|
KLbI hw` AmZK©ZvekZ †j‡M hvq †m‡ÿ‡Î †`wi bv K‡i cÖPzi cwigv‡Y cvwb w`‡q ay‡q †dj‡eb|

mej I `ye©j Gwm‡Wi cixÿv A_ev mej I `ye©j ÿv‡ii cixÿv:

mej GwmW I `ye©j GwmW‡K cixÿvi gva¨‡g mbv³ Kiv hvq|
1| GKwU 250mL AvqZ‡bi weKv‡ii g‡a¨ cÖvq 150mL jNy nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW wbb|
2| wP‡Îi b¨vq `ywU Kve©b B‡jK‡UªvW‡K Ggbfv‡e weKv‡ii g‡a¨ ¯’vcb Kiæb †hb G‡K Aci‡K †Kv‡bv fv‡e
¤úk© bv K‡i|
3| GLb GKwU B‡jK‡UªvW‡K cwievwn Zv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ e¨vUvwii GKcÖv‡šÍ Ges Aci B‡jK‡UªvW‡K cvwievwn
Zv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ UP© ev‡j¦i ga¨w`‡q e¨vUvwii Aci cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ hy³ Kiæb|
4| wbwðqB UP© evj¦wU R¡‡j DVj| ev‡j¦i D¾¡jZv fvjfv‡e jÿ Kiæb|
5| Gevi eZ©bxi ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ K‡i weKvi †_‡K Kve©b B‡jK‡UªvW Zz‡j G‡b †Uwe‡j ivLyb| weKv‡ii
nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW‡K AcmviY K‡i wf‡bMvi `ªe‡Yi 150mL wb‡q GKB fv‡e cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Kiæb|
(wf‡bMvi n‡jv 6-10% B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi Rjxq `ªeY)|
6| GeviI evj¦wU R¡‡j DV‡e| ev‡j¦i D¾¡jZv cixÿv Kiæb|
7| jNy nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW Ges wf‡bMvi Gi g‡a¨ D¾¡jZvi cv_©K¨ wba©viY Kiæb| wbðqB jNy
nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi cwie‡Z© wf‡bMvi `ªeY e¨envi Ki‡j D¾¡jZv A‡bK Kg †`Lv wM‡qwQj|
8| wm×všÍ :..................................................
Gevi mej I `yej © ÿv‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI GKB cixÿv m¤úbœ Kiæb| mej ÿvi `ªeY wn‡m‡e jNy KwóK †mvWvi `ªeY‡K
Ges `ye©j ÿvi `ªeY wn‡m‡e jNy A¨v‡gvwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi `ªeY e¨envi Ki‡eb|

194 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 9

mvims‡¶c :
 ÿvi: avZz ev avZzi b¨vq wµqvkxj †hŠMg~j‡Ki †h me nvB‡Wªv·vBW cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq Zv‡`i‡K ÿvi e‡j|
 ÿviK: avZzi A·vBW‡K ÿviK e‡j| ÿviK GwmW‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i|
 Zxeªÿvi: †h me ÿvi Rjxq `ªe‡Y m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Av‡qvwbZ nq Zv‡`i‡K Zxeª ÿvi ejv nq| NaOH, KOH,
Ca(OH)2 BZ¨vw` Zxeª ÿvi|
 g„`ÿ
y vi: †h me ÿvi Rjxq `ªe‡Y AvswkK AvqwbZ nq Zv‡`i‡K g„`y ÿvi ejv nq| NH4OH, Fe(OH)3,
Al(OH)3 BZ¨vw` g„`yÿvi|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.2

1| †KvbwU ÿvi ag©x †hŠM?

(K) Na2O (L) CaO
(M) NH4OH (N) NH3
2| †KvbwU g„`y ÿvi?
(K) NaOH (L) KOH
(M) Ca(OH)2 (N) A1(OH)3
3| †KvbwU Zxeª ÿvi?
(K) NH4OH (L) Fe(OH)3
(M) A1(OH)3 (N) NaOH
4| †Kvb nvB‡Wªv·vBW †hŠMwU A`ªebxq?
(K) NaOH (L) Na2Zn(OH)4
(M) NaAl(OH)4 (N) Cu(OH)2
5| ÿviK I ÿvi‡Ki †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ Dw³ n‡jv-
(i) ÿviK Rjxq `ªe‡Y OH Avqb `vb K‡i
(ii) ÿvi Rjxq `ªe‡Y OH Avqb `vb K‡i
(iii) A¨v‡gvwbqvg je‡bi mv‡_ ÿvi ev ÿvi‡Ki wewµqvq NH3 M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) i I ii, (M) i I iii, (N) i, ii I iii,

A¤ø-ÿvi 195
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

H
cvV-9.3 P Gi aviYv:

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-

 `ªe‡Yi pH Gi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 K…wl †ÿ‡Î pH Gi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^v¯’¨ iÿv, Ui‡jwUªR I cÖmvabx wk‡í pH Gi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cwicv‡K, `uv‡Zi h‡Z¥, †KK ˆZwi‡Z, gvwUi cwiPh©vq cÖkgb wewµqvi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã pH AvBwf m¨vjvBb, AYyRxe, †cÖvwUb, cvK¯’jx, cvPK im, †m‡bUvwi b¨vcwKb, Wvqcvi,
Gjv‡R©b|
pH Gi aviYv:
G Aa¨v‡qB Avcbviv †R‡b‡Qb †Kv‡bv GwmW `ªe‡Yi kw³ `ªe‡Yi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H+) Gi Mvp‡Z¡i
Dci wbf©i K‡i| GKBfv‡e †Kv‡bv ÿvi `ªe‡Yi kw³ `ªe‡Yi nvB‡Wªvw·j Avqb (OH-) Gi Mvp‡Z¡i Dci wbf©i
K‡i| GwmW `ªe‡Yi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi MvpZ¡ hw` †ewk nq, Z‡e ‡mwU mej GwmW, Avi hw` Kg nq Z‡e `ye©j
GwmW| ÿv‡ii †ÿ‡Î GKB welq cÖ‡hvR¨| Z‡e †mwU nvB‡Wªvw·j Avq‡bi NbgvÎvi Dci| wKš‘ GwmW hw` LyeB
jNy nq A_ev ÿvi `ªeYwU hw` LyeB jNy nq, Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î H+ Avqb A_ev OH- Avq‡bi NbgvÎv 10 Gi FYvZ¡K
NvZ Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq| welqwU‡K Av‡iv mnR Kivi Rb¨ weÁvbx †mv‡ib‡mL `ªe‡Yi H+ Avq‡bi NbgvÎv pH
Øviv cÖKvk Kivi c×wZ cÖPjb K‡ib| pH Gi A_© n‡jv Potenz of hydrogen; potenz Rvg©vb kã, Gi A_©
ÿgZv|
†Kv‡bv `ªe‡Yi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H+)Gi NbgvÎvi FYvZ¥K jMvwi`g gvb‡K H `ªe‡Yi pH e‡j| A_©vr
pH = - log[H+]

