Lesson 10

Verb
Verbal base + verbal termination = verb
● Verbal base
❖ Verbal base ending in ‘a’: dhāva (to run)

S
❖ _______________ in ‘ā’: kiṇā (to buy)
❖ _______________ in ‘o’: karo (to do)
❖ _______________ in ‘e’: dese (to expound)
IP
● Verbal termination
❖ Present tense: present verbal termination
❖ Future tense: future verbal termination
❖ Past tense: past verbal termination
❖ imperative mood: imperative verbal termination
❖ Optative mood: optative verbal termination
D

Present tense
Present verbal termination
Verbal base + verbal termination = verb Sl Pl Per
● dhāva: dhāvāmi, dhāvāma __________ mi ma 1st
● kiṇā: kiṇāmi, kiṇāma ___________kiṇanti
si tha 2nd
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● karo: karomi, karoma ___________ ti (a)nt 3rd

● dese: desemi, desema __________desenti i
Translation: dhāvāmi (I run, I do run, I am running)

Future tense
Future verbal termination
Verbal base Sl Pl Perso
n
● dhāva: dhāvissāmi ________ (i) (i)ssām 1st

S
● kiṇā: kiṇissāmi _________ ssāmi a
● karo: karissāmi __________
● dese: dese (-)ssāmi ___________ (i) ssasi (i)ssath 2nd
a
(i) ssati (i)ssant 3rd
IP
i
Translation: dhāvissāmi (I will run), kiṇissāmi (I will buy), karissāmi
(I will do)
D
Past tense
Past verbal termination
Verbal base Sl Pl Perso
n
● dhāva: dhāviṃ, ________ iṃ imhā, 1st
● kiṇā: kiṇiṃ, (a) kiṇiṃ ___________ imha
● karo: kariṃ, (a) kariṃ _________
● dese: dese (s)iṃ, (a) desesiṃ _____ o ,i ittha 2nd
i iṃsu, uṃ 3rd
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Translation: dhāviṃ (I ran), kiṇiṃ (I bought), kariṃ (I made), desesiṃ

(I expounded)

Imperative mood
Imperative verbal termination
Verbal base Sl Pl Per
(a)dhāva: dhāvāmi, dhāvāma, dhāvāhi mi ma 1st

S
dhāvatha dhāvatu dhāvantu
(b) kiṇā: kiṇāmi, kiṇāma, kiṇāhi (kiṇa) _ hi tha 2nd
(c)karo: karomi, karoma, karohi, karotha
_______ tu (a)ntu 3rd
(d) dese: desemi, desema, desehi, desetha
IP
Translation: dhāvāmi (I may run, may I run, Let me run), kiṇāmi (I
may buy, May I buy, Let me buy), karomi (I may do, may I do, let me
do)
D
Optative mood
Optative verbal termination
Verbal base Sl Pl per
(a)dhāva: dhāeyyāmi (dhāvemi) eyyāmi eyyāma 1st
(b) kiṇā: kiṇeyyāmi (kiṇemi) (emi) (ema)
___
(c)karo: kareyyāmi (karemi) eyyāsi (esi) eyyātha 2nd
____ (etha)
 4

(d) dese: deseyyāmi (desemi) eyya (e) eyyuṃ 3rd

____
Translation: dhāveyyāmi (I may / might / should/ would run)

Verbal base is a combination of the two parts: root and conjugational

signs.
Roots are also divided into seven depending on seven conjugational
signs.
(a)Verbal base + (i) + tvā = gerund
1. dhāva + (i) + tvā = dhāvitvā (having run or after running)

S
2. Kiṇā + (i) + tvā = kiṇitvā (having bought or after buying)
3. Karo + (i) + tvā = karitvā (having done or after doing)
4. Dese + (-) + tvā = desetvā (having expounded or after
expounding)
IP
5. Bhuñja + (i) + tvā = bhuñjitvā

(b) Root + (i) + tvā = gerund

1. √kar + + tvā = kartvā > katvā
2. √bhuj + tvā = bhutvā
D
(c)Verbal base or root with prefix + ya = gerund
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Root sign base verb

First conjugational sign ‘a’ (bhūvādi)
A > ā, i,ī > e, u,ū > o + a
√pac a paca pacati (to cook)
√ruh a ruha ruhati (to grow)
√ruh a roha rohati (to grow)
√rud a ruda rudati (to cry)
√rud a roda rodati (to cry)

S
√mud a moda modati (to be happy)
√suc a soca socati (to grief)
√bhū a bhava bhavati (to become)
IP
√lu a Lu > lo > lav + a lavati (to cut)
√nī a nī > ne > ay + a nayati (to lead)
√si a Si > se > say + a sayati (to sleep)
Second conjugational sign, (ṃ) a (rudhādi)
D
√bhuj (ṃ) a bhu(ṃ)j +a bhuñjati (to eat)
√muc (ṃ) a mu (ṃ)ca muñcati (to release)
√chid (ṃ) a chi(ṃ)da chindati (to cut)
(ṃ) a bhindati
(ṃ) a limpati (to smear)
(ṃ) a vindati
Third conjugational sign ‘ya’ (divādi)
 6

√jan ya Ja-ya > jāya jāyati (to be born)

√ghā ya ghāyati (to smell)
√budh ya budhya > bujjha bujjhati (to know)
√kudh ya kudhya > kujjha kujjhati (to get
angry)
√sudh ya sudhya > sujjha sujjhati (to purify)
√vidh ya vidhya > vijjha vijjhati (to shot)
√vid ya vidya > vijja vijjati (to know)

S
√tus ya tusya > tussa tussati (to be
delighted)
√nat ya natya > nacca naccati (to dance)
IP
√nas ya nasya > nassa nassati (to perish)
√ghā ya ghāyati (to smell)
Fourth conjugational sign, (nu, nā, unā)
√su nu >no suṇoti (to listen)
Pa √ap nu>no pappoti (to attain)
D
√sak nu>no sakkoti
√su nā suṇāti (to listen)
√sak unā sakkuṇāti (to able)
Pa√pa uṇā pāpuṇāti
Fifth conjugational sign ‘nā’ (Kīyādi)
√kī nā kiṇā kiṇāti (to buy)
 7

√ji nā jināti (to conquer)

√lu nā lunāti (to cut)
√ci nā cināti (to collect)
Sixth conjugational sign ‘o’
√kar o karo karoti (to do)
√tan o tano tanoti (to spread)
√jāgar o jāgaro jāgaroti (to wake up)
Seventh conjugational sign ‘e/aya

S
a> ā, i,ī >e, u, ū> o + e/aya
√cur e cure > core coreti
√cur aya curaya > coraya corayati
IP
√dis e dise > dese deseti
√dis aya disaya> desaya desayati
√mant e mante manteti
mant aya mantayati
D
√cint e cinteti
√cint aya cintaya cintayati

Nouns
(a)Buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi.
(b) Buddho me saraṇaṃ aññaṃ natthi.
(c)Namo sattannaṃ sammāsam-buddhānaṃ.
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Buddha + aṃ = buddhaṃ
Buddha + o = buddho
Buddha + ānaṃ = buddhānaṃ

Verbal base + verbal termination = verb

Stem (liṅga) + case ending (vibhatti) = noun
Buddha + o = buddho

dhaāva + mi___________
Buddha + o

S
Nouns are declined in three genders, two numbers and eight cases.
● Three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter
● Two numbers: singular and plural
● Eight cases:
IP
Nominative = paṭhamā
Vocative = ālapana
Accusative = dutiyā
Instrumental = tatiyā
Ablative = pañca
Dative = catutthī
D
Genitive and = chaṭṭhī
Locative = sattamī
● Two kinds of noun stem
➢ Stem ending in vowel
➢ Stem ending in consonant

Masculine noun stems

 9

● Six kinds of masculine noun stem ending in vowel

Stem ending in ‘a’ - Buddha
________ in ‘i’ - muni (sage)
________ in ‘ī’ - senānī (general)
________ in ‘u’ - garu (master)
________ in ‘ū’ - vidū (wishe)
Stem ending in ‘o’ - go (ox)

√ji > e > ay + a + ti = jayati

√lu > o > av + a + ti = lavati

S
Dhāva + mi

ဆောင်။ ။ တို့ ၊ များ၊ ကုန၊် ကြ၊ မပါရ၊ မှတ်ကြ ဧဝုစ်။

။ တို့ ၊ များ၊ ကုန၊် ကြ၊ ပါပါရ၊ မှတ်ကြ၊ ဗဟုဝုစ်။
IP
Nominative case = paṭhāvibhatti
သည်၊ ကား၊ က ပထမာ။

Nominative Case for subject

Stem Singular (s) (si) Plural (ā/o)
D
Buddha Buddho buddhā
muni muni munī, munayo
senānī senānī senānī, senānino
garu garu garū, garavo
vidū vidū vidū, viduno
go go gāvo, gavo
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Word Formation
Stem Singular - (s) (si) Plural (ā/o)
buddh buddha + s = buddhas> buddha + ā = buddhā
a o

S
muni muni + s = muni- muni + o = munio > munī
muni + o = muni > e > ayo
senānī senānī + s = senānī- senānī + o = senānī
senānī + o = senānī(n)o> senānio
IP
garu garu + s = garu- garu + o = garuo > garū
garu + o = garavo (u> o, av)
vidū vidū + s = vidū- vidū + o = vidū
vidū + o = vidū(n)o > viduno
go go + s = go- go > gav > gāv+ o
D
Note:
● Nominative singular case ending ‘s’ after the ‘a’ stem is changed
into ‘o’ but after the remaining stem it is elided.
● Nominative plural case ending ‘ā’ is added to the stem ending in
‘a’ but ‘o’ is applied after the remaining stems.
Exercises
Give the nominative singular and plural forms of following nouns.
(a)vāṇija (merchant) vāṇijo (sg) vāṇijā (pl)
(b) sūriya (sun)
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(c)miga (deer)
(d) sūda (cook)
(e)manussa (man)
(f) alagadda (snake)
(g) nāga (cobra, elephant)
(h) isi (seer) isi (sg) isī, isayo (pl)
(i) aggi (fire)
(j) ravi (sun)
(k) ahi (snake)
(l) gahapati (householder)
(m) setu (bridge) setu (sg) setū, setavo (pl)

S
(n) ucchu (sugar cane)
(o) veḷu (bamboo)

(p) sabbaññū (the Omniscient one, The Buddha)

IP
Lesson - 11

● The subject of the predicate may be a noun or its equivalent and it

is expressed by the nominative case. The subject should agree with
D
the finite verb of the predicate in number and person.
 12

Examples:
(a)Ahaṃ gacchāmi.
(b) Mayaṃ gacchāma.
(c)Tvaṃ gacchasi.
(d) Tumhe gacchatha.
(e)So gacchati.
(f) Te gacchanti.
(g) Puriso gacchati.
(h) Purisā gacchanti.
(i) Muni gacchati.

S
(j) Munī (munayo) gacchanti.
(k) Ravi uggacchati.
(l) Ahi ḍaṃsati.
(m) Veḷu calati.
IP
(n) Veḷū calanti.
(o) Sabbaññū deseti.
(p) Sabbaññū (sabbaññuno) desenti.

Verbs
D
(a)ḍasati (to bite)
√ḍas + a + ti = ḍasati
ḍasa + (i) + tvā = ḍasitvā (having bitten)
ḍasa + (i) + tuṃ = ḍasituṃ (to bite)

(b) patati (to fall)

√pat + a + ti = patati
pata + (i) + tvā = patitvā (having fallen)
pata + (i) + tuṃ = patituṃ (to fall)
 13

(c)vicarati (to move about, to walk)

vi √car + a + ti = vicarati
vicara + (i) + tvā = vicaritvā (having moved)
vacara + (i) + tuṃ = vicarituṃ (to move)

(d) vaṇṇeti (to describe, to praise)

√vaṇṇ + e + ti = vaṇṇeti
√dis + e + ti = deseti
vaṇṇe + (-) + tvā = vaṇṇetvā (having described)
vaṇṇe + (-) + tuṃ = vaṇṇetuṃ (to describe)

S
(e)harati (to carry, to take away)
√har + a + ti = harati
IP
hara + (i) + tvā = haritvā (having carried)
hara + (i) + tuṃ = harituṃ (to carry)

(f) ogacchati (to go down)

ava > o √gam > cch + a + ti = ogacchati
Ava √gam + tvā = ogantvā (having gone down)
D
Ava √gam + tuṃ = ogantuṃ

ch +y > cch
S > cch
M > cch

(g) anusāsati (to admonish)

anu √sās + a + ti = anusāsati / sās + ana = sāsana
anusāsa + (i) + tvā = anusāsitvā (having admonished)
 14

anusāsa + (i) + tuṃ = anusāsituṃ (to admonish)

(h) rohati (to grow up)

√ruh + a + ti = rohati
roha + (i) + tvā = rohitvā (having grown)
roha + (i) + tuṃ = rohituṃ (to grow)

(i) ḍahati (to burn)

√ḍah + a + ti = ḍahati / (paridāho > pariḷāho)
ḍaha + (i) + tvā = ḍahitvā (having burnt)
ḍaha + (i) + tuṃ = ḍahituṃ (to brun)

(j) viharati (to live)

S
vi √har + a + ti = viharati
vihara + (i) + tvā = viharitvā (having lived)
IP
vihara + (i) + tuṃ = viharituṃ

(k) jāyati (to be born, to be produced)

√jan > jā + ya + ti = jāyati
jāya + (i) + tvā = jāyitvā (having been born)
jāya + (i) + tuṃ = jāyituṃ (to be born)
D

(a) Translate Into English.

Change the following sentences into their opposite number.
 15

1. Migo āgacchati.
= migo. deer. m. nom. sg. of miga
= āgacchati. comes. pre. 3rd.sg
The deer comes.

2. Manussā vasanti.
= manussā. The men. m.nom.pl. of manussa
= vasanti. live. Pre. 3rd. Pl
The men live.

S
3. Alagaddo ḍasati.
= alagaddo - a snake. m. nom.sg of alagadda
= ḍasati - bites. Pre. 3rd. Sg.
a snake bites.
IP
4. Nāgā dhāvanti.
= nāgā - the elephants. m. nom.pl of nāga
= dhāvanti - run. Pre. 3rd. Pl
The elephants run.
D
5. Isayo viharanti.
= isayo - The sages/seers. m. nom.pl of isi
= viharanti - live. Pre. 3rd. pl.
The sages live.

6. Aggi ḍahati.
= aggi - fire. m.nom.sg of aggi
 16

= ḍahati - burns. Pre. 3rd. Sg

Fire burns.

7. Ravi uggacchati.
= ravi - the sun. m. nom. sg. of ravi
= uggacchati - rises. Pre. 3rd. sg.
The sun rises.

8. Ahayo vicaranti.
= ahayo - the snakes. m. nom. pl of ahi
= vicaranti - move about. Pre. 3rd. pl

S
The snakes move about.

9. Gahapati kiṇāti.
= gahapati - the householder. m. nom. sg of gahapati
IP
= kiṇāti - buys. Pre. 3rd. sg
The householder buys.

10. Maccu harati.

= maccu - death. m. nom. sg of maccu
= harati - carries. Pre. 3rd. sg
D
Death carries / takes away.
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(b) Translate into Pāḷi.

1. The Omniscient One expounds. Sabbaññū deseti.
=The omniscient one = sabbaññū
=Expounds = deseti

2. Sugar cane grows. Ucchu rohati.

=Sugar cane = ucchu
=Grows = rohati

3. There are bridges. Setū (setavo) santi.

S
=Bridges = setū / setavo
=(there) are = santi

4. The sages teach. Munī (munayo) desenti.

IP
= the sages - munī (munayo)
= teach - desenti

5. The bamboo falls down. Veḷu patati.

= the bamboo - veḷu
= falls down - patati
D
6. The cobras move about. Nāgā vicaranti.
= The cobras - nāgā
= move about - vicaranti.

7. The preceptor admonishes. Garu anusāsati.

= the preceptor - garu
 18

= admonishes - anusāsati

8. The cook cooks. Sūdo pacati.

= the cook - sūdo
= cooks - pacati

9. Merchants sell. Vāṇijā vikkiṇanti.

= the merchants - vāṇijā
= sell - vikkiṇanti

S
10. Sun sets (goes down) = sūriyo oggacchati
= sun - sūriyo /ravi
= sets - uggacchati
IP
(c)Translate into English.

1. Migo tatra gantvā sayi.

A deer, having gone there, slept.
After going there, a deer slept.
A deer went there and slept.
D
= migo - deer. m.nom.sg. miga
= tatra - there. dem.adv.
= gantvā - gerund of gacchati. having gone or after going
= sayi - slept. past. 3rd.sg.
2. Manussā ajja idha vasitvā suve tahiṃ gacchissanti.
Men, having lived here today, will go there tomorrow.
= manussā - men. m.nom. pl. of manussa
= ajja - today. ind.
= idha - here. dem.adv
 19

= vasitvā - gerund of vasati. having lived

= suve - tomorrow. ind.
= tahiṃ - there. dem. adv
= gacchissanti- will go. Future. 3rd. pl

3. Alagaddo ḍasitvā tatra dhāvi.

A snake, having bitten, ran there.
A snake, after bitting, ran there.
A snake bite and ran there.

= alagaddo - snake. m.nom. Sg of alagadda

S
= ḍasitvā - gerund of ḍasati. ḍasa + (i) + tvā, having bitten
= tatra - there. dem. adv.
= dhāvi - ran. Past. 3rd. sg.
IP
4. Isayo idha viharituṃ na icchanti, te tatra gantvā vasituṃ icchanti.
The sages don’t want to live here, (but) they, having gone there,
want to live there.
= isayo - sages / seers. m. nom. pl. of isi
= idha - here. dem. adv
= viharituṃ - to live. Inf of viharati / vihara + (i) + tuṃ
D
= na - do not. ind.
= icchanti - wish / want. Pre. 3rd. pl
= te - they. 3rd. pl
= tatra - there. dem. adv.
= gantvā - gerund of gacchati. Having gone or after going √gam +
tvā
= vasituṃ -to live. Inf of vasati
= icchanti - wish / want. Pre. 3rd. pl
 20

5. Aggi uṭṭhāya ḍahi.

Fire, having arisen, brunt.
Fire, after arising, brunt.
Fire arose and brunt.
= aggi - fire. m. nom sg. of aggi
= uṭṭhāya - gerund of uṭṭhāti (to arise). Having arisen or after
arising
= ḍahi - brunt. Past. 3rd sg.

6. Idāni suriyo uggacchati, uṭṭhātha, mā idha sayittha.

Now, the sun arises, get up, don’t sleep here.

