Dale
Pendell: Tracing the Pluton
I. The Smell of Freshly Broken Rock
The rock was so hard that my first two blows had bounced off and my ears were
ringing from the impact. I put down my rock pick and walked to the tool shed
and pulled out my heaviest singlejack. The sample wasn’t even that big—fist‐
sized, and pale and rounded and slightly oblate. It was from the Yuba River.
I wore gloves and safety goggles, cradled the sample into a depression in the
bedrock, and then swung with both hands. It cracked, and small pieces flew off
ten feet in several directions. I should have wrapped it in a cloth. And then I
caught the smell.
It was a hot, burnt smell, maybe with a touch of ozone, like what one smells
around electric trolley cars. Cast iron can have a similar smell, just when it begins
to glow, but this was not a smoky smell. It was the smell of a fire locked in rock,
a big and very hot fire—not the smell of hot lava but the smell of rock at the
moment of its birth, when it cooled and crystallized, when high heat was still a
fresh memory. And it was a smell I knew and remembered—one of my own
earliest memories.
I went to grammar school in eastern San Diego, out near 54th St., and was allowed
to walk home from school on trails through the canyons. The canyon trails were
through chaparral: sumac and scrub oak, California sagebrush, California
buckwheat, black sage, purple sage, white sage, and a few cacti, including some
cholla—I learned the plant names when I was older.
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In the 1950s the canyons were still pretty wild: owls, coyotes, roadrunners,
rabbits, quail, tarantulas, trap‐door spiders, and several kinds of lizards and
snakes, including rattlers. I caught alligator lizards and king snakes and, once, a
baby brush rabbit.
In the past fifty years, except for the very steepest slopes, those canyons have all
been terraced and sub‐divided and developed into cul de sacs. I don’t think
many kids have wild canyons to walk home through anymore. (Or, even if they
did, parents who would allow them to walk a mile alone by themselves.) For me,
though, they were a great gift. The “Canyon” was my favorite place to hang out,
the inspiration for much of what I pursued in later life, and the source of my
spiritual beliefs. It was a huge geography for a child, filled with distinctive
places, most of which were named. There was The Cliff, The Slide, The Big Fort,
The Six Cactuses, The Island, The Plateau, The Big Ravine, The Thicket, and a
dozen others that I can’t remember. At the bottom of the canyon was The Stream.
“The Stream” was a creek bed, dry unless it was raining, which was almost
never. At a couple of places the floor of the canyon was wide enough for the
streambed to split and flow around small terraces or alluvial beds‐‐(“The Island”
was one of those terraces that lasted long enough to be named). A few small
willows clung to a battered life, enduring the pelting and smashing of rocks
during the handful of rainstorms that annually caused the stream to roar and
overflow its banks.
The streambed was filled with rocks, and almost all of them were rounded. There
were baseball‐sized rocks, basketball‐sized rocks, and pebble‐sized rocks. A few
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of them were spherical, but mostly they were ovoid or ellipsoid. They had all
been in riverbeds before.
About a hundred yards up‐canyon from the “Six Cactuses” (they were prickly
pears) where I was collecting, there was “the Cliff” –a place the stream had cut
into the side of the canyon. It was like a smaller version of the road cuts in
Mission Valley, and like them was a rusty yellow‐brown cemented sandstone
conglomerate, with layers of river cobble sticking out of the matrix. This was the
source of the rocks now being rounded yet again in the streambed.
The housing tracts and the commercial districts near 54th St. are built on
Quaternary alluvial deposits, but these mesas rest on much older terraces that
the canyon cut through—sediments hundreds of feet thick deposited and
cemented forty million years ago in the Eocene. And the hard rounded rocks
within the conglomerate are older yet, from strata metamorphosed at great depth
and pressure, then raised up and eroded. The igneous mother rock was even
older‐‐formed in a mountain range, long since disappeared, hundreds of miles
away in Sonora and transported to San Diego by a great Eocene river.
