Places and Landscapes Reviewer Champlain, first on St.

Croix Island (in

SSEd 222 present-day Maine), then at Port-Royal, in
Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia).
Chapter 5 – CANADA ▪ In 1608 Champlain built a fortress at what is
I. The Building of Canada now Québec City.
1. Aboriginal Peoples ▪ The colonists struggled against a harsh
▪ When Europeans explored Canada they climate. Champlain allied the colony with the
found all regions occupied by native peoples Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron, historic
they called Indians, because the first enemies of the Iroquois, a confederation of
explorers thought they had reached the East five (later six) First Nations who battled with
Indies. the French settlements for a century.
▪ The native people lived off the and, some by ▪ The French and Aboriginal people
hunting and gathering, others by raising collaborated in the vast fur-trade economy,
crops. driven by the demand for beaver pelts in
▪ The Huron-Wendat of the Great Lakes Europe.
region, like the Iroquois, were farmers and 5. Struggle for a Continent
hunters. ▪ In 1670, King Charles II of England granted
▪ The Cree and Dene of the Northwest were the Hudson’s Bay Company exclusive
hunter-gatherers. trading rights over the watershed draining
▪ The Sioux were nomadic, following the bison into Hudson Bay.
▪ The Inuit lived off Arctic wildlife. ▪ The skilled and courageous men who
▪ West Coast natives preserved fish by drying travelled by canoe were called voyageurs
and smoking. and coureurs des bois, and formed strong
▪ Warfare was common among Aboriginal alliances with First Nations.
groups as they competed for land, resources ▪ In 1759, the British defeated the French in
and prestige. the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at
▪ The arrival of European traders, Québec City — marking the end of France’s
missionaries, soldiers and colonists changed empire in America.
the native way of life forever. ▪ The commanders of both armies, Brigadier
▪ Large numbers of Aboriginals died of James Wolfe and the Marquis de Montcalm,
European diseases to which they lacked were killed leading their troops in battle.
immunity. 6. The Province of Quebec
▪ However, Aboriginals and Europeans formed ▪ Following the war, Great Britain renamed
strong economic, religious and military the colony the “Province of Quebec.”
bonds in the first 200 years of coexistence ▪ The French speaking Catholic people, known
which laid the foundations of Canada. as habitants or Canadiens, strove to
2. The First Europeans preserve their way of life in the English-
▪ The Vikings from Iceland who colonized speaking, Protestant-ruled British Empire.
Greenland 1,000 years ago also reached 7. A Tradition of Accommodation
Labrador and the island of Newfoundland. ▪ To better govern the French Roman Catholic
The remains of their settlement, l’Anse aux majority, the British Parliament passed the
Meadows, are a World Heritage site. Quebec Act of 1774.
▪ European exploration began in earnest in ▪ One of the constitutional foundations of
1497 with the expedition of John Cabot, who Canada, the Quebec Act accommodated the
was the first to draw a map of Canada’s East principles of British institutions to the reality
Coast. of the province.
3. Exploring a River, Naming Canada ▪ It allowed religious freedom for Catholics
▪ Between 1534 and 1542, Jacques Cartier and permitted them to hold public office, a
made three voyages across the Atlantic, practice not then allowed in Britain.
claiming the land for King Francis I of France. 8. United Empire Loyalists
▪ Cartier heard two captured guides speak the ▪ In 1776, the 13 British colonies to the south
Iroquoian word kanata, meaning “village.” of Quebec declared independence and
By the 1550s, the name of Canada began formed the United States.
appearing on maps. ▪ More than 40,000 people loyal to the Crown,
4. Royal New France called “Loyalists,” fled the oppression of the
▪ In 1604, the first European settlement north American Revolution to settle in Nova Scotia
of Florida was established by French and Quebec.
explorers Pierre de Monts and Samuel de

SSED 222 REVIEWER | By: Ivy Angeline Mejica & Alyzza Jazzelle Geron
 ▪ Joseph Brant led thousands of Loyalist II. Regions of Canada
Mohawk Indians into Canada. Canada includes many different geographical areas
▪ In turn, in 1792, some black Nova Scotians, and five distinct regions.
who were given poor land, moved on to - The Atlantic Provinces
establish Freetown, Sierra Leone (West - Central Canada
Africa), a new British colony for freed slaves. - The Prairie Provinces
9. The Beginnings of Democracy - The West Coast
▪ The first representative assembly was - The Northern Territories
elected in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1758.
▪ The Act also granted to the Canadas, for the 1. The National Capital
first time, legislative assemblies elected by ➢ Ottawa, located on the Ottawa River, was
the people. chosen as the capital in 1857 by Queen
▪ The name Canada also became official at this Victoria, the great- great-grandmother of
time and has been used ever since. The Queen Elizabeth II.
Atlantic colonies and the two Canadas were ➢ Today it is Canada’s fourth largest
known collectively as British North America. metropolitan area.
10. A Growing Economy ➢ The National Capital Region, 4,700 square
▪ The first companies in Canada were formed kilometres surrounding Ottawa, preserves
during the French and British regimes and and enhances the area’s built heritage and
competed for the fur trade. natural environment.
▪ The Hudson’s Bay Company, with French, 2. Province and Territories
British and Aboriginal employees, came to ➢ Canada has ten provinces and three
dominate the trade in the northwest from territories.
Fort Garry (Winnipeg) and Fort Edmonton to ➢ Each province and territory has its own capital
Fort Langley (near Vancouver) and Fort city.
Victoria—trading posts that later became 3. Population
cities. ➢ Canada has a population of about 34 million
▪ The first financial institutions opened in the people. While the majority live in cities,
late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Canadians also live in small towns, rural areas
Montreal Stock Exchange opened in 1832. and everywhere in between.
11. Responsible Government
▪ In 1840, Upper and Lower Canada were
united as the Province of Canada.
▪ Reformers such as Sir Louis- Hippolyte La
Fontaine and Robert Baldwin, in parallel with
Joseph Howe in Nova Scotia, worked with
British governors toward responsible
government.
▪ The first British North American colony to
attain full responsible government was Nova
Scotia in 1847–48.
▪ This is the system that we have today: if the
government loses a confidence vote in the
assembly it must resign. La Fontaine, a
champion of democracy and French 4. The Atlantic Provinces
language rights, became the first leader of a ➢ Atlantic Canada’s coasts and natural
responsible government in the Canadas. resources, including fishing, farming, forestry
▪ Canada is the second largest country on and mining, have made these provinces an
earth—10 million square kilometres. Three important part of Canada’s history and
oceans line Canada’s frontiers: the Pacific development.
Ocean in the west, the Atlantic Ocean in the 5. Newfoundland and Labrador
east, and the Arctic Ocean to the north. ➢ the most easterly point in North America and
▪ Along the southern edge of Canada lies the has its own time zone.
Canada-United States boundary. ➢ the province has a unique heritage linked to
▪ Both Canada and the U.S.A. are committed the sea.
to a safe, secure and efficient frontier. ➢ The oldest colony of the British Empire and a
strategic prize in Canada’s early history, the