S
= idāni - now. ind.
= suriyo - the sun. m. nom. Sg of sūriya
= uggacchati - arises. Pre. 3rd. Sg.
= uṭṭhātha - get up. imp. 2nd pl.
IP
= mā - pro. Don’t
= idha - here. dem. adv
= sayittha - sleep. Past. 2nd pl.

7. Vāṇijā idha ni-sī-ditvā vikkiṇiṃsu.

Merchants, having sat here, sold.
D
Merchants, after sitting here, sold.
Merchants sat here and sold.

= vāṇijā - merchants. m. nom. pl of vāṇija

= idha - here. dem.adv.
= nisīditvā - gerund of nisīdati. Having sat, after sitting.
= vikkiṇisu - sold
 21

8. Sace gahapati āgaccheyya, (so) idha vihareyya.

If the householder would come, he would stay here.
= Sace - if. ind
= gahapati- householder. m. nom. sg of gahapati
= āgaccheyya - would come. Opt. 3rd. sg
= idha - here
= vihareyya - would stay. Opt. 3rd. sg.

9. Yadi tumhe vikkiṇeyyātha, mayaṃ kiṇeyyāma.

S
If you would sell, we should buy.
= yadi - if. ind
= tumhe - you. 2nd pl of
= vikkiṇeyyātha - would sell. Opt. 2nd pl
IP
= mayaṃ - we. 1st. Pl
= kiṇeyyāma - should buy. Opt. 1st. Pl

10. Sace sudā na paceyyuṃ, mayaṃ bhuñjituṃ kuhiṃ

gaccheyyāma?
If the cooks would not cook, where should we go to eat?
D
= sace - if. ind
= sūdā - cooks. m. nom. Pl of sūda
= na - not. ind
= paceyyuṃ - would cook. Opt. 3rd. pl
= mayaṃ - we. 1st. pl.
= bhuñjituṃ - to eat. Inf. of bhuñjati
= kuhiṃ - where. Inter. Adv
= gaccheyyāma - should go. Opt. 1st. pl.
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Assignment I- for Diploma in Pali, Second Semester

1. Turn all the verbs in exercise (a) into past tense and form ten
sentences.
2. Turn verbs in exercise (b) into imperative and optative forms
and make sentences.
3. Turn the sentences in exercise (a) into opposite numbers and
Analyze them.
4. Analyze the following sentences and translate them into
English.

S
(a) Muni idha viharituṃ na icchati, so tatra gantvā vasituṃ
icchati.
(b) Idāni suriyo uggacchati, uṭṭhāhi, mā idha sayi.
(c) Sace vāṇijo āgaccheyya, (so) idha vihareyya.
IP
(d) Sace sudā na paceyyuṃ, mayaṃ bhuñjituṃ kuhiṃ
gaccheyyāma?
(e) Mayaṃ ajja idha vasitvā suve tahiṃ gacchissāma.
5. Explain the sentences in (A) grammatically and analyze the
sentences in (B) with translation.
A
D
(a) Seto asso
(b) Setā assā
(c) Kutumbiko aḍḍho mahaddhano mahābhogo
(d) Puttā manussānaṃ vatthu
(e) Kāmā hi citrā madhurā manoharā.
(f) Tvaṃ kiso asi.
B
(a) Kiso tva’masi dubbaṇṇo.
(b) Kheḷo duggandho.
 23

(c) Pāpakā akusalā dhammā uppajjanti.

(d) Saṅkhārā aniccā.
(e) Ayyo abhirūpo.

(20-marks for each question)

S
IP
D
 24

Lesson - 12

● Adjective: An adjective agrees with noun it qualifies in gender,

number and case. Usually, an adjective comes first. But, when
many adjectives qualify the same noun, they may come next.
● Seto asso - a white horse
● Setā assā - white horses
● Kutumbiko aḍḍho mahaddhano mahābhogo
A householder opulent, very wealthy and possessing much
property.

S
kutumbika, aḍḍha, mahaddhana, mahābhoga

● Predicate use: some time plays the part of the predicate and it
should necessarily agree with its subject in case.
IP
❖ Puttā manussānaṃ vatthu. Children are men’s wealth.

● If the predicate is an adjective , it should agree with the subject in

gender, number and case.
❖ Kāmā hi citrā madhurā manoharā.
Sense-pleasures are diverse, sweet and delightful.
D
● Noun in apposition. They also agree on gender, number and case.
❖ Suppiyo paribbājako - a wandering ascetic by name Suppiya
❖ Samaṇo gotamo - recluse by name Gotama
❖ Yaññadatto nāma brahmaṇo - a brahman named by
Yaññadatta
 25

● Natthi & musā

❖ Saṅkhārā sassatā natthi. No conditional things are eternal.
❖ Taṃ musā. It is a lie.

● Subjective complement agrees with the subject in gender, number,

and case.
❖ Tvaṃ kiso asi. You are lean.
❖ So kiso hoti. He is lean.
❖ Sā kisā hoti. She is lean.

Euphonic Combinations

S
● When two vowels of the same kind meet together, they blend into
the long vowel of the same kind.
❖ a + a = ā ____________ na + ahaṃ = nāhaṃ
IP
❖ a + ā = ā ____________ ñāṇa + āloko = ñāṇāloko
❖ ā + a = ā ____________
❖ ā + ā = ā ____________ rājā + gacchati = rājāgacchati
❖ i + i = ī _____________ demi + iti = demīti
❖ i + ī = ī _____________
❖ ī + i = ī _____________
D
❖ ī + ī = ī _____________
❖ u + u = ū ___________
❖u + ū = ū
❖ū + u = ū
❖ū + ū = ū
 26

(a) Translate into English

1. Kiso tvaṃ asi dubbaṇṇo. (tvaṃ > m+ asi)
● You are lean and ugly.
= kiso - lean. Adj. nom. sg of kisa
= tvaṃ - you. 2nd. nom. sg
= asi - are. Pre. 2nd. sg
= dubbaṇṇo - discolored. adj. nom.sg of dubbaṇṇa

2. Maggo khemo.
● The way is safe.
= maggo - way or road. m. nom.sg of magga

S
= khemo - safe. adj. nom.sg of khema

3. Pāpakā akusalā dhammā uppajjanti.

● Bad and unwholesome dhammas arise.
IP
= pāpakā - bad. Adj. nom.pl of pāpaka
= akusalā - unwholesome. Adj. nom. pl of akusala
= dhammā - Dhamma. m. nom.pl of dhamma
= uppajjanti - arise. Pre. 3rd. pl

4. Ayyo abhirūpo. (hoti / bhati/)

D
● Venerable one is beautiful.
= ayyo - venerable one. m. nom.sg of ayya
= abhirūpo - beautiful. Adj. nom. sg of abhirūpa

5. Pañho kallo.
● The question is clever.
= pañho - question. m. nom. Sg of pañha
= kallo - clever. Adj. nom. Sg of kalla
 27

6. Kheḷo duggandho. [u phyo zaw thet]

● Saliva is bad-smelling.
= kheḷo - saliva . m. nom.sg of kheḷa
= duggandho - bad-smelling. Adj. nom. sg. of duggandha

7. Kāyo bhiduro. [daw zar ni lwin]

● The body is breakable.
= kāyo - body. m. nom. Sg of kāya
= bhiduro - breakable. adj. nom. Sg of bhidura

S
8. Saṅkhārā aniccā. [daw nu nu yee]
● Conditioned things are unstable.
= saṅkhārā - conditioned things. m. nom.pl of saṅkhāra
= aniccā - impermanent or unstable. nom.pl of anicca
IP
9. Nāhaṃ [na ahaṃ] bhatako’smi [bhatako + asmi].
● I am not a servant.
= na - not. ind
= ahaṃ - I. st. nom.sg
= bhatako - a servant
D
= asmi - I am. Pre . 1st. Sg.

10. Idāni kasmā so puriso ito nikkhamati?[daw myint myint

swe]
● Why does the man depart from here now?
= indāni - now. Ind
= kasmā - why. Inter.
= so puriso - the man. m. nom. Sg of purisa
= ito - from here. dem. adv
 28

= nikkhamati. Departs . pre. 3rd. Sg.

(b) Translate Into Pali.

1. Conditioned things are not eternal.
● Saṅkhārā sassatā natthi.
= conditioned things - saṅkhārā
= eternal - sassatā
= are not - natthi

2. The householder was Sudatta by name.

● Gahapati sudatto nāma ahosi.

S
= the householder - gahapati
= was - ahosi
= sudatta - sudatto
= by name - nāma
IP
3. The body grows.
● Kāyo vaḍḍhati
= the body - kāyo
= grows - vaḍḍhati
D
4. Excrement is ill-smelling.
● Gūtho duggandho (hoti).
= excrement - gūtho. m. nom.sg. gūtha
= is - hoti. Pre. 3rd. sg
= ill-smelling - duggandho. adj. nom.sg of duggandha
 29

5. The true doctrine is hard to find.

● Saddhammo dullabho (hoti).
= the true doctrine - saddhammo. m.nom.sg of saddhamma
= is - hoti.
= hard to find - dullabho. Adj. m. nom.sg. dullabha

6. Don’t be wicked.
● Tvaṃ caṇḍo mā hohi.
= don’t be - (tvaṃ mā hohi
= wicked - caṇḍo. Adj. nom.sg of caṇḍa

S
7. Then, he was beautiful.
● Tadā so abhirūpo ahosi.
= then, tadā. Dem. adv.
IP
= he - so . 3rd. sg
= was - ahosi
= beautiful - abhirūpo. Adj. nom.sg of abhirūpa
Verbal base + verbal termination = verb
Root + conju…+ verbal termination = verb
D
8. When the road is safe,/ then shall we set out from here.
● Yadā maggo khemo hoti, tadā mayaṃ ito nikkhamissāma.
= when - yadā. Rel. adv.
= the road - maggo. m. nom.sg of magga
= is - hoti/atthi
= safe - khomo. Adj. nom.sg of khema
= then - tadā -dem.adv
= shall we set out - mayaṃ nikkhamissāma.
= from here - ito. Dem. adv
 30

9. Good men are rare.

● Sappurisā dullabhā honti.
= good men - sappurisā. m. nom.sg of sappurisa
= are - honti
= rare - dullabhā

10. They are not rich.

● Te sadhanā na honti.
= they - te. Per. 3rd. pl
= are not - na honti.

S
= rich - sadhanā. Adj. nom. Pl of sadhana

Lesson - 13
IP
Vocative case for calling or addressing
stem Singular Plural
Buddha buddha buddhā
D
muni muni munī, munayo
senānī senāni senānī, senānino
garu garu garū, garavo
vidū vidu vidū, viduno
go go gavo, gāvo

Note: Vocative case is used to express addressing (ālapana).

 31

Some special vocative forms: bho he (hello), bhavanto (pl), āvuso

(friend) (sg.pl), bhante (venerable sir), tāta (dear one) (sg), tātā (pl).

Accusative case for direct object or goal of motion

stem Singular -(a)ṃ Plural (e/o)
buddha buddhaṃ buddhe
muni muniṃ munī, munayo
senānī senāniṃ senānī, senānino

S
garu garuṃ garū, garavo
vidū viduṃ vidū, viduno
go gavaṃ, gāvaṃ, gāvuṃ gāvo, gavo
IP
** go > gav > gāv + aṃ = gavaṃ, gāvaṃ ** gāvaṃ > gāvuṃ
Note: it is used to express direct object and goal of motion.
❖ puriso rukkhaṃ chindati.
The man cuts a tree.
❖ puriso gāmaṃ gacchati.
The man goes to the village.
D
❖ puriso Buddhaṃ upasaṅkamati.
The man approaches the Buddha.

● Ca (and): it is used to join the sense together.

❖ Kodho ca māno ca (wrath and conceit)
❖ Khodho māno ca
❖ Ahaṃ kasāmi ca vapāmi ca. (I plough and sow)
❖ Ahaṃ kasāmi (ca) vapāmi ca.
 32

● Hi: the enclitic ‘hi’ sometimes is used to express the idea ‘as for’
or ‘on ….part’.
❖ Ahaṃ hi samaṇa kasāmi ca vapāmi ca.
As for me, I, Oh recluse, plough and sow.
Or on my part, Oh recluse, I plough and sow.
❖ Na hi so socati.
Certainly, He is not worry.
Attā hi attano nātho.
Indeed, one is one’s refuge.

Verbs

S
(a)bhuñjati (to eat)
√bhu (ṃ > ñ) j + a +ti = bhuñjati
√bhuj + tvā = bhutvā (having eaten, after eating)
Bhuñja + (i) + tvā = bhuñjitvā
IP
√bhuj + tuṃ = bhottaṃ/ bhuttuṃ (to eat)
Bhuñja + (i) + tuṃ = bhuñjituṃ
(b) bhajati (to associate)
√bhaj + a + ti = bhajati
Bhaja + (i) + tvā = bhajitvā (having associated, after associating)
Bhaja + (i) + tuṃ = bhujituṃ (to associate)
D
(c)vandati (to adore)
√vand + a + ti = vandati
Vanda + (i) + tvā = vanditvā (having adored)
Vanda + (i) + tuṃ = vandituṃ (to adore)
(d) neti, nayati (to lead)
√nī + ti = neti
√nī > e > ay + a + ti = nayati
Netvā
 33

Netuṃ
(e)kīḷati (to play)
√kīḷ + a + ti = kīḷati
Kīḷitvā
Kīḷituṃ

(f) apadhāvati (to run away)

Apa √dhāv + a + ti = apadhāvati
Apadhāvitvā
Apadhāvituṃ

S
(g) carati (to walk, to behave)
√car + a + ti
Caritvā (having walked, after walking)
Carituṃ (to walk)
IP
(h) uggaṇhāti (to learn)
Ud √gah + nā > ṇā + ti = uggahṇāti > uggaṇhāti
Uggaṇhitvā
Uggaṇhituṃ
D
(i) avajānāti (to despise)
Ava √ñā > jā + nā + ti = avajānāti
Avajānitvā
Avajānituṃ

(j) jahati (to give up)

√hā > hāhā > jaha + ti = jahati
Jahitvā
Jaha + (i) + tuṃ = jahituṃ
 34

(k) pajahati (to give up)

Pa √hā > hāhā > haha > jaha + ti = pajahati
Pajahitvā
Pajahituṃ

(l) vippajahati (to dispel)

Vi + pa + √hā > hāhā > haha > jaha + ti = vippajahati

(m) nassati (to perish)

√nas + ya + ti = nassati

S
Nassa + (i) + tvā = nassitvā
Nassa + (i) + tuṃ = nassituṃ

(n) parivajjeti (to avoid)

IP
Pari √vajj + e + ti =
Parivajje + tvā
Parivajjetuṃ

(o) pivati (to drink)

√pā > piva + ti
D
√pā > pāpā + ti = pāpāti > pipati > pibati > pivati
Pivitvā
Pivituṃ

(p) jarati (to decay)

√jar + a + ti = jarati
Jaritvā / jarituṃ
 35

Exercise
(a) Translate into English.
1. Passāmi sadhane manusse.
= passāmi - pre. 1st. sg √dis > pass + a + ti. I see
= sadhane - rich or wealthy. Adj. acc. Pl. sadhana
= manusse - men. m. acc. Pl of manussa
● I see the rich men.
2. Ahaṃ hi samaṇa kasāmi.
= ahaṃ - I. 1st . sg.
= hi - as for or on —part
= samaṇa - Oh recluse. m. vocative. Sg of samaṇa

S
= kasāmi. plough . pre. 1st. Sg. √kas + a + mi. Kasa
● As for me, or on my part, Oh recluse, I plough.

3. Ehi tāta raṭṭhapāla bhuñja ca piva ca.

IP
= ehi - come. Imp. 2nd. Sg
= tāta - dear
= raṭṭhapāla - m. voc. Sg of raṭṭhapāla
= bhuñja - enjoy. Imp. 2nd. Sg
= ca - and. Ind
= piva - drink. Imp. 2nd. Sg
D
● Oh dear Raṭṭhapāla, come, enjoy and drink.

4. Uṭṭhehi vīra.
= uṭṭhehi - get up, may you get up, you may get up, let you get up
Impr. 2nd. Of uṭṭhāti
= vīra - Oh hero
● Oh hero, get up.
 36

5. (so) Kodhaṃ jahe, (so) vippajaheyya mānaṃ.

= kodhaṃ - wrath . m. acc. Sg of kodha
= jahe (jaheyya) = opt. 3rd. Sg of jahāti. He may give up
= vippajaheyya - opt 3rd. Sg of vippajahati (to dispel). He may
dispel
= mānaṃ - conceit . m. acc. Sg of māna
● He may give up wrath, and dispel conceit. K-now

6. Nassati vata bho loko. (m m shwe)

= nassati - pre. 3rd . sg. Preshes
= vata - certainly

S
= bho - Oh dear,
= loko - the world
● Oh dear, certainly, the world prishes.
IP
7. Paṇḍitaṃ nāvajānāmi. (na + avajānāmi = a + a = ā)
= paṇḍitaṃ - the wise man . acc. Sg of paṇḍita
= na - not . ind
= avajānāmi - despise / look down. Pre. 1st sg.
● I do not look down on the wise man.
D
8. (so ) Na bhaje pāpake mitte. (daw new new shwe). Bhajati (to
follow)
= na - not
= bhaje - one should not follow. opt . 3rd. Sg. of bhajati
= pāpake - bad . adj. m. acc. pl of pāpaka
= mitte. Friends. m. acc. Pl of mitta
● One should not follow the bad friends.
 37

9. (tvaṃ) Bhuñja mānussake kāme. Bhuñjati (to eat)

= bhuñja - eat or you may eat. Imper. 2nd. sg of bhuñjati
= mānusake - human . adj. m. acc. Pl of mānusaka
= kāme. Sensual pleasures. M. accu . pl of kāma
● Enjoy sensual pleasures. You may enjoy sensual pleasures.

10. Adhammo nirayaṃ neti.

= adhammo - adhamma. m. nom. Sg of adhamma
= nirayaṃ - unhappy state . m. acc. sg of niraya
= neti . leads to . pre. 3rd. sg √nī > e+ ti = neti / √nī > e > ay+ a + ti
● Adhamma leads to (an) unhappy state.

(b) Translate into English.

