American and Japanese Era 2.

Urban Cleansing and the New Tropical

Hygiene
Treaty of Paris - December 10, 1898
o September 12, 1900 -1 Million USD
20 million budget for the construction of roads
and bridges.
The first Philippine Republic
o 1902 - way of the pail system of
o Malolos Republic “cubeta”
o January 21, 1899 o 1913 at Calle Lipa in the district of
Sampaloc- first public bath and laundry
Philippine- American War
3. Tsalet: The Healthy Housing Alternative
 February 1899-April 1902
o Alternative to Bahay na Bato
American Model and o 1912, the Bureau of Health drew up
plans for sanitary habitations using
planned an entire battery of infrastructure
tsalet prototype.
1. Military Controls o Philippine Act no. 1838 sanctioned
banishment of Nipa roof
2. Public Health o Tabique - Cement floor and wall slabs,
3. Education were implanted with sawali or woven
bamboo
4. Commerce
4. Urban Facilities
Colonial Mission Revival and Monumental
 Street Lights
American Neoclassicism - Official Style
 American electric street-railway
Mission Revival- Ar.Edgar K. Bourne, service Sewer System
William E. Parsons , Daniel H.Burnham  City Water Supply
 Modern Public Market Buildings
FIRST IMPERIAL DEVELOPMENTS
o Anda Market, Intramuros
1. Construction of Forts and Camps o Aranque Market, Sta. Cruz
 Fort Stotsenburg - Barrio Sapang o Herran Market, Paco
Bato in Angeles City, 1902 o Quinta Market, Quiapo
 Fort William McKinley – Province of o Sta Ana Market
Rizal, East of Manila, 1902 o Pandacan Market
 Camp Wallace – Poro Point, La o Divisoria Market
Union,1903  Ports
 Camp John Hay – Baguio, 1905  Canals
 Warwick Barracks– Cebu, 1899  Bridges
 Camp McGrath– Batangas
 Camp Eldridge – Los Banos
 Camp Wilhelm – Lucena, Quezon
 Camp Daraga – Legaspi, Albay
MASTER BUILDERS DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM

MONTGOMERY SCHUYLER  Six-week mission to survey Manila and

Baguio
 The First American architectural
 City Beautiful Movement:
Historian to Survey Philippine
 Civic core, Wide radial avenue,
architecture
Landscape promenades and Visually
 “The architecture of the Philippines and
arresting panorama
of the Spanish of West Indies is a great
 Master Plan of Manila
deal better being Spanish than it
 based on City Beautiful Movement and
would…had it been of the United
 Style of NEO-CLASSISIM and
States.”
PALADIANISM of US Capitol
EDGAR KETCHUM BOURNE  Master Plan of Baguio
- Health Resort of Americans
 The Insular Architect
- Medical Scholars coined a term for
 Architect reared in the style of eclectic
“tropical depression”
revivalism
- Summer Capital of the Philippines on
Works: June 1, 1903
- “American Stick Style Homes” by Edgar
 Bureau of Science Building 1901 Bourne in Baguio
 Mission Revival style with two flanking
mirador towers, extended pediments, William Edward Parsons
precast ornaments
 Nicknamed “Caminero” or “Road
 Insular Ice plant and Cold storage, 1902
builder”
 First massive building by the Americans
 Introduced the building technology
 Brick-clad façade
“Kahn Structural System”
 The largest structure of the period to
 Responsible for Public Buildings for Civil
sustain the absence of cold for
services, Health services, Education &
Americans
Transportation Facility
 Renovation of San Lazaro Hospital, San
 Planning with the use of modularized
Lazaro Hygienic Morgue with a
system
crematory.
 Theory of Styles: Buildings with
 Bilibid Prison Hospital
Neoclassic rendition Large with Capiz
 Manila City Hall
windows extended to the floor and
- Made of imported materials, Californian
arcaded or colonnade.
Red Wood wall shingles, Oregon pine
wooden floor and with Concrete footing Works:
 Customs House, 1903
 Episcopal Cathedral of Saint Mary and  Albay Provincial Capitol
John,1905  Laguna Provincial Capitol
- 1st modern church in Concrete  Capiz Provincial Capitol
- Steel truss dome  Iloilo Provincial Capitol
o In 1903 Bureau of Architecture and  Marinduque Provincial Capitol
 Pampanga Provincial Capitol
Construction became Bureau of Public
 Davao Municipal Building
Works
  Paco Rail Station  Legislative building
- based on York Penn Station - intended for National Library of the
 Paco Public Market Philippines
 Philippine Normal University  Malacañang Executive House
 Philippine Normal University – - On May 27, 1936, President Manuel L.
Dormitory Quezon gave instructions for the
 Philippine General Hospital installation of an air-conditioning
 University of the Philippines- system in Malacañang Palace.
University Hall
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS IN THE BUREAU OF
 University of the Philippines- Manila
PUBLIC WORKS
Rizal Hall
 Army Navy Club  Pensionado Program – In 1903, the
 Elks Club insular government has launch a
 Manila Club scholarship program that allowed
 YMCA Building Filipino students to pursue university
 Manila Hotel education in the United States.
- Telephone, air-condition and Lifts  American Government scholarship for
(Elevator) were introduced in Manila the Filipinos.
Hotel
 Gabaldon Type Schools “PENSIONADOS BATCH 1”
- Isauro Gabaldon, wrote the “Gabaldon Carlos A. Baretto
Law” or Act No. 1801 which provided
the funding for the building of modern  The first recipient of the scholarship for
public schools in the country between Architecture in Drexel Institute of
1907 and 1915 with a budget of P1 Philadelphia
million  First Filipino architect with an academic
degree from abroad.
George Fenhagen  Became the pioneering staff of the
 Remembered for the UNBUILT Capitol Division of Architecture
Building in Manila Antonio Mañalac Toledo
 Masonic Temple- One of the1st multi
storey concrete buildings in the  Graduated from Ohio State University in
Philippines 1910
 William Parson’s Draftsman
Ralph Doane  Master of Classist Style
 Took full charge as Consulting Architect Works:
 Capitols Buildings, composed of court
house, jail, garage, storeroom, hospital  Philippine Normal University –
and residence of Provincial Governor Women’s Dormitory – Collaborated
and Provincial Treasurer with Parsons
 Manila City Hall
Works:  Agrifina Circle: Old Department of
 Pangasinan Provincial Capitol Agriculture & Finance -Tourism Building
 Leyte Provincial Capitol  MANILA-BUREAU OF CUSTOMS OFFICE
  UP MANILA-COLLEGE OF MEDICINE,  University of the Philippines Diliman,
CALDERON HALL Malcolm Hall College of Law
 CEBU PROVINCIAL CAPITOL  Metropolitan Theater Manila
 Rizal Memorial Stadium (1st Stadium in
Tomas B. Mapua
Asia)
 Cornell University  Negros Provincial Capitol
 First Registered Architect in the
Arcadio De Guzman Arellano
Philippines
 Founder of MIT  Maestro de Obras
 First Chairperson of the Board of  Established the 1st surveying office
Examiners for Architects in the  1st Filipino employed by the Americans’
Philippines adviser

Works: Works:

 Philippine General Hospital, Nurses  Gota de Leche

Home  Mausoleum of the Veterans
 De La Salle University Manila  Ariston Bautista House
 Librada Avelino Hall, Centro Escolar  Casino Español de Manila
University  Salvador Araneta and Victoria López
 Pier 7, Manila Residence
 Mapua Institute of Technology
Tomas Fernandez Arguelles
Juan De Guzman Arellano
 Advocate of the enforcement of
 Brother of Arcadio Arellano Building Code of Manila.
 Drexel Institute 1911  Manila City councilor
 University of Pennsylvania, Graduate
Works:
School
 Beaux Arts School of New York  Heacock Building – one of the 1st
 Vernacular Classist & Modernist department store in the Philippines
 Elizalde and Co. Building
Works:
Architecture Schools and Professional
 Banco Español de Filipinas de Reyna
Organizations in the Philippines
Isabela or Bank of the Philippine
Islands (outside the walls)  1890- Escuella Practica y Profesional de
 Legislative Building (National Congress Artes y Oficios de Manila, established
and Senate of the Philippines) by Spanish Government the First school
 Jones Bridge (Former Puente de for Maestro de Obras or Master Builder
España)  1900- Liceo de Manila, First Private
 Central Post Office, Manila school for Maestro de Obras
 University of the Philippines, Villamor  1902- Academia de Arquiteqtura y
Hall, College of Conservatory of Music Agremensura de Filipinas (AAAF)
and Fine Arts  the first professional organization of
 University of the Philippines Diliman, architects, engineers and surveyors in
Benitez Hall College Of Education the Philippines, offered a four year
 course in civil engineering and  Most Senior in the Group
architecture founded by Carlos  University of Pennsylvania, 1921
Alejandro Barretto.  Revivalist Style
 1921, the First Engineering and  Introduced new architectural forms by
Architecture Act No. 2895 was passed incorporating modern and exotic design
by Philippine Assembly, licensure motifs
examination, board exam for  Son of painter Juan Luna
engineering and architecture.
 THOMAS MAPUA – The 1st Registered Works:
Architect in the Philippines  Legarda Elementary School
 1925, MIT was the 1st Architectural  Perez-Samanillo Building (First-United
School Building)
 Rev. Fr. Roque Ruaño, O.P. opened the  Regina Building
UST College of Architecture and Fine  Perez-Samanillo Building & Regina
Arts in 1930. Ruaño was the designer of Building
the 1st earthquake shock resistant  The Crystal Arcade – First Air-
building in Asia. conditioned Mall
 1941 – Adamson University opened its  The Alfonso Zobel Mansion
architecture program  Insular Life Building
 1946 – Cebu Institute of Technology  Plaza Cervantes
 1953 – Mindanao Colleges  Saint Cecilia's Hall
 1933-The Philippine Architects Society  Governor Natalio Enriquez Ancestral
was established (PAS), the first House
architectural organization in the  St. Vincent de Paul Parish, Adamson
Philippines undertaking were drafting University Main Chapel
its own constitution and By Laws, the
Fernando Hizon Ocampo
Rules of charges and Professional fees,
and canon of ethics of the Society. Juan  Revivalist Style
Nakpil the First President  University of Pennsylvania
 changed the name to the Philippine  Master Degree in Rome
Institute of Architects and Planners  Designed buildings with
(PIAP) then to the present Philippine straightforward simplicity, synthesizing
Institute of Architects (PIA). traditional designs with art deco
PENSIONADOS BATCH 2 ornaments typifying modern style of
the period
 Trained in American universities and
had traveled extensively to Europe, Works:
exposing themselves to a new style that  UST Central Seminary
quickly swept the western hemisphere  Admiral Apartments, was one of the
– the Art Deco tallest residential buildings in the city
 Returned to Philippines armed with the  Angela Apartments
new aesthetics from Euro-America.  Calvo Building
 Manila Cathedral
Andres Luna de San Pedro
Juan Felipe de Jesus Nakpil  Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building
 Far Eastern University
 Master’s degree Harvard University
 Galaxy Theater
 1st National Artist for Architecture
 Life Theater
(1973)
 Ideal Theater
 Art deco Vanguard  White Cross/Boy’s Town, San Juan City
 Engineer and Architect  Manila Polo Club
Works: WAR AND NOSTALGIA FROM THE NATION
 Avenue Theater  1934 -Commonwealth of the Philippines
 Captain Pepe Building
 1941-Manila was declared as open city
 Commercial Bank & Trust Building
to spare the city from damage from the
(now Allied Bank)
advancing Japanese Imperial Army.
 Manila Jockey Club Building
 On February 5, 1945, the American
 Nakpil Bautista Pylon
were set to reclaim Manila Imperial
 Philtrust Building
 Manila as the 2nd most devastated
 Quezon Institute
allied city in the war
 Renovation of Saint John the Baptist
 No significant Architecture was built
Church, Quiapo Church
during the period
 State Theater
 Takeover of private and public
 Ever Theater
buildings for military purposes
 Rufino Building
 “Defensible Architecture”
 Rizal Theater
- Piles of Sandbags
 SSS Building, Quezon City
- Glass windows protected by tape
 Caloocan Monumento, Bonifacio
- Darkened Windows – Total Blackout
Monument
 University of the Philippines Diliman
Quezon Hall (Administration)
 University of the Philippines Diliman -
Gonzales Hall (Main Library)

Pablo Sebero Antonio

 University of London, finished within

3yrs of 5yrs program
 Vanguard of Art Deco Modernism
 2nd National Artist for Architecture
(1976)
 Veered away from the traditionalist
and academic styles to embrace
modern streamlining.

Works:

 Boulevard-Alhambra Apartments (Bel

Air)