SSED 222 REVIEWER | By: Ivy Angeline Mejica & Alyzza Jazzelle Geron
 province has long been known for its fisheries, ➢ Nunavut and Yukon contain one-third of
coastal fishing villages and distinct culture. Canada’s land mass but have a population of
6. Prince Edward Island only 100,000.
➢ the smallest province, known for its beaches, ➢ The North is often referred to as the “Land of
red soil and agriculture, especially potatoes. the Midnight Sun” because at the height of
➢ the birthplace of Confederation, connected summer, daylight can last up to 24 hours.
to mainland Canada by one of the longest ➢ In winter, the sun disappears and darkness
continuous multispan bridges in the world, sets in for three months.
the Confederation Bridge. ➢ The Northern territories have long cold
➢ Anne of Green Gables, set in P.E.I. by Lucy winters and short cool summers.
Maud Montgomery, is a much-loved story ➢ Because of the cold Arctic climate, there are
about the adventures of a little red- headed no trees on the tundra and the soil is
orphan girl. permanently frozen.
7. Nova Scotia ➢ Inuit art is sold throughout Canada and
➢ the most populous Atlantic Province, with a around the world.
rich history as the gateway to Canada. 13. Canada’s Future
➢ Known for the world’s highest tides in ➢ The Government of Canada and its partners
the Bay of Fundy , the province’s identity is will close the gaps and divides that exist
linked to shipbuilding, fisheries and shipping. between this region, particularly in relation
➢ Nova Scotia is home to over 700 annual to its Indigenous peoples, and the rest of the
festivals, including the spectacular military country.
tattoo in Halifax. ➢ In the shared future, Canada’s Arctic and
8. New Brunswick North will no longer be pushed to the
➢ Situated in the Appalachian Range, the margins of the national community.
province was founded by the United Empire ➢ Its people will be full participants in Canadian
Loyalists and has the second largest river society, with access to the same services,
system on North America’s Atlantic opportunities and standards of living as
coastline, the St. John River system. those enjoyed by other Canadians
➢ Saint John is the largest city, port and ➢ We will encourage development that is
manufacturing centre; Moncton is the environmentally and socially sustainable,
principal Francophone Acadian centre; and that employs local people and creates
Fredericton, the historic capital. wealth in the region.
➢ New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual ➢ We will work to fill knowledge gaps in the
province, and about one-third of the Arctic and the North in a way that is
population lives and works in French. responsive to the needs of local
9. Central Canada governments and people, and enables and
➢ More than half the people in Canada live in encourages their participation in all aspects
cities and towns near the Great Lakes and of the research process.
the St. Lawrence River in southern Quebec ➢ We will support a rules-based international
and Ontario, known as Central Canada and order in the Arctic that prioritizes human and
the industrial and manufacturing heartland. environmental security and meaningful
10. The Prairie Provinces engagement of Arctic and northern peoples,
➢ Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta are the especially Indigenous peoples.
Prairie Provinces, rich in energy resources ➢ We know that closing the gaps between the
and some of the most fertile farmland in the region and the rest of Canada means closing
world. gaps between where decisions and
➢ The region is mostly dry, with cold winters resources are based, and where the needs
and hot summers. are.
11. The West Coast 14. Reconciliation with Indigenous peoples
➢ British Columbia is known for its majestic ➢ Recognizing …the disproportionate socio-
mountains and as Canada’s Pacific gateway. economic and cultural inequity facing Inuit
➢ The Port of Vancouver, Canada’s largest and compared to most other Canadians, and
busiest, handles billions of dollars in goods committing to working in partnership to
traded around the world. create socio-economic and cultural equity
➢ Warm airstreams from the Pacific Ocean give between Inuit and other Canadians.
the B.C. coast a temperate climate. ➢ This commitment includes energetically and
12. The Northern Territories creatively pursuing the

SSED 222 REVIEWER | By: Ivy Angeline Mejica & Alyzza Jazzelle Geron
 ➢ socio-economic, cultural, and environmental
conditions of success through the full Chapter 6 – JAPAN ENTERS THE MODERN WORLD
implementation of land claims agreements ❖ Japan is an island country consisting of four
as well as reconciliation major and numerous smaller islands.
➢ The negotiation and full implementation of ❖ The islands lie in an arc across the Pacific
land claims and self-government agreements coast of northeastern Asia, forming a part
are key components of reconciliation. of the volcanic “Rim of Fire.”
➢ They require recognition within the ❖ From north to south this chain of islands
framework as part of the continuation and measures more than 1,500 miles, but it is
renewal of relationships. only about 130 miles across
➢ In 2015, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau ❖ Its total landmass is just under 150 thousand
accepted the Final Report of the Truth and square miles.
Reconciliation Commission on behalf of the ❖ If placed alongside the Pacific coast of North
Government of Canada and committed to a America, the Japanese islands would
renewed nation-to-nation relationship with extend from northern Washington State to
Indigenous peoples based on recognition of the southern tip of Baja California in Mexico,
rights, respect, co-operation and and as a result Japan has a wide variation in
partnership. climate.
➢ In 2016, the Government of Canada ❖ Japan’s closest neighbors are Russia, Korea
committed to renewing the relationship with and China.
First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples ❖ In early history the Korean Peninsula acted
through the creation of permanent bilateral as a bridge between Japan and the vast
mechanisms. expanse of China, where a great civilization
➢ The work of reconciliation is not only emerged—later on, Japan made
happening at the federal level, it has also connections with China directly by sea.
been undertaken by Indigenous peoples, by ❖ The Japanese also controlled international
Arctic and northern governments and contact by expanding, narrowing, and
through other mechanisms. sometimes terminating diplomatic relations
15. Assuming global leadership with other nations.
➢ Canada will strengthen its international ❖ During closed periods, they digested foreign
leadership on Arctic and northern issues at influences and, based on their tastes and
this critical time, as the region undergoes necessities, transformed those influences
rapid environmental change and into distinctly Japanese forms and styles.
international interest surges. I. The Regions of Japan
➢ Canada’s ambition is to robustly support the o Japan is officially divided into 8 major
rules-based international order in the Arctic, regions, and each one has its own iconic
and all its institutions, and to seek ways to landmarks, unique culture, things they’re
strengthen and improve those institutions famous for, and role in Japanese history.
for the 21st century. 1. Hokkaido is Japan’s Northernmost island.
16. Canada will: o It is popular with nature lovers, as it is known
➢ work collaboratively with Indigenous its sweeping landscapes, snow-tipped
peoples and territorial and provincial mountains, and diverse wildlife.
governments in the multilateral forums o Hokkaido was first occupied by an
where decisions that impact the Arctic are indigenous people called the Ainu, and many
made, including the Arctic Council and area names, like Sapporo and Noshappu, are
United Nations organizations from the Ainu language.
➢ enhance bilateral cooperation with Arctic o Today, the Ainu still reside in small villages
and key non-Arctic states and actors across the region.
➢ Canadian leadership will be advanced o Summer in Hokkaido is notoriously mild,
bilaterally and in multilateral forums in order pleasant, and has some of the most
to promote Canadian values and interests breathtaking flower fields in all of Japan.
such as human and environmental security. o Winter in Hokkaido is quite harsh, but also
17. Our shared ambition includes: offers perfect, untouched snow and world-
➢ better leveraging our international Arctic class ski resorts.
engagement to address domestic priorities o Known for: Incredible nature, Winter sports,
such as social and economic development Heavy snowfall, Mild summers, Seafood,
➢ enhanced knowledge of our Arctic and North Yubari Melons
➢ environmental protection 2. Tōhoku