From the time I could print I had known several things about rocks. I knew that
there had been a “Stone Age,” when we’d made all the tools we needed out of
rocks—a simplification I still find appealing. And I had heard that there was fire
in rock, that you could make sparks by striking two of them together, and that it
was possible to start fires with those sparks—a fact, or mis‐fact, I hoped to
replicate. (My father had told me that the best way to make sparks was with flint
and steel, but when I had asked, my mother and father had disagreed on what
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flint looked like, and what color it was. And using steel seemed like cheating. So
I just used rocks.)
Like other kids in the neighborhood, I knew the names of a few rocks. Quartz
was the easiest, though some of what I called quartz, especially the rounded
cobbles from the streambed, I’m now sure were quartzite. But there was real
quartz—and some big pieces. We recognized two sub‐varieties of quartz: milk
quartz and rose quartz.
I also knew sandstone and granite, but granite was in the mountains—there was
no granite in the stream rocks. And I knew what mica was—but that was
something one found in granite. Very rarely, there would be an irregularly
shaped rock that was layered and sparkly like mica, but those rocks were too soft
to last long in the streambed. Because the rocks in the stream bed were hard.
Very hard. I knew because I would break them, or try to.
Sometimes I would start out with a “hammer” stone—usually something white
or light‐colored that I could wield with two hands‐‐ and use it to try to break
smaller rocks. Oblong pestle‐shaped rocks I would try to break by holding on to
one end and smashing them as hard as I could against a larger boulder.
Sometimes, in desperation, I would just throw a rock against bigger rocks. And
sometimes, the rock would break. And somehow, the fairies that guard children
protected me from serious injury, because rocks and rock fragments would
ricochet in all directions.
When a rock broke, however, a new world opened. The inside of every rock was
different and each one was a new surprise. Some were all one color, and some
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were speckled. And I knew that each one must have a name. There were
greenish rocks, translucent orange‐brown rocks, white rocks, and bluish gray
rocks. The fresh surfaces were sugary, or sparkly, or frosty—very rarely dull.
Almost all of them were glassy in some way, even if only like an extra fine
sandpaper is glassy.
There was a comfort in rock, and a satisfying heft. A rock was as close as you
could get to what we were standing on. It was the earth‐stuff at the same time it
was other‐worldly. I knew the rocks carried stories, that rocks were objects of
power and imagination, and that humans had once lived much more intimately
with them than we do now.
And when a rock broke I could smell that cold fire smell that had been sealed
inside the rock for thousands or hundreds of thousands of millennia —what the
rock smelled like when it was first born, on some continent that no longer exists,
and for which we now invent names such as Gondwana, Pangaea, Laurentia, or
Rodinia.
II. Some Kind of Granite
Like many Californians, I live close to rock. There are, for sure, valleys and river
bottoms in California where the country rock is deeply buried beneath hundreds
or thousands of feet of sediments. But in most of the state—any place the
topography isn’t flat‐‐the bedrock is near the surface.
My own house in the Sierra foothills rests on rock, and large boulders and
outcrops poke out of the surrounding terrain in all directions. Most of the land is
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hilly, and some of the exposed outcrops are large enough to be suitable for
bouldering.
Moss and at least five species of lichen compete for the surfaces wherever rock is
exposed, and undergo spectacularly colorful transformations with even a modest
rain—the lichens pale green or blue‐gray or orange or black, and the moss a deep
vibrant green. Where the rock is bare it has a rusty look, the color of burnt sienna
tinted with a touch of Chinese white. The soil, what there is of it, is thin, red,
rocky, and with enough clay to be, in some places, nearly impervious. In the
summer it’s so hard a pick barely dents it.
Where the rock has cracked and a piece has broken off the surface shows a
creamy gray matrix heavily speckled with black minerals. It was, I knew, some
kind of granite. So I began to wonder about this rock that I walked over and
around every day. I broke off samples from half a dozen locations around my
house, and inspected them first with my hand lens, and then with a dissecting
microscope. Under magnification the freshly broken surface of the sample was a
landscape of high cliffs and jagged plateaus. There was white stuff and dark
stuff. And in some of the samples, gray beads and particles of greenish‐brown
glass. What was this stuff?
