GM Ecotec engine

The GM Ecotec engine, also known by its codename L850, is a family of all-aluminium inline-four
engines, displacing between 1.4 and 2.5 litres. While these engines were based on the GM Family II
engine, the architecture was substantially re-engineered for the new Ecotec application produced since
2000. This engine family replaced the GM Family II engine, the GM 122 engine, the Saab H engine, and
the Quad 4 engine. It is manufactured in multiple locations, to include Spring Hill Manufacturing, in Spring
Hill, Tennessee while the engine block and cylinder heads are cast at Saginaw Metal Casting Operations in
Saginaw, Michigan.

Contents
Generation I
2.0
2.2
Generation II
2.0 LNF (Z20NHH Opel)
2.0 LDK (A20NHT Opel)
LHU (A20NFT Opel)
2.2
2.4
Generation III
2.0
2.5
HCCI
See also
References

Generation I
The 'Ecotec' name was adopted in 1994 for the new generation of Generation I
Family II engines (2000 in North America) . The name was
Overview
already used for the Opel GM Family II engine, Family 1 and
Family 0 ranges. GM intended this new Ecotec to become its Production 1999–2012
global 4-cylinder, and it has already fully replaced their OHV I4 Layout
line.
Displacement 2.0 L (1,998 cc)
The Ecotec engine is a DOHC 4-valve design with a lost foam 2.2 L (2,198 cc)
cast aluminum block and head (L850 for 86 mm bore applications,
and L880 for 88 mm bore), designed for displacements from 1.8 to Cylinder bore 86 mm (3.4 in)
2.4  L. Development began in 1994, by an international team of Piston stroke 86 mm (3.4 in)
engineers and technicians from Opel's International Technical
94.6 mm (3.72 in)
Development Center in Rüsselsheim, Germany, GM Powertrain in
Pontiac, Michigan, and Saab in Södertälje, Sweden.[2] Much of Compression 8.8:1
the development work on this project was carried out by Lotus ratio 9.5:1
Engineering (https://web.archive.org/web/20060227023927/http://
10.0:1
www.grouplotus.com/eng/), Hethel, United Kingdom. The engine
uses aluminium pistons and cast iron cylinder liners. Vibration is Combustion
reduced with twin balance shafts.
Fuel system Sequential multi-
The first engine in the Ecotec Gen I line-up was Ecotec 2.2 L61, point fuel injection
introduced in May 1999. Gasoline direct
injection
The current Ecotec line is manufactured in Tonawanda, New
York,.[2] Fuel type Gasoline
CNG

2.0 E85
Dimensions

LK9 Length 665 mm (26.2 in)

Width 642 mm (25.3 in)
This engine is also known as B207 when used by Saab and
Height 655 mm (25.8 in)
Z20NET by Opel for use in the Vectra C and Signum.
Dry weight 139–150 kg (306–
LK9 is a turbocharged 2.0  L (1,998  cc) version of the L850 331 lb)[1]
(86  mm bore) series Ecotec utilizing an all-new reinforced
sand cast aluminum cylinder head and upgraded internal
components. The engine features a five-bearing forged steel
crankshaft, strengthened connecting rods, redesigned pistons,
piston oil cooling jets, reprofiled camshafts and an integrated
oil cooler.[3] The exhaust valves are liquid sodium-cooled. All
vehicles using this engine feature Saab's Trionic 8 (T8) engine
management system as well as a revised valve train. The
timing chain and timing gears are also new, along with Saab's
Direct Ignition system. The reinforcements, turbocharging,
intercooling, internals, dual overhead camshaft, and such were
developed by GM Powertrain Sweden (Saab Automobile Saab B207 engine in a 2008 Saab 9-3
Powertrain). It features an 86 mm (3.4 in) bore and stroke and 2.0T
a 9.5:1 compression ratio. Maximum power is 210  hp
(160  kW) at 5300  rpm and 221  ft⋅lb (300  N⋅m) of torque at
2500 rpm. Maximum boost is 12.3 psi (0.85 bar).

2003–2014 Saab 9-3 - B207E, B207L, B207R

2003–2008 Opel Vectra - Z20NET (rebadged B207L)
2003–2008 Opel Signum - Z20NET (rebadged B207L)
2006–2010 Cadillac BLS - B207L, B207R
 Boost
Model Years Power Torque Turbocharger
Pressure

Low-pressure
1.8t 2003– 148 hp (110 kW) @ 177 ft⋅lb (240 N⋅m) @ 2000– 7.3 psi
(B207E) 2006 5500 rpm 3500 rpm (Garrett (0.50 bar)
GT2052s)

Low-pressure
1.8t 2006– 148 hp (110 kW) @ 177 ft⋅lb (240 N⋅m) @ 2000– 7.3 psi
(B207E) 2012 5500 rpm 3500 rpm (MHI TD04- (0.50 bar)
11TK)

Mid-pressure
2.0t 2003– 173 hp (129 kW) @ 195 ft⋅lb (265 N⋅m) @ 2500– 8.7 psi
(B207L) 2006 5500 rpm 4000 rpm (Garrett (0.60 bar)
GT2052s)

Mid-pressure
2.0t 2006– 173 hp (129 kW) @ 195 ft⋅lb (265 N⋅m) @ 2500– 8.7 psi
(B207L) 2012 5500 rpm 4000 rpm (MHI TD04- (0.60 bar)
11TK)

High-pressure
2.0T 2003– 207 hp (154.5 kW) @ 221 ft⋅lb (300 N⋅m) @ 2500– 12.3 psi
(B207R) 2014 5300 rpm 4000 rpm (MHI TD04- (0.85 bar)
14T)

LSJ

The LSJ is a supercharged version of the LK9 Ecotec 2.0  L

(1,998  cc) with an Eaton M62 Roots-type supercharger and
air-to-liquid intercooler. The LSJ shares many of its
components with the LK9 such as: piston cooling jets, oil
cooler, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft, oil pan, sodium-
filled exhaust valves and cylinder head.[4] It is rated at 205 hp
(153 kW) at 5600 rpm and 200 ft⋅lb (271 N⋅m) at 4400 rpm
with a compression ratio of 9.5:1 and a 6450 rpm redline. With
the end of the Chevy Cobalt S/C SS and Saturn Ion Red Line,
the LSJ was discontinued after 2007. In late 2005 Brammo
Ecotec LSJ engine in a 2006 Saturn Ion
Motorsports struck a deal with GM for the Supercharged 2.0 L
Red Line
Ecotec for their Ariel Atom. The engine came in various
ratings from 205 hp (153 kW) to 300 hp (224 kW).