GwmW ev A¤ø cÖkg ÿvi ev †em

GwmwWwU ev A¤øZ¡ ÿviKZ¡

wPÎ 1 : pH †¯‹j
pH wgUvi Øviv `ªe‡Yi pH gvb‡K gvcv nq| pH wgUv‡ii pH †¯‹j _v‡K|
`ªe‡Yi pH gvb 0 †_‡K 14 Gi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K| `ªe‡Yi pH gvb hw` 7
A‡cÿv Kg nq Z‡e `ªeYwU n‡e GwmW, 7 A‡cÿv †ekx n‡j `ªeYwU ÿvi
Ges wVKwVK 7 Gi mgvb n‡j `ªeYwU cÖkgb nq|
`ªe‡Yi pH gvb 7 A‡cÿv Kg n‡j H `ªe‡Y bxj wjUgvm jvj eY© aviY
K‡i| Avi hw` `ªe‡Yi pH gvb 7 A‡cÿv †ewk nq Z‡e H `ªe‡Y jvj
wjUgvm bxje‡Y© cwiewZ©Z nq| Gfv‡e wjUgvm KvMR A_ev wjUgvm `ªeY
e¨envi K‡iI H `ªe‡Yi pH gvb 7 Gi Dc‡i bv bx‡P Zv wba©viY Kiv hvq|
Z‡e `ªe‡Yi mwVK pH gvb wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î pH wgUv‡ii mvnvh¨ †bqv nq| wPÎ 2 : pH wgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨
†Kv‡bv `ªe‡Yi pH gvb wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î, H `ªeY‡K GKwU cwi®‹vi weKv‡ii `ªe‡Yi pH gvb wbY©q|

196 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 9

(250mL AvqZ‡bi n‡j fvj nq) g‡a¨ wbb| AZci pH wgUv‡ii B‡jK‡UªvW‡K cixÿvaxb `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ Wzevb|
†`Lyb pH wgUv‡ii wWwRUvj wWm‡cø‡Z `ªe‡Yi pH gvb cÖ`wk©Z n‡q‡Q|

9.11 pH Gi ¸iæZ¡ :
Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b pH Gi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wb‡¤œ G wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-:
cvwb wkí : cvwbi Aci bvg Rxeb| cÖwZw`b Avgiv †h cvwb cvb Kwi Zv Aek¨B weï× nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| cvbxq
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ cvwbi pH gvb 6.8 ‡_‡K 7.2 Gi g‡a¨ _vKvB DwPZ| cvwbi pH mxgv I gvb 7 A‡cÿv h‡_ó Kg
ev †ewk n‡j H cvwb cv‡bi Abychy³ nq| wewfbœ M‡elYvq e¨eüZ cvwbi pH gvb 7 Gi g‡a¨ ivLv nq| Lvevi
m¨vjvB‡b pH gvb‡K 7.3-7.5 Gi g‡a¨ ivLv nq| wewfbœ †Kvgj cvbxq I †mvWv IqvUv‡ii g‡a¨ cvwbi pH gvb 7.4
†_‡K 7.8 Gi g‡a¨ ivLv nq|
K…wl‡ÿ‡Î :
Avgv‡`i †`‡k K…wlKv‡Ri Rb¨ gvwUi pH gvb LyeB ¸iæZ¡ c~Y©| Dw™¢‡`i Rb¥ nq mvaviYZ gvwU‡Z| Dw™¢‡`i e„w× I
cywó mva‡bi Rb¨ gvwUi pH gvb wbqš¿Y Kiv `iKvi| †Kvb& gvwU‡Z †Kvb& RvZxq dm‡ji Drcv`b Kiv jvf RbK,
†Kvb& gvwU‡Z †Kvb RvZxq dmj Av‡`Š Drcbœ Kiv m¤¢e bq, GgbwK gvwUi De©iv kw³i e„w×i Rb¨I me©cÖ_g H
gvwUi pH gvb Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| gvwUi pH gvb GKwU mywbw`©ó mxgvi g‡a¨ _vK‡jB Dw™¢` gvwU †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨
MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| hw` gvwUi pH gvb †ewk K‡g hvq, Z‡e gvwUi A¤øZ¡ †e‡o hvq| ZLb Dw™¢‡`i †eu‡P _vKvB
KóKi nq| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y gvwUi pH gvb 3 Gi KvQvKvwQ P‡j G‡j Dw™¢` g‡i hvq| Avevi gvwUi pH gvb e„w×
†c‡q hw` 9.5 Gi Dc‡i D‡V hvq ZLb gvwU‡Z Dcw¯’Z wewfbœ AYyRxe ¸‡jv g‡i hvq| gvwUi De©iZv webó nq|
ZLb gvwUi pH gvb‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| gvwUi pH gvb‡K wbqš¿Y bv Kiv †M‡j H gvwU KL‡bvB
K…wlKv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx nq bv|
¯^v¯’¨iÿv : cvK¯’jx‡Z wewfbœ cvPK i‡mi mv‡_ †h nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW wb:m„Z nq Zvi pH gvb 1.8 †_‡K 2.2 Gi
g‡a¨ _v‡K| †cÖvwUb nRg Kivi Rb¨ cvK¯’jx‡Z pH gvb eRvq _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| cvK¯’jx‡Z pH gvb †Kv‡bvfv‡e
K‡g †M‡j A_ev Lv`¨e¯‘i Abycw¯’wZ‡Z `xN© mgq cvK¯’jx‡Z wb:m„Z cvPK im, pH gvb Kwg‡q †`q| d‡j
cvK¯’jxi Mv‡q ÿ‡Zi m„wó nq| cvK¯’jxi pH gvb wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ GwmW webóKvix wewfbœ avZe A·vBW,
†hgb- MgO, A12O3, CaO cÖf…wZ‡K Jla wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|
Uq‡jwUªR:
Avgiv cÖwZw`b Uq‡jwUªR wn‡m‡e wewfbœ Dcv`vb e¨envi K‡i _vwK| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ Kvco KvPvi mvevb, wewfbœ cÖKvi
wUmy¨ †ccvi, †m‡bUvwi b¨vcwKb, Wvqvcvi, wewfbœ ai‡bi Uq‡jU wK¬bvi we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Gi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î
Dcv`v‡bi wfbœZv I e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Îi Dci wfbœ wfbœ pH gvb‡K wbqš¿Y ivLv nq|
cÖmvabx :
wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖmvabxi g‡a¨ pH gvb wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| kix‡ii Z¡‡Ki Rb¨ Av`k© pH gvb 5.5| Z¡‡Ki pH gvb 5.5
†_‡K 6.5 Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡j Z¡K wewfbœ Gjv‡R©b I e¨vK‡Uwiqv Avµgb‡K cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z¡‡Ki pH gvb
Av`k© mxgvi †P‡q †ewk ev Kg n‡j Z¡‡Ki †KvgjZv I †mŠ›`h© webó nq| gv_vi Pz‡j i‡q‡Q †mevg (Sebum) bvgK
GK cÖKvi cÖvK…wZK †Zj| Gi pH gvb n‡jv 5.0| Pz‡ji cwiPh©vq †h †Kv‡bv cÖKvi m¨v¤úyi pH gvb 5.5 Gi
KvQvKvwQ _vKvB DwPZ| Pz‡ji pH gvb 6 Gi Dci †M‡j Pzj gm„YZv nvwi‡q †d‡j|
cÖkgY wewµqv:
GwmW I ÿv‡ii wewµqvq jeY I cvwb Drcbœ nq| wewµqvwU cÖkgb wewµqv bv‡g cwiwPZ| Gwm‡Wi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
Avqb (H+) I ÿv‡ii nvB‡Wªvw·j Avqb (OH-) hy³ n‡q cvwb Drcbœ K‡i| d‡j Gwm‡Wi ˆewkó¨ c~Y© ag© I ÿv‡ii
ˆewkó¨ c~Y© ag© webó nq|