I wasn’t entirely ignorant of geology—in the sixties I’d had a mining claim in the
Trinities, and I’d studied mineralogy with Robert Webb—the man who wrote the
book on California minerals. But petrology is different. In a rock sample the
minerals are merely grains—and the old field techniques of testing hardness,
heft, streak, and cleavage were almost impossible to apply. Professionals use thin
sections and polarized light.
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Rock taxonomy is different from botanical systematics: plant species, at least in
theory, are discrete entities—even if, in certain families, hybrids and intergrading
are maddeningly common in the field. Rocks are a complete continuum.
Sandstones grade into siltstones and shale, metamorphism varies from mild to
extreme, and igneous rocks are defined by percentages of the half dozen rock‐
forming minerals they contain.
Granitic rocks (plutonic rock—magma that has cooled and crystallized still inside
the earth, as opposed to extrusive volcanics such as basalt, and andesite) are
defined on a triangle, where the three axes correspond to the percentages of
alkalai feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, and quartz. An incomplete list, from
quartz‐rich rock to quartz poor, includes quartzolite, syeno‐granite, monzo‐
granite, granodiorite, tonalite, quartz syenite, quartz monzonite, quartz
monzodiorite, quartz monzogabbro, quartz diorite, quartz gabbro, syenite,
monzonite, monzodiorite, monzogabbro, diorite, and gabbro.
Another way to sort plutonic rocks is from light to dark, which, in its simplest
form, goes granite diorite gabbro. This one dimensional mapping is often
extended to include peridotite at the dark end, and varieties like quartz
monzonite and granodiorite at the light end, and is much more effective than it
has any right to be. The light to dark axis is simultaneously the “felsic” (feldspar‐
silica) to “mafic” (magnesium‐ferric) axis, the light‐in‐weight to heavy‐in‐weight
axis, and the low melting point to high melting point axis. This wonderfully
simplifying physical and linguistic coincidence, which some might think proves
the existence of God, seems to be accepted uncritically by geologists.
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Coarse‐grained granitic rocks that have roughly equal parts light and dark
minerals are called diorite. My sample was a little darker than diorite, but maybe
not dark enough to be gabbro. Trying to be like a real geologist, I called it
gabbro‐diorite. Except that in my notebook I followed the name with a question
mark.
I needed more specimens to look at, for comparison‐‐a lot more specimens. And I
wanted to find some that were already labeled by a geologist. Thus began my
studies.
The first thing I learned is that I lived on a named unit of rock, the Pilot Peak
Pluton, part of the larger Smartville Block.
III. Where Are the Coconuts?
It turns out that the Pilot Peak Pluton has been carefully sampled and mapped
several times. More, as part of the Smartville Block, it is not only the subject of a
dozen papers, but also at the center of a major controversy in Northern
California geology: are the magmatic and ophiolitic rocks of the Smartville block
home‐grown or far‐traveled? And whether the Smartville block was grown in
situ or floated in from the far western Pacific has tectonic implications for the
other terranes further east—the Calaveras formation, the Feather River peridotite
belt, and the Shoo Fly complex—as well as the tectonic terranes of the Coast
Range and the Klamath Mountains—the whole Western Cordillera.
I’d read about the Smartville ophiolite in John McPhee’s Assembling California. It’s
hard to write about the tectonics of California without mentioning John McPhee
and his seductively coherent account of several hundred million years of
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California geological history. McPhee visited Smartville with his geological
guide, Eldridge Moores, father of the ophiolite “paradigm shift,” and McPhee
begins his popular introduction to plate tectonics with the Smartville pillow
lavas.
