Kāraka - 1st B.
A (B)
KĀRAKA (Syntax)
(how to put words in a sentence)
*Names of vibhatti/vacana used in Tipiṭaka:
Vibhatti Vacana Kāraka (connect w/ verb)
1. Nom(subj) Paṭhamā Paccattavacana Kattu-kāraka
Mātugāmo vihāraṃ āgacchati
Voc (addressing) Ālapana-akāraka
(not connect w/ verb)
2. Acc(object) Dutiyā Upayogavacana Kamma-kāraka
Mātugāmo vihāraṃ āgacchati
3. Inst (with/by) Tatiyā Karaṇavacana Karaṇa-kāraka
Mātugāmo pādena vihāraṃ āgacchati
4.Dat (to/for) Catutthī Sampadānavacana Sampadāna-kārakaMātugāmo
bhikkhussa cīvaraṃ deti
5. Abl (from) Pañcamī Nissakkavacana Apādāna-kāraka
Mātugāmo gāmasmā vihāraṃ āgacchati
6. Gen (of, ‘s) Chaṭṭhī Sāmivacana Sāmī-akāraka
(not connect w/ verb)
7.Loc(in,on,at, pon) Sattamī Bhummavacana Okāsa-kāraka
Mātugāmo vihāre bhikkhussa cīvaraṃ deti
I. Pathamā Vibhatti –Kattukāraka (nominative case is used to express/ in the sense of)
1.Liṅgattha - nominative case is used to Bujjhatīti Buddho (The Enlightened One)
express stem form Rañño putto rājaputto (The Son of King)
Saddhā assa atthīti saddho
2.Kattuṭṭha ….. the subject of active So pabbajati. (he goes forth.)
verb
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3.Hetukattuṭṭha…..the subject to So bodhirukkham ropeti.
causative verb (he causes to grow the bodhi tree.)
4.Kammattha….. the passive voice Raññā coro hato.
(the thief is killed by the king.)
5.Karaṇattha – nominative case is used Theyyacittaṃ ādiyeyya.
in the sense of instrumental meaning (should one takes by means of stealing.)
6.Sampadānattha…… dative meaning Pāpaṃ te narakaṃ dade.
(the evil deed should give the hell to them.)
7.Apādānattha… ablative Buddho micchādayo dūro.
(the Buddha is far away from the untruth.)
8.Sāmyattha…. genitive Sabbe buddhā balappattā rakkham bandhāmi
sabbaso
(by the power of all Buddhas, I create protection
for all times.
9.Okāsa/adhikaraṇattha… locative . Issaro bhagavā cittaṃ
(the Blessed One is a master of the mind.)
10.Ālapanattha… vocative Bho gotama abhikkantaṃ.
(dear Gotama gone forward.)
11.Kiriyāvisesanattha …to expres to Sā bhattaṃ muduṃ pacati.
adverb (she softly cooks the rice.)
Sdn 549 Asantaṃ santaṃ viya kappīyati, tañca - consider non-existence as existence
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Saññogo jāyati. (connection arises.)
Abhāvo hoti. (there is nothingness.)
Sasavisānaṃ tiṭṭhati. (the hare's horn stand.)
Udumbarapupphaṃ vikasati. (the flower of the glamorous fig tree blossoms.)
Vañjhāputto dhāvati. (the son of the barren woman runs)
Sdn 649 Hetu/kiṃ/ya/ta + noun: nominative case is used in the sense of reason (kāraṇa)
Na attahetu alikaṃ bhaṇāti. (for one's own sake he never says false speech.)
Kiṃ kāraṇaṃ bhagavantaṃ nindāma. (why do we blame the Blessed One?)
Kiṃ nu jātiṃ na rocesi. (why don't you like rebirth?)
Kampeti hadayaṃ mama, yañca putte na passāmi. (it makes my heart shaken because I do not
see my sons.)
Taṃ taṃ gotama pucchāmi = tasmā bhagavantaṃ pucchāmi. (therefore, Gotama, I ask.)
Sdn 651 Hetuto chaṭṭhiyā lopoti keci - some say "after hetu, genitive case is elided" (keci
vāda)
Annassa hetu vasati. (ācariya vāda - more acceptance) (He lives because of food.)
Annassa hetussa vasati. (keci vāda - less acceptance)
Buddhassa hetu. (because of the Blessed One.)
Sdn 652 Yathātanti chaṭṭhi pathamānaṃ Pāli [found in Pāli Canon] - according to order,
the order of genitive case and nominative case is the nature of Pāli
Taṃ kissa hetu. (for what reason?)