The LSJ was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2006.

This engine is used in:

Year(s) Model Power Torque Dyno chart

205 hp 200 ft⋅lb
link (http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2005_prodi
2004– Saturn Ion Red (153 kW) (271 N⋅m)
nfo/powertrain/2005%20HPT%20Library/Ecotec/2005_L
2007 Line @ @
SJ_Saturn_Ion.pdf)
5600 rpm 4400 rpm
Chevrolet 205 hp 200 ft⋅lb
link (http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2005_prodi
2005– Cobalt SS (153 kW) (271 N⋅m)
nfo/powertrain/2005%20HPT%20Library/Ecotec/2005_L
2007 Supercharged @ @
SJ_Chev_Cobalt.pdf)
Coupe 5600 rpm 4400 rpm

2.2
L61

This engine is also known as a Z22SE in other countries such

as the United Kingdom, Australia, and Europe.

The basic Family II architecture was substantially re-

engineered in 2000 to become the Ecotec Gen I. Unlike its
notably harsh predecessor, the engine was designed for
smoothness. Dual in-block balance shafts were integral to the
design, the power-steering pump was mounted directly to the
cylinder head and driven by the intake camshaft, the water-
pump housing was cast into the block, and the A/C
compressor and alternator were mounted directly on the block Ecotec L61 engine in a Chevrolet Classic
without brackets. The oil filter housing was cast into the block (Malibu)
with a removable cover and replaceable paper element. It did
not use an EGR valve. The Ecotec line is manufactured in
Tonawanda, New York and Kaiserslautern, Germany, and was
also manufactured for Saturn in Spring Hill, Tennessee until
Saturn's discontinuation. In North America this engine
replaced both the Quad-4 and the GM 122 engines and first
appeared in the 2000 Saturn L-Series.[2]

The L61 is a 2.2  L (2,198  cc) version with a lost-foam cast

aluminum cylinder head and block; it features an 86  mm
(3.4  in) bore and 94.6  mm (3.72  in) stroke [2] and either a
9.5:1 compression ratio or a 10.0:1. The engine is 665  mm
(26.2  in) in length, 642  mm (25.3  in) in width, 655  mm 2003 Pontiac Sunfire Ecotec engine

(25.8 in) in height and approximately 139 kg (306 lb).[2]

The Ecotec 2.2, model L61 first appeared in the 2000 Saturn
LS1; the L61-powered Saturn Ion also replaced the Saturn-
powered Saturn S-Series.

There are a few variations to the standard L61. The 2003

Saturn L-Series has a high output version with higher (10:1)
compression and more aggressive camshaft. The 2004–2008
Chevrolet Malibu uses a version with electronic throttle control
and a special unitized exhaust manifold and catalytic
converter. The Malibu and Saturn versions also use return-less
fuel injection. The 2002 Saturn VUE was the first North Ecotec L61 installed in a 2003 Chevrolet
American variant of the L61 to be equipped with electronic Cavalier
throttle control, whereas other applications did not arise until
2005 in the Saturn ION and Chevrolet Cobalt. For 2007,
introduced an updated version of the L61 based on the Gen II design.

The supercharger and inlet manifold from the 2.0 Ecotec LSJ engine can be purchased as an official kit
from GM and along with modified software in the ECM, can create a 2.2 supercharged version of this
engine.

The L61 was used in the following cars:

 Compression
Year(s) Model Power Torque Dyno chart
ratio
150 ft⋅lb
(203 N⋅m)
2002
140 hp @
Chevrolet (104 kW) 4400 rpm
10.0:1
Cavalier @ 150 ft⋅lb link (http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2
2003– 5600 rpm (203 N⋅m) 005_prodinfo/powertrain/2005%20HPT%20Li
2005 @ brary/Ecotec/2005_Ecotec_L61_Cavalier.pd
4000 rpm f)
145 hp 155 ft⋅lb
link (http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2
2005– Chevrolet (108 kW) (210 N⋅m)
10.0:1 005_prodinfo/powertrain/2005%20HPT%20Li
2006 Cobalt @ @
brary/Ecotec/2005_Ecotec_L61_Cobalt.pdf)
5600 rpm 4000 rpm
143 hp 150 ft⋅lb
Chevrolet (107 kW) (203 N⋅m)
2006 10.0:1
HHR @ @
5600 rpm 4000 rpm
145 hp
(108 kW)
2004
@ 155 ft⋅lb
Chevrolet 5600 rpm (210 N⋅m)
10.0:1
Malibu 144 hp @
4000 rpm link (http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2
2005– (107 kW)
005_prodinfo/powertrain/2005%20HPT%20Li
2006 @
brary/Ecotec/2005_Ecotec_L61_Malibu.pdf)
5600 rpm
140 hp 150 ft⋅lb
2002– Oldsmobile (104 kW) (203 N⋅m)
10.0:1
2004 Alero @ @
5600 rpm 4000 rpm
150 ft⋅lb
(203 N⋅m)
2002
140 hp @
Pontiac (104 kW) 4400 rpm
10.0:1
Grand Am @ 150 ft⋅lb link (http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2
2003– 5600 rpm (203 N⋅m) 005_prodinfo/powertrain/2005%20HPT%20Li
2005 @ brary/Ecotec/2005_Ecotec_L61_GrandAm.p
4000 rpm df)
150 ft⋅lb
(203 N⋅m)
2002
140 hp @
Pontiac (104 kW) 4400 rpm
10.0:1
Sunfire @ 150 ft⋅lb
5600 rpm link (http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2
2003– (203 N⋅m)
005_prodinfo/powertrain/2005%20HPT%20Li
2005 @
brary/Ecotec/2005_Ecotec_L61_Sunfire.pdf)
4000 rpm
145 hp 155 ft⋅lb
2005– Pontiac (108 kW) (210 N⋅m)
10.0:1
2006 Pursuit/G5 @ @
5600 rpm 4000 rpm
Saturn L- 137 hp 135 ft⋅lb 9.5:1
Series (102 kW) (183 N⋅m)
2000
@ @
5800 rpm 4400 rpm
2001– 135 hp 142 ft⋅lb
2003 (101 kW) (193 N⋅m)
 @ @
5200 rpm 4400 rpm
140 hp 150 ft⋅lb
(104 kW) (203 N⋅m)
2004
@ @
5600 rpm 4000 rpm
140 hp 145 ft⋅lb link (http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2
2003– (104 kW) (197 N⋅m) 005_prodinfo/powertrain/2005%20HPT%20Li
Saturn Ion 10.0:1
2006 @ @ brary/Ecotec/2005_Ecotec_L61_Saturn_IO
5800 rpm 4400 rpm N.pdf)
143 hp link (http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2
2002– (107 kW) 005_prodinfo/powertrain/2005%20HPT%20Li
2005 @ brary/Ecotec/2005_Ecotec_L61_Saturn_VU
5400 rpm E.pdf)
143 hp 152 ft⋅lb
(107 kW) (206 N⋅m)
2006 Saturn Vue 10.0:1
@ @
5600 rpm 4000 rpm
144 hp
(107 kW)
2007
@
5600 rpm
Opel 147 hp 150 ft⋅lb
2001– Speedster / (110 kW) (203 N⋅m)
2005 Vauxhall @ @
VX220[2] 5800 rpm 4000 rpm