But it was one of Moores’s UC Davis colleagues, Howard Day (who makes a
cameo appearance in Assembling California) who wrote, or co‐authored, at least
fourteen technical papers specifically, or partly, about the Pilot Peak Pluton and
the Smartville Block. Moores is a co‐author on four of the papers, and James
Beard, who wrote his UC Davis doctoral dissertation on the stratigraphy of the
Pilot Peak Pluton, is a co‐author on three others.
Stratigraphy is the nuts and bolts of field geology. It’s been the core of the science
for almost two hundred years, and the work of the early geologists is still used
and referenced. Newer geologists mostly just add detail. Waldemar Lindgren, in
1896, mapped the western part of Nevada County as “amphibolites and
gabbros,” and going over into “hornblende‐diabases, augite‐porphyrites, and
hornblende‐porphyrites.”
Beard and Day’s descriptions add finer detail and radiometric ages, subdividing
Lindgren’s porphyrites into “olivine gabbro, gabbronorite, gabbronorite with
hornblende oikocrysts, biotite hornblende diorite,” and “biotite‐two pyroxene
monzodiorite.”
I’m continually impressed by the skill of the early geologists. They didn’t have
the theory of plate tectonics, or radiometric dating, or polarized light
microscopy, modern analytical chemistry, or computers, but they knew their
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minerals, could visualize strata in three dimensions, and, considering that there
weren’t very many of them, and that they literally had to start from scratch, they
produced remarkably good maps.
If you are a person who likes maps, as I am, a geologic map is as good as they
come. Each map is a maze of color, limited only by scale and resolution. A very
large scale geologic map of California, highly simplified to fit on an 8 ½ x 11 inch
piece of paper, is already wildly complex. Wavy colored bands and blobs wrap
around and poke through each other. Eleven broad formations are each depicted
by a separate color. Three curving bands of color delineate the Sierra Nevada:
red for Mesozoic granite, green for Mesozoic sediments and volcanics, and blue
for Paleozoic metamorphics. A few purple strips squeezed along faults denote
serpentine and other ultramafics. The Klamath Range looks like a piece of the
northern Sierra that was broken off and moved northwest, the space between
covered over by the Cenozoic volcanics of the Modoc Plateau, which looks like a
can of pink paint was spilled on the map. The Coast Ranges have their own
colors: pale aqua for the late Mesozoic Franciscan Complex, olive green for
Cretaceous marine deposits, all stretched along long faults. The largest and most
coherent color on a California map is the long ecru oval of the Great Valley
Formation, labeled as “Cenozoic nonmarine (continental) sedimentary rocks and
alluvial deposits.”
A wall size geologic map of California depicts over four times as many rock
units, each with its own color or shade, and each color subdivided with patterns:
pale blue with brown speckles, blue‐green with yellowish dots, yellow with
small green dots, yellow with large green dots, blue with pale cross‐hatching.
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At even smaller, regional scales, such as the wall map of the Chico quadrangle,
there are over fifty colored patterns, and some of these are further subdivided by
letters: the sandy colored Miocene‐Pliocene volcanic rocks (“MPv”) are suffixed
with “b” for basalt, “a” for andesite, “af” for andesitic flows, “ap” for andesite
pyroclastic rocks, and “t” for tuff‐breccia. California geology seems to have a
fractal quality, with equal complexity at any scale of magnification.
On the Chico Sheet the Smartville Complex alone is represented by eight colors:
two greens, a pale blue for volcanics, an orange for quartz diorite and tonalite,
blue cross‐hatched with lavender for the dike complex, lavender cross‐hatched
with magenta for the massive diabase, dark purple for ultramafic rock, and a
speckled lavender for gabbroic rocks. It is this last section, the gabbroic rocks,
that James Beard and Howard Day further subdivide into their six named units
on their even more magnified map.
Once one has identified the units of rock and named and dated them, has
determined the strike of faults, measured the dip of the strata, and noted the
unconformities where there is something missing, one must tell a story to explain
how everything got to be the way it is. Geologists call their stories “models.”