A¤ø-ÿvi 197
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

GwmW + ÿvi  jeY + cvwb|

†hgb, HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
cÖkgb wewµqv PjvKv‡j `ªe‡Yi pH gv‡bi cwieZ©b N‡U| me mgq GKwU wbw`©ó cwigv‡Yi GwmW wbw`©ó cwigv‡Yi
ÿviK‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i| Avevi ÿv‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI welqwU mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| †Kv‡bv ÿvi `ªe‡Yi cÖkg‡bi †ÿ‡Î †h
cwigvY Gwm‡Wi cÖ‡qvRb wVK †m cwigvY GwmW †hvM Ki‡j ÿvi cÖkwgZ nq| AwZwi³ GwmW †hvM Kiv n‡j
`ªe‡Yi ag© GwmW ag© cÖvß nq| GKBfv‡e GwmW `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖkg‡b AwZwi³ ÿvi †hvM Ki‡j `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ
ÿvixq nq|

9.13 ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b cÖkgb wewµqvi ¸iæZ¡ :

Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b cÖkgb wewµqvi ¸iæZ¡ h‡_ó| Lv`¨ `ªe¨ cwicv‡K, ¯^v¯’¨iÿvq, cÖmvabx‡Z, `uv‡Zi h‡Zœ,
†eKvix wk‡í, gvwUi cwiPh©vq, Pvgov wk‡í, KvMR wk‡í, Ila †me‡b BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î cÖkgb wewµqvi ¸iæZ¡
Acwimxg|
cwicv‡K:
Avgiv †h Lvevi LvB Zv‡K cwicv‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb c‡o nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi| cvK¯’wji Mv †_‡K G GwmW
wb:m„Z nq| cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ GwmW cvK¯’wj‡Z A¯^w¯’ I ÿ‡Zi m„wó K‡i Rxeb wecbœ K‡i| G †_‡K iÿvi
Rb¨ Avgiv wewfbœ ai‡bi g„`y ÿvi, †hgb- g¨vM‡bwmqvg nvBWª·vBW, A¨vjywgwbqvg nvBWª·vBW, g¨vM‡bwmqvg
Kve©‡bU, †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU e¨envi K‡i _vwK| G ÿvi¸‡jv cvK¯’wji AwZwi³ GwmW‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i
_v‡K|
`uv‡Zi h‡š¿:
cÖwZw`b Avgiv †h Lvevi LvB Zvi wKQz KYv `uv‡Zi duv‡K ev gvwoi Dc‡i †j‡M _v‡K| gvby‡li gy‡L _v‡K wewfbœ
ai‡bi e¨vK‡Uwiqv| G me e¨vKUwiqv gvby‡li gy‡L †j‡M _vKv Lvevi Lvq Ges GwmW Drcbœ K‡i| Drcbœ Gwm‡Wi
cÖfv‡e `uv‡Zi Gbv‡g‡ji ÿwZ nq, AKv‡j `uvZ c‡o hvq Ges `vu‡Zi wewfbœ ai‡bi ‡iv‡Mi m„wó nq| Uz_‡có w`‡q
Avcwb hLb `uvZ eªvm K‡ib ZLb Uz_‡c‡ói ÿvi gy‡Li GwmW‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i| `uv‡Zi Avi ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
`uvZ myiwÿZ nq|
†KK ˆZwi‡Z:
evmvevox‡Z ev †eKvix‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi †KK ‰Zwi Kiv nq| †KK ˆZwi‡Z g~j DcKi‡Yi mv‡_ †hvM Kiv nq †ewKs
cvDWvi| †ewKs cvDWv‡i _v‡K ÿvi RvZxq c`v_© †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU (NaHCO3) I GwmW RvZxq
c`v_© UviUvwiK Gwm‡Wi ﮋ wgkÖY| hLb Dnv ﮋ _v‡K ZLb †Kv‡bv wewµqv N‡U bv| cvwbi ms¯ú‡k© G‡mB G‡`i
g‡a¨ cÖkgb wewµqv N‡U Ges Kve©b WvBA·vBW M¨vm Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ Kve©b WvB A·vBW M¨vm gq`v‡K dzwj‡q
†`q| Zv‡ci d‡j Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi Drcv`b †e‡o hvq| d‡j †KK Av‡iv †ewk K‡i dy‡j Ges big n‡q hvq|
K…wl †ÿ‡Î gvwU cwiPh©vq:
evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ A‡ji gvwUi cÖK…wZ I ¸YMZ gvb wfbœ wfbœ| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv GjvKvi gvwU‡Z GwmW †ewk
_vKvq Gi pH gvb Kg| Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv GjvKvi gvwU‡Z ÿvi †ewk _vKvq Gi pH gvb h‡_ó †ewk| GwmW
hy³ gvwU‡Z Pzb †hvM Ki‡j gvwUi pH gv‡bi e„w× N‡U| Pzb ÿvi RvZxq Dcv`vb| GwU g~jZ K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW
(CaO) | Pzb gvwUi AwZwi³ GwmW‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i gvwUi pH gv‡bi e„w× NUvq| wecixZ fv‡e gvwU ÿvixq n‡j
A_©vr gvwUi pH gvb †e‡o †M‡j A¤øag©x A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU †hvM K‡i AwZwi³ ÿvi‡K cÖkwgZ K‡i †bqv nq|
Gfv‡e gvwU Zvi De©iZv wd‡i cvq|