"kissa hetu" is not defined as "kissa hetussa" by commentators. It should be defined as "kena
kāraṇena or kāsmā."
Sdn 653 pathamāpañcamī [found in Pāli Canon]
Yaṃkāraṇā (taṃ kāraṇāabl)
Sdn 654 pañcamīpathamā [found in Pāli Canon]
Tatonidānaṃ (tatoabl nidānaṃ)
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Nipātasmudāya (indeclinable words)
Sdn 655 Yebhuyyeniccādayo vibhatyantapati rūpakā - the word "yebhuyyena" (generally,
mostly, etc.)" are the similar form of word ending in case
Yebhuyyena sattā apāyesu nibbattanti (the beings are mostly born in woeful states)
Antarena yamakasālānaṃ (between the twin sal trees)
Antarena paropadesā (except for the method taught by others)
Sdn 656
Sāmaṃyeva saccāni abhisambujjhi (he realized the noble truths by himself)
Sdn 660 Tatiyatthe pathamā - nominative used in sense of instrumental
Tiṇṇavicikiccho kho pana so Bhagavā vigatakathaṃkatho pariyositasaṅkappo ajjhāsayaṃ
ādibrahmacariyaṃ
(the Blessed One, who has transcended doubt, he passed beyond all "how" and "why", he has
accomplished his aim in regard to his goal and the supreme holy life.)
Appiccho ceva santuṭṭho, pavivitto vase muni. Asamsaṭṭho gahaṭṭhehi, anāgārehi cūbhayaṃ (ca +
ubhayaṃ)
(a monk should stay easily satisfied, greatly contented, and secluded. He should dissociate from
both laymen and monks)
II. Dutiyā Vibhatti – Kammakāraka (accusative case is used to express/ in the sense of)
1. Suddhakamma/avuttakamma - to express the object of active voice verb
*Active voice verb: subject and verb agree in case: number, person, and gender.
Ex: purisovuttakattu gāmaṃavuttakamma gacchatiactive v..
*Passive voice verb: object and verb agree in case: number, person, and gender.
Ex: Purisenaavuttakattu ghoṭovuttakamma katopassive v.
Purisosuddhakattu ghaṭaṃsuddhakamma karoti (the man makes water-pot).
Rājā purisaṃhetukamma/kāritakamma ghaṭaṃsuddhakamma karāpeti (the king let the man make a water-pot).
Mātā puttaṃ vijāyati (the mother produces a child)
Ghaṭaṃ karoti devadatto (devadatta makes water-pot)
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Āhāro sukhaṃ janayati (nutriment produces comfort)
(So) Suvaṇṇaṃ katakaṃ karoti (he makes a golden ring)
Devadatto nivesanaṃ pavisati (devadatta enters the house)
(So) Kaṇḍakaṃ maddati (he crushes a spike)
(So) Visaṃ gilatisakammaka/1 ob. (he swallows poison)
(So) Gāmaṃ gacchanto rukkhamūlaṃ upagacchati (while going to the village, he approaches
the root of the tree)
(So) Ajaṃinternal/direct ob. gāmaṃexternal/indirect ob. nayatidvikammakadhātu (he leads a goat to the village)
Mayaṃ pucchāma gotamaṃ (we ask gotama)
2. Kāritakamma - to express the object of causative verb suffix (ex: aya)
Rājā purisaṃhetukamma/kāritakamma/indirect-obj.(purisena/purisassa)gāmaṃsuddhakamma/direct-obj.
gamayatidvikammakadhātu/2 obj.