Depending on which geological paper one reads, there are three, or maybe five,
or maybe seven contending models for the accretionary history of northern
California and western North America. This would be complicated enough, but
every geologist’s list of the contending models seems to be different, so that the
total number of models approaches the total number of geologists as a limit. In a
general way the models divide into collisional versus non‐collisional, or, another
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way, into in situ versus far‐travelled, or another way, into eastward subduction
versus westward subduction, and various combinations of all.
In Eldridge Moores’s theory, first proposed over forty years ago, an island arc a
thousand miles long rode the Pacific Plate east until it collided with the western
edge of North America. In 2004, however, Howard Day and another petrologist,
Marion Bickford, found that the Pilot Peak Pluton and surrounding areas
contained Precambrian zircons, very much older than the parent rock of the
Smartville Block, dated to 160 million years. Day and Bickford interpreted these
zircons as detritus from the North American craton that was picked up by the
rising Jurassic magma that formed the Pilot Peak Pluton, and that therefore the
rifted arc that formed the Smartville ophiolite was offshore, but near to the
continent. That is, we could say, that instead of finding coconuts from an exotic,
far‐travelled terrane, he found acorns.
Day admitted in his paper that his evidence was not conclusive—that the zircons
could come from some other source—only that it was “most easily accomplished
in proximity to the North American margin.” Perhaps in response, Moores
prefaced a 2006 paper with a quote from New Zealand geologist Douglas
Coombs: “A vital lesson of plate tectonics is that there is no validity to any
assumption that the simplest and therefore most acceptable interpretation
demands a proximal rather than a distant origin.”
In the last decade several major papers favoring a west‐dipping subduction of
North America beneath oceanic plates have appeared, as well as grand syntheses
of the older “standard” east‐dipping model. There is a Mojave‐Sonora
Megashear hypothesis, and even larger scaled giant shears reaching from South
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America to British Columbia and Alaska. There is a SWEAT hypothesis,
connecting southwestern North America with eastern Antarctica.
At least four geologists have proposed grandly unifying theories centered on a
lost (subsumed) ribbon continent, resting on its own plate and stretching for
thousands of miles. Though superficially similar, the models are not
interchangeable. Robert Hildebrand named his ribbon continent “Rubia,”
Stephen Johnston named his “SAYBIA” (an acronym for Siberia‐Alaska‐Yukon‐
British Columbia), Eldridge Moores proposed “Cordilleria,” and Richard
Schweikert managed to get by with “Mezcalero.”
In a general way, each of these models has the Sierra foothills, and, in more
complicated ways, the California Coast Ranges, assembled into a unit far
offshore of North America, with collisions of island arcs onto one or both sides of
the ribbon continent, and subductions that at some point change polarity—that
is, from eastward‐dipping to westward‐dipping, or vice versa.
Recent advances in seismic tomography of the mantle, such as that of
Karin Sigloch and Mitchell Mihalynuk in 2013, with the ability to image deeply
subducted plates now sunk a thousand miles into the earth, promise to add
significant new constraints and tests on proposed movements and subduction of
tectonic plates, perhaps heralding a second tectonic revolution.
Why is it so complicated? First, because it has been going on for such a long time.
In geology, we might say, there is all the time in the world to get things done. If a
continent is moving at ten centimeters per year, it can move 6,000 miles in a mere
100,000,000 years. The Mesozoic Era, where most of the action of adding
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California to North America took place in the above theories, began 250,000,000
years ago, while the Precambrian super‐continent of Rodinia began breaking up
750,000,000 years ago—enough time for any continent to circle the earth twice.
Secondly, there are now enough geologists doing skilled field work that the
number of named “terranes” has doubled or even tripled since the early days of
plate tectonics. Each of these terranes, stacked above or below other terranes, has
to fit into a coherent story in space and time.
