The Digestive Systerm
I.The oral cavity
1.you can tell if a food is sweet or salty because you have .........Taste buds....... in your mouth
2........Saliva...... Liquefies food and begins to digest starch molecules
3........Canine...... teeth are used for tearing food
4.The teeth at the very back of the mouth are called .....molars.....
5.the inner part of a tooth that contains nerve endings is called ...pulp....
6.the outermost layer of a tooth, called .....enamel....... , is very hard and protects the tooth
II.The path to the Stomach
1.the tube that leads to the stomach is called the .....esophagus....…
2.the .......epiglottis....... is a flap of tissue that covers the trachea when you swallow
3......peristalsis..... is a special type of muscle contraction that propels food down the esophagus to
the stomach
4.when stomach acid is pushed back up into the esophagus, this disorder is called ......heartburn......
5.when air moves toward the lungs, it moves from the pharynx to the ......larynx....... and then down
the tube called the ....treachea....
6.A ring of muscles that separates two organs is called a ...sphincter.…
III.The stomach
1.Starch is first digested in the stomach
2.The pyloric sphincter separates the stomach from the small intestine
3.Peptic ulcers are caused by spicy food ( or stress, too much acid)
4.Mucus help to protect the lining of the stomach from acid
5.Mucus is alkaline
IV.Accessory organs help with digestion
1.The gall bladder stores bile
2.A duct is a small tube
3.Gallstones are caused by too much cholesterol in the diet
4.Gallstones can be destroyed with ultrasound
5.When a person’s gall bladder is removed, he must watch the amount fat in his diet
6.the job of this organ is to secrete hormones: … endocrine gland …
7.this condition starts at a young age and requires injection of insulin: … Type I diabetes …
8.this substance help to reduce acid in the small intestine: … sodium bicarbonate …
9.this hormone cause an increase in the amount of sugar in the bloodstream: … glucagon …
10.this condition occur most often in late adulthood and is more likely in people who are overweight:
… type II diabetes …
V.The small intestine
1.the small intestine is the location where ...most foods are digested and absorbed....
2.After food is digested, it .....enters intestinal cells and then passes into capillaries.....
3.blood containing food molecules goes from the small intestine to the .....liver...
4.the liver ...all of the above (makes bile, stores excess sugar, takes toxins out of food )....
5.when molecules cross cells to get to the blood: absorption
6.a substance that breaks up fat: bile
7.small blood vessels that food molecules firts enter: cappillaries
8.breaking up food into small molecules: digestion
9.a substance that breaks down food into smaller molecules: enzyme
10.food moves too fast throught the small intestine: diarrhea
11.Constipation is a condition where the feces have become hard, making a bowel movement difficult
12.The place where feces exit the body is the anus
13.the external anal sphincter is under a person’s conscionus control
14.Peritonitis is bacterial infection of the abdominal cavity caused by constipation
15.Appendicitis is bacterial infection of the small sac al the beginning of the large intestine
16.The rectum is the last section of the large intestine
17.The large intestine absorbs water
The Cardiovascular Systerm
A.THE HEART
I.The Anatomy Of The Heart
II.The Wall of the Heart
1.In what cavity are the lungs and heart located? Throracic
2.What are the three layers of the heart wall? - pericardium - myocardium - endocardium
3.Which layer of the heart wall actually does the pumping of blood? myocardium
4.What is the name of the inner layer of the heart wall? endocardium
5.Where do you find the pericardial fluid? Between the two layers of pericardium
6.Why does the heart need pericardial fluid? Protects the heart from damage as it beats
against the wall of the chest cavity
III.The Chambers and Valves of the Heart
1.The vessel that takes blood to the lungs is the pulmonary artery
2.The smaller chambers at the ‘’top’’ of the heart are called atria
3.A ‘’door’’ between two chambers of the heart is called a valve
4.The strings that keep valves from opening in the wrong direction are called chordae tendineae
5.A valve with three flaps is the tricuspid
6.A valve that has flaps that look like half-moons is the semilunar valve
IV.Tracing the Path of Blood through the Heart
V.How the Heart Pumps Blood
1.cardiac muscle fibers are able to contract without outside stimulation. They are said to
be ......Autorrhythmic........