198 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 9

mvims‡¶c :
 pH †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Y nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi NbgvÎvq FYvZ¥K jMvwi`g gvb‡K H `ªe‡Yi pH e‡j|
 pH wgUvi: †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Yi pH gvb‡K wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †h cwigvc hš¿ e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K pH wgUvi e‡j|
 cÖmvabx: †`nZ¡‡Ki we‡kl myiÿv I h‡Z¥i Rb¨ e¨eüZ Dcv`vb‡K cÖmvabx e‡j| cÖmvabx †`‡ni evwn¨K A½
†hgb Pzj, Z¡K, bL, gyLgÛj, †PvL BZ¨vw`i cwi”QbœZv iÿv I †mŠ›`h© e„w× K‡i|
 cÖkgb: GwmW `ªe‡Y ÿvi ev ÿvi `ªe‡Y GwmW †hvM K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i| GwmW I ÿvi ci¯úi
ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Dfq ag© m¤ú~Y©fv‡e nvwi‡q wbi‡cÿ †hŠM jeY I cvwb Drcbœ Kiv‡K cÖkgb
e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.3

1| †Kvb `ªe‡Yi pH Gi gv‡bi mxgv KZ?

(K) 0-14 (L) 1-14
(M) 2-14 (N) 3-14
2| †Kvb `ªe‡Yi pH Gi gvb 7 Gi Kg n‡j jxU gvm †ccvi Kx eY© aviY K‡i?
(K) meyR (L) jvj
(M) mv`v (N) bxj

3| Pz‡ji pH Gi gvb KZ n‡j Pzj gm„bZv nvwi‡q †d‡j?

(K) 6 †_‡K Kg (L) 4 †_‡K Kg
(M) 6 †_‡K †ekx (N) 4 †_‡K †ekx

4| cÖkgb wewµqv msNwUZ nq -

(i) cvK¯’jxi GwmW cÖkwgZ Ki‡Z
(ii) `uvZ eªv‡ki mgq
(iii) †KK ˆZwi‡Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) i I ii, (M) i I iii, (N) i, ii I iii,