In the old geology mountain‐building events were defined tautologically:
mountains were made by “orogenies,” by “mountain‐building” events. Today
any tectonic model of western North America has to account for the Antler
Orogeny, the Sonoma Orogeny, the Nevadan Orogeny, the Sevier Orogeny, and
several others in terms of specific collisions and subductions—and has to
propose a suitable source for the momentum and kinetic energy needed to raise
major mountain ranges thousands of feet into the air. Added to this there are the
constraints of stratigraphy: explaining why and how each formation lies atop or
beneath other formations, and, while at it, how they have to be older than the
dikes or plutons that cut or intrude into them.
Reading geological reconstructions often seems like reading historical linguistics:
a reconstructed continent or tectonic plate or island arc is then used to
reconstruct even earlier configurations. And geological stratigraphies, like
languages, are inherently messy. The problem in geology is that a block of rock
that doesn’t fit with its neighbors is harder to explain away as a “loan word.”
And thus accretionary models for the expansion of the western margin of
Laurasia have become increasingly convoluted.
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But cycles of complexity, followed by a revolutionary simplification, and then
followed again by more complexity, are the way of science. There is even
conflicting evidence, and interpretive debate, about the age of the Sierra Nevada.
Did they arise to their present height four million years ago or forty million years
ago? That’s an order of magnitude of uncertainty, with supporting evidence for
both theories, for one of the major mountain ranges on earth. And while it is
frustrating not to have one rock‐solid explanation, the depth of the mystery is in
another way comforting. Such conundrums give geologists a modicum of
humility.
Physicists ought to have this humility also, but often don’t. The physicists
problem has to do with the background energy of empty space, which differs
from theory by an incomprehensible 122 orders of magnitude. And then there
are the biologists—they might show some humility also: their conundrum, often
denied, is the coexistence of matter and mind.
IV. Reading Rocks
The Pilot Peak Pluton, in western Nevada County, is two and a half miles wide
and about seven miles long. It’s shaped like a teardrop, the big end to the
northwest and narrowing as it trends southeast. It’s a magma chamber that never
erupted onto the surface—that’s why it cooled slowly and the crystals are big
enough to see. Its namesake, Pilot Peak, is 2250 feet in elevation, sits astride the
old California Trail used by wagon train emigrants, and is visible from
Wheatland, where the California Trail ended at Johnson’s Ranch.
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James Beard and Howard Day called this pluton “reversely‐zoned,” with the
most mafic rock at the core and the quartz diorite at the extreme edge, where it
contacts the massive diabase into which it had been emplaced. There are several
theories as to how this came about, Beard and Day favoring the idea that settling
of the minerals had already occurred in the magma chamber before the magma
was intruded into the diabase above it.
James Beard had mapped my “some kind of granite” into six units, all of them
intergrading. The rock where I lived was gabbro‐diorite and another rock,
gabbronorite, distinguishable by the presence of yellowish‐tinted glassy grains of
orthoclase. Between this rock and the olivine gabbro at he southern end of the
pluton, the quartz content of the rock fell off from ten percent to zero, and levels
of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and amphibole generally increased, though not
always together. The presence or absence of large hornblende or biotite crystals
complicated the map, as did the topography: erosion exposes lower layers,
elevation differences showing as concentric rings of exposed rock units.
I scanned the Beard/Day geologic sketch of the Pilot Peak Pluton, reduced the
opacity, and after several scalings was able to layer it onto Google Earth, and was
able to print out several 8 ½ x 11 maps.
I wanted to find some of their olivine gabbro, which would be about as close to
mantle rock as I was going to get from an intrusive pluton. I lived at the other
end of the pluton from the core, so I had to drive about five miles to get to the
olivine zone. Some of the roads I traveled required low gear, all‐wheel drive, and
very careful steering. The one I was on would probably wash out with the next
winter storm.
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I was nearing the southeast end of the pluton, and stopped my car above a small
reservoir where there was an outcrop exposed. It was a light‐colored, fine‐
grained granite, with large plates of biotite mica. It wasn’t rusty. Checking the
geologic map I’d prepared, I decided this must be what James Beard had called
“biotite‐two pyroxene monzodiorite.” My overlay was a little off.