SSED 222 REVIEWER | By: Ivy Angeline Mejica & Alyzza Jazzelle Geron
 o The region is located on an active volcano museums, and other landmarks that are
zone, which produces a number of stellar hot household names in Japan.
springs and onsens as a result. 6. Osaka
o The Tōhoku name gained international o The second-largest city in Japan, Osaka, is
recognition for being the site of the infamous also located in this region.
2011 earthquake and tsunami that o Osaka is known as being an entertainment
devastated the region and deeply affected hub with a food culture that’s dubbed “the
the entire country. belly of Japan”.
o Tōhoku is also home to a unique dialect. The o Osaka was historically the center of all trade
Tōhoku dialect differs so greatly from with China and Korea, and became even
standard Japanese that on nationwide more important to Japan when the
television, it is subtitled so that people in legendary ruler Hideyoshi Toyotomi chose it
other parts of the country can understand it. as the site to build his new fortress – Osaka
o Known for: Countryside, Mountains, Lakes, Castle.
Hot springs, Harsh winters, Tōhoku dialect, 7. Kansai
Rice, Aomori apples, Fruits, Sendai beef. o The Kansai region is also famous for the
3. Kanto Kansai dialect, a strong, casual way of
o the Kanto region is a vibrant, densely speaking that is incredibly different from
populated metropolis with more residents standard Japanese.
than any other region in Japan. o Many famous Japanese comedians and TV
o Kanto includes a variety of modern personalities speak with the Kansai dialect,
attractions, delicious foods, and historic so it’s often heard in variety programs on
sites. Japanese television.
o Kanto was the home of the Tokugawa o Known for: Friendly people, Ancient temples
shogunate. and shrines, many UNESCO World Heritage
o During the feudal time, the city of Tokyo was Sites, Kansai dialect, Great food culture
actually called Edo, and was the military seat 8. Chugoku
of power in Japan. o The Chugoku region might be most famous
o Known for: Populated cities, public with international tourists for being the site
transportation, Lots of restaurants, of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in World
“Standard” Japanese War II.
4. Chubu o Today, Hiroshima City is completely re-built
o Chubu’s name literally means “middle and full of memorials and museums
region”, and this is well-deserved, as it’s the dedicated to the lives lost in the bombing.
large region located right in the center of the o Miyajima Island is also incredibly well-known
main island. throughout Japan for the floating torii gate
o Because it divides the main Honshu island at Itsukushima Shrine.
into East Honshu and West Honshu, it has a o The entire region of Chugoku is nicely
bit of culture and geography from each side. urbanized and industrialized, and because it
o Japan’s iconic Mount Fuji is also in Chubu. is located at the bottom tip of the main
o The north eastern part of Chubu offers great island, it offers access to both the Seto Inland
beaches, and the Sea of Japan off the coast Sea and the Sea of Japan.
has plenty of picturesque cliffs, historic o Known for: Picturesque towns, Islands &
villages, well-preserved temples, and lots of coastal cities, Miyajima’s Floating Tori Gate,
delicious seafood! The Atomic Bomb Site and Memorials,
o Known for: Rugged mountains, Historic Hiroshima-style okonomiyaki, Puffer fish,
villages, Lakes, Cliffs and beaches, Sake, Fruits
Green tea 9. Shikoku
5. Kinki o the smallest of the four main islands of
o The Kinki (also known as Kansai) region is Japan.
Japan’s second-largest region, and is home o The region got its name from the fact that it
to a lot of the country’s history. was, at one point in history, actually divided
o Many of the top tourist destinations in into four regions.
Kansai, such as Kyoto and Nara, actually o Because it is an island, Shikoku has remained
served as the nation’s capitals several fairly remote and rural compared to other
centuries ago. regions over the course of Japanese history.
o Therefore, Kansai has an abundance of
world-class castles, temples, shrines,