Opel / 147 hp 150 ft⋅lb

2000– Vauxhall (110 kW) (203 N⋅m)
2003 @ @
Astra[2]
5800 rpm 4000 rpm

Opel / 147 hp 150 ft⋅lb

2001– Vauxhall (110 kW) (203 N⋅m)
2002 @ @
Vectra[2]
5800 rpm 4000 rpm

Opel / 147 hp 150 ft⋅lb

2000– Vauxhall (110 kW) (203 N⋅m)
2003 @ @
Zafira[2]
5800 rpm 4000 rpm
147 hp 150 ft⋅lb
2001– Holden (110 kW) (203 N⋅m)
2006 Astra (TS) @ @
5800 rpm 4000 rpm

This engine also powered the Japanese-market Subaru Traviq, a badge-engineered Opel Zafira A.[5]

Following the GM-Fiat agreement, the 2.2 L engine is also used in

Fiat Croma unmodified

Alfa Romeo 159 heavy modified with Gasoline direct injection

Z22YH
A direct injection version of the 2.2 L (2,198 cc) Ecotec features 153 hp (114 kW) of power at 5600 rpm
and 162 lb⋅ft (220 N⋅m) of torque at 3800 rpm with a compression ratio of 12.0:1, and has been available
in:

2003 Opel/Vauxhall Vectra

2003 Opel/Vauxhall Signum
2005 Opel/Vauxhall Zafira
2006–2009 Holden Astra (Australia and New Zealand only)

L42

The Ecotec 2.2, model L42 is the CNG version of the Ecotec 2.2. It delivers 129 hp (96 kW) and 129 ft⋅lb
(175 N⋅m).
Applications:

2003–2004 Chevrolet Cavalier

Generation II
Generation II
2.0 LNF (Z20NHH Opel)
Overview
A turbocharged direct injected (redubbed Spark Ignition Direct Production 2006–present
Injection) Ecotec was introduced in the 2007 Pontiac Solstice Layout
GXP and Saturn Sky Red Line. In these applications, the engine is
mounted longitudinally. Displacement is 2.0  L (1,998  cc) with a Displacement 2.0 L (1,998 cc)
square 86 mm (3.4 in) bore and stroke. Compression is 9.2:1 and 2.2 L (2,198 cc)
maximum boost is 20 psi (1.4 bar), delivering 260 hp (190 kW) at 2.4 L (2,384 cc)
5300  rpm and 260  ft⋅lb (350  N⋅m) of torque from 2500 to
5250  rpm. Engine redline is at 6300  rpm and premium fuel is Cylinder bore 86 mm (3.4 in)
recommended. The sodium filled exhaust valves were based on 88 mm (3.5 in)
technology developed for the Corvette V8 powertrains. The
sodium fuses and becomes a liquid at idle, which improves Piston stroke 86 mm (3.4 in)
conductivity and draws heat away from the valve face and valve 94.6 mm (3.72 in)
guide towards the stem to be cooled by the engine oil circulating in
98 mm (3.9 in)
this area. The camshaft-driven direct injection systems pressurizes
the fuel to 450 psi (31 bar) at idle, and up to 2,250 psi (155 bar) at Compression 9.2:1
wide-open throttle. The "Gen II" block is similar to the 2.4 L and ratio 10.0:1
also features VVT technology. The Gen II block was developed
10.4:1
using data from racing programs and computer simulations. The
bore walls and bulkheads were strengthened with a weight 11.2:1
increase of 2.5 lb (1.1 kg). The coolant jackets were expanded to 11.4:1
improve heat transfer, resulting in a coolant capacity increase of
0.5 liters. Combustion
Fuel system Sequential multi-
In December 2008, GM released a Turbo Upgrade Kit for the
point fuel injection
LNF engine which increases horsepower to 290 hp (220 kW) and
torque to up to 340 ft⋅lb (460 N⋅m), depending on the model. The Gasoline direct
kit retails for $650 and includes remapped engine calibration and injection
upgraded MAP sensors. The kit is covered by the cars' existing Fuel type Gasoline
GM warranties.[6]
E85
Unique LNF features[7] include:

a twin-scroll turbocharger
cam-driven high-pressure gasoline direct injection
fuel system
dual camshaft continuously variable valve timing
sodium-filled stainless steel Inconel exhaust valves
low-friction cast aluminum pistons with oil squirters
forged steel crankshaft
forged steel connecting rods
cast stainless steel exhaust manifold Ecotec LNF in a Pontiac Solstice
foam cast gen2 block
bosch injectors 0 261 500 055 or slightly larger 0
261 500 089 injectors in 2010 models

This engine is used in:

Year(s) Model Power Torque

2007–2010 Opel GT 260 hp (194 kW) @ 5300 rpm 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm
2007–2010 Pontiac Solstice GXP 260 hp (194 kW) @ 5300 rpm 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm
2007–2010 Saturn Sky Red Line 260 hp (194 kW) @ 5300 rpm 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm
2008–2010 Chevrolet HHR SS 260 hp (194 kW) @ 5300 rpm 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm
2008–2010 Chevrolet Cobalt SS 260 hp (194 kW) @ 5300 rpm 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm
2009 Elfin T5 264 hp (197 kW) @ 5300 rpm 259 ft⋅lb (351 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm
2012 Fisker Karma 260 hp (194 kW) @ 5300 rpm 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @ 2000 rpm

2.0 LDK (A20NHT Opel)

An updated variant of the LNF (also with 9.2:1 compression ratio) was released in 2008, meeting the Euro
5 emission standard. This engine is also known as A20NHT by GM Powertrain Europe.