1. Men tie up a raft

S
= men - manussā. m. nom. pl of manussa
IP
= tie up - bandhanti. Pre . 3rd. Pl of bandhati
= a raft - kullaṃ . m. acc. sg of kulla
● Manussā kullaṃ bandhanti.
2. Dispel sensual pleasures, Oh friend.
= dispel - vippajahāhi (vippajaha). Imper. 2nd. Sg of vippajahati
= sensual pleasures - kāme. m. acc. Pl of kāma
D
= Oh friend - bho mitta
● Bho mitta, tvaṃ kāme vippajahāhi (vippajaha).
3. Brahmin you are decayed. (Daw Myint Myint Shwe)
= Brahmin ~ brahmaṇa .m. voc. sg of brahmaṇa
= you ~ tvaṃ. Pro. 2nd.nom. sg of tumha
= are ~ asi. Pre. 2nd. sg of atthi
= decayed ~ jiṇṇo. Adj. nom. Sg of jiṇṇa
● Tvaṃ, brahmaṇa, asi jiṇṇo. Tvaṃ, brahmaṇa jiṇṇo asi.
 38

4. Oh Suvīra, go there. (Daw Sein Sein Mya)

= Oh suvīra ~ suvīra . m. voc. sg of suvīra
= go ~ gaccha (gacchāhi). Imper. 2nd. sg of gacchati
= there ~ tatra . dem. adv .
● Tatra suvīra gaccha (gacchāhi).

5. One should not follow the mean way of life. (Daw New New
Shwe)
= One ~ so. 3rd. nom. sg.
= should not follow ~ na bhajeyya (bhaje)
= the mean way of life ~ adhammaṃ. m. acc. sg of adhamma

S
● So adhammaṃ na bhajeyya (bhaje).

6. He avoids a wicked dog. (Daw Lai Lai Khaing)

= He ~ so . 3rd. nom. sg.
IP
= avoids ~ parivajjeti. Pre. 3rd. sg
= a wicked dog ~ caṇḍaṃ sunakhaṃ
● So caṇḍaṃ sunakhaṃ parivajjeti.

7. We may adore the Buddha. (U Aung Phe Naing)

= We ~ mayaṃ. 1st nom. pl
D
= may adore ~ vandeyyāma . opt . 1st. pl. vandati
= the Buddha ~ buddhaṃ. m. acc. Sg of buddha
● Mayaṃ buddhaṃ vandeyyāma (vandema).
8. Oh friend, let us go to the monastery now. (Ma Candavatī)
= Oh friend ~ mitta
= let us go to ~ Mayaṃ gacchāma.
= the monastery ~ vihāraṃ
= now ~ idāni. ind
● Mayaṃ, mitta, idāni vihāraṃ gacchāma.
 39

9. The sage expounded the Dhamma there and came here. (Ma Hnin
Yu Swe)
= The sage ~ isi . m. nom. sg of isi
= expounded ~ desesi. Past . 3rd. sg of deseti
= the Dhamma ~ dhammaṃ
= there ~ tahiṃ. Dem. adv
= came ~ āgacchi.
= here ~ idha . dem. Adv.
● Isi tahiṃ dhammaṃ desetvā idha āgacchi.

10. The man cooks rice and eats. (Daw Aggañāṇi)

S
= the man ~ puriso . m. nom. sg of purisa
= cooks ~ pacati . pre. 3rd. sg
= rice and ~ odanaṃ . m. acc. sg of odana
= eats ~ bhuñjati
IP
● Puriso odanaṃ pacitvā bhuñjati.

11. Oh boys, come here, eat and drink and play. (Daw candar win)
= Oh boys ~ kumārā . m. voc. pl of kumāra
= come ~ tumhe āgacchatha.
D
= here ~idha
= eat and ~ bhuñjatha
= drink and ~ pivatha
= play ~ kīḷatha
Tumhe, kumārā, idha āgacchatha bhuñjatha pivatha kīḷatha.
● Tumhe, kumārā, idha āgantvā bhuñjitvā pivitvā kīḷatha.
 40

12. We cannot go to the village now.

= we ~ mayaṃ. 1st pl.
= cannot ~ na sakkoma. Pre. 1st. Pl of sakkoti
= go to ~ gantuṃ .inf. gacchati
= the village ~ gāmaṃ. m. acc. sg of gama
= now ~ dāni. adv.
● Mayaṃ dāni gāmaṃ gantuṃ na sakkoma.
_________________________________________________________

Verbal base + verbal termination = verb (dhāva + ti = dhāvati)

Stem + case-ending = noun (buddha + o /ā= buddho /buddhā)

● Noun
= three genders
= two numbers

S
IP
= eight cases
1. Nominative (for subject)
Buddho buddhā
Buddho deseti
Buddhā desenti
2. Vocative (for calling)
D
Buddha puddhā
Tvaṃ bho buddha desehi.
Tumhe bho buddhā desetha.
3. Accusative (for direct object or goal of motion)
Buddhaṃ buddhe
Ahaṃ buddhaṃ passāmi.
Ahaṃ buddhe passāmi
 41

4. Instrumental (helper of the subject; with, by, by means of,

because of)
Buddhena buddehi buddhebhi
Thero buddhena gāmaṃ gacchati.
Thero buddhebhi/ hi gāmaṃ gacchati.

5. Ablative case (from —--, out of)

Buddhasmā, buddhamhā, buddhā
So buddhasmā apeti.
So buddhehi apeti.

S
6. Dative
7. Genintive
8. Locative
IP
S P
Nom buddho buddhā
Voc buddha buddhā
Acc buddhaṃ buddhe
Ins buddhena buddhehi, buddhebhi
Abl buddhasmā, buddhamhā, buddhā …………..
D
Instrumental case
stem S (ena/nā) P (-bhi, -hi)
Buddha buddhena buddhebhi, buddhehi
Muni muninā munibhi, munībhi, munihi, munīhi
Senānī senāninā senānībhi, senānīhi
Garu garunā garubhi, garūbhi, garuhi, garūhi
Vidū vidunā vidūbhi, vidūhi
Go gavena gobhi, gohi
 42

● Kumāro bho purisa nagarasmā yānena gāmaṃ gacchati.

= kumāro. A boy. m. nom. Sg of kumāra
= bho purisa. Oh man
= gāmaṃ. To the village. m. acc. Sg of gāma
= yānena . by car . ins. Sg of yāna

S
= gacchati. goes . pre. 3rd. sg .
● The boy goes to the village from the city by car, Oh man.

________________________________________________
IP
Assignment - I
1. Turn all the verbs in exercise (a) into past tense and form ten sentences.
2. Turn verbs in exercise (b) into imperative and optative forms and make
sentences.
3. Turn the sentences in exercise (a) into opposite numbers and Analyze
them.
4. Analyze the following sentences and translate them into English.
D
(a) Muni idha viharituṃ na icchati, so tatra gantvā vasituṃ icchati.
(b) Idāni suriyo uggacchati, uṭṭhāhi, mā idha sayi.
(c) Sace vāṇijo āgaccheyya, (so) idha vihareyya.
(d) Sace sudā na paceyyuṃ, mayaṃ bhuñjituṃ kuhiṃ gaccheyyāma?
(e) Mayaṃ ajja idha vasitvā suve tahiṃ gacchissāma.
5. Explain the sentences in (A) grammatically and analyze the sentences in
(B) with translation.
A
(a) Soto asso
(b) Sotā assā
 43

(c) Kutumbiko aḍḍho mahaddhano mahābhogo

(d) Puttā manussānaṃ vatthu
(e) Kāmā hi citrā madhurā manoharā.
(f) Tvaṃ kiso asi.
B
(a) Kiso tva’masi dubbaṇṇo.
(b) Kheḷo duggandho.
(c) Pāpakā akusalā dhammā uppajjanti.
(d) Saṅkhārā aniccā.
(e) Ayyo abhirūpo.

(20-marks for each question)

S
________________________________________________

Lesson - 14
IP
Instrumental Case
Stem Singular - ena / (n)ā Plural - bhi > hi
buddha buddhena buddhebhi, buddhehi
muni muninā munībhi, munīhi
D
senānī senāninā senānībhi, senānīhi
garu garunā garubhi, garūhi
vidū vidunā vidūbhi, vidūhi
go gāvena gobhi, gohi

Note: instrumental singular ‘ena’ is used after ‘a’ stem and ‘o’ stem and
(n)ā is used after the remaining stem. And ‘a’, ‘i’ and u vowels before
‘bhi> hi’, are changed into ‘e’, ‘ī’ and ‘ū’ respectively.
 44

● Translation:
❖ Buddhena (with the Buddha, by the Buddha, by mean of the
Buddha, because of the Buddha)
❖ Buddhebhi, buddhehi (with the Buddhas, —)
❖ Mininā (with the sage, by the sage, by means of the sage, because
of the sage) = munibhi, munihi
❖ Senāninā (with the general, by the general, by mean of general,
because of general) = senānībhi, senānīhi
❖ Garunā (with the preceptor, by the preceptor, by means of

S
preceptor, because of the preceptor) = garūbhi, garūhi
❖ vidunā (with the wise, by the wise, by means of the wise, because
of the wise) = vidūbhi, vidūhi
❖ gāvena (with the ox, by the ox, by mean of the ox, because of the
IP
ox)
မှ, ကြောင့်, အောက်, ထက်
Ablative case
Stem S (smā,mhā, -ā) P
Buddha buddhasmā, buddhamhā, buddhā
Muni munismā, munimhā, nā
D
Senānī senānismā, senānimhā, nā
Garu garusmā, garumhā, nā
Vidū vidusmā, vidumhā, nā
Go > gava gavasmā, gavamhā, gavā
 45

Ablative Case
stem Singular - ā, smā > mhā (to) plural - bhi > hi
(to)
buddha buddhā, buddhasmā, buddhamhā,
buddhato
muni muninā, munismā, munimhā, munito

S
senānī senāninā, senāmismā, senānimhā,
senānito
garu garunā, garusmā, garumhā, garuto
vidū vidunā, vidusmā, vidumhā, viduto
IP
go gavā, gāvā, gavasmā, gavahmā, gavato

Translation:
❖ Buddhā, buddhasmā, buddhamhā, (from the buddha, out of the
buddha)
D
❖ Munismā, munimhā, muninā,
❖ Senānismā, senimhā, senāninā
❖ Garusmā, garumhā, garunā,
❖ Vid

● Instrumental case + saha/saddhiṃ (together with)

❖ Buddena saha/saddhiṃ (together with the Buddha)
❖ Garunā saha/ saddhiṃ (together with the the preceptor)
 46

❖ vidunā saha/ saddhiṃ (together with the wise)

● Accusative, instrumental and ablative case + vinā (without)

❖ Buddhaṃ vinā (without the buddha, apart from the buddha)
❖ Buddhena vinā (..............)
❖ Buddhasmā vinā (.............)
ကို + ကျဉ်
နှင့် + ကင်း
မှ + ကင်း

● Word + pi / api (also/even) & pana /tu (but, as for)

S
❖ Sopi /so api (he also / even he)
❖ Sāpi /sā api (she also/ even she)
❖ So kīḷati, ahaṃ pana (tu) paṭhāmi.
● Vā (or / either ……or)
IP
❖ So vā sā vā gacchatu.

Verbs
(a)Jīvati (to live)
√jīv + a + ti
D
Jīvitvā (having lived, after living)
Jīvituṃ (to live)
(b) Sallapati (to converse)
Saṃ √lap + a + ti = sallapati (ṃl > ll)
Sallapitvā (having conversed, after conversing)
Sallapituṃ (to converse)
(c)Tarati (to cross over)
√tar + a +ti
Taritvā (having crossed over, after crossing over)
 47

Tarituṃ (to cross over)

(d) Nikkhamati (to depart)

Nis √kam + a +ti = nikkhamati (sk> kkh)
Nikkhamitvā (having departed, after departing)
Nikkhamituṃ (to depart)
(e) Saṃvasati (to live together)
Saṃ √vas + a + ti = saṃvasati
Saṃvasitvā (having lived together, after living together)
Saṃvasituṃ (to live together)

S
(f) Nudati (to dispel)
√nud + a + ti = nudati
Nuditvā (having dispeled, after dispeling)
Nunituṃ (to dispel)
IP
(g) Pavisati (to enter)
Pa √vis + a + ti = pavisati
Pavisitvā (having entered, after entering)
Pavisituṃ (to enter)
(h) Cavati (to die)
D
√cu > co > av + a + ti = cavati
Cavitvā (having died, after dying)
Cavituṃ

Exercises
(a) Translate into English.
1. Mayaṃ dhammena jīvāma, na tu adhammena.
 48

● We live with the Dhamma, but not with the Adhamma.

~ Mayaṃ - we . 1st. Pl
~ dhammena - with the Dhamma. m. ins. Sg of dhamma
~ jīvāma - live . pre. 1st pl of jīvati
~ na - not . ind
~ tu - but
~ adhammena - with the Adhamma. m. ins. Sg of dhamma

2. Tumhe paṇḍitehi saddhiṃ sallapatha.

~ Tumhe - you . 2nd pl
~ paṇḍitehi - (with) the wise men. m. ins. Pl of paṇḍa

S
~ saddhiṃ - together with. ind .
~ sallapatha - converse . pre. 2nd pl
● You converse together with the wise men.
IP
3. Ahaṃ mittena vinā gāmaṃ na gamissāmi.
~ Ahaṃ - I . 1st . sg
~ mittena - (by) the friend . m. ins . sg of mitta
~ vinā - without . ind
~ gāmaṃ - to the village. m. acc. sg of gāma
~ na - not. Ind
D
~ gamissāmi - will go. future . 1st. Sg of gamati
● I will not go to the village without a friend.
4. Sattā pāpakehi mittehi saddhiṃ mā vicarantu.
~ Sattā - beings. m. nom. Pl of satta
~ pāpakehi - wicked. Adj.
~ mittehi - (with) friends . m. ins. Pl of mitta
~ saddhiṃ - together with
~ mā - not
~ vicarantu - may move about . imper. 3rd. Pl of vicara
 49

● Beings may not move about together with the wicked

friends.
Ahaṃ bhante tisaraṇena saha pañcasīlaṃ dhammaṃ yācāmi.
I, Oh venerable, beg the Dhamma; five precepts together with the
three refuges.
5. Brahmaṇo puttehi saddhiṃ buddhaṃ upasaṅkamati.
~ Brahmaṇo - a brahmin
~ puttehi - with the sons . m. ins. Sg of putta
~ saddhiṃ - together with
~ buddhaṃ - to the Buddha. m. acc. Sg of buddha
~ upasaṅkamati - approaches. pre .3rd . sg of upa + saṃ +

S
√kam + a + ti = upasaṅmati. upasaṅkamitvā. upasaṅkamituṃ
● A brahmin approaches to the Buddha together with the
sons.
6. Tvaṃ kullena samuddaṃ tarituṃ sakkosi kiṃ?
IP
~ Tvaṃ - you
~ kullena - by the raft. M. ins. Sg of kulla
~ samuddaṃ - the sea or ocean . m. acc. Sg of samudda
~ tarituṃ - to cross over. Inf. of tarati √tar + a + ti
~ sakkosi - are able ~ kiṃ
● Are you able to cross over the sea by the raft?
D
7. Raṭṭhapālo sahāyakehi saddhiṃ gehato nikkhamati.
~ Raṭṭhapālo - m. nom. Sg of raṭṭhapāla.
~ sahāyakehi - m. ins. Pl of sahāyaka. With the friends
~ saddhiṃ - together with
~ gehato - from the house.
~ nikkhamati - departs. Pre. 3rd. Sg . nis √kam + a +ti =
nikkhamati (sk> kkh). Nikkhamitvā, nikkhamituṃ
 50

● Raṭṭhapāla departs from the house together with the

friends.
8. Pamādena na saṃvase.
~ Pamādena - with the carelessness. m. ins. Sg of pamāda
~ na - not
~ saṃvase (saṃvaseyya) - one should not live together with
● One should not live together with carelessness.

9. Paṇḍito appamādena pamādaṃ nudati.

~ Paṇḍito - the wise man. m. nom. Sg of paṇḍita
~ appamādena - m. ins.sg of appamāda. With mindfulness

S
~ pamādaṃ - carelessness. m. acc. sg of pamāda
~ nudati - dispels. Pre .3rd. Sg √nud + a + ti =nudati
nuditvā , nudituṃ
● The wise man dispels carelessness with mindfulness.
IP
10. Isayo assama-mhā nikkhamanti.
~ Isayo - m. nom. Pl of isi. The sages
~ assamamhā - m. abl .sg of assama. From the hermitage
~ nikkhamanti - depart . pre. 3rd. pl of nikkhamati . nis √kam
+ a + ti = nikkhamati (sk> kkh)
D
● The sages depart from the hermitage.

11. Bhikkhū upāsakehi saddhiṃ gāmaṃ pavisanti.

~ Bhikkhū - monks. m. nom. Pl of bhikkhu
~ upāsakehi - m. ins. Pl of upāsaka. With lay devotees
~ saddhiṃ - together with
~ gāmaṃ - into the village. m. acc. Sg of gāma
~ pavisanti - enter . pre . 3rd. pl . of pavisati . pa √vis + a + ti
pavisitvā, pavisituṃ
 51

● The monks enter into the village together with the lay
devotees.

12. Devā devakāyamhā cavanti.

~ Devā - Devas. m. nom. Pl of deva
~ devakāyamhā - m. abl. Sg of devakāya. From group of
devas
~ cavanti - pre . 3rd. Pl of cavati. √cu > co > cav + a + ti
Cavitvā, cavituṃ. Fall away
● Devas fall away from the group of devas.

S
13. Bhante, ayyo āgacchatu, idha nisīdatu.
~ Bhante, Oh bhante
~ ayyo - venerable one. m. nom. Sg of ayya
~ āgacchatu - imper. 3rd. Sg of. āgacchati. May come
IP
~ idha - here. Demon. Adv.
~ nisīdatu - imper. 3rd. Sg of nisīdati. My sit
● Oh bhante, venerable one may come and sit here.

14. Mayaṃ atra uggaṇhāma, so pana tatra sayati.

~ Mayaṃ - we . 1st. Pl
D
~ atra - here. dem. Adv
~ uggaṇhāma - study . pre. 1st. pl of uggaṇhā . ud √gah + nā
+ ti = uggaṇhāti (dg > gg, hn >hṇ, ṇh)
~ so - he . 3rd. sg of
~ pana - but
~ tatra - there.
~ sayati - sleeps. Pre. 3rd. Sg √si > e > ay + a + ti
● We study here, but he sleeps there.
 52

(b) Translate into Pāḷi.

1. We depart from the village together with (our) servants.
~ We - mayaṃ . 1st . pl
~ depart - nikkhamāma
~ from the village - gāmā (gāmasmā, gāmamhā)
~ together with - saddhiṃ /saha
~ (our) servants. Sevakehi / sevaka / gāma
● Mayaṃ sevakehi saddhiṃ gāmā nikkhamāma.

2. The monk departs from the monastery and goes to the village.
~ The monk - bhikkhu

S
~ departs - nikkhamati
~ from the monastery - vihārā, -smā, -mhā
~ and
~ goes - gacchati
IP
~ to the village - gāmaṃ
● Bhikkhu vihārā nikkhamitvā gāmaṃ gacchati.