SSED 222 REVIEWER | By: Ivy Angeline Mejica & Alyzza Jazzelle Geron
 o The land itself is quite rugged and full of c. a well-developed transport and
mountains, which makes it difficult to travel communication system;
on foot. d. a highly educated population free of
o the region is actually famous for a pilgrimage feudal class restrictions;
called the Shikoku Junrei (四国巡礼), a path e. an established and rapidly growing
that follows the footsteps of the great industrial sector based on the latest
Buddhist saint Kobo Daishi, who achieved technology;
enlightenment on this island. f. a powerful army and navy.
o Known for: Uninhabited nature, Natural • Japan had regained complete control of its
beauty, Remote location, Rough terrain, foreign trade and legal system, and, by
Oranges, Udon noodles, Olives, Seafood fighting and winning two wars (one of them
10. Kyushu against a major European power, Russia), it
o The Kyushu region consists of seven had established full independence and
prefectures. equality in international affairs.
o As it’s showed in the name, there were nine • Japan’s success in modernization has
areas in the Kyushu island that were created great interest in why and how it was
different from as you see now. able to adopt Western political, social, and
o the Kyushu region has a much more tropical economic institutions in so short a time.
climate than the others. • This political revolution “restored” the
o This part of Japan is also often hit by several emperor to power, but he did not rule
typhoons every year, especially the southern directly.
and eastern points. • The feudal lords and the samurai class were
o Historically, the island of Kyushu served as a offered a yearly stipend, which was later
very important hub for trade between Japan changed to a one- time payment in
and other countries, especially with China government bonds.
and Korea. • The armies of each domain were disbanded,
o Nagasaki, now known more for being the and a national army based on universal
site of the second atomic bombing in World conscription was created in 1872, requiring
War II, was actually the first port city in Japan three years’ military service from all men,
to open up to the West, starting with the samurai and commoner alike.
Portuguese in the 16th and 17th centuries. 2. Resistance and Rebellion Defeated
o Known for: Tropical climate, Historic sites, • When the top leadership left to travel in
Lush islands, Modern cities, Shochu liquor, Europe and the United States to study
Chicken and beef, Sara-udon noodles Western ways in 1872, conservative groups
II. The Modernization of Japan argued that Japan should reply to Korean’s
❖ In 1868 the Tokugawa shôgun (great general), refusal to revise a centuries old treaty with
who ruled Japan in the feudal period, lost his an invasion.
power and the emperor was restored to the • But the new leaders quickly returned from
supreme position. Europe and reestablished their control,
❖ The emperor took the name Meiji arguing that Japan should concentrate on its
(enlightened rule) as his reign name; this own modernization and not engage in such
event was known as the Meiji Restoration. foreign adventures.
1. The Reign of the Meiji Emperor • For the next twenty years, in the 1870s and
• When the Meiji emperor was restored as 1880s, the top priority remained domestic
head of Japan in 1868, the nation was a reform aimed at changing Japan’s social and
militarily weak country, was primarily economic institutions along the lines of the
agricultural, and had little technological model provided by the powerful Western
development. nations.
• It was controlled by hundreds of semi- • With the exception of these few samurai
independent feudal lords. outbreaks, Japan’s domestic transformation
• When the Meiji period ended, with the death proceeded with remarkable speed, energy,
of the emperor in 1912, Japan had: and the cooperation of the people. This
a. a highly centralized, bureaucratic phenomenon is one of the major
government; characteristics of Japan’s modern history.
b. a constitution establishing an elected 3. Ideology
parliament; • In an effort to unite the Japanese nation in
response to the Western challenge, the Meiji

SSED 222 REVIEWER | By: Ivy Angeline Mejica & Alyzza Jazzelle Geron
 leaders created a civic ideology centered • In 1894 Japan fought a war against China
around the emperor. over its interest in Korea, which China
• Although the emperor wielded no political claimed as a vassal state.
power, he had long been viewed as a symbol • The Korean peninsula is the closest part of
of Japanese culture and historical continuity. Asia to Japan, less than 100 miles by sea, and
• He was the head of the Shintô religion, the Japanese were worried that the Russians
Japan’s native religion. might gain control of that weak nation.
• Among other beliefs, Shintô holds that the • Japan won the war and gained control over
emperor is descended from the sun goddess Korea and gained Taiwan as a colony.
and the gods who created Japan and • At this time the European nations were
therefore is semidivine. beginning to claim special rights in China —
• The people seldom saw the emperor, yet the French, with their colony in Indochina
they were to carry out his orders without (today’s Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia),
question, in honor to him and to the unity of were involved in South China;
the Japanese people, which he represented. • The British also claimed special rights in
• In fact, the emperor did not rule. It was his South China, near Hong Kong, and later the
“advisers”, the small group of men who whole Yangtze valley;
exercised political control, that devised and • and the Russians, who were building a
carried out the reform program in the name railway through Siberia and Manchuria,
of the emperor. were interested in North China.
4. Social and Economic Changes • Each of these nations then began to force
• The abolition of feudalism made possible China to give it ports, naval bases, and
tremendous social and political changes. special economic rights, with Russia taking
• By providing a new environment of political the same Liaotung peninsula that Japan had
and financial security, the government made been forced to return.
possible investment in new industries and III. Expansion, Empire and Defeat
technologies. ❖ By 1904, when the Russians were again
• Some of the samurai and merchants who threatening to establish control over Korea,
built these industries established major Japan was much stronger.
corporate conglomerates called zaibatsu, ❖ when the Russians were again threatening to
which controlled much of Japan’s modern establish control over Korea, Japan was much
industrial sector. stronger. It declared war on Russia and, using
• The government also introduced a national all its strength, won victory in 1905 (beginning
educational system and a constitution, with a surprise naval attack on Port Arthur,
creating an elected parliament called the which gained for Japan the control of the
Diet. China Sea).
• In the Tokugawa period, popular education ❖ Japan thus achieved dominance over Korea
had spread rapidly, and in 1872 the and established itself a colonial power in East
government established a national system to Asia.
educate the entire population. 1. The Period 1912-1941
• By the end of the Meiji period, almost ▪ During the Taishô period (1912-1926),
everyone attended the free public schools Japanese citizens began to ask for more
for at least six years. The government closely voice in the government and for more social
controlled the schools, making sure that in freedoms.
addition to skills like mathematics and ▪ During this time, Japanese society and the
reading, all students studied “moral Japanese political system were significantly
training”, which stressed the importance of more open than they were either before or
their duty to the emperor, the country and after.
their families. ▪ The period has often been called the period
• To win the recognition of the Western of “Taishô democracy”
powers and convince them to change the ▪ One explanation is that, until World War I,
unequal treaties the Japanese had been Japan enjoyed record breaking economic
forced to sign in the 1850s, Japan changed its prosperity.
entire legal system, adopting a new criminal ▪ During these years Japan saw the emergence
and civil code modeled after those of France of a “mass society” very similar to the
and Germany. “Roaring 20s” in the United States.
5. The International Climate: Colonialism