Unique LDK features include:

a twin-scroll turbocharger
cam-driven high-pressure gasoline direct injection fuel system
dual camshaft continuously variable valve timing
sodium-filled stainless steel Inconel exhaust valves
low-friction cast aluminum pistons with oil squirters
forged steel crankshaft
cast stainless steel exhaust manifold
foam cast gen2 block
bosch injectors 0 261 500 055

This engine is used in:

 Year(s) Model Power Torque
2009– 217 hp (162 kW) @
Opel Insignia / Vauxhall Insignia 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 2500 rpm
2017 5300 rpm
2009– 217 hp (162 kW) @
Buick Regal Turbo 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 2500 rpm
2010 5300 rpm
2010– 217 hp (162 kW) @
Buick Regal GS (China Market) 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 2500 rpm
2013 5300 rpm
2009– Buick Regal Turbo (Hirsch 257 hp (192 kW) @ 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @ 3000–
2010 Performance) 5400 rpm 4000 rpm
2010– Buick Regal GS (Hirsch 257 hp (192 kW) @ 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @ 3000–
2013 Performance) 5400 rpm 4000 rpm
2010– 217 hp (162 kW) @
Saab 9-5 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 2500 rpm
2012 5300 rpm
2011, 217 hp (162 kW) @
Saab 9-3 (NEVS) 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 2500 rpm
2013– 5300 rpm
2011– 259 hp (193 kW) @ 266 ft⋅lb (360 N⋅m) @ 2000–
Cadillac SLS (China)
2013 5300 rpm 5000 rpm
2011– Opel Insignia / Vauxhall Insignia 247 hp (184 kW) @ 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @ 2400–
2017 4x4 5300 rpm 3600 rpm
2014– 251 hp (187 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @ 2000–
Buick Regal GS (China Market)
2017 5300 rpm 5000 rpm

LHU (A20NFT Opel)

LHU adds E85 flex-fuel capability to the LDK. This engine is also known as A20NFT by GM Powertrain
Europe. Maximum engine speed is listed at 6350 rpm.

Unique LHU features include:

a twin-scroll turbocharger
cam-driven high-pressure gasoline direct injection fuel system
dual camshaft continuously variable valve timing
sodium-filled stainless steel Inconel exhaust valves
low-friction cast aluminum pistons with oil squirters
forged steel crankshafts
cast stainless steel exhaust manifold
sand-cast gen3 block
larger bosch injectors 0 261 500 112 with ethanol safe seals due to flex fuel compatibility
 Year(s) Model Power Torque Dyno Chart
220 hp 258 ft⋅lb
2011–
Buick Regal Turbo (164 kW) @ (350 N⋅m) @
2013
5300 rpm 2000 rpm
220 hp 258 ft⋅lb
2011–
Saab 9-5 Turbo4 (164 kW) @ (350 N⋅m) @
2012
5300 rpm 2000 rpm

Buick Verano 250 hp 260 ft⋅lb link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_images/c

2013–
(186 kW) @ (353 N⋅m) @ harts_lg/2015_2.4L_VeranoCXL_ECO_(LHU).
2016 Turbo[8]
5300 rpm 2000 rpm jpg)

270 hp 295 ft⋅lb
2011–
Buick Regal GS (400 N⋅m) @
2013 (201 kW)[9]
2400 rpm
Opel Astra J OPC 276 hp 295 ft⋅lb
2012–
/ Vauxhall Astra J (206 kW) @ (400 N⋅m) @
2017
VXR 5500 rpm 2500–4500 rpm
Buick Regal GS 275 hp 302 ft⋅lb
2014–
(Hirsch (205 kW) @ (410 N⋅m) @
2017
Performance) 5400 rpm 3000–4000 rpm
345 hp 310 ft⋅lb
2017–
Opel Astra K TCR (257 kW) @ (420 N⋅m) @
present
6300 rpm 2500–4600 rpm

Note: The A20NFT engine in Opel Astra K TCR car had swapped the original direct fuel injection into
multi-point fuel injection.

2.2

L61

In 2007, the L61 received a multitude of changes, that originated from the LE5. It switched to the higher-
strength Gen II block and received a revised cylinder head (enlarged exhaust ports) and camshaft design
(increased exhaust valve duration). The engine also switched from wasted spark ignition to individual coil-
on-plug ignition; this forced the cam cover to be redesigned. It was also switched to an E37 engine
controller with new crank and cam sensors (replacing timing sensor previously found in ignition cassette).
These changes increase horsepower slightly and allow the engine to meet PZEV standards.[10]
Compression ratio is 10.0:1.

The L61 was used in the following cars:

Year(s) Model Power Torque

2007–2008 Chevrolet Cobalt 148 hp (110 kW) @ 5600 rpm 152 ft⋅lb (206 N⋅m) @ 4200 rpm
2007 152 ft⋅lb (206 N⋅m) @ 4000 rpm
Chevrolet HHR 149 hp (111 kW) @ 5600 rpm
2008 152 ft⋅lb (206 N⋅m) @ 4200 rpm
2007–2008 Chevrolet Malibu 145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm 152 ft⋅lb (206 N⋅m) @ 4200 rpm
2007–2008 Pontiac Pursuit/G5 148 hp (110 kW) @ 5600 rpm 152 ft⋅lb (206 N⋅m) @ 4200 rpm
2007 Saturn Ion 145 hp (108 kW) @ 5600 rpm 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅m) @ 4200 rpm
LAP

The LAP is a 2.2  L (2,198  cc) version of the Ecotec, based on the Gen II block with cylinder head
improvements, new camshaft design, E37 engine control module, 58X crankshaft reluctor ring, dual
variable valve timing, digital crank and cam sensors, individual coil-on-plug ignition, vented starter
solenoid, new MAP sensor, new intake manifold seals, new oil filter element, a 32-bit computer, and
improved emissions performance.