(the king causes the man to go to the village)
Sissaṃkāritakamma dhammaṃ bodhetidvikammakadhātu ācariyo
(the teacher causes the student to understand the dhamma)
Mātā puttaṃ bhojanaṃ bhojayati
(the mother causes the son to enjoy the meal)
Sissaṃkāritakamma dhammaṃ pāṭhetidvikammakadhātu ācariyo
(the teacher causes the student to recite the dhamma)
Sāmiko purisaṃ bhāraṃ hāreti
(the owner causes the man to carry the burden)
Puriso dāsaṃobject to suffix -aya kammaṃobject to √kar kārayati
(the man causes the slave to do the work)
Pitā puttaṃ sayāpeti (the father lets the son to sleep)
Sayāpeti = sakammaka verb; sayati = akammaka verb without object. Ex: putto sayati)
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3. Accantasaṃyoga - to express constant conjunction
a) Kāla: to express duration of time
(So) Māsaṃ masodanaṃ bhuñjati (he enjoys biryani for a month)
Saradaṃ ramaṇīyā nadī (the river is delightful for the autumn)
(So) Māsaṃ sajjhāyati (he recites for a month)
b) Addhāna: to express extension of space
Yojanaṃ vanarāji (hoti). (A track of forest is for a yojana)
Yojanaṃ dīgho pabbato (hoti). (The mountain is a yojana long)
(So) Kosaṃ sajjhāyati. (he recites for a meter long)
4. Kammappavacanīya - the kind of word which has meant the action (used by
themselves as preposition; used alone such as anu, pati, pari, abhi and not as prefix)
a) anu (6)
(1) Lakkhaṇattha: in the sense of marking, as, or when
Atho kho so bhikkhave, mahājanakāyoa great group of people
caturāsīti pāṇasahassāni84,000
kesamassuṃhair ohāretvāhaving shaved
kāsāyāni vatthāniyellow robes
acchādetvāhaving donned
vipassiṃ
bodhisattaṃthe Buddha to be pabbajitaṃbecame monk anuas/when pabbajiṃsuwent forth.
(When Vipassi, the Buddha to be, became a monk, then a great group of 84,000 people shaved
their hair, donned their yellow robes, and went forth).
(2) Itthambhūtakkhānattha: in the sense of special event
Sādhu devadatto mātaraṃ anu. (Devadata is good in (to) the mother)
(3) Vicchāttha: in the sense of cover all, saying twice
Rukkhaṃ rukkhaṃ anu vijjotate cando (the moon shines to every tree)
(4) Bhāgattha: in the sense of dividing
Yadetthayaṃ + ettha maṃ anu siyāshould be, taṃ dīyatu (here please give that which should be for me)
Note: without using "anu", then can use "mama" or "mayhaṃ"
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(5) Hīnattha: in the sense of being inferior
Anu sāriputtaṃ paññavā. (a wise person is lower than Sāriputta/ no one is wiser than Sāriputta)
(6) Sahattha: in the sense of being together
Nadiṃ anvavassitāanu + vassitā bārāṇasī (Bārāṇasi is bound with the river)
b) pati/pari (4)
(1) Lakkhaṇattha: in the sense of marking, as, or when
Sūriyuggamanaṃ pati dibbā bhakkhā pātubhaveyyuṃ
(when the sun rises up, the celestial food becomes obvious.
(2) Itthambhūtakkhānattha (…special event)
Sādhu devadatto mātaraṃ pati. (Devadata is good in to the mother)
(3) Vicchāttha (…cover all, saying twice)
Atthamatthaṃattha x 2 pati saddoword nivisati (the word enters/covers every meaning)
Rukkhaṃ rukkhaṃ pati vijjotate cando (the moon shines to every tree)
(4) Bhāgattha (….dividing)
Yadetthayaṃ + ettha maṃ pati siyāshould be, taṃ dīyatu (here please give that which should be for me)
c) abhi (3)
(1) Lakkhaṇattha (….marking, as, or when)
Taṃ kho pana bhagavantaṃ gotamaṃ evaṃ kalyānogood kittisaddoreputation abbhuggatoabhi + uggato
(such a good reputation of that Gotama rises up)
(2) Itthambhūtakkhānattha (…special event)
Sādhu devadatto mātaraṃ abhi. (Devadata is good in to the mother)
(3) Vicchāttha (….cover all, saying twice)
Rukkhaṃ rukkhaṃ abhi vijjotate cando (the moon shines to every tree)
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d) dhī/dhīratthuthe voice, wisdom, blame/ /vināwithout,except
(these are always in indeclinable form and not prefix, they stand alone, they are not the real
kammappavacanīya).
Dhī: in the sense of blame (dhīratthu dhī atthu nindā hotu)
Dhī brahmaṇassa hantāraṃthe killer
Khīṇāsavabrahmanassa1(Arahant) hantāraṃ garahāmiblame (dhī).
(I blame the killer of the Arahant)
Dhīratthu maṃ/imaṃacc pūtikāyaṃ((subject) (may this body which contains foul things be
blamed)
Dhīratthu taṃ visavantaṃ (may the thing with poison be blamed)
Vinā āhāraṃ (except nutriment)
Vinā saddhammaṃ (except noble dhamma)
*Comparing 2 ways of writing:
(a) pabbajitaṃ anu (lakkhaṇattha) = bodhisatte pabbajite (locative absolute)
(b) mātaraṃ abhi (itthambhūtakkhāna) = mātari (locative meaning)
(c) maṃ pati (bhāgattha) = mama/mayhaṃ
(d) atthaṃ atthaṃ pati (vicchāttha) = atthe atthe; sabbesu atthesu
(e) nadiṃ anu (sahattha) = nadiyā saha
(f) anu sāriputtaṃ (hīnattha) = sāriputtato hīno (ablative case)
5. Sāmyatthasāma+attha –
In the sense of genitive (sometimes dative), when the word is used with these words:
antarābetwwen, abhitoinside, paritoaround, patinear, or paṭibhāto become evident, at that time, accusative case can be
used.