3. By anger you cannot conquer your enemies.

~ By anger - kodhena
D
~ you - tvaṃ
~ cannot conquer (-are not able to conquer) - na sakkosi
~ your enemies - arayo
● Tvaṃ kodhena arayo jinituṃ na sakkosi.

4. One should defeat anger by means of amity (non-anger).

~ One - so
~ should defeat - jineyya
~ anger - kodhaṃ
 53

~ by means of amity (non-anger) -akkodhena

● So akkodhena kodhaṃ jineyya.

5. I conquer bad people by means of good.

~ I - ahaṃ
~ conquer - jināmi.
~ bad - pāpake
~ people - manusse
~ by means of good - sādhunā
● Ahaṃ sādhunā pāpake manusse jināmi.
6. Are you coming from the monastery?

S
~ Are
~ you - tvaṃ
~ (are) coming - āgacchasi
~ from the monastery - vihāra
IP
● Tvaṃ vihārā āgacchasi kiṃ?

7. Don’t move about with bad men.

D
~ Don’t - mā
~ move about - vicarati
~ with bad
~ men - manussa
● Tvaṃ pāpakehi manussehi mā vicarāhi (vicara).

8. I do not like to stay here without my brother.

~ I - ahaṃ . 1st.
~ do not like - na icchāmi
 54

~ to stay - viharituṃ
~ here - idha
~ without - vinā
~ my brother - bhātikaṃ, bhātikena
● Ahaṃ bhātikaṃ vinā idha viharituṃ na icchāmi.

9. They are rich, /but /I am a poor man. (Daw New New Shwe)
~ They - te
~ are - honti
~ rich - sadhanā
~ but - pana or tu

S
~ I - ahaṃ
~ am - asmi
~ a poor - duggato
~ man - puriso
IP
● Te sadhanā honti, ahaṃ pana duggato puriso asmi (amhi).

10. We read our lesson here, /but you are playing over there. (Daw
sein mya mya)
D
~ We - Mayaṃ . 1st. Pl
~ read - paṭhāma
~ our lesson - pāṭhaṃ
~ here - idha
~ but - pana or tu . ind
~ you - tumhe
~ are playing -kīḷatha
~ over there - tatra
● Mayaṃ idha pāṭhaṃ paṭhāma, tumhe pana tatra kīḷatha.
 55

11. Without Dhamma, you can’t go to heaven. (daw myint myint

shwe) = you are not able to go to heaven.
~ Without - vinā
~ Dhamma - dhammaṃ
~ you - tumhe
~ can’t (are not able to) = na sakkotha
~ go (to go) - gantuṃ
~ to heaven - saggaṃ
● Tumhe dhammena vinā saggaṃ gantuṃ na sakkotha.

(daw nu nu yee)

S
12. We can’t live apart from the Buddha, Dhamma and Saṃgha.

● Mayaṃ buddhena, dhammena saṃghena ca vinā vasituṃ na

IP
sakkoma.
~ We - Mayaṃ
~ can’t (are not able to ) = na sakkoma
~ live - vasituṃ
~ apart from - vinā
~ the Buddha - Buddena
D
~ Dhamma
~ and
~ Saṃgha.
_____________________________________________________

(a) Adhammo nirayaṃ neti.

(b) Na bhaje pāpake mitte.
(c) Paṇḍitaṃ nāvajānāmi.
 56

(d) Nassati vata bho loko.

(e) Mayaṃ dāni gāmaṃ gantuṃ na sakkoma.
(f) Brahmaṇo puttehi saddhiṃ upasaṅkamati.
(g) Raṭṭhapālo sahāyakehi saddhiṃ gehato nikkhamati.
(h) Isi tahiṃ dhammaṃ desetvā idha āgacchi.
(i) Paṇḍito appamādena pamādaṃ nudati.
(j) Isayo assamhā nikkhamanti.

1. Conjugate one verb form in the sentences given above with the
present tense and optative mood.
2. Decline the word ‘isayo’ and ‘putta’ with the first five cases.

S
3. Explain the use of the following particles.
(a) saha/saddhiṃ (b) vinā (c) pi/api (d) vā (d) ca
4. Analyze only five sentences given above and translate them into
English.
IP
5. Translate the following sentences into Pāli.
(a) I conquer bad people by means of good.
(b) We study here, but he sleeps there.
(c) The monks enter into the village without lay devotees.
(d) I read my lessons here, but you are playing over there.
(e)Beings may not move about together with the wicked friends.
D
(f) O friend, let us go to the monastery now.
(g) One should not follow the mean way of life.
(h) Dispel sensual pleasures, O friend.
(i) We may adore the Buddha.
(j) We see the rich man.
Active past participle
Subject (nom) + past participle (nom)

(a) Puriso gacchati. The man goes. (simple present tense)

 57

Puriso gato. The man went. The man has gone. The man had gone.
(past participle)
Gato puriso = the man who went. The man who has gone. The man
who had gone (past participle used as an adjective)
(b) Puriso āgacchati. The man comes.
Puriso āgato. The man came. The man has come. The man had
come.
Āgato puriso, the man who came. The man who has come. The
man who had come.
(c) Rukkho patati. The tree falls down.
Rukkho patito. The tree fell down. The tree has fallen down. The

S
tree had fallen down.
Patito rukkho, the tree that fell down, the tree that has fallen down,
the tree that had fallen down, the fallen tree
IP
D
Passive Past participle
(a) Sūdo odanaṃ pacati. The cook cooks rice.
Sūdena odano pacito.
Rice was cooked by the cook. Rice has been cooked by the cook.
Rice had been cooked by the cook.
● Sūdena pacito odano = rice that was cooked by the cook.
Rich that has been cooked by the cook. Rice that had been
cooked by the cook
 58

(b) Byādo migaṃ hanati. The hunter kills a deer.

Byādena migo hato (hanito). The deer (that) was killed by the
hunter. The deer (that )has been killed by the hunter. The deer
(that) had been killed by the hunter.
● Byādena hato (hanito) migo. The deer that was killed by the
hunter.

(c) Puriso rukkhaṃ chindati. The man cuts the tree.

● Purisena rukkho chinno.
The tree was cut by the man. The tree has been cut by the man.
The tree had been cut by the man.

S
● Purisena chinno rukkho
the tree that was cut by the man. The tree that has been cut by the
man. The tree that had been cut by the man.
(d) Buddho dhammaṃ deseti. The Buddha expounds the Dhamma.
IP
● Buddhena dhammo desito.
The dhamma was expounded by the Buddha. The dhamma has
been expounded by the Buddha. The Dhamma had been
expounded by the Buddha.
● Buddhena desito dhammo
D
How to form a past participle?

A. Root + ta = past participle

√gam (to go) + ta = gata (went, has gone, had gone)
Ā √gam (to come) + ta = āgata (came, has come, had come)
√han + ta = hata (killed)
√ chid + na = chinna (dn > nn)
B. Verbal base + (i) + ta = past participle
 59

Pata (to fall down)+ (i) + ta = patita

Paca (to cook) + (i) ta = pacita (cooked)
Dese (to expound) + (i) + ta = desita

Past participle suffix = ta, na

Root ending in ‘d’/ ‘r’+ na
√bhid + na = bhinna
√chid + na = chinna
Carti
√car + na > ṇa = carṇa > caṇṇa > ciṇṇa
____________________________________________________

S
(a)Verb form; present, future, imperative, optative, past
● Verbal base + verbal termination = verb
● Root + conjugational sign + verbal termination = verb
1st: a
IP
√pac + a + ti = pacati
Paca
√pac
2nd: (ṃ) a
√bhu(ṃ> ñ) j + a + ti = bhuñjati
Bhuñjati
D
Bhuñja
√bhuj
3rd: ya
√budh + ya + ti = bujjhati (dhy> jjh)
Bujjhati
Bujjha
√budh

4th: nu, nā, unā

 60

√su + nā + ti = suṇāti (to listen)

√su + nu > no + ti = suṇoti
Pa √ap + nu > no + ti = pappoti
Pa √ap + unā + ti = pāpuṇāti
Suṇāti = suṇā, √su
Suṇoti
Pāpuṇāti = papuṇā, pa √ap

5th: nā
√kī + nā + ti = kiṇāti (to buy)
Kiṇā

S
√kī

6th: o
√kar + o + ti = karoti
IP
Karo + (i) + tvā = karitvā, karitvā
√kar + tvā = katvā, kātuṃ, kattuṃ
√kar + ta = kata
7th: e, aya
√dis + e + ti = deseti
Dese + (-) + tvā =desetvā, desetuṃ
D
Des (i) + ta = desita
√dis
(b) Verbal form; gerund, infinitive, past participle

(a) Gerund
Verbal base + (i) + tvā = gerund
 61

Root + (i) + tvā = gerund

(b) Infinitive
Verbal base + (i) + tuṃ = infinitive
Root + (i) + tuṃ = infinitive
(c) past participle
Verbal base + (i) + ta = past participle
Root + (i) + ta = past participle
Root ending in ‘d’ and ‘r’ + na = past participle
Lesson - 15

A. Root + (i) + ta = past participle

S
(a)bhuñjati (to eat)
√bhu(ṃ> ñ) j + a + ti = bhuñjati
Bhuñja
√bhuj
IP
Bhuñja + (i) + tvā = bhuñjitvā
Bhuñja + (i) + tuṃ = bhuñjituṃ
Bhuñja + (i) + ta = bhuñjita
√bhuj + (-) + ta = bhutta (jt> tt)
(b) muñcati (to release)
√mu (ṃ> ñ) c + a + ti = muñcati
D
Muñca
√muc
Muñca + (i) + tvā = muñcitvā (having released)
Muñca + (i) + tuṃ = muñjituṃ (to release)
Muñca + (i) + ta = muñcita
√muc + ta = mutta

(c)passati (to see)

√dis + a + ti = passati
 62

Passa
√dis
Passa + (i) + tvā = passitvā, disvā
Passa + (i) + tuṃ = passituṃ, daṭthuṃ
Passa + (i) + ta = passita, diṭṭha
√dis + tvā = disvā
√dis + tuṃ = daṭṭhuṃ (st> ṭṭh)
√dis + ta = diṭṭha
● Puriso migaṃ passati. The man sees a deer.
● Purisena migo passato (diṭṭho).
The deer was seen by the man. The deer has been seen by the

S
man.
The deer had been seen by the man.
● Purisena passito migo -
(d) ḍasati (to bite)
IP
√ḍas + a + ti = ḍasati
Ḍasa
√ḍas
(e)vasati (to stay)
√vas + a + ti = vasati
Vasa
D
√vas

B. Verbal base + (i) ta = past participle

(a)bhuñjati (to eat)
(b) muñcati (to release)
(c)passati (to see)
(d) ḍasati (to bite)
(e)vasati (to stay)
(f) bhindati (to break)
 63

√bhi (ṃ > n) d + a + ti = bhindati

Bhinda
√bhid
(g) chindati (to cut)
√chi(ṃ > n) d + a + ti = chindati

C. Root ending in ‘r’ + ta = past participle

(a)tarati (to cross over)
√tar + a + ti = tarati
Tara
√tar

S
(b) carati (to walk)
√car + a + ti = carati
Cara
√car
IP
(c)kirati (to scatter)
√kir + a + ti = kirati
Kira
√kir
(d) pūrati (to full)
√pūr + a + ti = pūrati
D
Pūra
√pūr
(e)jīrati (to decay)
√jar + a + ti = jīrati
Jīra
√jar

D. Root ending in ‘d’ + ta = past participle

(a)bhindati (to break)
 64

(b) chindati (to cut)

(c)chādeti (to cover up)
√chad + e + ti = chādeti
Chāde
√chad
(d) nisidati (to sit)
Ni √sad + a + ti = nisīdati
Nisīda
Ni √sad
(e)dadāti (to give)
√dā > dādā + (a) + ti = dadāti

S
Dadā
√dā
(f) rudati (to cry)
√rud + a + ti = rudati
IP
Ruda
√rud
(a)nisīdati (to sit)
(b) uṭṭhāti (to get up)
Ud √ṭhā + ti = uṭṭhāti
uṭṭhā
D
Ud √ṭhā
(c)āgacchati (to come)
Ā √gam > cch + a + ti = āgacchati
Āgaccha
Ā √gam
(d) ādāti (to take)
Ā √dā + ti = ādāti
Ādā
Ā √dā
 65

(e)okkamati (to go down)

Ava > o √kam + a + ti = okkamati
Okkama
Ava √kam
Okkama + (i) + tvā = okkamitvā (having gone down)
Okkama + (i) + tuṃ = okkamituṃ (to go down)
Okkama + (i) + ta = okkamita (was gone down)
Ava > o √kam + ta = okkanta (okkamta)
(f) uppajjati (to be)
Ud √pad + ya + ti = uppajjati
Uppajja

S
Ud √pad
Uppajja + (i) + tvā = uppajjitvā (having been)
Uppajja + (i) + tuṃ = uppajjituṃ (to be)
Uppajja + (i) + ta = uppajjita (was been)
IP
Ud √pad + na = uppanna (dp> pp, dn > nn)
(g) paggaṇhāti (to support)
Pa √gah + nā > ṇā + ti = paggaṇhāti
Paggaṇhā
Pa √gah
Paggaṇhā + (i) + tvā = paggaṇhitvā (having supported)
D
Paggaṇhā + (i) + tuṃ = paggaṇhituṃ (to support)
Paggaṇhā + (i) + ta = paggaṇhita (was supported)
Pa √gah + (i) + ta = paggahita (--)
(h) ārabhati (to make effort)
Ā √rabh + a + ti = ārabhati
Ārabha
Ā √rabh
Ārabha + (i) + tvā = ārabhitvā (having made effort)
Ārabha + (i) + tuṃ = ārabhituṃ (to make effort)
 66

Ārabha + (i) + ta = ārabhita (was made effort)

Ā √rabh + ta = āraddha (bht> ddh)
Labh + ta = laddha (bht > ddh)

Two kinds of past participle

❖ Active past participle
❖ Passive past participle

Active past participle (sub=nom) + (active-pp = nom)

❖ rukkho patati.

S
❖ puriso āgacchati.
❖ Puriso gacchati.
Passive past participle (sub=ins) + (obj=nom) +(pass.pp=nom)
❖ Puriso migaṃ passati.
IP
❖ Byādo migaṃ hanati.
❖ Sūdo odanaṃ pacati.
❖ Purisā rukkhaṃ chindanti.
❖ Buddho dhammaṃ deseti.

_________________________________________________________
D
1st = a : √pac + a + ti = pacati
2nd = (ṃ) a: √bhu(ṃ> ñ)j + a + ti = bhuñjati
3rd = ya : √budh + ya + ti = bujjhati (dhy> jjh)
4th = nu > no, nā, unā: pa √ap + nu > no + ti = pappoti / pa + √ap + unā
+ pāpuṇāti
5 = nā: √kī + nā + kināti
6= o: √kar + o + ti = karoti
7= e,ay : √dis + e / aya + ti = deseti, desayati
 67

Verbs
Pacati:
(a)paca + (i) + tvā = pacitvā (having cooked)
(b) paca + (i) + tuṃ = pacituṃ (to cook)
(c) paca + (i) + ta = pacita (was cooked, has been cooked)
Bhuñjati:
(a) Bhuñja + (i) + tvā = bhuñjitvā
(b) Bhuñja + (i) + tuṃ = bhuñjituṃ
(c) Bhuñja + (i) + ta = bhuñjita
_________________
(a) √bhuj + tvā = bhutvā

S
(b) √Bhuj + tuṃ = bhottuṃ
(c) √bhuj + ta = bhutta (jt> tt)

Bujjhati: (to know)

IP
(a) Bujjha + (i) + tvā = bujjhitvā
(b) Bujjha + (i) + tuṃ = bujjhituṃ
(c) Bujjha + (i) + ta = bujjhita
Pappoti: (to reach)
(a) Pa √ap + tvā = patvā (ptv > ttv)
(b) Pa √ap + tuṃ = pattuṃ
D
(c) Pa √ap + ta = patta
Pāpuṇāti:
(a)Pāpuṇā + (i) +tvā = pāpuṇitvā
(b) Pāpuṇā + (i) + tuṃ = pāpuṇituṃ
(c) Pāpuṇā + (i) + ta = pāpuṇita
Kiṇāti: (to buy)
(a) Kiṇā + (i) + tvā = kiṇitvā
(b) Kiṇā + (i) + tuṃ = kiṇituṃ
(c) Kiṇā + (i) + ta = kiṇita
 68

_____________
(a)√kī + tvā = ketvā
(b) √kī + tuṃ = ketuṃ
(c) √kī + ta = kīta
Karoti: (to do)
(a) Karo + (i) + tvā = karitvā
(b) Karo + (i) + tuṃ = karituṃ
(c) Karo + (i) + ta = karita
_______________
(a)√kar + tvā = katvā (rt> tt
(b) √kar + tuṃ = kattuṃ > kātuṃ

S
(c) √kar + ta = kata
Deseti: (to expound)
(a) Dese + tvā = desetvā
(b) Dese + tuṃ = desetuṃ
IP
(c) Dese + (i) + ta = desita
Desayati

1) Gerund: tvā (na), ya

Verbal base + (i) + tvā = gerund
√root + (i) + tvā = gerund
D
2) Infinitive: tuṃ
Verbal base + (i) + tuṃ = infinitive
Root + (i) + tuṃ = infinitive
3) Past participle: ta, na
Verbal base + (i) + ta = past participle
Root + (i) + ta / na
____________________________________________
1. Āgacchati (to come) ā √gam > cch + a + ti = āgacchati
(a)ā + √gam + tvā = āgantvā (having come)
 69

(b) ā √gam + tuṃ = āgantuṃ (to come)

(c) ā √gam + ta = āgata (come)

2. Apagacchati (to go away):

(a)Apa √gam + tvā = apagantvā (having gone away)
(b) Apa √gam + tuṃ = apagantuṃ (to go away)
(c) Apa √gam + ta = apagata (gone away)

3. āneti (to bring, to lead)

(a) Āne + tvā = ānetvā (having brought)
(b) Āne + tuṃ = ānetuṃ (to bring)

S
(c) Ā √nī + ta = ānīta (brought)

4. Bhuñjati (to eat) √bhu (ṃ) j + a + ti = bhuñjati

(a) √bhuj + tvā = bhutvā (having eaten)
IP
(b) √bhuj + tuṃ = bhuttuṃ, bhottuṃ (to eat)
(c) √bhuj + ta = bhutta (eaten)

5. Bhavati (to become) √bhū > bho > bhav + a + ti = bhavati

(a)√bhū + tvā = hutvā (having been)
(b) √bhū + tuṃ = hotuṃ (to be)
D
(c) √bhū + ta = bhūta (been)