I followed the winding road further up the mountain, and parked again when I
saw rusty‐colored boulders sticking up between the oaks. Breaking a piece off I
could see it was a coarse‐grained gabbro or gabbronorite—I was getting close.
I grabbed my collecting bag and started hiking up a steep firebreak. A hundred
yards up I was suddenly surrounded by yerba santa, and I could smell camphor
sage even before I saw it. In my mind I was transported to a serpentine ledge a
thousand feet above the North Fork of the Trinity River, where a hermitic
prospector named Red Barnes was showing me how he mixed Salvia sonomensis
into his snoose, and into his smoking tobacco. Those two plants seem to love
ultramafic rock.
I found a warty and rusty outcrop and sat down. There was a pile of bear shit not
far from me full of berries. A lone golden yarrow (Eriophyllum) was in bloom. I
broke off two chunks of rock, recorded the latitude and longitude, and examined
the specimens with my hand lens.
The plagioclase was easy to spot—long striated palettes. The biotite was easy
too—I’d known mica since I was a kid—here it was formed into little stacks of
thin golden sheets. The rock was chock full of hornblende, shinier than the
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pyroxene, and I could even make out the 120 degrees between the cleavage
planes on some of the crystals. The pyroxene was mostly whatever dark stuff
was left that wasn’t hornblende. Some of it had a powdery surface, and
something that looked like a 90 degree cleavage. And then there were other tiny
crystals, yellow‐brown, and rusty oxidation showed even on the fresh surfaces.
I dropped the rocks into a numbered bag, recording the same into my notebook. I
wanted some of Beard and Day’s “quite fresh and unserpentinized” olivine. I
wasn’t sure I had it yet, so I drove deeper into the zone I had marked on my
map. An undeveloped piece of land near the crest of the hill was for sale, so I felt
free to hike over it. A dirt driveway led off to the left to an occupied parcel. The
breeze changed slightly and I was enveloped by the heavy skunky air that
surrounds every large California pot farm.
Another fifty yards along the dozer path I found more yerba santa and more
camphor sage and some serpentine. But further, around the northwest side of the
knoll, the rocks turned rusty again. I found a good outcrop where I could knock
off a sample to get a fresh surface.
The rock was noticeably heavy—it had an extra heft. At first glance under
magnification the crystals seemed to be packed together randomly—but with a
closer look, in some areas, I could see that some of the long amphibole crystals
were aligned and there was a hint of a curved outline, perhaps some obscure
effect of convection or cooling.
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I could see shiny terraces of hornblende, rusting ledges of dark pyroxene, a few
bits of biotite mica, all embedded in a sea of feldspar crystals that were jammed
together like piled‐up ice bergs.
There were flashes from the striated cleavage planes of the plagioclase; and some
tinted glassy stuff—probably the orthoclase. Some orthopyroxene had a metallic
green and magenta sheen—the “Schiller luster.” And there was this amber‐
colored stuff, little cubes of glass that turned completely to rust near the rim of
the sample. Some of them had conchoidal fractures. If you want green olivine, I
thought, don’t look for it in 160 million year old rock.
I was still trying to decide if I really had the olivine gabbro as I was driving
home. A thin section and polarized light and a petrographic compound
microscope would reveal everything n a flash—that is what Beard and Day used‐
‐along with the electron microprobe lab at UC Davis. And eager graduate
students to assist.
“Why am I doing this?” I thought, “I should be writing or painting or
something.” Or looking for pretty geodes like the rockhounds. I was never going
to master petrology on my own. The sun was already low and I was getting
hungry. Then I saw all this brown slatey rock exposed off in a field to my right.
The road must have crossed the Wolf Creek Fault and put me off of the
Smartville Block. I pulled over and stopped the car. And reached for my
hammer.
Tracing the Pluton 19