Bore and stroke are 86 mm (3.4 in) and 94.6 mm (3.72 in), the same as the 2.2 L L61. Compression ratio is
10.0:1. Major features that set it apart from the 2.2 L L61 are variable-valve-timing and other cylinder head
improvements from the 2.4 L LE5.

Year(s) Model Power Torque

2009–2010 Chevrolet Cobalt 155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅m) @ 4900 rpm
2009 Pontiac G5 155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅m) @ 4900 rpm

LE8

The LE8 is an E85 compatible 2.2 L (2,198 cc) version of the LAP Ecotec.[11] Bore and stroke remain the
same 86 mm (3.4 in) and 94.6 mm (3.72 in). Compression ratio is 10.0:1 and the engine can run on both
regular unleaded gasoline or E85.

Year(s) Model Power Torque

155 hp (116 kW) @ 6100 rpm 150 ft⋅lb (203 N⋅m) @ 4800 rpm
2009– Chevrolet (gasoline) (gasoline)
2011 HHR
160 hp (119 kW) @ 6000 rpm (E85) 158 ft⋅lb (214 N⋅m) @ 4600 rpm (E85)

2.4

LE5

The LE5 is a larger 2.4  L (2,384  cc) version of the Ecotec.

Both the 88  mm (3.5  in) bore and 98  mm (3.9  in) stroke are
larger, and Variable Valve Timing on the intake and exhaust
improve low-end torque. Compression is 10.4:1. Power is
164–177 hp (123–132 kW) and torque is 159–170 lb·ft (215–
230  N·m). The engine uses a reinforced "Gen II" block.
Connecting Rods are GKN Forged. C70 Powered Metal from
July 2007 on.

Ecotec LE5 engine in a 2006 Pontiac

Solstice
 Year(s) Model Power Torque
2006–2008 Buick Lacrosse (China) 168 hp (125 kW) @ 6400 rpm 166 ft⋅lb (225 N⋅m) @ 4800 rpm
2006–2007 Chevrolet Cobalt SS 173 hp (129 kW) @ 6200 rpm 163 ft⋅lb (221 N⋅m) @ 4800 rpm
2008 Chevrolet Cobalt Sport 171 hp (128 kW) @ 6200 rpm 167 ft⋅lb (226 N⋅m) @ 4800 rpm
2006–2008 Chevrolet HHR 175 hp (130 kW) 165 ft⋅lb (224 N⋅m)
2006–2008 Pontiac G5/Pursuit 171 hp (128 kW) @ 5800 rpm 167 ft⋅lb (226 N⋅m) @ 4500 rpm
2006–2009 Pontiac G6 169 hp (126 kW) @ 6300 rpm 162 ft⋅lb (220 N⋅m) @ 4500 rpm
2006–2009 Pontiac Solstice 173 hp (129 kW) @ 5800 rpm 164 ft⋅lb (222 N⋅m) @ 4500 rpm
2006–2009 Saturn Sky 177 hp (132 kW) @ 5800 rpm 173 ft⋅lb (235 N⋅m) @ 4800 rpm
2006 Saturn Ion 170 hp (127 kW) @ 6200 rpm 162 ft⋅lb (220 N⋅m) @ 4800 rpm
2007 Saturn Ion 175 hp (130 kW) @ 6500 rpm 164 ft⋅lb (222 N⋅m) @ 4800 rpm
2008–2009 Saturn Aura 169 hp (126 kW) 160 ft⋅lb (217 N⋅m)
2008–2012 Chevrolet Malibu 169 hp (126 kW) 160 ft⋅lb (217 N⋅m)
2008–2009 Saturn Vue 169 hp (126 kW) @ 6200 rpm 161 ft⋅lb (218 N⋅m) @ 5100 rpm

The LE5 is also used in the following overseas models:

2006 GM Taiwan Buick LaCrosse

2006 Shanghai GM Buick LaCrosse
Buick GL8

The LE5 or a close variant is also used in the Polaris Slingshot (announced July 27, 2014), coupled with a
5-speed manual transmission and a final belt drive. The Slingshot is a three-wheeled side-by-side street
vehicle, classed as a motorcycle.[12]

LAT

The LAT is the designation used for the 2.4 L LE5 when used in GM's BAS mild hybrid vehicles.

Year(s) Model Power Torque

2007– 164 hp (122 kW) @ 159 ft⋅lb (216 N⋅m) @
Saturn Aura Green Line Hybrid
2009 6400 rpm 5000 rpm
170 hp (127 kW) @ 162 ft⋅lb (220 N⋅m) @
2007 Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid
6600 rpm 4200 rpm
172 hp (128 kW) @ 167 ft⋅lb (226 N⋅m) @
2008 Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid
6500 rpm 4500 rpm
Buick Lacrosse hybrid(China 164 hp (122 kW) @ 166 ft⋅lb (225 N⋅m) @
2008-2009
only) 6400 rpm 4800 rpm
2008– 164 hp (122 kW) @ 159 ft⋅lb (216 N⋅m) @
Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid
2009 6400 rpm 5000 rpm

LE9

The LE9 is an E85 compatible version of the 2.4 L (2,384 cc) LE5 Ecotec. Bore and stroke are 88 mm
(3.5 in) and 98 mm (3.9 in) and has a compression ratio of 10.4:1, the same as the LE5.
 Year(s) Model Power Torque
172 hp (128 kW) @ 5800 rpm 167 ft⋅lb (226 N⋅m) @ 4500 rpm
2009– (gasoline) (gasoline)
Chevrolet HHR
2011 176 hp (131 kW) @ 5800 rpm 170 ft⋅lb (230 N⋅m) @ 5000 rpm
(E85) (E85)
2010– Chevrolet Malibu (fleet 175 hp (130 kW) @ 5800 rpm 170 ft⋅lb (230 N⋅m) @ 5000 rpm
2012 only) (E85) (E85)
2014-
Polaris Slingshot 173 hp (129 kW) @ 6200 rpm 166 ft⋅lb (225 N⋅m) @ 4700 rpm
2019

LAF

The LAF is a direct injected 2.4 L. It uses technology based on GM's other four-cylinder direct injection
applications, but with unique features designed for its specific application. This includes an 11.2:1
compression ratio that helps build power, slightly dished pistons that increase combustion efficiency and
injectors with an application-specific flow rate.[13] [14]

Year(s) Model Power Torque

Chevrolet
2010– Equinox 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm 172 ft⋅lb (233 N⋅m) @ 4900 rpm
2011 (gasoline) (gasoline)
GMC Terrain

2010–
Buick LaCrosse 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm 172 ft⋅lb (233 N⋅m) @ 4900 rpm
2011
2011 Buick Regal 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm 172 ft⋅lb (233 N⋅m) @ 4900 rpm
2011– Chevrolet
174 hp (130 kW) @ 6700 rpm 171 ft⋅lb (232 N⋅m) @ 4900 rpm
2014 Orlando
Chevrolet
2011 182 hp (136 kW) @ 6700 rpm 172 ft⋅lb (233 N⋅m) @ 4900 rpm
Captiva

LEA

The LEA is an E85 compatible variant of the LAF. Bore, stroke, and compression ratio all remain the
same. Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 rpm.