6. Bhindati (to break) √bhi (ṃ> n) d + a + ti = bhindati

(a)√bhid + na = bhinna
7. Bhāveti (develops) √bhū > bho > bhav > bhāv + e + ti = bhāveti

8. Bhajati (to associate) √bhaj + a + ti = bhajati

9. Chādeti (to cover up) = √chad + e + ti = chādeti
 70

(a)√chad + na = channa
10. Coreti (to steal) = √cur > cor + e + ti
11. chindati = √chi (ṃ >n )d + a + ti = chindati (to cut)
(a) √chid + na = chinna (cut)
12. Cinteti (to think)
13. carati (to practise) √car + a + ti = carati
(a)√car + na = ciṇṇa
14. ḍasati (to bite)
(a)√ḍas + ta = ḍaṭṭha (st > ṭṭh) (bitten)
15. ḍahati (to burn) √ḍah + a + ti = ḍahati
(a)√ḍah + ta = ḍaddha

S
16. daṇḍeti (to punish)
17. deseti (to expound)
18. passati (to see) √dis > pass + a + ti = passati
(a)√dis + tvā = disvā
IP
(b) √dis + tuṃ = daṭṭhuṃ
(c) √dis + ta = diṭṭha
19. gaṇhāti (to take) √gah + nā + ti = gaṇhāti (hn> hṇ > ṇh)
(a) √gah + (i) + tvā = gahetvā (i> e)
(b) √gah + (i) + tuṃ = gahetuṃ
(c) √gah + (i) + ta = gahita
D
20. gacchati
21. ghāyati (to smell) √ghā + ya + ti = ghāyati

22. jahāti (to give up)

(a) √hā + tvā = hitvā
(b) √hā + tuṃ
(c) √hā + na = hīna
23. harati (to carry) √har + a + ti
(a) √har + ta = haṭa (carried)
 71

24. hanti (to kill) √han + ti = hanti

(a)√han + tvā = hantvā
(b) √han + tuṃ = hantuṃ
(c) √han + ta = hata

25. hoti (to be) √bhū + ti = hoti

(a)√bhū + tvā = hutvā
(b) √bhū + tuṃ = hotuṃ
(c) √bhū + ta = bhūta

S
26. icchati (to wish) √is > cch + a + ti = icchati
(a) iccha + (i) + tvā = icchitvā
(b) iccha + (i) + tuṃ = icchituṃ
(c) iccha + (i) + ta = icchita
IP
(d) √is + ta = iṭṭha (st > ṭṭh)
27. jānāti (to know) √ñā > jā + nā + ti = jānāti
(a)jānā + (i) + tvā = jānitvā
(b) jānā + (i) + tuṃ = jānituṃ
(c) jānā + (i) + ta = jānita
(d) √ñā + tvā = ñātvā
D
(e)√ñā + tuṃ = ñātuṃ
(f) √ñā + ta = ñāta
28. jāyati (to be born) √jan + ya + ti = jāyati
(a)jāya + (i) + tvā = jāyitvā
(b) jāya (i) + tuṃ = jāyituṃ
(c)jāya + (i) + ta = jāyita
(d) √jan + ta = jāta
29. karoti (to do) √kar + o + ti =karoti
(a)karo + (i) + tvā = karitvā
 72

(b) karo + (i) + tuṃ = karituṃ

(c) karo + (i) + ta = karita
(d) √kar + tvā = katvā
(e) √kar + tuṃ = kattuṃ, kātuṃ
(f) √kar + ta = kata
30. kiṇāti (to buy) √kī + nā + ti = kiṇāti
(a)kiṇā + (i) +tvā = kiṇitvā
(b) kiṇā + (i) + tuṃ = kiṇituṃ
(c) kiṇā + (i) + ta = kiṇita
(d) √kī + tvā = ketvā
(e) √kī > ke + tuṃ = ketuṃ

S
(f) √kī + ta = kīta
31. kasati (to plough) √kas + a + ti = kasati
(a)Kasa + (i) + tvā
(b) Kasa + (i) + tuṃ = kasituṃ
IP
(c) Kasa + (i) + ta = kasita
(d) √kas + ta = kaṭṭha
32. marati mīyati (to die)
(a) Mara + (i) + tvā = maritvā
(b) Mara + (i) + tuṃ = marituṃ
(c) Mara + (i) + ta = marita
D
(d) √mar + ta = mata
33. muñcati, moceti (to free) √mu (ṃ > ṇ)c + a + ti = muñcati,
√muc + e + ti = moceti
(a) Muñca + (i) + tvā = munñcitvā,
(b) muñca + (i) + tuṃ = muñcituṃ
(c)Muñca + (i) + ta = muñcita
(d) √muc + ta = mutta
(e) Moce + tvā = mocetvā
(f) Moce + tuṃ = mocetuṃ
 73

(g) Mocita, mutta

34. muccati (to free) √muc + ya + ti = muccati
(a)mucca + (i) + tvā = muccitvā
(b) mucca + (i) + tuṃ = muccituṃ
(c)mucca + (i) + ta = muccita
(d) √muc + ta = mutta
35. nikkhamati (to depart) nis + √kam + a + ti = nikkhamati
(a)nikkhama + (i) + tvā = nikkhamitvā
(b) nikkhama + (i) + tuṃ = nikkhamituṃ
(c) nikkhama + (i) + ta = nikkhamita
(d) nis + √kam + ta = nikkhanta

S
36. pacati (to cook) √pac + a + ti = pacati
(a)paca + (i) + tvā = pacitvā
(b) paca + (i) + tuṃ = pacituṃ
(c) paca + (i) + ta = pacita
IP
37. Patati (to fall down) √pat + a + ti = patati
(a)pata + (i) + tvā = patitvā
(b) pata + (i) + tvā = pativā
(c) Pata + (i) + ta = patita
(d) √pat + ta = patta
38. pāpuṇāti (to attain) pa √ap + unā + ti = pāpuāāti
D
(a) Pa √ap + tvā = patvā
(b) pa √ap + tuṃ = pattaṃ
(c) Pa + √ap + ta = patta (pt> pp)
39. Pajahati (to give up) pa √hā > hāhā> jahā + ti = pajahati
(a)pajaha + (i) + tvā = pajahitvā
(b) pajaha + (i) + tuṃ = pajahituṃ
(c) pajaha + (i) + ta = pajahita
(d) Pa √hā > hī + na = pahīta
40. phusati (to touch) √phus + a + ti = phusati
 74

(a)phusa + (i) + tvā = phusitvā

(b) phusa + (i) + tuṃ = phusituṃ
(c) phusa + (i) + ta = phusita
(d) √phus + ta = phuṭṭha (st> ṭṭh)
41. pivati (to drink) √pā > pā pā > pipa > piva + ti = pivati
(a)Piva + (i) + tvā = pivitvā
(b) Piva + (i) + tuṃ = pivituṃ
(c) Piva + (i) + ta = pivita
(d) √pā + ta = pīta
42. paharati (to beat)
(a) Pa √har + a + ti

S
(b) Pahara + (i) + tvā = paharitvā
(c) Pahara + (i) + tuṃ = paharituṃ
(d) Pa √har + ta = pahaṭa (beaten)
43. ruhati (to grow) √ruh + a + ti
IP
(a)Ruha + (i) + tvā = ruhitvā
(b) Ruha + (i) + tuṃ = hurituṃ
(c) Ruha + (i) + ta = ruhita
(d) √ruh + ta = ruḷha
44. sayati (to sleep) √si > se > say + a + ti = sayati
(a)Saya + (i) + tvā = sayitvā
D
(b) Saya + (i) + tuṃ = sayituṃ
(c) Saya + (i) + ta = sayita
45. suṇāti (to listen) √su + nā + ti = suṇāti
(a) Suṇā + (i) + tvā = suṇitvā
(b) Suṇā + (i) + tuṃ = suṇituṃ
(c) Suṇā + (i) + ta = suṇita
(d) √su + tvā = sutvā
(e) √su + tuṃ = sotuṃ
(f) √su + ta = suta
 75

46. sāyati (to taste) √svad > sā + ya + ti = sāyati

(a)Sāya + (i) + tvā = sāyitvā
(b) Sāya + (i) + tuṃ = sāyituṃ
(c)Sāya + (i) + ta = sāyita
(d) √sā + ta = sāta (tasted)
47. tiṭṭhati (to stand). (ti) √ṭhā (Sk.stā) + ti = tiṭṭhati (st > ṭṭh)
(a) Tiṭṭhā + ya = tiṭṭhāya
(b) Tiṭṭhā + (i) + tuṃ
(c) Tiṭṭhā + (i) + ta = tiṭṭhita
(d) √ṭhā + tvā = ṭhatvā
(e) √ṭhā + tuṃ = ṭhātuṃ

S
(f) √ṭhā + ta = ṭhita
48. tussati (to rejoice) √tus + ya + ti = tussati (sy> ss)
(a)√tus + (i) + tvā = tusitvā
(b) √tus + (i) + tuṃ = tusituṃ
IP
(c) √tus + (i) + ta = tusita
(d) √tus + ta = tuṭṭha (rejoiced)
49. uggacchati (to go up) ud √gam > cch + a + ti = uggacchati
(dg>gg)
(a)Ud √gam + tvā = uggantvā
(b) Ud √gam + tuṃ = uggantuṃ
D
(c)Ud √gam + ta = uggata (gone up or arisen)
50. uṭṭhāti (to get up) ud √ṭhā + ti = uṭṭhāti
(a)Uṭṭhā + ya = uṭṭhāya
(b) Uṭṭhā + tuṃ = uṭṭhātuṃ
(c) Uṭṭhā + (i) + ta = uṭṭhita
51. vadati
52. vacati
53. vapati
54. vasati
 76

55. Vaṇṇeti

Exercises
(a) Translate into English.
1. Ahaṃ hiyyo gāmamhā idha āgato.
~ Ahaṃ - I
~ hiyyo - yesterday. Ind
~ gāmamhā - from the village. m. abl. Sg of gāma
~ idha - here. Demon. adv

S
~ āgato - came, has come, had come. āgacchati (to come) ā
√gam + ta = āgata
● I came (has come, had come) here from the village
yesterday.
IP
2. Puriso rukkhamhā patitvā mataṃ puttaṃ disvā rodi.
~ Puriso - a man. m. nom.sg of purisa
~ rukkhamhā - from the tree. m. abl sg of rukkha
~ patitvā - having fallen down
~ mataṃ - who died. Pp of marati √mar + ta = mata
~ puttaṃ - the son . m. acc. Sg of putta
D
~ disvā, having seen, after seeing. Gerund of passati
~ rodi. Cried. Past. 3rd sg of rodati √rud + a +ti
● A man, having seen the son who died having fallen
down from the tree, cried.

3. Gahapati senāninā arīhi muñcitaṃ bhātikaṃ disvā atīva

tuṭṭho.
● The householder, having seen the brother who was
saved from the enemies by the general, was very glad
 77

~ gahapati - the householder. M. nom. Sg of gahapati

~ Senāninā - by the general. m. ins. Sg of senānī
~ arīhi - from the enemies. M. abl of pl of ari
~ muñc(i)taṃ - pp of muñcati. Who was saved
~ bhātikaṃ - brother . m. acc. Sg of bhātika
~ disvā - having seen. Gernd of passati
~ atīva - very
~ tuṭṭho - was very glad. Pp of tussati. √tus + ta = tuṭṭha (st>
ṭṭh)
●
4. suriyo guggato, tumhe pana idānipi sayatha.

S
● The sun has arisen, but you are lying down even now.
~ suriyo - the sun . m. nom. Sg of suriya
~ uggato - has arisen. pp of uggacchati. Ud √gam + ta =
uggata
IP
~ tumhe - you
~ pana - but . ind
~ idānipi - even now, still now
~ sayatha - are sleeping
D
5. Therena anusiṭṭhā manussā pāṇātipātā viratā ahesuṃ.
● People who were admonished by the elderly monk had
restrained from the killing.
~ Therena - by the elderly monk . m. ins. Sg of thera
~ anusiṭṭhā - who were admonished pp of anusāsati. Anu √sās
+ ta = anusiṭṭha (st> ṭṭh)
~ manussā - people. m. nom. Pl of manussa.
 78

~ pāṇātipātā - from killing. M. abl of sg of -ta

~ viratā - restrained. pp of viramati (to restrain) vi √ram + ta
= virata
~ ahesuṃ - were. Past. 3rd. Pl
6. Te dhammaṃ caritvā saggaṃ gatā.
● They, having practised the Dhamma, went to the
heaven,
~ Te - they . 3rd pl.
~ dhammaṃ - the Dhammma. M.acc. Sg of dhamma.
~ caritvā. Gerund of carati. Having practised
~ saggaṃ - heaven . m. acc of sg of sagga

S
~ gatā - pp of gacchati. Went . have gone

7. Kuhiṃ ṭhito tvaṃ gehaṃ āgataṃ coraṃ passi?

● Where did you stand and see the robber who came to
IP
the house?
~ Kuhiṃ - where? Inter. adve.
~ ṭhito . pp of ṭhāti. (having stood)
~ tvaṃ - you . 2nd sg
~ gehaṃ - to the house . m. acc. Sg of geha
~ āgataṃ - pp of āgacchati. Who came, who has come
D
~ coraṃ - a robber. M. acc. Sg of cora
~ passi . past . 2nd. Sg of passati. Saw

8. Patto hatthamhā patito bhinno ahosi.

● The bowl, having fallen down from the hand, was
broken.
~ Patto - the bowl
~ hatthamhā - from the hand. m. abl of sg of hattha
~ patito - pp of patati. (having fallen down)
 79

~ bhinno - broken. Pp of bhindati

~ ahosi - was. past . 3rd. Sg of hoti
9. Senāninā asinā pahatā arayo patitā matā.
● The enemies who were attacked by the general with the
sword fell down and died.
~ Senāninā - by the general. m.ins.sg of senānī
~ asinā - with the sword. M. ins. Sg of asi
~ pahatā - who were attacked
~ arayo - the enemies. M. nom. Pl of ari
~ patitā - pp of patati. Having fallen down
~ matā - pp of marati. Died

S
10. Buddho bhikkhūhi ca upāsakehi ca vandito pūjito ca āsi.
● The Buddha was worshiped and paid homage by the
monks and lay devotees.
~ Buddho - the Buddha. m. nom. Sg of buddha
IP
~ bhikkhūhi - by the monks. M.ins. Pl of bhikkhu
~ ca
~ upāsakehi - by the lay devotees. M. inst pl of upāsaka
~ ca - and
~ vandito - was worshiped. Pp of vandati
~ pūjito - was paid homage
D
~ ca
~ āsi. Was

(b) Translate into Pali.

1. The rice cooked by the cook was eaten by the servants.
● Sūdena pacito odano sevakehi bhutto.
~ The rice - odano
~ cooked -pacita
 80

~ by the cook - sūdena

~ was eaten - bhuñjito /bhutto
~ by the servants - sevakehi
2. We saw a fallen tree.
● Mayaṃ patitaṃ rukkhaṃ passimhā.
~ We - Mayaṃ
~ saw - passimhā
~ a fallen - patati . pata + (i) + ta = patita
~ tree - rukkhaṃ
3. Where is the man that has come here?
● Kuhiṃ idha āgato puriso hoti?

S
~ Where - kuhiṃ
~ is - hoti
~ the man - puriso
~ that has come - āgato
IP
~ here - idha
4. The boy ran from here and fell down there.
● Kumāro ito dhāvitvā tatra patito.
~ The boy - kumāro
~ ran - dhāvati
~ from here - ito
D
~ and
~ fell down - patito
~ there - tatra
5. Where has he come from?
● Kuto so āgato?
~ Where - kuto
~ has
~ he - so
~ come - āgato
 81

~ from
6. I saw a deer [that has been bitten by a snake and had died].
● Ahaṃ ahinā ḍasitaṃ mataṃ migaṃ passiṃ.
~ I - ahaṃ
~ saw - passiṃ
~ a deer - migaṃ
~ that has been bitten - ḍasita
~ by a snake - ahinā
~ and
~ had died - marita / mata

S
7. The man seeing (having seen) his son returned from the
village became happy (glad).
● Puriso āgamamhā āgataṃ puttaṃ disvā tuṭṭho ahosi.
~ The man - puriso
IP
~ seeing (having seen) = disvā (passitvā)
~ his son - puttaṃ
~ returned - āgataṃ
~ from the village - gāmamhā
~ became - ahosi
~ happy (glad) - tuṭṭho
D
8. The house built by the carpenter was bought by the
householder.
● Gahapatinā kārunā kato geho kīto.
~ The house - geho
~ built - kato
~ by the carpenter - kārunā
~ was bought - kiṇita /kīta = kīto
~ by the householder - gahapatinā
 82

●
9. The tree cut by the servants fell down.
● Sevakehi chinno rukkho patito.
~ The tree - rukkho
~ cut - chindati - chindita, chinna
~ by the servants - sevakehi
~ fell down - patito pp of patati
10. The man who went to the monastery saw the Thera and
bowed down.
● Vihāraṃ gato (သွားသော)puriso theraṃ passitvā vandi.
~ The man - puriso

S
~ who went - gato
~ to the monastery - vihāraṃ
~ saw - passati
~ the Thera - theraṃ
IP
~ and
~ bowed down - namassati/ vandi
D
11. Where have those men come from?
● Kuto te purisā āgatā?
~ Where
~ (have) those men (come) - purisā
~ have come - āgacchati. āgatā
~ from

Verbal base + (i) + tvā = gerund

 83

Verbal base + (i) +tuṃ = infinitive

Verbal base + (i) + ta = past participle

Lesson - 16

Dative & genitive

S
stem singular - ssa, (n)o plural - (n)aṃ
buddha Buddhassa (buddhāya) buddhānaṃ
muni munissa, munino muninaṃ, muninaṃ
IP
senānī senānissa, senānino senānīnaṃ
garu garussa, garuno garunaṃ, garūnaṃ
vidu vidussa, viduno vidūnaṃ
go gavassa, gāvassa gavaṃ, gonaṃ, gunnaṃ
D
Noun
Stem + case ending = noun

Dative (catutthī) & genitive (chaṭṭhī)

Indhakāra
Andhakāra
Stem Sl pl
 84

Buddha: buddhassa buddhānaṃ

Assamassa assamānaṃ
Muni: munissa, -no muninaṃ, munīnaṃ
Aggissa, aggino agginaṃ, aggīnaṃ
Senānī: senānissa, no senānīnaṃ
Garu: garussa, no garunaṃ, garūnaṃ
Vidū: vidussa, no vidūnaṃ
go:gāva/gava gāvassa, gavassa gonaṃ, gunnaṃ
Case
Nominative (ပထမာ) = subject = သည်၊ ကား၊ က
Vocative (အာလပန) = calling =