cvV-9.4 cvwb:
A¤ø-ÿvi 199
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-

 wgVv cvwbi wewfbœ Drm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvwbi `~l‡Yi KviY I cwi‡kva‡bi Dcvqmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvwbi `~lY wbqš¿‡Yi Dcvq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvwbi LiZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 GwmW e„wó †iv‡a gvby‡li KiYxq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wgVv cvwb, LwbR cvwb, wngevn, GwmW e„wó, LwbR jeY, Av‡m©wbK, eR©¨, COD, BOD, DO
ev‡qvM¨vm|
cvwb:
f‚-c„‡ôi cÖvq 75% c`v_© cvwb| †gvU cvwbi kZKiv 97 fvMB Avevi mgy‡`ªi cvwb| c„w_exi †gvU cvwbi
kZKiv gvÎ GKfvM gvby‡li e¨envi Dc‡hvMx| Avgiv cÖwZw`b †h cvwb cvb K‡i _vwK Zvi PH gvb 6.8-7.2 mxgvi
g‡a¨ _vKv DwPZ| GwUB g~jZ wgVv cvwb| Pvlvev` I grm Pv‡li Rb¨ wgVv cvwb LyeB Dc‡hvMx| e„wói cvwb, b`xi
cvwb, Mfxi bjK‚‡ci cvwb Ges wngevn I Zzlvi Av”Qvw`Z cvwb wgVv cvwbi Drm|
cÖvK…wZK cvwbi g‡a¨ e„wói cvwbB me©v‡cÿv weky× wgVv cvwb| GK ckjv e„wói c‡ii e„wói cvwb A‡cÿvK…Z weï×
nq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ e„wói cvwbB n‡jv cÖvK…wZK cvwZZ cvwb e„wói cvwbB b`x‡Z Av‡m| e„wói cvwb, SiYvi cvwb I
eidMjv cvwb f‚-c„‡ôi Dci w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q b`x‡Z G‡m c‡o| †gvU cvwbi gvÎ kZKiv `yBfvM eid wn‡m‡e
_v‡K| ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R gvbyl wgVv cvwb wn‡m‡e b`xi cvwb‡KB †ewk e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| c„w_ex‡Z we`¨gvb wgVv
cvwbi kZKiv 98 fvM f‚M‡f© Ae¯’vb K‡i| Mfxi bjKy‡ci mvnv‡h¨ G cvwb‡K Zz‡j Avbv nq| G cvwb‡Z wewfbœ
LwbR jeY `ªexf‚Z _v‡K e‡j G‡K LwbR cvwb ejv nq|
mvaviYfv‡e e„wói cvwb wKQzUv GwmwWq nq| KviY evqy gÛ‡ji Kve©b WvB A·vBW (CO2) Gi wKQz cwigvY e„wói
cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡q Kve©wbK GwmW (H2CO3) Drcbœ K‡i| Avevi e„wói cvwb‡Z mvjwdDwiK GwmW (H2SO4),
bvBwUªK GwmW (HNO3) I nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW (HCl) wgwkÖZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| e„wói cvwb‡Z G GwmW ¸‡jvi
Dcw¯’wZi cÖavb KviY †mLvbKvi evqy‡Z mvjdvi WvBA·vBW (SO2), bvB‡Uªv‡Rb WvBA·vBW (NO2) I
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †K¬vivBW M¨vm (HCl)(g) Gi Dcw¯’wZ we`¨gvb| G ai‡bi e„wó GwmW e„wó wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GwmW e„wói
cÖavb KviY n‡jv AvMœqwMwi †_‡K wbM©Z SO2 M¨vm, B‡Ui fvUv, KjKviLvbvi wbM©Z M¨vm, Mvoxi Kv‡jv‡auvqv †_‡K
wbM©Z CO2 M¨vm, eRªcv‡Zi mgq evqy‡Z Drcbœ NO2 M¨vm evqygÛ‡j hy³ nq| G M¨vm¸‡jvB e„wói cvwb‡Z
`ªexf‚Z n‡q cvwb‡K GwmwWK K‡i|
SO2(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO3(aq).
SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq) + 2 [H]
CO2(g) + H2O(l)  H2CO3(aq).
2NO2(g) + H2O(l)  HNO2(aq) + HNO3(aq)
G QvovI †gvUiMvox, Zvc we`y¨r‡K›`ª, †Zj †kvabvMvi, KjKviLvbv cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î we‡kl K‡i R¡vjvwb †Zj I
Kqjvi `n‡bi d‡j cÖPzi cwigv‡Y SO2, NO2 I CO2 M¨vm evqy‡Z wg‡k GwmW e„wói m„wó K‡i|
cÖvK…wZKfv‡e m„ó GwmW e„wói cÖwZKv‡ii †Kvb Dcvq †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Z‡e gvbyl m„ó KviY¸‡jv wKQzUv n‡jI
Kgv‡bv hvq| †hgb,

200 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 9

(i) Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi e¨envi hZ`~i m¤¢e Kgv‡bv hvq|

(ii) Lye mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Yi mvjdvi hy³ R¡vjvwb‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
(iii)B‡Ui fvUvq mbvZb c×wZ ev` w`‡q AvaywbK c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
(iv) DbœZZi †gvUi BwÄb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
(v) Zvc we`y¨r †K›`ª, KjKviLvbv I wewfbœ avZz wb®‹vkb Pzjxø †_‡K wbM©Z M¨vm‡K cwi‡kvab K‡i evqygÛ‡j
cvVv‡Z n‡e|
(vi) weKí R¡vjvwb, †hgb- †mŠikw³, evqykw³, dz‡qj †mj, ev‡qvM¨vm cøv›U †ewk K‡i ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
GwmW e„wói d‡j Lvjwej, b`xbvjvi cvwbi PH gvb 4 Gi wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m| gvwUi PH gvbI GKBfv‡e
K‡g hvq| Rxe ˆewP‡Î¨i gvivZ¡K ÿwZ nq|
cvwbi LiZv
cvwbi Aci bvg Rxeb| cvwb Avgv‡`i kix‡ii ïay cvwbi Afve c~iY K‡i bv, eis wewfbœ AvqwbK Dcv`vb †hvMvb
w`‡q kix‡ii AvqwbK fvimvg¨ eRvq ivL‡Z eo ai‡bi f‚wgKv iv‡L| G cvwb‡Z hw` †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y welv³ I
ÿwZKi †Kv‡bv Dcv`vb ev AbyRxe wg‡k hvq Z‡e cvwb Li nq| Avevi cvwb‡Z ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Ggb me
AvqwbK Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY †e‡o †M‡jI cvwb Li nq| cvwb‡Z Ca2+, Mg2+ I Al3+ Avq‡bi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU
(HCO3-), mvj‡dU (SO42-), I †K¬vivBW (Cl-) RvZxq jeY `ªexf‚Z _vK‡j cvwb Li nq| Z‡e nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU
jeY `ªexf~Z _vK‡j cvwb A¯’vqx Li nq| †K¬vivBW I mvj‡dU RvZxq jeY `ªexf‚Z _vK‡j cvwb ¯’vqx Li nq|
cÖvY ivmvqwbK Aw·‡Rb Pvwn`v (Biological Oxygen Demand, BOD):
cvwb‡Z Dcw¯’Z ˆRe eR©¨ c`v_©mg~‡ni we‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ Aw·‡R‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| cvwb‡Z h‡Zv †ewk cvwigv‡Y
we‡qvRb †hvM¨ ˆRe c`v_© Dcw¯’Z _v‡K Zvi Rb¨ Aw·‡Rb Pvwn`vI Z‡Zv †ewk| cvwb‡Z Dcw¯’Z we‡qvRb †hvM¨
ˆRe c`v‡_©i we‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY‡K cÖvY ivmvqwbK Aw·‡Rb Pvwn`v ev BOD e‡j|
fv‡jv gvb m¤úbœ cvwbi BOD gvb 6 ppm Gi †ewk nIqv DwPZ bq| A_©vr cÖwZ 1000 mL cvwb‡Z eZ©gvb ˆRe
eR©¨ `~l‡Ki we‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Aw·‡Rb 6 mg Gi ‡ewk nIqv DwPZ bq| †Kv‡bv cvwbi BOD Gi gvb
hZ †ewk H cvwbi `~l‡Ki gvÎv Z‡Zv †ewk| cvwb‡Z BOD Gi gvb h‡Zv †ewk n‡e, cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Aw·‡Rb
(DO) Gi cwigvY Z‡Zv n«vm cvq|
cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Aw·‡Rb (Dissolved Oxygen in water DO) :
cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY cvwbi weï×Zv wbY©q K‡i _v‡K| cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvYB H
cvwbi DO | cvwb‡Z wewfbœ RjR Dw™¢`, RjR cÖvYx, AYyRxe cÖf„wZ eZ©gvb _v‡K| Zv‡`i Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ †h
cwigvY Aw·‡R‡bi cÖ‡qvRb H cwigvY Aw·‡Rb cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z _vKv DwPZ| G‡`i †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ `ªexf‚Z
Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY 4-6 ppm nIqv DwPZ| ˆRe eR©¨ Dcv`vb cvwb‡Z wg‡k cvwbi DO gvb‡K n«vm K‡i|
wmIwW (Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD) :
COD A_© ivmvqwbK Aw·‡Rb Pvwn`v| cvwb‡Z we‡qvRb †hvM¨ I we‡qvRb A‡hvM¨ ‰Re `~l‡Ki Rvi‡Yi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvU Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY‡K aiv nq| ZvB †Kv‡bv cvwbi COD Gi gvb BOD Gi gvb A‡cÿv †ewk
nq|
cvwb `~lY:
e„wócvZ, wngevn, SiYvaviv, eb¨v wewfbœ Kvi‡Y cvwb f‚c„‡ôi Dci w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq| G cvwb cÖev‡ni KviY
gvwU‡Z Dcw¯’Z wewfbœ LwbR jeY cvwb‡Z wg‡k wM‡q cvwb‡K `~wlZ K‡i| eb¨vi Kvi‡Y cvwb gvivZ¡Kfv‡e `~wlZ
nq|
cvwb `~lYKvix wbqvgK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wkí eR©¨ Ab¨Zg| evsjv‡`‡ki kZKiv 40 fvM cvwbi `~lY n‡q _v‡K wkíeR©¨
Øviv| WvBs wkí eR©¨, †Ubvwi wkí eR©¨, mvevb d¨vKUwii wkíeR©¨, wm‡g›U d¨v±ixi wkíeR©¨, mvi KviLvbvi wkí