Year(s) Model Power Torque Dyno Chart

2012– 182 hp 172 ft⋅lb
Buick link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_images/chart
2013, (136 kW) @ (233 N⋅m) @
Regal s_lg/2015_Ecotec_24L_LEA_Regal_SAE.jpg)
2015–2017 6700 rpm 4900 rpm

Buick 180 hp 171 ft⋅lb

link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_images/chart
2012–2017 (134 kW) @ (232 N⋅m) @
Verano[15] s_lg/lea_chart_verano.jpg)
6700 rpm 4900 rpm
Chevrolet 182 hp 172 ft⋅lb
link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_images/chart
2012–2017 Captiva (136 kW) @ (233 N⋅m) @
s_lg/lea_chart_captiva.jpg)
Sport 6700 rpm 4900 rpm

Chevrolet link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_images/chart

Equinox 182 hp 172 ft⋅lb s_lg/lea_chart_equinox.jpg)
2012–2017 (136 kW) @ (233 N⋅m) @
GMC 6700 rpm 4900 rpm link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_images/chart
Terrain s_lg/lea_chart_terrain.jpg)
LUK

The LUK is similar to the LAF, but adds the eAssist mild-hybrid system. Maximum engine speed is listed
at 7000 rpm.

Year(s) Model Power Torque Dyno Chart

182 hp 172 ft⋅lb
2012– Buick link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_images/charts
(136 kW) @ (233 N⋅m) @
2016 LaCrosse _lg/2015_Ecotec_24L_LUK_LaCro.jpg)
6700 rpm 4900 rpm
182 hp 172 ft⋅lb
2012– Buick link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_images/charts
(136 kW) @ (233 N⋅m) @
2017 Regal _lg/2015_Ecotec_24L_LUK_Regal.jpg)
6700 rpm 4900 rpm
Chevrolet 182 hp 172 ft⋅lb
2013–
Malibu (136 kW) @ (233 N⋅m) @
2014
ECO 6700 rpm 4900 rpm
182 hp 172 ft⋅lb
Chevrolet link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_images/charts
2014 (136 kW) @ (233 N⋅m) @
Impala _lg/2015_Ecotec_24L_LUK_Impala.jpg)
6700 rpm 4900 rpm

Generation III
Generation III
2.0
Overview
Production 2013–present
LTG
Layout
A 2.0 L (1,998 cc) turbocharged direct injection version of the gen Displacement 2.0 L (1,998 cc)
III Ecotec was available in the 2013 Cadillac ATS and Chevrolet 2.5 L (2,457 cc)
Malibu. This engine is also available in the Cadillac XTS and
Cadillac XT5 in the Chinese market. Bore and stroke are both Cylinder bore 86 mm (3.4 in)
86.0  mm (3.39  in), and compression is 9.5:1. The engine uses a 88 mm (3.5 in)
twin-scroll turbocharger with electronically controlled
wastegate/bypass valve, air-to-air intercooler, stainless steel dual- Piston stroke 86 mm (3.4 in)
scroll (1–4, 2–3) exhaust manifold designed to withstand 980  °C 100.8 mm (3.97 in)
(1,800  °F) turbine temperature, and a rotacast aluminum alloy
Compression 9.5:1
(A356T6) cylinder head with sodium-filled exhaust valves.[16]
Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 rpm. ratio 11.3:1
Combustion
Fuel system Spark Ignition
Direct Injection
(SIDI)
Fuel type Gasoline
Year(s) Model Power Torque Dyno Chart
2013– 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @ link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_image
2014 272 hp 1700–5500 rpm s/charts_lg/ltg_chart_cadillac.jpg)
Cadillac
(203 kW) @
2015– ATS 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @
5500 rpm
2019 3000–4600 rpm
Cadillac 230 hp
2014– 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @
ATS 25T (172 kW) @
2016 2000–4000 rpm
(China) 5500 rpm
Cadillac 279 hp
2014– 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @
ATS 28T (208 kW) @
2019 2900–4600 rpm
(China) 5500 rpm
260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @
2013 259 hp 1700–5500 rpm
(193 kW) @
2014– 5300 rpm 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @ link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_image
Chevrolet
2015 5200 rpm s/charts_lg/ltg_chart_malibu.jpg)
Malibu
250 hp
2016– 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @
(186 kW) @
present 2000–5000 rpm
5300 rpm
247 hp
2013– Opel 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @
(184 kW) @
present Insignia 2000–4500 rpm
4500 rpm

link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_image
259 hp 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @
2014– s/charts_lg/ltg_chart_regal_2.jpg)
(193 kW) @ 3000–4000 rpm
2017 GS link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_im
5300 rpm (2500–4000 rpm for GS)
ages/charts_lg/ltg_chart_regal.jpg)
Buick Regal
260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @
250 hp 2000–5200 rpm
2018–
(186 kW) @
present 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @
5400 rpm
3000–4000 rpm for AWD