SSED 222 REVIEWER | By: Ivy Angeline Mejica & Alyzza Jazzelle Geron
▪ At the end of World War I, however, Japan 2. The End of War
entered a severe economic depression. ▪ Atomic bombs largely destroyed the cities of
▪ The government and military, consequently, Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9,
grew stronger, the parliament weaker. respectively.
▪ Japan’s need for natural resources and the ▪ On August 8 the Soviet Union declared war
repeated rebuffs from the West to Japan’s and the next day marched into Manchuria,
attempts to expand its power in Asia paved where the Kwantung Army could offer only
the way for militarists to rise to power. token resistance.
▪ The attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7 ▪ The Japanese government attempted to gain
[December 8 in Japan], 1941) achieved as its sole condition for surrender a
complete surprise and success. qualification for the preservation of the
▪ It also unified American opinion and imperial institution; after the Allies agreed to
determination to see the war through to a respect the will of the Japanese people, the
successful conclusion. emperor insisted on surrender.
▪ The first years of the war brought Japan ▪ The Pacific war came to an end on August 14
great success. In the Philippines, Japanese (August 15 in Japan).
troops occupied Manila in January 1942, ▪ The formal surrender was signed on
although Corregidor held out until May; September 2 in Tokyo Bay aboard the
Singapore fell in February, and the Dutch battleship USS Missouri.
East Indies and Rangoon (Burma) in early
March. CHAPTER 7 - THE TWO KOREAS
▪ The Battle of Midway in June 1942 cost the • Located between China and Japan
Japanese fleet four aircraft carriers and • Continuous cultural and geopolitical
many seasoned pilots, and the battle for interactions with China and japan
Guadalcanal Island in the Solomons ended • Korean language is considered “language
with Japanese withdrawal in February 1943. isolate”
▪ After Midway, Japanese naval leaders
secretly concluded that Japan’s outlook for MODERN KOREA
victory was poor. • One of the worlds fastest growing
▪ When the fall of Saipan in July 1944 brought economies
U.S. bombers within range of Tokyo, the Tōjō • Korean DGP ranked no.12 in the world
cabinet was replaced by that of Koiso • World's 8th largest exporter
Kuniaki. Korean Wave (Hallyu): Korean Cultural Export since
▪ Many in government realized that the war early 1990s
was lost, but none had a program for ending • Korean movies, TV dramas, and pop-music
the war that was acceptable to the military. are very popular around the world; rapidly
▪ Great firebombing raids in 1945 brought spreading beyond Asian countries
destruction to every major city except the • Korea is among the world’s top ten cultural
old capital of Kyōto; but the generals were exporters
bent on continuing the war, confident that a Five Thousand Years of Korean History
major victory or protracted battle would
help gain honourable terms.
▪ In February 1945 the emperor met with a
group of senior statesmen to discuss steps
that might be taken.
▪ The problem of the new premier, Admiral
Suzuki Kantarō, was not whether to end the
war but how best to do it.
▪ The Soviet government had agreed,
however, to enter the war; consequently, its Go-Joseon-King Dan-gun established Go-Joseon in
reply was delayed while Soviet leaders 2333 B.C.
participated in the Potsdam Conference in Three Kingdoms to Goryeo- Buddhism became the
July. national religion.
▪ The Potsdam Declaration issued on July 26 • Arts and culture flourished during the Shilla
offered the first ray of hope with its Dynasty.
statement that Japan would not be Joseon Dynasty- Expanded territory boundary up to
“enslaved as a race, nor destroyed as a Yalu river in north.
nation.”

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 • Confucianism was promoted by the • 3-12 side dishes
government. • Kimchi
• The Korean alphabet was invented. -fermented pickled vegetable with or without hot
• Sijo became popular. pepper, hundreds of variations
Japanese Rule- Japan annexed Korea by force in • Common elements of cooking
1910. -soy sauce
• Japan in 1938 outlawed use of the Korean -soy-bean paste (dyon-jang similar to miso)
language in an attempt to eradicate Korean -hot-pepper paste (go-chu-jang)
national identity. -sesame oil
• Deep lament and resentment toward -Lots of vegetables
invaders prevailed in Korean literature and
music, along with attempts to grapple with Korean Shamanism
new, modern forms. -Shamanism has deep roots in folk beliefs.
Divided Peninsula- In 1945 at Postdam conference -Related to the ancient communal worship rites
US (Truman), USSR (Stalin) and UK (Churchil) offered to the gods of heaven.
decided to divide Korean peninsula at 38th parallel -Participants seek to resolve human problems
without consulting Koreans. through a meeting of humans and the spirits
Korean War- North Korea invaded south by mediated by the shaman
launching surprise attack on 6/25/50. -Shaman is about to perform a ritual. The shaman
• United Nations forces led by US defended wears a colorful costume, speaks in a trance as a
South. spiritual oracle, and sings and dances to music.
• Many Koreans lost or separated from family
members in both south and north. Korean Buddhism
Modern Korea- Economic development plan began -Introduced to Korea druing three kingdom era
after military coup in 1961 (around 372 A.D.)
• 2009 Korean GDP ranked No.12 in the world. -Became state religion in three kingdoms and
Korean Alphabet: Hangul Goryeo dynasty
• King Sejong the Great invented Korean -Deep influence in every aspect of Korean life,
alphabet in 1446. culture, and arts
• Alphabet organizes written language into -Currently about 24% of population is Buddhist.
syllabic units. -Buddha’s birthday is national holiday in Korea.
• 14 consonants & 10 vowels
• Easy to learn: "A wise man can acquaint Korean Confucianism
himself with them before the morning is -Joseon dynasty promoted Confucian philosophies
over; a stupid man can learn them in the as national philosophy
space of ten days”. -Complex system, selectively imported from
Hangul (Korean Alphabet) China,of moral, social, political, philosophical, and
• Purely phonetic alphabet quasi-religious thought.
• 14 consonants -Became an indispensable component of the Korean
moral system, way of life, and laws
ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇㅈㅊㅋㅌㅍㅎ
-Memorial rite to the kings of the Joseon Dynasty is
• 10 vowels
performed at Jong-myo Shrine
아야어여오요우유으이
• Hangul is a scientific system, invented Korean Christianity
following the shapes of vocal organs as they -Catholicism was imported into Korea by a Korean
make sounds. scholar, Yi Seung-hun, who was baptized while
Traditional Arts: Painting visiting China.
• Typically use few color, leaving background -Thousands of Catholics were executed during
blank government persecution inthe late Joseon dynasty.
• Often combined with poem. -103 martyrs were canonized in 1984.
• Painters signed their artistic name and -Protestant missionaries came to Korea during
signature stamps Japanese rule in the early 20th century.
Korean Ceramics -Dedicated to higher education and health care
• Celadon with pale jade green glaze and inlaid -Catholics and Protestant Christians are more
pattern was invented in 10th century during populous in urban areas and often have higher
Goryeo dynasty. education levels.
Korean Food
• Cooked rice, main dish, and side dishes