Antarā ca rājagahaṃ antarā ca nāḷandaṃ addhānamaggappaṭipannotook long journey
(he took the long journey from Rājagaha and Nālanda).
Abhito gāmaṃ vasati (he lives inside of the village).
1
Khīṇāsava: the one in whom all cankers are destroyed” is a name for the Arahat, or Holy One.
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Parito gāmaṃ vasati (he lives in around of the village).
nadiṃ nerañjaraṃ pati (near the river of Nerañjara).
Paṭibhantuverb taṃ cunda bojjhaṅgā (Oh Cunda, may enlightenment factors become evident
to you).
Upamā maṃ paṭibhātiverb (this example becomes evident to me)
6. Tatiyattha/Karaṇattha - accusative used in the sense of instrumental, “√lapto converse, √bhāsto
converse
, vināwithout, except, depart from, antarenawithout govern the accusative in the instrumental sense.
(So) Sace maṃ nālapissativerb (if he will not converse with me).
Sace maṃ samaṇo gotamo ālapissati (if the recluse Gotama will converse with me).
Tvañca maṃ nābhibhāsasi (you also do not converse with me).
Vinā saddhammaṃ kuto sukhaṃ (where is happiness without noble dhamma).
accomplishment
Upāyamantarena na attha-‐siddhi (without means, there is no accomplishment of
welfare)
7. Sattamyattha -‐ accusative used in the sense of locative meaning.
(a) Kālattha: the words which mean "short time" govern accusative case in locative
sense.
Pubbaṇhasamayaṃ nivāsetvā (having dressed in the morning).
Ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā (at one time, the Blessed One....).
Imaṃ rattiṃ cattāro mahārājāno (in this night, the four deities...)
(b) Upa/anu/ adhi+ā /adhi/ā+ vas . These words govern accusative case in locative sense “to
dwel in”.
Gāmaṃ upavasati/anuvasati/āvasati (he dwells in the village)
Vihāraṃ adhivasati (he dwells in the monastery)
Agāraṃ ajjhāvasati (he dwells in the house) (adhi>adhy>ajjh + ā + vasati)
(c) Adhi + √si/√ṭhā: These words govern accusative case
Paṭhaviṃ adhisessati (he will lie on earth) (adhi + √si>se + ssati)
Gāmaṃ adhiṭṭhati (he stays in the village)
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(d) Tatthapānattha 2 (in the sense of drinking there)
Nadiṃ pivati (he drinks at the river)
(e) Taccārattha (in the sense of wandering there) (tad + √cāra + ttha)
Gāmaṃ carati (he wanders to the village)
8. Pañcamyattha -‐ accusative used in the sense of ablative meaning used with instrumental
Puratthimena vesāliṃ udenaṃ nāma cetiyaṃ [vesālito avidūre puratthimāya]
(in the eastern direction from Vesali there is a shrine called "Udena")
Dakkhiṇena vesāliṃ gotamakaṃ nāma cetiyaṃ
(in the southern direction from Vesali there is a shrine called "Gotamaka")
Pacchimena vesāliṃ sattambaṃ nāma cetiyaṃ
(in the western direction from Vesali there is a shrine called "Sattamba")
Uttarena vesāliṃ bahuputtaṃ nāma cetiyaṃ
(in the northern direction from Vesali there is a shrine called "Bahuputta")
9. Catutthyattha -‐ accusative used in the sense of dative meaning
Paccāroceti3 taṃ devavoc, sabbabhūtānamissara (Oh king, the Lord of all beings, he says in
return to you)
10. Kiriyāvisesana -‐ accusative used in the sense of adverb (used with sakammakadhātu -‐
transitive verb)
kiriyāvisesana = adverb (modify verb); nāmavisesana = adjective (modify noun)
Muduṃ pacati (he eats softly)
Sīghaṃ gacchati (he walks quickly)
Visamaṃacc candimasūriyā pariharanti (the sun and moon move about unevenly)
2
Pāna (drinking)
3
(pati + ā + √ruc + e + ti)
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