A¤ø-ÿvi 201
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

eR©¨, KvMR K‡ji wkíeR©¨, Jla wk‡íi eR©¨, Zvcwe`y¨r †K‡›`ªi wkíeR©¨ gvivZ¥K fv‡e cvwbi `~lY NUvq| MZ
`yB wZb `k‡K bqwms`x, MvRxcyi I mvfv‡i M‡o IVv wkí KviLvbv¸‡jvi eR©¨ Kxfv‡e cvwbi `~lY Ki‡Q Zv wbR
†Pv‡L bv †`L‡j eySvi Dcvq †bB| wkí e‡R©¨i `~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y GmKj GjvKv‡Z Db¥y³ Ae¯’vq wgVv cvwb cvIqvUvB
KwVb|
M„n¯’vwj‡Z Drcbœ KwVb I Zij Dfq cÖKv‡ii eR©¨ cvwbi `~lY NUvq| †cŠi eR©¨ cvwb‡K gvivZ¥Kfv‡e `~wlZ K‡i|
K…wl Rwg‡Z e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvkK ay‡q b`xi cvwb‡Z ev Ab¨vb¨ Rjvkvq wg‡k wM‡q cvwbi `~lY
NUvq| GQvov eZ©gvb Kv‡j welv³ B‡jKUªwb· eR©¨ cvwb `~l‡bi Av‡iv GKwU bZzb ms‡hvRb| B‡jKUªwb· e‡R©¨
_v‡K mxmv (Pb), K¨vWwgqvg (Cd), cvi` (Hg), Av‡m©wbK (As), †µvwgqvg (Cr), Gi g‡Zv welv³ fvix avZz| G me
eR©¨ wewfbœ KwVb `~iv‡ivM¨ †ivM †hgb K¨vÝvi, wKWwbi mgm¨v, D”P i³Pvc, ni‡gv‡bi mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i _v‡K|
eZ©gv‡b cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wbK `~lY GKwU fqven iƒc wb‡q‡Q| f‚Mf©¯’ KwVb wkjv‡Z As hy³_v‡K wewfbœ †hŠM wn‡m‡e|
f‚Mf©¯’ cvwb Gme Lwb‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nIqvi mgq Av‡m©wbK Kbv cvwb‡Z wg‡k hvq| GQvov K…wl †ÿ‡Î
e¨eüZ KxUbvkK I ivmvqwbK mv‡ii e¨env‡ii Kvi‡YI cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wb‡Ki Øviv `~lY N‡U, cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wbK
`~l‡bi d‡j gvby‡li ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci Av‡m©wbK welwµqvRwbZ cÖfve LyeB fqven|
cvwbi `~lY wbqš¿Y:
cvwbi `~lY wbqš¿Y Kiv AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq GKwU c`‡ÿc| cvwbi Dci wbf©i K‡iB Avgv‡`i ‡eu‡P _vK‡Z n‡e| ïay
gvbyl bq, me ai‡bi cÖvwY I Dw™¢‡`i †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ weï× cvwb AwZ cÖ‡qvRb| cvwb `~lY n‡Z _vK‡j GK
mg‡q cv‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cvwb cvIqv hv‡e bv| Ggwb‡ZB cv‡bi †hvM¨ cvwbi cwigvY c„w_ex‡Z LyeB Kg|
cvwb `~lYKvix Dcv`vb mg~‡ni g‡a¨ wkíeR©¨ Ab¨Zg| cwi‡ek Awa`߇ii wi‡cv‡U© †`Lv hvq evsjv‡`‡ki kZKiv
40 fvM cvwb `~lY nq wkí eR©¨ Øviv| cÖvq cÖwZwU eo, gvSvwi ev †QvU wkí †_‡K eR©¨ c`v_©‡K cwi‡kvab bv K‡iB
b`xi cvwb‡Z ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Rjvk‡q †d‡j †`Iqv nq| Gme wkí eR©¨‡K cwi‡kvab K‡i b`x‡Z ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
Rjvk‡q †dj‡Z n‡e|
M„n¯’vwj‡Z Drcbœ KwVb I Zij eR©¨ Øviv cvwbi `~lY N‡U| gjg~Î Z¨v‡Mi d‡j KwVb I Zij eR©¨ cvwbi mv‡_
wg‡k cvwb‡K `~wlZ K‡i| M„n¯’vwji ˆRe eR©¨‡K c„_K K‡i Zv †_‡K ˆRe mvi I R¡vjvwb Drcbœ Kiv hvq| wKQz wKQz
A‰Re eR©¨‡K msMÖn K‡i wimvBwKès Gi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| eR©¨‡K c„_K K‡i we‡kl e¨e¯’vq msiÿY K‡i
ev‡qvM¨vm Drcbœ Kiv †M‡j GKw`‡K R¡vjvwb cvIqv hv‡e, Ab¨w`‡K cvwbi `~lY wbqwš¿Z n‡e| wewfbœ wK¬wbK,
nvmcvZvj, Wv³vi Lvbvi e‡R©¨i mv‡_ A‡bK †ivMRxevYy _v‡K| Gme cvwb‡Z wg‡k K‡jiv, UvBd‡qW, Avgvkq,
†ncvUvBwUm BZ¨vw` †iv‡Mi we¯Ívi NUvq| G me eR©¨‡K we‡klfv‡e c¨v‡K‡U msMÖn K‡i gvwU‡Z cy‡Z †dj‡Z n‡e|
K…wl Rwg‡Z AwaK dm‡ji Drcv`b I dm‡ji msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvkK e¨envi Kiv nq|
G m‡ei Dchy³ mgq I mwVK gvÎvi cÖ‡qvM nq bv| ivmvqwbK mviI KxUbvkK cvwb‡Z wg‡k cvwbi `~lY NUvq|
ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvk‡Ki AccÖ‡qvM wbqš¿Y K‡i cvwbi `~lY †iva Kiv m¤¢e|
M„ncvwjZ cïi eR©¨ cvwb‡Z wg‡k wM‡q cvwbi `~lY NUvq| cï‡K cyKzi ev b`xi cvwb‡Z †Mvmj Kiv‡j cvwbi `~lY
N‡U| e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ cï eR©¨ wg‡k wM‡q b`x‡Z co‡jI cvwbi `~lY N‡U| cï‡K cyKzi ev b`x‡Z †Mvmj Kiv‡bv
hv‡e bv| cï eR©¨‡K msMÖn K‡i ev‡qvM¨vm Drcv`‡bi KuvPvgvj wnmv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
cvwbi weï×KiY:
cvwbi Aci bvg Rxeb n‡jI G cvwb Avevi g„Zz¨i KviYI n‡Z cv‡i| cvwb‡Z wewfbœ eR©¨ Dcv`vb, †ivMRxevYy I
welv³ Dcv`vb `ªexf‚Z n‡q cvwb cv‡bi A‡hvM¨ n‡q c‡o| cvwb‡K weï× K‡i cv‡bi †hvM¨ K‡i †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
cvwb weï× Ki‡Y wb‡Pi c×wZ¸‡jv AbymiY Kiv nq|
1| †K¬vwi‡bkb: †K¬vwi‡bkb cÖwµqvq cvwb‡K AwZ mn‡R RxevYygy³ Kiv hvq| cvwb‡Z cwigvY gZ weøwPs cvDWvi
†hvM Kiv nq| weøwPs cvDWvi †_‡K Drcbœ †K¬vwib M¨vm RxevYy‡K Rvwi‡Z K‡i †g‡i †d‡j|