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Ingenious Inventions: Geobukseon (Turtle –Shaped • Seugjeongwon Ilgi: The Diaries of the Royal
Warship) Secretariat
-The world first ironclad warship, Geobukseon
(Turtle-shaped Warship), was built by General Yi Korea: Bridge to the East
Sun-shin in 1592 during the Japanese invasion. • That exact intersection is located near the
-The ships had armored and-spiked decks and heart of the Korean peninsula. It is also quite
cannons and were designed to be highly close to an important geopolitical feature
maneuverable . called “the demilitarized zone,” or DMZ.
• The DMZ is a temporary political boundary
UNESCO’s World Cultural Heritages formed by the Korean Armistice of 1953,
-Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple which ended the hostilities of the Korean
-Changdeok- gung Palace Conflict (1950–53).
-Jongmyo Shrine of Joseon Royal Ancestors • The Korean Conflict began as a civil war,
-Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks Depository expanded into an international conflict
-Gyeongju Historic Areas fought on Korean soil between communism
-Dolmen Sites in Ganghwa, Hwasun, & Gochang and capitalism, and has yet to be resolved
after almost fifty years under an uneasy
UNESCO’s Memory of the World truce.
Movable Metal Type for Printing • The DMZ divides the peninsula by separating
• Invented in 13th century (before 1232) North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic
during Goryeo dynasty of Korea) from South Korea (Republic of
• The world oldest extant movable metal print Korea).
book is the Jikji (Korean Buddhist document),
printed in Korea in 1377. SOUTH KOREA
• 78 years prior to Gutenburg’s metal type • At present South Koreans call the peninsula
printing Hanguk, while North Koreans call the
Printing Woodblocks of the TripitakaKoreana peninsula Choson.
• Woodblocks for printing Tripitaka (Buddhist • South Korea divides itself politically into nine
scriptures) provinces and six special cities. North Korea
• 81,258 pieces of woodblocks divides itself politically into nine provinces
• Took 16 years to complete the project (1236- and three special cities.
1251) • Many South Koreans, especially younger
• Woodblocks were treated by a special ones, describe their peninsula as “tiger-
process for long-term preservation shaped.” The tiger is a traditional symbol
Bulguksa and Seok-gu-ram that drives away misfortune, but it also
Bulguksa, represents the urban and aggressively
-Constructed in 751 AD during Shilla kingdom successful modern South Korean economy.
-Main temple, gates, stone pagodas, bridges are all Seoul- South Korea’s capital.
architectural masterpieces • The fourth-largest urban center in the world,
Seokguram Grotto Seoul has crowded, bustling, streets,
-Granite sanctuary for stone Buddha skyscrapers, subways, industries, grime,
-Wearing a serene smile of benevolence smog, and almost ten million inhabitants,
• Hunmin-Jeongum Manuscript: Korean most of whom live in lofty apartments that
Alphabet resemble thousands of beehives
• Joseon Wangjo Sillok: The Annals of the surrounding the central city.
Joseon Dynasty Pyongyang- To the north of the DMZ (and at a safer
• Jikji (Vol II): Baegun Hwasang Chorok Bjuljo: distance from South Korean military forces) is the
“Anthology of Great Buddhist Priests’ Zen city of Pyongyang, the moderately sized and
Teachings”: The first printed book using meticulously clean capital city of North Korea.
movable metal type • Both of these cities are located near the
• Uigwe: The Royal Protocols of the Joseon western coast and along rivers that flow into
Dynasty the shallow Yellow Sea.
• Donguibogam: Principles and Practice of • The poetic interpretation of the word
Eastern Medicine Korea—“Land of High Mountains and
• Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka Sparkling Streams”—derives from the word
Koreana and Miscellaneous Buddhist Koryo, the name of an ancient kingdom on
Scriptures: World oldest printing the peninsula. Mountains and streams are
woodblocks indeed the dominant characteristics of

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 Korean terrain. Korean artists over the • During this period the court codified laws,
centuries have tried to capture the and the government introduced a civil
peninsulas dramatic landscapes of peaks and service system. Buddhism flourished, and
valleys in their paintings. spread throughout the Korean peninsula.
• The development of celadon industry
History of Korea flourished in the twelfth and thirteenth
• The Korean peninsula has been inhabited centuries. The publication of Tripitaka
since Lower Paleolithic times. According to Koreana , and world’s first metal printing
legend, Korea's first technology in thirteenth century, attests to
kingdom, Gojoseon (then called Joseon), Goryeo’s cultural achievements.
was founded in 2333 B.C.E. by Dangun , who
is said to be descended from heaven. North Korea
However, Korean’s history has been one of • The split of Korea into north and south has
constant struggle between forces of precedent in Korean history . The northern
unification and division. regions of the Korean Peninsula , extending
throughout Manchuria to the border
The Three Kingdoms of Korea with Russia and the Sea of Japan (known as
1. Goguryeo- Jumong (posthumous name Korean East Sea in North Korea, and ;East
Dongmyeongseong) founded Goguryeo in 37 Sea in South Korea), have in pre-936 C.E.
B.C.E. the earliest, first among the Three times been within the Korean borders.
Kingdoms. King Taejo centralized Goguryeo. • The Three Kingdoms of Goguryeo
During King Sosurim reign Goguryeo became , Baekje , and Silla demarcate a historical,
the first of the three kingdoms to adopt regional, distinction in Korea between the
Buddhism as the state religion in 372. northern and southern cultures. Even
2. Baekje- foundation by King Onjo in 18 B.C.E., though Korea is considered 100 percent
as stated in the Samguk Sagi followed those homogeneous, the case has been made that
of its neighbors and rivals, Goguryeo and Koreans in the southern part of the
Silla. peninsula originated in
• Baekje played a fundamental role in indigenous Neolithic peoples while people
transmitting cultural developments, such in Manchuria and northern part of the
as Chinese characters , Buddhism , iron- Korean Peninsula originated from China .
making, advanced pottery , and ceremonial South Korea
burial into ancient Japan .When the Baekje • The History of South Korea formally begins
court retreated to Japan after defeat, other with the establishment of South Korea in
aspects of culture transmitted to Japan. A 1948. South Korea, known as one of the four
coalition of Silla and Tang Dynasty forces tigers of Asia, has risen from the rubble of
defeated Baekje in 660. the Korean War into one of the world’s
3. Silla- According to legend, the foremost economies and vibrant
kingdom Silla began with the unification of democracies. That in the face of a foe bent
six chiefdoms of the Jinhan confederacy by on invading, at the first chance, just thirty
Bak Hyeokgeose in 57 B.C.E., in the miles from the capital city of Seoul.
southeastern area of Korea. Its territory • South Korea’s history has been marked by
included the present-day port city of Busan alternating periods of democratic and
, and Silla later emerged as a sea power autocratic rule.
responsible for destroying Japanese pirates, • Historians have conventionally numbered
especially during the Unified Silla period. civilian governments from the First Republic
• Silla artifacts, including unique gold of Syngman Rhee to the contemporary
metalwork, show influence from the Sixth Republic. The First Republic, arguably
northern nomadic steppes, with less democratic at its inception, became
Chinese influence than Goguryeo and increasingly autocratic until its collapse in
Baekje showed. 1960. The Second Republic, strongly
democratic, suffered an overthrown in less
The Rise of Koryo Dynasty than a year, with an autocratic military
• Goryeo, founded in 918 and replaced Silla as regime taking power. The Third,Fourth, and
the ruling dynasty of Korea by 936. (Goryeo, Fifth Republics, while nominally democratic,
is a short form of Goguryeo and the source have been widely regarded as the
of the English name Korea) The dynasty continuation of military rule. With the Sixth
lasted until 1392.