268 hp
2014– Cadillac 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @ link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_image
(200 kW) @
present CTS 3000–4500 rpm s/charts_lg/ltg_chart_cadillac_2.jpg)
5600 rpm
2016– 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @
2018 252 hp 2000 rpm
Buick
(188 kW) @
2019– Envision 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @
5500 rpm
present 2000 rpm
265 hp
2016– Cadillac 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @
(198 kW) @
2018 CT6 3000–4000 rpm
5500 rpm
275 hp
2016– Chevrolet 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @
(205 kW) @
present Camaro 3000–4500 rpm
5600 rpm
260 hp
2017– 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
Buick GL8 (194 kW) @
present 2000-5000 rpm
5500 rpm
252 hp
2018– Chevrolet 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @
(188 kW) @
2020 Equinox 2500–4500 rpm
5500 rpm
257 hp
2018– Chevrolet 295 ft⋅lb (400 N⋅m) @
(192 kW) @
present Traverse 3000 rpm
5500 rpm
 2018– GMC Terrain 252 hp 260 ft⋅lb (353 N⋅m) @
present (188 kW) @ 2500–4500 rpm
5500 rpm
256 hp
2018– Holden 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
(191 kW) @
2020 Commodore 3000–4000 rpm
5500 rpm

LSY

A successor to the LTG debuted in the 2019 Cadillac XT4 and the 2019 Cadillac CT6. The LSY adds
Active Fuel Management and a start-stop system, putting more priority to fuel economy than performance.
Peak output is lower than the LTG, but is achieved at lower rpm for both power and torque. Bore is
83.0 mm (3.27 in), and stroke is 92.3 mm (3.63 in).[17]

Dyno
Year(s) Model Power Torque
Chart
237 hp (177 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
2019 Cadillac CT6
5000 rpm 1500–4000 rpm
2019– 237 hp (177 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
Cadillac XT4
present 5000 rpm 1500–4000 rpm
2019– 241 hp (180 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
Chevrolet Malibu XL
present 5000 rpm 1500–4000 rpm
2020– Buick GL8 Land Business Edition 237 hp (177 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
present (Chinese market) 5000 rpm 1500–4000 rpm
2020– 237 hp (177 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
Buick GL8 ES (Chinese market)
present 5000 rpm 1500–4000 rpm
2020– 233 hp (174 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
Buick Lacrosse (Chinese market)
present 5000 rpm 1500–4000 rpm
2020– 237 hp (177 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
Buick Regal GS (Chinese market)
present 5000 rpm 1500–4000 rpm
2020– 237 hp (177 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
Cadillac CT5
present 5000 rpm 1500–4000 rpm
2020– 237 hp (177 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
Cadillac XT5
present 5000 rpm 1500–4000 rpm
2020– 237 hp (177 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
Cadillac XT6
present 5000 rpm 1500–4000 rpm
2020– 230 hp (172 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
Chevrolet Blazer
present 5000 rpm 1500–4000 rpm
2020– 230 hp (172 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
GMC Acadia
present 5000 rpm 1500–4000 rpm
2021– 230 hp (172 kW) @ 258 ft⋅lb (350 N⋅m) @
Buick Envision
present 5000 rpm 1500–4000 rpm

2.5

LCV
First appearing in the 2013 Chevrolet Malibu and 2013 Cadillac ATS, the 2.5 L Gen III block has been
reworked to reduce engine noise and vibrations, while improving fuel economy and low-end
torque.[16][18][19] LCV is scheduled to replace the direct-injected 2.4 L throughout North American GM
products within a year.[20] Engine production started in April 2012 at GM's Tonawanda Engine plant.

The new combustion system developed with GM's proprietary computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
analysis software features a higher compression ratio which helps improve fuel efficiency and has improved
knock resistance. The engine features dual overhead camshafts with continuously variable valve timing and
increased-authority cam phasing (increased phase rotation angle), a high-pressure returnless direct-injection
fuel system with camshaft-driven fuel pump delivering 750 psi (52 bar) at idle and 2,250 psi (155 bar) at
full load, higher-flowing intake and exhaust ports in the cylinder head, electronic throttle control and
pistons with jet-spray oil cooling. The engine redline is 7000 rpm.

The balance shafts are relocated from the cylinder block to oil pan module. The two-piece steel-aluminum
oil pan features in-pan integrated oil-pump assembly driven by the balance shaft with a shorter inverted-
tooth chain. Other improvements include inverted-tooth chain driving the camshaft, forged steel crankshaft,
cast aluminum bedplate with main bearing cap inserts made of iron, high-pressure fuel rail with rubber-
isolated assembly, acoustically shielded plastic cover for the intake manifold, and structurally enhanced
aluminum camshaft cover and front cover. These improvements helped reduce noise intensity by 40%
compared to the 2.4 L engine and change the noise signature into a higher frequency above 2,000 Hz. The
engine also uses a variable-displacement oil pump and an actively controlled thermostat. Direct injection
reduces emissions by 25%, while continuous cam phasing eliminates the need for an EGR system.
Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 rpm.

Displacement for the 2.5  L engine is 2,457  cc with an 88.0  mm (3.46  in) bore and 100.8  mm (3.97  in)
stroke. Compression ratio is 11.3:1.
 Year(s) Model Power Torque Dyno Chart

2013– 202 hp 191 ft⋅lb

Cadillac link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_images/ch
(150.69 kW) @ (259 N⋅m) @
2016[21] ATS arts_lg/lcv_chart_cadillac_ats.jpg)
6300 rpm 4400 rpm
197 hp 191 ft⋅lb
Chevrolet
2013 (146.96 kW) @ (259 N⋅m) @
Malibu
6300 rpm 4400 rpm
Chevrolet link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_images/ch
Colorado 191 ft⋅lb arts_lg/2015_200_Ecotec(LCV)_COL.jpg)
2015– 200 hp (149 kW)
(259 N⋅m) @
present GMC @ 6300 rpm link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_images/ch
4400 rpm
Canyon arts_lg/2015_200_Ecotec(LCV)_CAN.jpg)
Chevrolet 186 ft⋅lb
196 hp (146 kW) [22]
2016 Malibu (252 N⋅m) @
@ 6300 rpm
Limited 4400 rpm
192 ft⋅lb
Buick 197 hp (147 kW)
2017–2020 (260 N⋅m) @
Envision @ 6300 rpm
4400 rpm
186 ft⋅lb
197 hp (147 kW)
2017 Buick GL8 (252 N⋅m) @
@ 6300 rpm
4400 rpm

2017– 190 ft⋅lb
GMC 194 hp (145 kW)
(258 N⋅m) @
2021[23] Acadia @ 6300 rpm
4400 rpm

2019– 188 ft⋅lb
Chevrolet 193 hp (144 kW)
(255 N⋅m) @
2021[24][25] Blazer @ 6300 rpm
4400 rpm

LKW

Same as the LCV but features Intake Valve Lift Control (IVLC) system provides two-stage variable valve
lift in addition to continuous variable timing. Continuously commanded by engine control unit, the valve
rocker arm switches between high-lift and low-lift profiles on the camshaft, actuated by an oil control valve
through a two-feed stationary hydraulic lash adjuster, allowing for either 4.0 or 10.5  mm lift.[26] It also
features a start-stop system. Maximum engine speed is listed at 7000 rpm.