202 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 9

Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + 2[Cl]

(weøwPs cvDWvi)
H2O + 2 [Cl]  2HCl + [O]
RxevYy + [O]  RvwiZ RxevYy
cvwb‡Z weøwPs cvDWvi †hvM Kivi ci 20-25 wgwbU A‡cÿv Ki‡Z nq| Gi ci cvwb‡K †Qu‡K wb‡q cv‡bi
†hvM¨ Kiv nq|
2| dzUv‡bv: evsjv‡`‡k GwU GKwU we‡kl cÖPwjZ c×wZ| cvwb‡K dzUv‡j cvwbi AYyRxe¸‡jv g‡i hvq| cvwb‡K
cÖvq 10-15 wgwbU dzUšÍ Ae¯’vq †i‡L dzU‡Z w`‡j IB cvwb‡Z AYyRx‡ei †KvbB Dcw¯’wZ _v‡Kbv|
AYyRxe QvovI cvwb dzUv‡j cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq Ca-Gi evBKve©‡bU jeY cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z _vK‡j Zv‡c we‡qvwRZ
n‡q A`ªeYxq Kv‡e©v‡b‡U cwiYZ nq I Aa:wÿß nq|
Ca(HCO3)2 Zvc
 CaCO3 (s) + H2O + CO2
cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Avqib evB Kve©‡bU Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j dzUšÍ Ae¯’vq evqyi Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ n‡q A`ªeYxq
jvj‡P ev`vgx e‡Y©i †dwiK nvB‡Wªv·vB‡W cwiYZ n‡q Aa:wÿß nq|
4 Fe(HCO3)2 + 2H2O + O2  4 Fe(OH)3 + 8CO2
dzUšÍ cvwb‡K VvÛv K‡i cÖ_‡g w__v‡bv I c‡i †Qu‡K wb‡j cv‡bi †hvM¨ cvwb‡Z cwiYZ nq|
g‡b ivL‡eb:
g¨vM‡bwmqvg evBKve©‡bU jeY cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z _vK‡j H cvwb‡K dzUv‡j cvwb weï× nq bv| KviY Drcbœ
g¨vM‡bwmqvg Kve©‡bU (MgCO3) jeYwU cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq| MgCO3 Gi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZ 100g cvwb‡Z 0.084g| `ªexf‚Z
nq|
3| Pz‡bi cvwb: cvwb‡Z Pz‡bi cvwb †hvM Ki‡j cvwb weï× nq| cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq evBKve©‡bU jeY¸‡jv Pz‡bi
cvwbi K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i A`ªeYxq †hŠM Drcbœ K‡i|
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2 CaCO3(s) + 2H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 2 CaCO3(s) + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O