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 Republic, the country has gradually European Territory- In 1910, with southern Africa
stabilized into a liberal democracy. secure, the British established the Republic of South
• South Korea has seen substantial Africa and instituted apartheid.
development in education, economy, Apartheid – government policy calling for
and culture . separation of the races.
• Since the 1960s, the country has developed
from one of Asia’s poorest to one of the top EUROPEANS IN AFRICA
economies in the world. Education, 1. BRITISH TERRITORY- Britain’s claims in
particularly at the tertiary level, has Africa were second in size only to France, but
expanded dramatically. Since the 1990s, included heavily populated areas with
Korean popular music, TV drama, and films greater natural resources.
have become popular throughout East and • Britain controlled Egypt because of
Southeast Asia, in a phenomenon known as its strategic location.
Korean wave. 1. FRENCH TERRITORY- France was very
powerful in NortH Africa, and later spread
CHAPTER 8 - AFRICA into West and Central Africa. The territory
• In the 1870s the Belgians began to trade with France controlled was as large as the United
Africans in the Congo. States.
• Fearing they would miss out on various raw 2. GERMAN TERRITORY- The newly formed
materials, the other European nations German empire had to fight many battles
scrambled to establish their presence on the against African natives to take lands in the
continent. southern half of Africa.
Berlin Conference- In 1884, to avoid conflict • Germany would lose its colonial
amongst themselves, European leaders met at the territories after its loss in World War
Berlin Conference to set up rules for colonizing I.
Africa. No Africans were invited. 1. ITALIAN TERRITORY- The Italians crossed the
• The European powers agreed that before Mediterranean and conquered Libya. They
they could claim territory they would have to then took Somaliland in the horn of Africa,
set up an outpost. Whoever was the first to but were beaten badly by the Ethiopians.
build the outpost gained that area of land. 2. BELGIUM TERRITORY- King Leopold and
The Boers- In the mid-1600s, Dutch farmers known other wealthy Belgians exploited the riches
as Boers settled in southern Africa in Cape Colony. of the Congo, and brutalized the natives.
The Boers built Cape Town as a supply station. Many Africans were enslaved, beaten, and
• In the 1700s, the Dutch herders and ivory killed.
hunters began to move north. The British 3. Portuguese Territory AND Spanish
then acquired Cape Colony in the early Territory- Although the leaders of the old
1800s. imperialism, the African claims of the
The Anglo-Boer War- In the late 1800s, the Portuguese and Spanish were minimal.
discovery of gold and diamonds in the northern Boer
territory set off the Anglo-Boer war. LIBERIA AND ETHIOPIA
• The war was from 1899-1902 and involved Independent Africans
bitter guerrilla fighting. The British won, but • After the slave trade was outlawed,
at a great cost. abolitionists in the United States promoted
The Zulus- In the early 1800s in southern Africa, an the idea of returning freed slaves to Africa.
African leader named Shaka conquered and united • In the early 1800s, President Monroe helped
tribes to form the Zulu nation. free slaves settle in Liberia. The former
• The Zulus were skilled and organized slaves named the capital city Monrovia in his
fighters. Shaka used his power and fought honor.
against European slave traders and ivory • The Ethiopians kept their freedom through a
hunters. successful military resistance. Emperor
• The Zulus also fought the Boers as they Menelik II modernized the army, along with
migrated north from Cape Colony. roads, bridges, and schools.
The Anglo-Zulu War- The Zulus came into conflict • When the Italians invaded they were
with the British as well. In 1879 the Zulus wiped out defeated so badly by Menelik that no other
a British force at the battle of Isandlwana. Europeans tried to take Ethiopia.
• However, it was not long before the superior
weaponry of the British overtook the Zulus
at the battle of Rorke’s Drift.

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EFFECTS OF IMPERIALISM 17th century, and the English first settled in
POSITIVE RESULTS what is now Kenya and Zimbabwe in the
1. Unified national states created 19th century.
2. Improved medical care, sanitation, and • Africa as a whole is a developing region.
nutrition • Agriculture is the key sector of the economy
3. Increased agricultural production in most countries.
4. Improved transportation and • Diamond and gold mining are especially
communication facilities important in the south, while petroleum and
5. Expanded educational opportunities natural gas are produced particularly in the
NEGATIVE RESULTS west.
1. Encouraged tribal wars by creating artificial • Most African governments are controlled by
borders the military or a single party. Many legal
2. Created population explosion 🡪 famine systems combine laws introduced by
3. Produced cash crops needed by Europeans, and European powers during the colonial era
not food for Africans with traditional law, though North African
4. Exploited natural resources: minerals, lumber, countries derive many laws from Islam.
rubber, human rights. African leaders have sought to develop a
5. Downgraded traditional African culture 🡪 Pan-African approach to the continent’s
westernization political and military affairs through the
Organization of African Unity and its
TRADITION AND CHANGE IN AFRICA successor, the African Union.
• Africa is widely recognized as the birthplace
The People, Geography and History of Africa of humankind.
• Africa, Second largest continent on Earth. It
is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Islands of Africa
Atlantic Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Indian • The islands of Africa can be subdivided into
Ocean and is divided almost equally by the Indian Ocean Islands and Atlantic Ocean
Equator. Area: 11,642,094 sq mi (30,152,882 Islands.[5] The largest number of islands of
sq km). Africa are found in the Indian Ocean, with
• Africa is composed largely of a rigid platform the sovereign island nations of Comoros,
of ancient rocks that underlies vast plateau Seychelles, Mauritius and Madagascar
regions in the interior. Its average elevation located off the southeastern seaboard of
is about 2,200 ft (670 m), but elevations Africa being the most notable.
range from 19,340 ft (5,895 m) at Mount • The French overseas territories of Mayotte
Kilimanjaro to 515 ft (157 m) below sea level and Réunion are also located nearby. The
at Lake Assal. medium-sized islands of Zanzibar and Lamu
• The Sahara, the world’s largest contiguous of Tanzania and Kenya, respectively, are also
desert, occupies more than one-fourth of located in the Indian Ocean, in addition to
the total land area. Less than one-tenth of smaller islands off the coasts of other
Africa’s land area is arable, while nearly one- continental countries.
fourth is forested or wooded. The • In the Atlantic seaboard, the largest islands
continent’s hydrology is dominated by the are Cape Verde off the coast of West Africa
Nile River in the north, the Niger River in the and Sao Tome and Principe off the
west, and the Congo River in central Africa. southwestern seaboard.
• The peoples of Africa probably speak more • In the Atlantic Ocean, the island of Malabo
languages than those of any other and other smaller islands of Equatorial
continent. Guinea are also notable.
• Arabic is predominant from Egypt to • The Canary Islands and other territories of
Mauritania and in Sudan. Northern Africans Spain are present in the Mediterranean Sea
speak a family of languages known as Afro- in the north Atlantic Ocean, and the British
Asiatic. possessions of Saint Helena, Ascension
• The vast majority of sub-Saharan peoples Island, and Tristan da Cunha are located off
speak Bantu languages of the Niger-Congo the southwestern seaboard of the continent.
family, while smaller numbers in central All of the islands of Africa, except for Madagascar,
Africa speak Nilo-Saharan languages and in are classified as small islands under the UNESCO
southern Africa Khoisan languages. Peoples classification system for all islands under 2,000
of European descent are found mostly in the square kilometres (770 sq mi).
south; Dutch (Boer) migrations began in the