Year(s) Model Power Torque Dyno Chart

196–197 hp (146–
2014– Chevrolet 186–191 ft⋅lb (252– link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_image
147 kW) @
2019 Impala 259 N⋅m) @ 4400 rpm s/charts_lg/lkw_chart_impala.jpg)
6300 rpm
2014– Chevrolet 196 hp (146 kW) @ 186 ft⋅lb (252 N⋅m) @ link (http://gmpowertrain.com/2014_image
2015 Malibu 6300 rpm 4400 rpm s/charts_lg/lkw_chart_malibu.jpg)
Saleen 336 kW (457 PS;
2018– 400 ft⋅lb (542 N⋅m)
S1 451 hp)

HCCI
At Tech Show Torino 2008, GM Powertrain Europe announced the ignition-less HCCI (Homogeneous
Charge Compression Ignition) mode of the direct injection version of 2.2 L engine.[27] HCCI version is
equipped with two-step adjustable valve lift with variable cam phasing and advanced ECU with cylinder
pressure sensors, uses lean burn cycle similar to that of a diesel engine, and is claimed to further reduce fuel
consumption by 15%.[28]

See also
Family 0 engine
Family 1 engine
List of GM engines

References
1. "Ecotec Supercharged 2.0L I-4 (LSJ) Car Engine" (https://web.archive.org/web/2011102707
2512/http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2005_prodinfo/powertrain/whats%20new/Ecote
c/_2005%20LSJ.doc). Archived from the original (http://archives.media.gm.com/division/200
5_prodinfo/powertrain/whats%20new/Ecotec/_2005%20LSJ.doc) (DOC) on 27 October
2011. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
2. "GM's Ecotec 2.2-Liter 4-Cylinder Engine Delivers" (http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2
002/02/07/035471.html). The Auto Channel. Pontiac, Michigan. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
3. "2003 Saab 9-3 Sport Sedan – Press Release" (http://saabworld.net/wp/2003-saab-9-3-spor
t-sedan-press-release/). saabworld.net. 12 May 2016.
4. http://archives.media.gm.com/division/2005_prodinfo/powertrain/index.html (http://archives.
media.gm.com/division/2005_prodinfo/powertrain/index.html). Retrieved 16 April 2014.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
5. "検索結果 : 2001 年 スバル トラヴィック パッケージ S " (https://web.archive.org/web/200810
11215226/http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R_ID=8502) [Great Car
Pavilion: 2001 Subaru Traviq S-package]. Gazoo.com (in Japanese). Toyota Motor
Corporation. Archived from the original (http://gazoo.com/meishakan/meisha/shousai.asp?R
_ID=8502) on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
6. Chris Shunk. "GM releases turbo upgrade kit for Solstice GXP, Sky Redline and HHR SS" (h
ttp://www.autoblog.com/2008/12/18/gm-releases-turbo-upgrade-kit-for-solstice-gxp-sky-redli
ne-and/). Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
7. "Big Power, Small Package" (http://autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060403/FR
EE/60403004/1024/LATESTNEWS). AutoWeek. Retrieved April 4, 2006.
8. "2013 Buick Verano Turbo Debuts with 250 Horsepower" (http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/
gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2012/Jun/0611_turbov.html). 11 June 2012.
9. "2012 Buick Regal GS rated at 270 hp" (http://www.autoweek.com/article/20110615/CARNE
WS/110619914). Autoweek. 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
10. "2008 Ecotec 2.2L I4 ( L61 )" (http://g5.wrath.org/08_L61.doc). Retrieved 30 July 2014.
11. "Why the 2010-2011 LE8 is more fuel effeciant and longevity is greater" (https://www.chevyh
hr.net/forums/general-hhr-4/why-2010-2011-le8-more-fuel-effeciant-longevity-greater-4835
3/).
12. "Slingshot : Open-air Roadster - 3 Wheel Motorcycle | Polaris" (http://www.polaris.com/en-u
s/slingshot).
13. "NAIAS 09: 2010 ECOTEC 2.4l SIDI" (http://www.gminsidenews.com/forums/f63/naias-09-2
010-ecotec-2-4l-sidi-73038/). Gminsidenews.com. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
14. Roth, Dan (2008-12-17). "DI FTW: GM unveils new direct-injection 2.4 L EcoTec and 3.0 L
V6" (http://www.autoblog.com/2008/12/18/di-ftw-gm-new-direct-inject-2-4l-ecotec-and-3-0l-v
6). autoblog.com. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
15. "Buick Introduces The All-New 2012 Verano" (http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/new
s/news_detail.brand_gm.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Jan/0106_gm_verano).
Media.gm.com. 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
16. "New 2.0L Turbo Engine Gives the 2013 Chevrolet Malibu Enhanced Performance and
Refinement" (http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/
en/2012/Sep/0920_malibu_turbo_eng.html). 20 September 2012.
17. "2019 Cadillac XT4 Crossover" (http://media.cadillac.com/media/us/en/cadillac/vehicles/xt4/
2019.tab1.html).
18. "New Ecotec 2.5L Engine More Efficient, Refined and Powerful" (http://media.gm.com/medi
a/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Sep/0919_ecotec_25_efficien
t). 19 September 2011.
19. "All-New Ecotec 2.5L Powers Chevrolet Malibu's Quest for Quietness" (http://media.gm.com/
media/us/en/chevrolet/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Sep/0919_malibu_
noise_vibration). 19 September 2011.
20. http://blog.caranddriver.com/gm-to-replace-2-4-liter-fours-with-2-5-liters-across-the-range/
21. "2017 Cadillac ATS Drops Base 2.5-Liter I-4 Engine Option" (https://www.motortrend.com/ne
ws/2017-cadillac-ats-drops-base-2-5-liter-i-4-engine-option/). 29 June 2016.
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05/2022-gmc-acadia-ditches-2-5l-four-cylinder-engine/). GM Authority. 3 May 2021.
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