S
Accusative (ဒုတိယာ) = direct object = ကို၊ သို့
Instrumental (တတိယာ) = with, by, by means of, because of
သည််၊ ဖြင့်၊ နှင့်၊ ကြောင့်
Ablative (ပဉ္စမီ) = from -, out of = မှ၊ ကြောင့်၊ အောက်၊ ထက်
IP
Dative (စတုတ္ထီ) = to, for = အား၊ ငှါ
assamassa assamānaṃ
Genitive (ဆဋ္ဌီ) = of, Buddha’s = ၏,
Assamassa assamānaṃ
Locative (သတ္တမီ ) = in, on, at, among =၌၊ တွင်၊ ကြောင့်
D
ဆောင်။ ။ သည် ကား က၊ ပထမာ ဝုတ္တာ။ ကို သို့ စ ဒုတိယာ မတာ။
သည် ဖြင့် နှင့် ကြောင့် စ တတိယာ။အား ငှါ စ စတုတ္ထီ မတာ။
မှ ကြောင့် အောက် ထက် ပဉ္စမီ စေဝ။ ၏ တွင် သည် ကို ဆဋ္ဌီ
မတာ။
သတ္တမီ မှာ ၌ တွင် ကြောင့် စ။ ခေါ်ထူး သမျှ အာလပနာ။
 85

Dative & genitve: sl: ssa pl: naṃ; buddhānaṃ

-ssa/ no naṃ

Dative
❖ buddhassa, (to or for the Budddha; အား၊ငှါ)
❖ buddhānaṃ (to or for the Buddhas)
❖ munissa, munino (to or for the sage)
❖ muninaṃ, munīnaṃ (to or for the sages)

Genitive

S
❖ buddhassa (of the Buddha or Buddha’s; ဘုရား၏)
❖ buddhānaṃ (of the Buddhas)
❖ munissa, munino (of the sage or the sage’s)
❖ muninaṃ, muninaṃ (of the sages)
IP
Use of the Dative
● sub + indirective object + directive object + verb
❖ Ahaṃ bhikkhussa cīvaraṃ dadāmi.
❖ puriso yācakassa annaṃ deti.
D
Verbs
1. abhiruhati (to climb up) = abhi √ruh + a + ti
2. oruhati (to climb down) = ava > o √ruh + a + ti
3. khādati (to eat) √khād + a + ti = khādati
Exercises
(a) Translate into English
1. Aggi uṭṭhāya kuṭumbhikassa gehaṃ ḍahi. (ḍahati)
● Fire, having arisen, burnt the householder’s house.
~ Aggi - fire. m. nom. Sg of aggi
 86

~ uṭṭhāya - having arisen. Gerund of uṭṭhāti

~ kuṭumbhikassa - householder’s / of the householder
~ gehaṃ - the house. m. accu sg of geha
~ ḍahi . ḍahati (to burn): burnt
2. Mayaṃ ajja isino assamaṃ daṭṭhuṃ pabbataṃ
abhiruhissāma.
● Today, we will climb up the mountain to see the
hermitage of the sage.
~ Mayaṃ - we
~ ajja - today
~ isino - of the sage or sage’s . m. gen. Sg of isi

S
~ assamaṃ - hermitage. Ma. acc. Sg of assama
~ daṭṭhuṃ - insi of passati. To see
~ pabbataṃ - the mountain . m. acc. Sg of pabbata
~ abhiruhissāma - will climb up
IP
●
3. Navo setu kārunā kato hoti. Odano sūdena pacito (hoti).
● The new bridge is done by the carpenter.
~ Navo - new. adj
~ setu - bridge. m.nom. Sl of setu
~ kārunā - ins. Sg of kāru
D
~ kato - pp of karoti. √kar + ta = kata (done)
~ hoti - is
4. Gahapatino gāvo corehi hatā. Odano sūdena pacito
● The oxen of the householder are killed by the robbers.
~ Gahapatino - of the householder /the householder’s
~ gāvo - oxen. m. nom.pl of go
~ corehi - robbers. M.ins .pl of cora
~ hatā - pp of hanati (to kill) √han + ta = hata. Are killed.
Nom. pl of hata
 87

5. Gahapatino ucchavo dhanikena vāṇijena kītā.

● Sugarcanes of the householder are bought by the rich
merchant.
~ Gahapatino - of the householder . m. gen. Sg of gahapati
~ ucchavo - sugarcanes . m. nom. Pl of ucchu
~ dhanikena - rich
~ vāṇijena - by the merchant . m. ins . sgof vāṇija
~ kītā - pp of kiṇāti (to buy). √kī + ta = kīta
6. Sabbaññunā desito dhammo vihāraṃ gatehi senānino puttehi
suto. Odano sūdena pacito (rice was cooked by the cook)
● The Dhamma expounded by the Buddha was listened to

S
by the sons of the general, who had gone to the
monastery.
~ Sabbaññunā
~ desito - pp of deseti √dis (i) ta = desita (expounded)
IP
~ dhammo - the Dhamma. M.nom.sgof dhamma
~ vihāraṃ - the monastery. M.acc. Sg of vihāra
~ gatehi - pp of gacchati. √gam + ta = gata (gone
~ senānino - of general. M.gen. Sg of senānī
~ puttehi - by the sons. m.ins.pl of putta
~ suto - pp of suṇāti (to listen) √su + ta = suta (listened)
D
7. Alagaddena daṭṭho migo tatthe’va patitvā mato.
● The deer bitten by a snake, having fallen down there
itself, has died.
~ Alagaddena - by the snake . m.ins.sg of alagadda
~ daṭṭho - pp of daṃsati (to bite) √das + ta = daṭṭha (st> ṭṭh)
~ migo - the deer. m. nom.sg of miga
~ tatthe’va - there itself
~ patitvā - gerund of patati (having fallen down)
 88

~ mato - pp of marati √mar + ta = mata (died)

8. Sūdehi gahapatino sevakānaṃ odano pacito.
● Rice was cooked by the cooks for the servants of the
householder.
~ Sūdehi - by the cooks. m.ins.pl of sūda
~ gahapatino - of the householder
~ sevakānaṃ - for the servants
~ odano - rice .m. nom.sgof odana
~ pacito - pp of pacati (to cook) paca + (i) + ta = pacita
(cooked)

S
9. Sūriyassa ālokena andhakāro apagato. (daw sein mya may)
● The darkness has disappeared because of the light of
the sun.
~ Sūriyassa - of the sun
IP
~ ālokena - because of light. M.ins sg of āloka
~ andhakāro - darkness. M. nom. Sg of andhakāra
~ apagato - pp of apagacchati (to disappear or to go away)
Apa √gam + ta = apagata (disappeared)
D
10. Bhūpassa ca kumārānaṃ ca amaccānaṃ ca bahavo
abhinavā pāsādā kārūhi katā.
● Many and very new palaces were done / haven been
done by the carpenters for the king, sons and ministers.
~ Bhūpassa
~ ca
~ kumārānaṃ
~ ca
 89

~ amaccānaṃ
~ ca
~ bahavo - many . adj
~ abhinavā - very new . adj
~ pāsādā - palaces. m.nom.pl of pāsāda
~ kārūhi - by the carpenters
~ katā - pp of karoti (to do) √kar + ta = kata (done)

(b) Translate into Pali

1. The ox beaten with a bamboo by the householder’s servants
ran away.

S
● Gahapatino sevakehi veḷunā pahato go dhāvi (adhāvi).
~ The ox - go
~ beaten - paharati - pa √har + ta = pahata
~ with a bamboo - veḷunā
IP
~ by the householder’s - gahapatino
~ servants - sevakehi
~ ran away - dhāvi (adhāvi)
D
2. The ascetic climbed down (from) the mountain and entered
into the village for alms.
● Tāpaso pabbatasmā oruḷho piṇḍāya gāmaṃ paviṭṭho.
~ The ascetic - tāpaso /m . nom. Sg of tāpasa
~ climbed down - oruhati - oruḷha
~ (from) the mountain - pabbatasmā / pabbato
~ and
~ entered - pavisati -pa √vis +ta = paviṭṭha (st> ṭṭh)
~ into the village - gāma. Gāmaṃ
 90

~ for alms - piṇḍāya

3. The man, having seen the thief that entered the house, went
and brought the policeman.
● Puriso gehaṃ paviṭṭhaṃ coraṃ disvā gantvā
rājapurisaṃ ānesi.
~The man - puriso
~ having seen - disvā
~ the thief - coraṃ

S
~ that entered - paviṭṭha
~ the house - geha
~ went - gacchi
~ and
IP
~ brought - ānesi
~ the policeman - rājapurisaṃ

4. The householder saw his son, fallen from the tree and died
D
and wept.
● Gahapati rukkhasmā pativā mataṃ puttaṃ passitvā
rodi.
~ The householder - gahapati
~ saw - passi
~ his son - puttaṃ
~ fallen - patitvā
~ from the tree - rukkhasmā
~ and died - marati - √mar + ta = mata
 91

~ and
~ wept - rodi

5. The house bought by the merchant was burnt by his enemies.

● Vāṇijena kīto geho arīhi ḍahito. The rice was cooked by
the cook.
~ The house - geho
~ bought - kiṇāti - kīto
~ by the merchant - vāṇijena
~ was burnt - ḍahati / ḍahito
~ by his enemies - arīhi

S
6. Men go to heaven by means of Dhamma. (dnns)
● Manussā dhammena saggaṃ gacchanti.
IP
~ Men - manussā
~ go - gacchanti
~ to heaven - saggaṃ
~ by means of Dhamma - dhammena

7. (Even) the heroes were attacked by death.

D
● Vīrāpi maccunā pahatā.
~ Even - pi/ api
~ the heroes - vīrā
~ were attacked - paharati . pa √har + ta = pahata
~ by death. Maccunā
√gam + ta = gata
√han + ta = hata
√kar + ta = kata
Pa √har + ta = pahata
 92

8. Alas, the world will perish.

● Loko vata nasissati.
~ Alas - vata
~ the world - loko
~ will perish - nassissati

9. Rice cooked by the cook was eaten by the bagger’s dog.

● Sūdena pacito odano yācakassa sunakhena bhutto.
~ Rice - odano
~ cooked - pacito

S
~ by the cook - sūdena
~ was eaten - bhutto /bhuñjito
~ by the bagger’s dog - sunakhena
IP
10. The man’s oxen were lost (vanished)
● Purisassa gāvo nassiṃsu
~ The man’s - purisassa
~ oxen - gāvo
~ were lost (vanished) - nassiṃsu
D

Lesson - 17
 93

Locative
stem singular - e, smiṃ > mhi plural - su
buddha buddhe, buddhasmiṃ, buddhamhi buddhesu
muni munismiṃ, munimhi munisu, munīsu
senānī senānismiṃ, senānimhi senānīsu
garu garusmiṃ, garumhi garusu, garūsu
vidū vidusmiṃ, vidumhi vidūsu

S
go gave, gāve, gavasmiṃ, gāvasmiṃ gosu, gavesu, gāvesu
IP
Locative (in, on, at, among၊ ၌,တွင်, ကြောင့်)
Smiṃ, mhi (buddha-e) su

Stem sl pl
Buddha buddha-smiṃ, buddha-mhi, buddhe buddhesu
Muni muni-smiṃ, muni-mhi munisu (munīsu)
D
Senānī senāni-smiṃ,senānimhi senānīsu
Garu garu-smiṃ, garumhi garusu (garūsu)
Vidū vidu-smiṃ, vidumhi vidūsu
Go > gava gava-smiṃ, gavamhi, gave gavesu

Saṃghī

Verbs
 94

1. pabbajati (to go forth)

Pa √vaj + a + ti = pabbajati (vv > bb)
Pabbaja + (i) + tvā = pabbajitvā (having gone forth)
Pabbajituṃ (to go forth)
Pabbajita (gone forth)
2. calati (to move)
√cal + a + ti = calati
Cala + (i) + tvā = calitvā (having moved)
Cala + (i) + tuṃ = calituṃ (to move)
Cala + (i) + ta = calita (moved)
3. pasīdati (to be pleased with, to be delighted in)

S
Pa √sad + a + ti = pasīdati
Pasīda + (i) + tvā = pasīditvā (having been delighted in)
Pasīda + (i) + tuṃ = pasīdituṃ (to be delighted in)
Pasīda + (i) + ta = pasīdita
IP
Pa √sad + na = pasanna (delighted in)
4. Ramati (to be delighted in)
√ram + a + ti = ramati
Rama + (i) + tvā = ramitvā
Rama + (i) + tuṃ = ramituṃ (to be delighted in)
Rama + (i) + ta = ramita
D
√ram + ta = rata
5. vassati (to rain)
√vas + ya + ti = vassati
Vassa + (i) + tvā = vassitvā (having rained)
Vassa + (i) + tuṃ = vassituṃ (to rain)
Vassa + (i) + ta = vassita (rained)
6. Vijjhati (to shoot)
√vidh + ya + ti = vijjhati
Vijjhitvā
 95

Vijjhituṃ
Vijjhita
√vidh + ta = viddha
7. māpeti
√mā + āpe + ti = māpeti
Māpe + tvā = māpetvā
Māpe + tuṃ = māpetuṃ
māpe + (i) + ta = māpita (done)
8. uppajjati
Ud √pad + ya + ti = uppajjati (dp> pp, jy> jj)
Uppajja + (i) + tvā = uppajjitvā

S
Uppajja + (i) + tuṃ = uppajjituṃ
Uppajja + (i) + ta = uppajjita
Ud + √pad + na = uppanna (arisen, born in)
9. upapajjati
IP
Upa + √pad + ya + ti = upapajjati (to be born in)
Upapajjitvā
Upapajjituṃ
Upapajjita
Upa √pad + na = upapanna
D

Exercises
(a) Translate into English.
 96

1. Ahaṃ hiyyo bhātikassa gehe vasitvā ajja pāto’va

idhāgacchiṃ.
● I ,having stayed in the house of the brother yesterday,
came here early morning today
~ Ahaṃ - 1st. Sg of amha. I
~ hiyyo - yesterday.ind
~ bhātikassa - of the brother or brother’s. m.gen .sg of
bhātika
~ gehe - in the house. m. loc. sg of geha
~ vasitvā - having stayed. Gerund of vasati (to stay)
~ ajja - today. ind

S
~ pāto’va - ind. Early morning
~ idha - here. dem.adv.
~ āgacchiṃ - past. 1st.sg of āgacchati (to come)/ came
2. Idāni thero vihārasmiṃ dhammaṃ deseti, kiṃ tumhe
IP
dhammaṃ sotuṃ tahiṃ na gacchatha.
● Now the elderly monk expounds the Dhamma in the
monastery, don’t you go there to listen to the Dhamma?
~ Idāni - now . ind
~ thero - the elderly monk. m. mon.sg of thera
~ vihārasmiṃ - in the monastery . m.loc.sg of vihāra
D
~ dhammaṃ - the Dhamma. m. acc. sgof dhamma
~ deseti - pre. 3rd.sg of √dis + e + ti (to expound) / expounds
~ kiṃ - inter. ?
~tumhe - you. 2nd. Pl of tumha
~ dhammaṃ - the Dhamma . m.acc. Sg of dhamma
~ sotuṃ - to listen. Inf. of suṇāti
~ tahiṃ - there
~ na - not .ind
~ gacchatha - pre. 2nd pl of gacchati (to go)/ go
 97

3. Ahayo girīsu tatra tatra vicaranti.

● The snakes move about here and there on the
mountains.
~ Ahayo - the snakes. m. mon.pl of ahi
~ girīsu - on the mountains. m. loc. pl of giri
~ tatra tatra - here and there
~ vicaranti - pre. 3rd. Pl. move about
4. Idāni devo vassati, mā bahi gacchittha.
● It is raining now, don’t go out.
~ Idāni - now. Ind
~ devo - the rain . m. nom.sg of deva

S
~ vassati - falls . pre.3rd. sg
~ mā
~ bahi - out or outside
~ gacchittha - don’t go. Past. 2nd pl of gacchati
IP
5. Ajja bahū manussā gāme sannipatiṃsu.
● Many people assembled in the village today.
~Ajja - today .ind
~ bahū - many. Adj. m.mon.pl of bahu
~ manussā - people . m. mom. Pl of manussa
~ gāme - in the village. m. loc. Sg of gāme
D
~ sannipatiṃsu - past. 3rd pl of sannipatati (to gather,
assemble) = assembled
6. Maggesu rathā calanti.
● The chariots move on the ways.
~ Maggesu - on the ways
~ rathā - the chariots. m. mon. pl of ratha
~ calanti . pre. 3rd. Pl of calati (to move)

7. Viduno buddhe pasannā.

 98

● The wise men were delighted in the Buddha

~ Viduno - the wise men . m. nom.pl of vidū
~ buddhe - in the Buddha. m. loc. Sg of Buddha
~ pasannā - to be delighted in / pp of pasīdati
8. Bahū manussā dhamme pasannā dhammaṃ caritvā saggesu
uppannā ahesuṃ.
● Many people who were delighted in the Dhamma,
having practised the Dhamma, were born in the
heavens.
~ Bahū - many
~ manussā - people .m. nom.pl of manussa

S
~ dhamme - in the Dhamma
~ pasannā - who were pleased in
~ dhammaṃ - the dhamma
~ caritvā - having practised
IP
~ saggesu - in the heavens. M.loc. Pl of sagga
~ uppannā - born in . pp of upajjati (to be born in)
~ ahesuṃ - were
9. Sissā ārāme sannipatitvā kaṇḍukehi kīḷiṃsu.
● The students, having gathered in the yard, played with
the balls.
D
~ Sissā - students. m.nom.pl of sissa
~ ārāme - in yard (open space). M.loc. Sg of ārāma
~ sannipatitvā - having gathered. Gerund of sannipatati
~ kaṇḍukehi - with the balls. Ins. pl of kaṇḍuka
~ kīḷiṃsu - past. 3rd. Pl. kīḷati (to play) = played

10. Gahapatino kumārā vijjālayamhā āgantvā bhutvā idāni

mañcesu sayanti. Daw thidawin)
 99

The boys of the householder, having come from the collage

and eaten, sleep on the beds now.