Aa:‡ÿc‡K w__v‡bv cÖwµqvq c„_K K‡i cvwb‡K †Qu‡K †bqv nq Ges cvwb cv‡bi †hvM¨ nq|
4| †mvWv: cvwb‡Z cwigvY gZ †mvWv (Na2CO3.10H2O) A_ev †mvWv I Pz‡bi cvwb †hvM K‡i `ªeYxq ÿwZKi
jeY¸‡jv‡K AcmiY Kiv nq| G Dcv`vb¸‡jv cvwb‡Z †hvM K‡i cvwb‡K dzUv‡bv nq Ges VvÛv K‡i w_w_‡q
cvwb‡K ‡Qu‡K †bqv nq|
CaCl2 + Na2CO3  2NaCl + CaCO3(s)
MgCl2 + Na2 CO3 + Ca(OH)2  2NaCl + CaCO3(s) + Mg(OH)2

5| wdUwKwi: wdUwKwi †hvM K‡i cvwb‡K cv‡bi †hvM¨ Kiv GKwU mnR c×wZ| 30-35 wjUvi cvwb‡Z Pv Pvg‡Pi
gZ GK PvgP wdUwKwi [K2SO4.Al(SO4)3.24H2O] cvDWvi †hvM Kiv nq| cvwb‡K mvgvb¨ bvovPvov K‡i 30
wgwbU w¯’i Ae¯’vq †i‡L †`qv nq| cv‡Îi wb‡P Aa:‡ÿc Rgv nq| w_Zv‡bv cÖwµqvq Dci †_‡K cvwb †X‡j
wb‡q †Qu‡K †bqv nq| d‡j cvwb cv‡bi †hvM¨ nq|
6| wdëvi: evRv‡i wewfbœ bv‡g wewfbœ K¤úvbxi wdëvi cvIqv hvq| Gme wdëv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cvwb‡K †Qu‡K wb‡j
cvwb weï× I cv‡bi †hvM¨ nq|
`ywU cwi®‹vi ¯^”Q Kv‡Pi GKwU Møv‡mi Lvev‡ii cvwb Ges Ab¨ Møv‡mi g‡a¨
wkÿv_©xi KvR
b`x ev bvjv ev Lvj-we‡ji cvwb wb‡q `y‡Uv Møv‡mi g‡a¨B mvgvb¨ cwigvY

A¤ø-ÿvi 203
I‡cb ¯‹zj GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wdUwKwi †hvM K‡i bvovPvov K‡i 20 wgwbU Ae¯’vq †i‡L w`b| `ywU Møv‡mi
wb‡Pi Aa:‡ÿc ch©‡eÿY K‡i Q‡K djvdj mshy³ Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c :
1| wgVv cvwb: Avgviv cÖwZw`b †h cvwb cvb K‡i _vwK Zvi PH gvb 6.8-7.2 mxgvi g‡a¨ _vKv DwPZ| GwUB g~jZ
wgVv cvwb|
2| GwmW e„wó: evqy‡Z SO2, NO2, CO2, I HCl M¨v‡mi cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j Gme Dcv`vb e„wói cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z
n‡q cvwb‡K A¤øxq K‡i| G e„wói cvwb‡K GwmW e„wó e‡j|
3| cvwbi LiZv: cvwb‡Z AwZwi³ Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+ Avq‡bi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU (HCO3-) mvj‡dU (SO42-) I
†K¬vivBW (Cl-) RvZxq jeY `ªexf‚Z _vK‡j cvwb Li nq|
4| BOD: cvwb‡Z Dcw¯’Z we‡qvRb †hvM¨ ˆRe c`v‡_©i we‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY‡K cÖvY
ivmvqwbK Aw·‡Rb Pvwn`v ev BOD e‡j|
5| COD: cvwb‡Z we‡qvRb †hvM¨ I we‡qvRb A‡hvM¨ ˆRe `~l‡Ki Rvi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvU Aw·‡R‡bi
cwigvY‡K COD e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.4

1| GwmW e„wói †ÿ‡Î mwVK Dw³ n‡jv-

(K) cvwb‡Z HCO3- , SO42- I Cl- _v‡K|
(L) cvwb‡Z Ca2+ , Mg2+ I Al3+ Gi jeY _v‡K|
(M) cvwb‡Z CO2 I SO2 `ªexf‚Z _v‡K|
(N) cvwb‡Z H2SO4, HNO3, HCl Dcw¯’Z _v‡K|
2| cvwb‡K dzUv‡j †Kvb `~lKwU AcmvwiZ nqbv?
(K) evBKve©‡bU
(L) wewfbœ AbyRxe
(M) †K¬vivBW
(N) Av‡m©wbK
3| cvwbi †ÿ‡Î Dw³¸‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb-
(i) cvwb‡Z COD Gi gvb BOD A‡cÿv †ewk nq|
(ii) cvwb‡Z BOD Gi gvb h‡Zv †ewk DO Gi cwigvY Z‡Zv Kg|
(iii) cvwb `~lYKvix Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ wkí eR©¨B cÖavb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) i I ii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

204 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

imvqb 1g cÎ BDwbU 9

P~ovš— g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj -1: wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb|

K) DO Kx ? 1
L) COD Gi gvb BOD A‡cÿv †ewk nq e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
M) GwmW e„wó wbqš¿‡bi Dcvq we‡kølY Kiæb| 3
N) DÏxc‡Ki eR©¨ `~lY wbqš¿‡bi Dcvq we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

m„Rbkxj -2: wPθ‡jv jÿ¨ Kiæb|

K) pH Kx ? 1
L) K…wl †ÿ‡Î pH Gi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
M) DwÏc‡Ki eR¨© wKfv‡e cvwbi `~lY NUvq Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3
N) DÏxc‡Ki eR©¨ `~lY wbqš¿‡bi Dcvq we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.1 : 1| N 2| K 3| N 4| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.2 : 1| N 2| N 3| N 4| N 5| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.3 : 1| K 2| L 3| M 4| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.4 : 1| N 2| N 3| N

A¤ø-ÿvi 205