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 • Madagascar, in contrast, at 587,041 square of their journey from Kano to Lake Chad.
kilometres (226,658 sq mi) is the fourth- Denham alone reached Mabah on the
largest island in the world. northern side of Lake Chad, but failed in his
goal to get to the eastern side of the lake. He
Early European Contacts with Africa was accompanied by Arab merchant Bhoo
European sailors first reached sub-Saharan Khaloom and Maramy, a slave of the king of
Africa in 1442, when Portuguese ships reached the Kouka.
Senegal river. The Portuguese had been sailing the
coasts of Morocco and Western Sahara since 1413, THE SAHARA
when they captured the Moroccan city of Ceuta [still • The German, Heinrich Barth, explored the
a Spanish city today]. major trade routes of Sahara and Sahel, in
• By 1471, West African leaders between the particular Sokoto and Borno, writing a
coasts of Senegal and Ghana had established detailed five volume work. Rene Caillie, one
commercial and diplomatic connections with of the few French explorers in West Africa,
Portuguese traders [major early sites of was the first European to have entered
trade and settlement were on the Gambia Timbuktu in the late 1820’s. He nearly died
river, Bugendo on the São Domingos river in crossing the Sahara disguised as a Muslim.
Guinea-Bissau, and Sierra Leone]. Caillie was accused of making up the
Portuguese main motivations were: accounts of his trip, until Heinrich Barth
1. an interest in the extensive gold production of verified it thirty years later.
Bono-Mansu and the Akan states;
2. competition with the Ottoman Empire to access FALLING OUT
this gold [the Ottomans had captured • In East Africa it was the sources of the Nile
Constantinople in 1453, prompting a crisis in which exercised the European imagination.
Christian Europe]; Commissioned by the Royal Geographical
3. the desire to find a trade route to markets in Society and the Foreign Office, Richard
India around the Cape of Good Hope; Burton and John Hanning Speke set off to
4. ever increasingly, the trade in enslaved persons. find the origins of the Nile.

European explorers shared some of the reasons for Richard Burton determined to fulfill an
travelling round Africa with Muslim fellow travelers, ambition to go where no man (i.e. European) had
but had others peculiar to the time. They went in been before. A brilliant linguist, Burton combined
search of: great scholarship with a sexually obsessive, sadistic
• scientific &; geographical knowledge turn of mind and sweeping prejudice. He teamed up
• fame and celebrity, and with the energetic, boyish, but less bookish John
• people to convert to Christianity Hanning Speke.

POWER AND KNOWLEDGE ACROSS THE CONTINENT

European travelers hugely increased a general Perhaps the most famous British traveler of all was
understanding of geography, climate and resources. David Livingstone who was the first European,
Some accounts of the people were objective (as far although not first African, to cross the continent
as an outsider can be objective), others were from the Zambezi to Luanda on the West Coast. His
willfully misleading. All the information these experiences in Africa were described in sensational
travelers brought back - wrong and right - terms by the newspaper reporter turned traveler
contributed to devising an imperial strategy for Henry Morton Stanley.
controlling Africa.
Livingstone believed that imperialism would
SOURCES OF RIVERS ultimately benefit people in Africa, but he could be
For Europeans the golden age of traveling was the an observant man with a sense of relative values; he
early 19th century. The first half of the century was could see the point of view of those who did not
dominated by a desire to establish the sources of want to be converted:
two of Africa's great trading arteries, the Niger and “The only avowed cause of dislike was
the Nile respectively. expressed by a very influential and sensible man, the
uncle of Sechele.”
CENTRAL AFRICA “We like you as well as if you had been born
• The Englishman Denham and Scotsman among us; you are the only white man we can
Clapperton set off in 1822 in search of become familiar with; but we wish you to give up
Central Africa. They argued the entire length that everlasting preaching and praying; we cannot

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become familiar with that at all. You see we never
get rain, while those tribes who never pray as we do
obtain abundance.”

This was a fact; and we often saw it raining on the

hills ten miles off, while it would not look at us even
with one eye.
Missionary Travels and Researches in South
Africa, by Dr. David Livingstone.

WOMEN ON THE MOVE

Mary Kingsley was one of the few women travelers
of the 19th century. She moved around West Africa,
finding out more about animals and plant life. She
wrote with an unusual degree of detachment, wit
and observance for her generation of Europeans. In
the 1890's she visited Liberia, Sierra Leone,
Angola and Cameroun. She died while nursing
soldiers during the Boer war in 1900.

Africans Gain Independence

The 6th of March 1957 was set to be one of the most
joyous and memorable days in the history of
modern Africa; this was the date on which Britain
finally agreed to give Ghana, the richest and best
administered of all African colonies, its
independence.

Africa’s Growing Problems

Africa is the world’s second-largest and
second-most-populous continent. It has the
youngest amongst all the continents and hosts a
large diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages.

All of these features made the continent face the

hardest challenges in the world.
1. Poverty
2. Poor education
3. Health
4. Violence
5. Hunger
6. Access to financing
7. Economic growth rate is far too low

SSED 222 REVIEWER | By: Ivy Angeline Mejica & Alyzza Jazzelle Geron