~ Gahapatino - of the householder . m.gen.sg of gahapati

~ kumārā - boys. m.nom.pl of kumāra
~ vijjālayamhā - from the collage.m .abl. Sg of vijjālaya
~ āgantvā - having come . gerundd of āgacchati
~ bhutvā - having eaten. Gerund of bhuñjati
~ idāni - now
~ mañcesu - in the beds .m. loc.pl of mañca
~ sayanti - pre.3rd. Pl of sayati (to lie down or to sleep)

(b)

S
Translate into Pali.
IP
1. Monkeys move about on the trees.
● Kapayo rukkhesu vicaranti.
2. Today many people will gather in the monastery.
● Ajja bahū manussā vihāre sannipatissanti.
3. Good people are delighted in the Dhamma.
● Sappurisā dhamme pasīdanti.
D
4. They, having seen the disadvantage of the sensual pleasures,
entered into the order of the monks.
● Te kāmānaṃ ādīnavaṃ disvā anagāriyaṃ pabbajiṃsu.
●
●
●
●
 100

5. The king, having delighted in the Dhamma expounded by the

Buddha, went for refuge to the Buddha, Dhamma and
Saṃgha.
● Bhūpo buddhena desite dhamme pasīditvā Buddhaṃ
dhammaṃ saṃghaṃ ca saraṇaṃ gacchi.
6. The boys moved about in the grove with (their) bad friends
and shot and killed many birds.
7. Now there is a quarrel among people in the village.
8. O friends, you may abstain from killing.
9. The Buddha stayed in the Vihāra built by a householder with
his friend.

S
10. Among gods and men, the righteous are the best.
IP
D
 101

● Verbs in Pāli
i) present tense (1 to 4)
ii) future tense (lesson - 5)
iii) imperative mood (lesson - 6)
iv) optative mood (lesson- 7)
v) past tense (lesson - 8)

● Noun
i) Masculine gender
a) A = buddha
b) I = muni

S
c) Ī = senānī
d) U = garu
e) Ū = vidū
f) O = go
IP
Eight cases
1) Nominative (subject)
2) Vocative (for addressing)
3) Accusative (direct object, goal of motion)
4) Instrumental (with -, by-, by meanse of, because of)
5) Dative (to or for)
D
6) Ablative (from or out of)
7) Genitive (of, -s’)
8) Locative (in, at, on)
ii) Neuter gender
iii) Feminine gender
 102

Stem + case ending = noun

________
Masculine Gender
Nominative case:
Singular: s (as > o)
1) A: buddha + s = buddhas > buddho
2) I: munis + s = muni
3) Ī: senānī + s = senānī
4) U: garu + s = garu
5) Ū: vidū + s = vidū
6) O: go + s = go

S
Plural: ā/ o
1) Buddha + ā = buddhā
2) Muni > e > ay + o = (munī) munayo
3) Senānī + o = (senānī) senāni(n)o
IP
4) Garu > o > av + o = (garū) garavo
5) Vidū + o = (vidū) vidu(n)o
6) Go > av + o = gavo, gāvo

Accusative
Singular: ṃ (aṃ)
D
1) Buddha + ṃ = buddhaṃ
2) Muni + ṃ = muniṃ
3) Senānī + ṃ = senāniṃ
4) Garu + ṃ = garuṃ
5) Vidū + ṃ = viduṃ
6) Go > av + (a)ṃ = gavaṃ, gāvaṃ, gāvuṃ
 103

Plural: e / o
1) Buddha + e = buddhe
2) Muni + o = munī, munayo
3) Senānī + o = senānī, senānino
4) Garu + o = garū, garuno
5) Vidū + o = vidū, viduno
6) Go + o = gavo, gāvo
Instrumental case
Singular: a /o + ena / -(n)ā
1) Buddha + ena = buddhena
2) Muni + nā = muninā

S
3) Senānī + nā = senāninā
4) Garu + nā = garunā
5) Vidū + nā = vidunā
6) Go > av + ena =gavena, gāvena
IP
Plural: a/ + ebhi / bhi
1) Buddha + ebhi = buddhebhi, buddhehi
2) Muni + bhi = munibhi munībhi
3) Senānī + bhi = senānībhi
4) Garu + bhi = garubhi garūbhi
D
5) Vidū + bhi = vidūbhi
6) Go + bhi = gobhi
 104

Dative case
Singular: a + ssa āya /- ssa / (n)o
1. Buddha + ssa/āya = buddhassa, buddhāya
2. Muni + ssa/ no = munssa, munino
3. Senānī + ssa / no = senānissa, senānino
4. Garu + ssa /no = garussa, garuno
5. Vidū + ssa /no = vidussa, viduno
6. Go > gav + (a) ssa = gavassa, gāvassa
Plural: naṃ
1. Buddha + naṃ = buddhānaṃ
2. Muni + naṃ = muninaṃ, munīnaṃ

S
3. Senānī + naṃ = senānīnaṃ
4. Garu + naṃ = garūnaṃ
5. Vidū + naṃ = vidūnaṃ
6. Go + naṃ = gonaṃ
IP
Ablative
Singular: a / o + ā, smā, mhā
1) Buddha + ā, smā, mhā = buddhā, buddhasmā, buddhamhā
2) Muni + smā, mhā = munismā, munimhā
3) Senānī + smā, mhā = senānismā, senānimhā
D
4) Garu + smā, mhā = garusmā, garumhā
5) Vidū + smā, mhā = vidusmā, vidumhā
6) Go > av + (a)smā, mhā = gavasmā, gavamhā
Genitive
Locative
Singular: a /o + e /smiṃ, mhi
1) Buddha + e /smiṃ/ mhi = buddhe, buddhasmiṃ, buddhamhi
2) Muni + smiṃ, mhi = munisṃ, munimhi
3) Senānī + smiṃ, mhi = senānismiṃ, senānimhi
 105

4) Garu + smiṃ, mhi = garusmiṃ, garumhi

5) Vidū + smiṃ, mhi = vidusmiṃ, vidumhi
6) Go > av + (a) smiṃ, mhi = gavasmiṃ, gavamhi

Plural : a + esu / su
1) Buddha + esu = buddhesu
2) Muni + su = munisu, munīsu
3) Senānī + su = senānīsu
4) Garu + su = garusu, garūsu
5) Vidū + su = vidūsu
6) Go + su = gosu

S Lesson - 18
IP
Neuter gender
Neuter noun stems
❖ Stem ending in ‘a’; phala (citta)
❖ __________ ‘i’:aṭṭhi
❖ __________ ‘ī’: sudhī
❖ __________ ‘u’: cakkhu
D
❖ __________ ‘ū’: gotrabhū

Nominative Case
stem singular (-aṃ) plural - ā/ni
phala phalaṃ phalā, phalāni
 106

aṭṭhi aṭṭhi aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni

sudhī sudhi sudhī, sudhīni
cakkhu cakkhu cakkhū, cakkhuni
gotrabhū gotrabhū gotrabhū, gotrabhūni

Accusative Case

S
stem singular (-aṃ) plural - e/āni
phala phalaṃ phale, phalāni
aṭṭhi aṭṭhi aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni
IP
sudhī sudhi sudhī, sudhīni
cakkhu cakkhu cakkhū, cakkhuni
gotrabhū gotrabhū gotrabhū, gotrabhūni

Verbs
D
1. ārabhati
2. odahati
3. paññāpeti
4. paccāgacchati
5. abhivādeti
6. hāyati
7. mamāyati
8. apaneti
 107

Exercises
(a) Translate into English.
1. Brahmaṇo ekaṃsaṃ uttarāsaṅaṃ karitvā daharānaṃ
bhikkhūnaṃ pāde vandi.
2. Therā vīriyaṃ ārabhati.
3. Te sataṃ odahanti.
4. Bālā akusalāni kammāni karonti.
5. Gahapatino cittaṃ pasīdati.
6. Pāmojjaṃ uppajjati.
7. Tumhe āvuso Ānanda rāgassa pahānaṃ paññāpetha, dosassa
pahānaṃ paññāpetha, mohassa pahānaṃ paññāpetha.

S
8. Mayaṃ paṇḍapātaṃ bhuñāma neva davāya na madāya na
maṇḍanāya na vibhūsanāya.
9. Natthi bhikkhave paṇḍitato bhayaṃ.
10. Pāpaṇiko mahatattaṃ pāpuṇāti bhogesu.
IP
11. Yannūnāhaṃ mahānāmaṃ ekamantaṃ apanetvā
dhammaṃ deseyyāmi.
12. Bhikkhu paññattesu āsanesu nisidiṃsu.
13. Akusalaṃ bhikkhave pajahatha, sakkā bhikkhave
akusalaṃ pajahituṃ.
14. Cakkhūni hāyanti mamāyitāni.
D
 108

(b) Translate into Pali.

1. Monks made an attempt to attain Arhatship.
2. The Buddha expounded the doctrine for getting rid of lust,
anger and delusion.
3. We went to the house of general and sat down on the seats
that had been prepared.
4. If you become lazy, certainly you will fall into poverty.
5. How good would it be if I should go forth from home to
homelessness.
6. They gave ear to hear the teaching of the Buddha.
7. Having gone to the Jetavana they saw the Buddha and paid

S
homage (to him).
8. Many meritorious deeds were done by the wise family.
9. In the battlefield many enemies were killed by the general
and (his) soldiers.
IP
10. The monk went to the forest and sat down at the foot of a
tree.
11. Then the Buddha stayed in the Nidhrarama in the vicinity
of the city Kapilavatthu.
12. The farmers walked in the field in the daytime and
returned to (their) houses in the evening.
D
13. Many soldiers were standing at the gate of the city.
14. We see visible forms with (our) eyes, hear sounds with
ears and smell odors with our noses.
 109

Lesson - 19
Feminine Nouns

Nominative Case
stem Singular - (s) plural - (y) o
kaññā kaññā kaññā, kaññāyo
ratti ratti rattī, rattiyo
nadī nadī nadī, nadiyo

S
yāgu yāgu yāgū, yāguyo
vadhū vadhū vadhū, vadhuyo
IP
Vocative Case
kaññā kaññe
ratti ratti
nadī nadi
D
yāgu yāgu
vadhū vadhu
 110

Accusative Case
stem Singular- (a) ṃ Plural
kaññā kaññaṃ kaññā, kaññāyo
ratti rattiṃ rattī, rattiyo
nadī nadiṃ nadī, nadiyo
yāgu yāguṃ yāgū, yāguyo
vadhū vadhuṃ vadhū, vadhuyo

S
Verbs
1. veṭheti
2. vibhāti
3. nahāyati
IP
4. khanati
5. niccharati
6. otarati
7. ghāyati
8. sajjeti
9. vādeti
D
10. rodati
11. vikasati
12. sandati
13. pāleti
14. sannipatati
 111

Exercises
(a) Translate into English.
1. Amma, mayaṃ idāni kuhiṃ gacchāmi?
2. Kaññāyo bhātikehi saddhiṃ chaṇaṃ passituṃ nagaraṃ
gacchantu.
3. Latāyo rukkhe veṭhenti.
4. Ratti candassa ālokena vibhāti.
5. Mayaṃ nahāyituṃ nadiṃ otarāma.
6. Bhoti kaññe, kiṃ tvaṃ ajja vijjālayaṃ na gacchasi?
7. Gahapatānī yottaṃ gahetvā vajaṃ gantvā dheṇu bandhitvā
gehassa samīpaṃ ānesi.

S
8. Mayaṃ pāto uṭṭhāya yāguṃ pivitvā gehamhā nikkhamma
khettaṃ gacchāma.
9. Dārikāyo vijjālayassa avidūre uyyāne sannipatitvā kīḷanti.
10. Kāruṇikā vācā dārakānaṃ dārikānaṃ ca piyā hoti.
IP
11. Yakkhassa mukhato jivhā niccharati.
12. Sevakehi khatā pokkharaṇī gambhīrā ca puthulā ca hoti.
13. Therena katā dhammadesanā bahūhi sutā hoti.
14. Kaññā ñātino gehaṃ āgatā.
15. Duggatā itthī dvāre ṭhatvā gītāni ghāyati vīṇañca vādeti.
D
 112

(b) Translate into Pali.

1. Let us go to the river to take a bath.
2. The girl gone to the city with (her) elder brother saw an
elephant and cried with fear.
3. Many rivers flow from the mountain.
4. The hunter takes a doe from the forest and goes to the town
and sell (it) to a merchant.
5. The girl beaten by the elder brother with a cane, runs home,
sits down in the bed and cries.
6. You may develop concentration and Vipassana and dispel
craving.

S
7. We saw the pond dug out by the servants.
8. The lake looks beautiful with blooming lotuses.
9. Plantains do not grow in England.
10. The queen governs the subjects (of the country) in
IP
righteousness.

Lesson - 20
Feminine Nouns

Instrumental & Ablative Case

D
stem singular - (ya/ yā) Plural - bhi > hi
kaññā kaññāya kaññābhi, kaññāhi
ratti rattiyā rattibhi, rattībhi, rattihi, rattīhi
nadī nadiyā nadībhi, nadīhi
yāgu yāguyā yāgubhi, yāgūbhi, yāguhi, yāgūhi
vadhū vadhuyā vadhūbhi, vadhūhi
 113

Dative & genitive Case

stem singular - (ya/ yā) Plural - (n)aṃ
kaññā kaññāya kaññānaṃ
ratti rattiyā rattinaṃ, rattinaṃ
nadī nadiyā nadīnaṃ
yāgu yāguyā yāgunaṃ, yāgūnaṃ
vadhū vadhuyā vadhūnaṃ

S Locative Case
IP
stem singular - ya, yā, yaṃ Plural - su
kaññā Kaññāya, kaññāyaṃ kaññāsu
ratti rattiyā, rattiyaṃ rattisu, rattisu
nadī nadiyā, nadīyaṃ nadīsu
yāgu yāguyā, yāguyaṃ yāgusu, yāgusu
D
vadhū vadhuyā, vadhuyaṃ vadhūsu

Note: rattiyā > rattyā > ratyā / rattiyaṃ > rattyaṃ > ratyaṃ. nadiyā >
nadyā > najjā (dy> jj)/ nadiyaṃ > nadyaṃ > najjaṃ

Verbs
1. carati
 114

2. uppajjati
3. parisujjhati
4. paṭihanti
5. vinodheti
6. sodheti
7. deti
8. adāsi
9. nidheti
10. vaḍḍhati
11. ummajjati
12. numujjati

S
13. apaneti
14. dhāreti
15. Pilandhati
IP
Exercises
(a) Translate into English.
1. Buddho nerañjarāya najjā tīre viharati.
2. Atthi, brahmaṇa, puratthimesu janapadesu Sāvatthi nāma
nagaraṃ.
3. Ahaṃ ce kho pana kāyena duccaritaṃ careyyuṃ kāyassa
D
bhedā paraṃ maraṇā nirayaṃ upapajjeyyuṃ.
4. Ahaṃ senāya gilāno, icchāmi bhaddantassa āgamanaṃ.
5. Saddhāya tarati oghaṃ, paññāya parisujjhati.
6. Sussūsā seṭṭhā bhariyānaṃ.
7. Mettaṃ karotha, mānusiyā pajāya.
8. Yāgu khudaṃ paṭihanti, pipāsaṃ vinodheti, vatthiṃ sodheti.
9. Sītāsu hemantikāsu rattīsu sambahulā jaṭilā gaṅgāyaṃ
ummujjantipi nimujjantipi.
10. Na jaccā vasalo hoti.
 115

(b) Translate into Pali.

1. A seer dwelt in a hut in the forest.
2. They developed loving-kindness.
3. The teacher gave presents to the clever girls in the school.
4. They were taking bath in the river Tāmasā.
5. He buried a treasure in a pit.
6. We shall grow by the growth of wisdom.
7. The prince Sitthatta was the son of queen Māya.
8. Remove violence from your heart by development of

S
compassion.
9. The girl wears a garland on (her) nack.
10. From craving produces grief.
IP
D
LESSON-18
 Lesson - 18
Masculine Gender

Masculine noun stems

❖ Stem ending in ‘a’: Buddha
❖ Stem ending in ‘i’: muni (sage, seer)
❖ Stem ending in ‘ī’: senānī (the general of army)
❖ Stem ending in ‘u’: garu (preceptor)
❖ Stem ending in ‘ū’: vidū (wise man)
❖ Stem ending in ‘o’: go (ox)

Neuter gender (Their Declensions)

Neuter noun stems

❖ Stem ending in ‘a’; phala (fruit)
❖ __________ ‘i’:aṭṭhi (bone)
❖ __________ ‘ī’: sudhī (wise)
❖ __________ ‘u’: cakkhu (eye)
❖ __________ ‘ū’: gotrabhū
Nominative case in Neuter
Neuter noun stems
❖ Stem ending in ‘a’; phala (citta)
❖ __________ ‘i’:aṭṭhi
❖ __________ ‘ī’: sudhī
❖ __________ ‘u’: cakkhu
❖ __________ ‘ū’: gotrabhū

Nominative Case
stem singular (-aṃ) plural - ā/ni
phala phalaṃ phalā, phalāni
aṭṭhi aṭṭhi aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni
sudhī sudhi sudhī, sudhīni
cakkhu cakkhu cakkhū, cakkhūni
gotrabhū gotrabhū gotrabhū, gotrabhūni
Accusative case in Neuter
 Accusative Case
stem singular (-aṃ) plural - e/āni
phala phalaṃ phale, phalāni
aṭṭhi aṭṭhi aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni
sudhī sudhi sudhī, sudhīni
cakkhu cakkhu cakkhū, cakkhuni
gotrabhū gotrabhū gotrabhū, gotrabhūni
Vocabulary
 Vocabulary
Masculine Nouns
1) Uttarāsaṅga (upper robe)
2) Ekaṃsa (one shoulder, one side)
3) Kassaka (farmer)
4) Piṇḍapāta (alms)
5) Dava (amusement)
6) Mada (enjoyment, intoxication)
7) Pāpaṇika (merchant)
8) Bhoga (wealth)
9) Mahānāma (a person so known)
10) Rāga (lust)
11) Dosa (anger)
12) Moha (delusion)
13) Anta (end, side)
14) Yodha, bhaṭa (soldier)
15) Rukkha (tree)
16) Sadda (sound)
17) Gandha (odour)
18) Sāyaṇha (evening)

Neuter Nouns
1) āsana (seat)
2) Pāda (foot)
3) Viriya (effort, endeavour)
4) Sota (ear)
5) Bhojana (food, meal)
6) Kamma, karma (action)
7) Citta (mind, consciousness)
8) Pāmojja (joy)
9) Pahāna (dispelling, removal)
10) Maṇḍana (adornment)
11) Vibhūsana (ornament)
12) Bhaya (fear)
13) Mahatta (greatness, prosperity)
14) Arahatta (arthatship)
15) Geha, ghara (house)
16) Dāliddiya (poverty)
17) Agāra (home)
18) Anagāriya (homelessness)
19) Kula (family)
20) Jetavana (the grove so known)
21) Vana, arañña (forest)
22) Saṅgāma (war, battlefield)
23) Khetta (field)
24) Mūla (root, foot of a tree)
25) Avidūra, samīpa (vicinity, near)
26) Dvāra (door, gate)
27) Rūpa (visible form)
28) Nagara (twon, city)
29) Ghāna (nose)

Adjectives
1) Dahara (young)
2) Akusala (unwholesome, evil, sinful)
3) Alasa (lazy, idle)
4) Kusīta (lazy, idel)
5) Daḷidda (poor)
6) Puñña (meritorious)

Indeclinables and Adverbs

1) Nissaṃsayaṃ (certainly)
2) Sakkā (is able, can)
3) Yannuna (how good it be)
4) Divā (at day time)
5) Sāyaṃ (evening)
Verbs
Verbs
1. ārabhati (makes effort)
~ā √rabh + a + ti = ārabhati
~ārabhitvā
~ārabhituṃ
~ārabhita
Bht > ddh
~√labh + ta = laddha (pp of labhati)
~ā + √rabh + ta = āraddha
2. odahati (gives ear to)
~ava > o √dhā > dhādhā > dahati + ti = odahati
~idha (here), iha (here), ida (here)
~sādhu > sāhu
~odahitvā
~odahituṃ
~odahita
3. paññāpeti (lays down a rule, promulgates, prepares a seat)
~pa √jñā > ññā + āpe + ti = paññāpeti
~paññāpetvā
~paññāpetuṃ
~paññāpita, paññatta (paññāp +ta = paññatta (pt> tt)
4. Paccāgacchati (returns)
~pati + ā + √gam + a + ti = paccāgacchāti (patyāgacchati >
paccāgacchati
~paccāgantvā
~paccāgantuṃ
~paccāgata
5. abhivādeti (pays homage to)
~abhi √vad + e + ti = abhivādeti
~abhivādetvā (having paid homage, after paying homage)
 ~abhivādetuṃ (to pay homage)
~abhivādita (paid homage)
6. hāyati (diminishes, decays)
~√hā + ya + ti = hāyati
~hāyitvā
~hāyituṃ
~hāyita, hīna
7. mamāyati (owns, regards as one’s own)
~mama + āya + ti = mamāyati
~mamāyitvā
~mamāyituṃ
~mamāyita
8. apaneti (leads away, takes away)
~apa + √nī + ti = apaneti
~apanetvā
~apanetuṃ
~apanīta
Translate into English
Exercises
(a) Translate into English.
1. Brahmaṇo uṭṭhāyāsanā uttarāsaṅgaṃ ekaṃsaṃ karitvā
daharānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ pāde vandi. (u anung phe naing)
2. Therā vīriyaṃ ārabhanti. (u tun aung kyaw)
3. Te sotaṃ odahanti. (u moy myint aung)
4. Bhikkhū bhojanaṃ bhuñjanti. (daw sein mya mya)
5. Bālā akusalāni kammāni karonti. (u phyo zaw theat)
6. Gahapatino cittaṃ pasīdati. (daw nu nu yee)
7. Pāmojjaṃ uppajjati. (daw myint myint swe)
8. Tumhe āvuso Ānanda rāgassa pahānaṃ paññāpetha, dosassa
pahānaṃ paññāpetha, mohassa pahānaṃ paññāpetha. (daw
kumārī)
9. Mayaṃ paṇḍapātaṃ bhuñāma neva davāya na madāya na
maṇḍanāya na vibhūsanāya. (daw thidarwin)
10. Natthi bhikkhave paṇḍita-to bhayaṃ. (u aung phe naing)
11. Pāpaṇiko mahattaṃ pāpuṇāti bhogesu. (u tun aung kyaw)
12. Yannūna ahaṃ mahānāmaṃ ekamantaṃ apanetvā
dhammaṃ deseyyāmi. (daw nu nu yee)
13. Bhikkhū paññattesu āsanesu nisidiṃsu. (daw thidawin)
14. Akusalaṃ bhikkhave pajahatha, sakkā bhikkhave
akusalaṃ pajahituṃ. (daw kumārī)
15. Cakkhūni hāyanti mamāyitāni. (daw sein mya mya)
________________
1. Brahmaṇo uṭṭhāya āsanā ekaṃsaṃ uttarāsaṅgaṃ karitvā
daharānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ pāde vandi.
~A brahman, having got up and put upper robe on one
shoulder, bowed down to the feet of the young monks.
~Brahmaṇo - a brahman. m. nom.sg. Brahmaṇa
~uṭṭhāya - having got up. Gerd. uṭṭhāti
~āsanā - form the seat. nt.abl. sg. āsana
~ekaṃsaṃ - one shoulder. m.acc.sg of ekaṃsa
~uttarāsaṅgaṃ - upper robe.m.acc.sg of -ga
~karitvā - having put. geru.of karoti
~daharānaṃ - young. Adj.m.gen.pl. of dahara
~bhikkhūnaṃ - of the monk. m.gen.pl of bhikkhu
~pāde - feet. nt.acc.pl. Pāda
~vandi - past. 3rd. Sg of vandati (to bow down). Bowed
down
2. Therā vīriyaṃ ārabhanti.
~the elderly monks make an effort.
~Therā - the elderly monks. m.nom.pl of thera
~vīriyaṃ - effort. nt.acc.sg of vīriya
~ārabhanti - make. pre.3rd.pl of ārabhati
3. Te sotaṃ odahanti.
~They give ear or they listen.
~Te - they. per.pro.3rd.pl
~sotaṃ - ear. Nt. acc.sg of sota
~odahanti - pre.3rd.pl of odahati. give
4. Bhikkhū bhojanaṃ bhuñjanti.
~the monks eat food.
~Bhikkhū - monks. m.nom.pl of bhikkhu
~bhojanaṃ - food. nt. acc.sg of bhojana
 ~bhuñjanti - eat. pre.3rd.pl of bhuñjati
5. Bālā akusalāni kammāni karonti.
~The foolish commit evil deeds.
~Bālā - the foolish
~akusalāni - evil. Adj.
~kammāni - deeds. nt.acc.pl of kamma
~karonti - commit or do. pre.3rd.pl of karoti
6. Gahapatino cittaṃ pasīdati.
~ The householder’s mind is delighted.
~Gahapatino - the householder’s. m. gen.sl. -pati
~cittaṃ - mind. nt. nom.sg of citta
~pasīdati - is delighted. pre.3rd.sg
7. Pāmojjaṃ uppajjati.
~joy arises or appears.
~Pāmojjaṃ - joy. nt. nom.sg of pāmojja
~uppajjati - is born. arises . pre.3rd.sg
8. Tumhe āvuso Ānanda rāgassa pahānaṃ paññāpetha, dosassa
pahānaṃ paññāpetha, mohassa pahānaṃ paññāpetha.
~ Oh Ānanda, lay down dispelling of lust, anger and
delusion.
~Tumhe - you
~āvuso Ānanda - Oh Ānanda. m.voc.sg
~rāgassa - lust. m.gen.sg of rāga
~pahānaṃ - dispelling. nt.acc.sg of pahāna
~paññāpetha - impr.2nd. Pl of paññāpeti. Lay down
~dosassa pahānaṃ paññāpetha,
~mohassa pahānaṃ paññāpetha.
9. Mayaṃ piṇḍapātaṃ bhuñjāma neva davāya /na madāya/ na
maṇḍanāya/ na vibhūsanāya. (daw thidarwing)
~ we eat food not for amusement, enjoyment, adornment, and
ornament.
~Mayaṃ - we. 1st. pl.
~paṇḍapātaṃ - food. nt. acc.sg of -ta
~bhuñāma - eat. pre.1st pl. bhuñjati
~neva davāya - not for amusement . nt. dat.sg of dava
~na madāya - not for enjoyment. nt.dat.sg of mada
~na maṇḍanāya - adornment - nt.dat sg of maṇḍana
~na vibhūsanāya - ornament. Nt dat sg of -na

10. Natthi bhikkhave paṇḍitato bhayaṃ.

~There is no fear or danger from the wise or because of the
wise, Oh monks.
~Natthi (na + atthi) = there is no . pre.3rd.sg
~bhikkhave - Oh monks, m.voc.pl of bhikkhu
~paṇḍitato - form the wise or because of the wise. m.abl.sg of
-ta
~bhayaṃ - danger or fear. nt.nom.sg of bhaya

11. Pāpaṇiko mahattaṃ pāpuṇāti bhogesu.

~The merchant attains greatness in wealths.
~Pāpaṇiko - the merchant. m.nom.sg of - ka
~mahattaṃ - greatness. nt.acc.sg of -tta
~pāpuṇāti - attains or obtains. pre.3rd.sg
~bhogesu - in wealths. m. loc.sg of bhoga
12. Yannūnāhaṃ mahānāmaṃ ekamantaṃ apanetvā
dhammaṃ deseyyāmi.
~ How good would it be, if I, having taken Mahānāma on one
side, expound the Dhamma.
~Yannūna - How good would it be. Ind
~ahaṃ - I. 1st. Sg
~mahānāmaṃ - Mahānāma. m.acc.sg of
~ekamantaṃ - on one side. m.acc.sg
~apanetvā - having taken. Gerund of apaneti
~dhammaṃ - the dhamma. m.acc.sg of dhamma
~deseyyāmi - would expound. Opt.1st sg of deseti

13. Bhikkhū paññattesu āsanesu nisidiṃsu.

~The monks sat on the seats that had been prepared.
Or the monks sat on the prepared seats.

~Bhikkhū - the monks. m.nom.pl of bhikkhu

~paññattesu - prepared. Pp of paññāpeti
~āsanesu - on the seats. nt.loc.pl āsana
~nisidiṃsu - sat. past. 3rd.pl of nisīdati

14. Akusalaṃ bhikkhave pajahatha, sakkā bhikkhave

akusalaṃ pajahituṃ.
~ Dispel unwholesome action Oh monk, you are able to give
up unwholesome action Oh monks.

~Akusalaṃ - unwholesome action. Nt. acc.sg of -la

~bhikkhave - Oh monks. m.voc.pl of -bhikkhu
~pajahatha - dispel or give up. Imper. 2nd.pl of pajahati
~sakkā - you are able
 ~akusalaṃ -
~pajahituṃ - to give up

15. Cakkhūni hāyanti mamāyitāni.

~Eyes regarded as one’s own become decay.
~Cakkhūni - eyes. nt. nom.pl of cakkhu
~hāyanti - decay. pre.3rd.pl
~mamāyitāni - regarded as one’s own
~mamāyati - mamāya + (i) + ta
Translate into Pāli
(a) Translate into Pali.
1. Monks made an attempt to attain Arhatship.
● Bhikkhū arahattaṃ pāpuṇituṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhiṃsu.
~Monks - bhikkhū
~made an attempt - vīriyaṃ ārabhiṃsu
~to attain - pāpuṇituṃ
~Arhatship - arahattaṃ
2. The Buddha expounded the doctrine for getting rid of lust,
anger and delusion.
● Buddho rāgassa pahānāya, dosassa pahānāya, mohassa
pahānāya dhammaṃ desesi.
~The Buddha - buddho
~expounded - desesi
~the doctrine - dhammaṃ
~for getting rid of lust - rāgassa pahānāya
~anger and
~delusion
3. We went to the house of general and sat down on the seats
that had been prepared.
● Mayaṃ senānino gehaṃ gantvā paññattesu āsanesu
nisīdimhā.
~We - mayaṃ
~went to (and) - gantvā
~ the house of general - senānino gehaṃ
~sat down - nisīdimhā
~on the seats - āsanesu
~that had been prepared - paññattesu
4. If you become lazy, certainly you will fall into poverty.
● Sace tvaṃ kusīto (alaso) bhaveyyāsi, nissaṃ-sayaṃ
tvaṃ dā-liddi-yaṃ patissasi.
~If - sace
~you - tvaṃ
~become - bhaveyyāsi
~lazy - kusīto
~certainly - nissaṃsayaṃ
~you - tvaṃ
~will fall into - patissasi
~poverty - dāliddiyaṃ
5. How good would it be if I should go forth from home to
homelessness
● Yannuna ahaṃ agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajeyyāmi.
~How good would it be - yannauna
~ I - ahaṃ
~should go forth - pabbajeyyāmi
~ from home - agārasmā
~to homelessness - anagāriyaṃ
6. They gave ear to hear the teaching of the Buddha. (daw sein
mya mya)
7. Having gone to the Jetavana they saw the Buddha and paid
homage (to him). (u phyo zaw thet)
8. Many meritorious deeds were done by the wise family. (daw
thidawin)
9. In the battlefield many enemies were killed by the general
and (his) soldiers. (u tun aung kyaw)
10. The monk went to the forest and sat down at the foot of a
tree. (daw zar ni lwin)
11. Then the Buddha stayed in the Nidhrarama in the vicinity
of the city Kapilavatthu. (u aung phe naing)
12. The farmers walked in the field in the daytime and
returned to (their) houses in the evening. (daw new new swe)
13. Many soldiers were standing at the gate of the city.
(u aung phe naing)

14. We see visible forms with (our) eyes, hear sounds with
ears and smell odors with our noses. (daw sandar win)
LESSON-19
Nominative Case in Feminine
 Nominative Case
stem Singular - (s) plural - (y) o
kaññā kaññā kaññā, kaññāyo
ratti ratti rattī, rattiyo
nadī nadī nadī, nadiyo
yāgu yāgu yāgū, yāguyo
vadhū vadhū vadhū, vadhuyo
Vocative Case in Feminine
 Vocative Case
kaññā kaññe
ratti ratti
nadī nadi
yāgu yāgu
vadhū vadhu
Accusative Case in Feminine
 Accusative Case
stem Singular- (a) ṃ Plural
kaññā kaññaṃ kaññā, kaññāyo
ratti rattiṃ rattī, rattiyo
nadī nadiṃ nadī, nadiyo
yāgu yāguṃ yāgū, yāguyo
vadhū vadhuṃ vadhū, vadhuyo
Formation of Feminine Gender
 Formation of Feminine Gender

Masculine Feminine
mānussa (human) mānusī
mūsika (mouse) mūsikī
kokila (cuckoo) kokilā
sobhana (beautiful) sobhanā
dīgha (long) dīghā
kukkura (dog) kukkurī
kukkuṭa (cock) kukkuṭī
mānava (young man) mānavī
mātula (uncale) mātulānī
gahapati (master of a house) gahapatānī
Vocabulary for Lesson 19
 Vocabular
Masculine noun
1) chaṇa
2) āloka
3) ñāti
4) vaja
5) alaṅkāra
6) gaja
7) kāya
8) aṅgala-visaya
9) samādhi
10) pāpaṇika, āpaṇika, vāṇija

Neuter nouns
1) yotta
2) bhaya
3) uyyāna
4) vacana
5) mukha
6) vetta
7) ābharaṇa
8) vattha
9) paduma
10) gīta
11) raṭṭha

Feminine Nouns
1) ammā
2) kaññā
3) latā
4) ratti
5) nadī
6) dārikā
7) yāgu
8) dhenu
 9) vācā
10) pokkharaṇī
11) vāpi
12) jivhā
13) desanā
14) migī
15) itthī
16) taṇhā
17) kadalī
18) rājinī
19) pajā
20) vīṇā

Adjectives
1) kāruṇika
2) piya
3) gambhīra
4) puthula
5) jeṭṭha
6) kaniṭṭha
Verbs for Lesson 19
 Verbs
1. veṭheti
2. vibhāti
3. nahāyati
4. khanati
5. niccharati
6. otarati
7. ghāyati
8. sajjeti
9. vādeti
10. rodati
11. vikasati
12. sandati
13. pāleti
14. sannipatati
Translate into Englsh
Exercises
(a) Translate into English.
1. Amma, mayaṃ idāni kuhiṃ gacchāmi?
2. Kaññāyo bhātikehi saddhiṃ chaṇaṃ passituṃ nagaraṃ
gacchantu.
3. Latāyo rukkhe veṭhenti.
4. Ratti candassa ālokena vibhāti.
5. Mayaṃ nahāyituṃ nadiṃ otarāma.
6. Bhoti kaññe, kiṃ tvaṃ ajja vijjālayaṃ na gacchasi?
7. Gahapatānī yottaṃ gahetvā vajaṃ gantvā dheṇu bandhitvā
gehassa samīpaṃ ānesi.
8. Mayaṃ pāto uṭṭhāya yāguṃ pivitvā gehamhā nikkhamma
khettaṃ gacchāma.
9. Dārikāyo vijjālayassa avidūre uyyāne sannipatitvā kīḷanti.
10. Kāruṇikā vācā dārakānaṃ dārikānaṃ ca piyā hoti.
11. Yakkhassa mukhato jivhā niccharati.
12. Sevakehi khatā pokkharaṇī gambhīrā ca puthulā ca hoti.
13. Therena katā dhammadesanā bahūhi sutā hoti.
14. Kaññā ñātino gehaṃ āgatā.
15. Duggatā itthī dvāre ṭhatvā gītāni ghāyati vīṇañca vādeti.
Translate into Pāli for Lesson 19
(a) Translate into Pali.
1. Let us go to the river to take a bath.
2. The girl gone to the city with (her) elder brother saw an
elephant and cried with fear.
3. Many rivers flow from the mountain.
4. The hunter takes a doe from the forest and goes to the town
and sell (it) to a merchant.
5. The girl beaten by the elder brother with a cane, runs home,
sits down in the bed and cries.
6. You may develop concentration and Vipassana and dispel
craving.
7. We saw the pond dug out by the servants.
8. The lake looks beautiful with blooming lotuses.
9. Plantains do not grow in England.
10. The queen governs the subjects (of the country) in
righteousness.
LESSON-20
Feminine Nouns
 Feminine Nouns
Instrumental & Ablative Case
stem singular - (ya/ yā) Plural - bhi > hi
kaññā kaññāya kaññābhi, kaññāhi
ratti rattiyā rattibhi, rattībhi, rattihi, rattīhi
nadī nadiyā nadībhi, nadīhi
yāgu yāguyā yāgubhi, yāgūbhi, yāguhi, yāgūhi
vadhū vadhuyā vadhūbhi, vadhūhi

Dative & genitive Case

stem singular - (ya/ yā) Plural - (n)aṃ
kaññā kaññāya kaññānaṃ
ratti rattiyā rattinaṃ, rattinaṃ
nadī nadiyā nadīnaṃ
yāgu yāguyā yāgunaṃ, yāgūnaṃ
vadhū vadhuyā vadhūnaṃ
 Locative Case
stem singular - ya, yā, yaṃ Plural - su
kaññā Kaññāya, kaññāyaṃ kaññāsu
ratti rattiyā, rattiyaṃ rattisu, rattisu
nadī nadiyā, nadīyaṃ nadīsu
yāgu yāguyā, yāguyaṃ yāgusu, yāgusu
vadhū vadhuyā, vadhuyaṃ vadhūsu