2.The .......conduction........ system of the heart sends signals to all the cardiac muscle fibers
3.The rate of contraction is determinded by the .........sinoatrial node...... ( also called
the ......pacemaker........ ) SA node
4.when the blood supply to a part of the heart is blocked, the person may feel pain in that area. This
pain is called .....angina pectoris...…
5.when cardiac muscle cells die from lack of oxygen, the person may experience a heart attack
or ....myocardial infarction.....
B.MEASURING HEART HEALTH
I.Heart Rate
1.heart rate is measured with ...pulse rate...
2.Normal resting heart rate is ...72... beats per minute
3.sympathetic nervous system cause the heart rate to ....increase.....
4.your heart rate increase during ....exercise....
5.heart rate increase during ..fever...
6.resting heart rate ..decreases... with age
7.heart rate ....increase.... during stress
II.Hear Sounds
1.the doctor listens to heart sounds with a ...… stethoscope
2.the first heart sound is caused by the closing of the ........AV valves
3.the second heart sound is caused by the closing of the ......semilunar valves
4.the ....second..... heart sound is shorter and more high-pitched
5.An unusual sound in the heart is called a heart ....murmur....
6.A ......stenotic..... valves is not as flexible, doesn't open as easily, and allows less blood throught it
7.A......incompetent..... valves doesn't close very well and thus blood leaks throught it.
8.the ...first.... heart sound is longer and more low-pitched
III.EKG
IV.Blood Pressure
1.Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels
2.In a blood pressure reading of 120/80, the 80 represents the diastolic pressure
3.The systolic pressure is the pressure when the ventricles are contracting
4.An increase in blood volume increases blood pressure
5.When the heart pumps less blood per contraction, this decreases blood pressure
6.Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure
7.If someone has lost a lot of blood, his blood pressure has decreased
C.THE BLOOD VESSELS
I.Types of Blood vessels
1.A ...capillary bed.... is a network of capillaries that supplies a tissue with oxygen and nutrients and
removes wastes
2.The ...systemic circuit.... is a network of blood vessels that carries blood from the heart to other
areas of the body and back to the heart
3.....arterioles..... are vessels that have muscular walls and deliver blood to capillaries
4......venules... are small vessels that receive blood from capillaries and deliver it to vein
5....arteries... carry blood directly from the heart. They have thick, muscular walls
6...Vein... carry blood back to the heart and sometimes have valves
7.the ....pulmonary circuit.... is a network of blood vessels that carry blood between the heart and the
lungs
II.The Major Blood Vessels of the Body
1.the ..brachial.... artery is located in the upper arm
2.the ....abdominal aorta.... is the main artery that brings blood to the abdomen
3.the ..carotid.... artery travels throught the neck to the head
4.the ....femoral.... artery is a found in the upper leg
5.the ..radial... artery is found in the lower arm and wrist
6.the ....pulmonary..... artery takes blood to the lungs
7.the ..great saphenous ... vein is found in the inner thigh
8.the ..cephalic... vein is located in the upper arm
9.the ..pulmonary... vein delivers blood from the lungs to the heart
10.the ...common iliac.... vein is a main branch of the inferior vena cava
11.the ...brachiocephalic... vein is a main branch of the superior vena cava
12.the ...anterior tibial.... is found in the lower leg
D.THE LYMPHATIC VESSELS
1.Lymphatic vessels return fluid to the veins
2.More fluid leaves the blood capillaries at the tissues than Is returned
3.Lymph is a milky fruid containing fats, dissolved molecules, and water.
4.Edema occurs when the lymphatic vessels fai to do their job
The lymphatic vessels helps to maintain homeostasis of blood volume
The Respiratory System
A.ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
I.Upper respiratory tract
1.Rigid structure that connects larynx with the bronchi…..trachea
2.This is where your voice is produced ………larynx
3.This covers your trachea when you swallow ………epiglottis
4.Air goes here after it enters the mouth of nose ……… pharynx
5.Air passes through, hairs capture bacteria and viruses………nasal cavity
6.Food enters this area………oral cavity
II.Entering the lungs
B.BREATHING
1.Breathing is controlled by the brain
2.During inspiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
3.The amount of air that enters the lungs is controlled by the bronchioles
4.During inspiration which happens first the the chest cavity enlarges
5.When you expire, the rib cage goes down and in
6.In which part of breathing do muscles relax? During expiration
7.The two terms for breathing in are…inhalation... and…inspiration…
8.The two term breathing out are……exhalation….. and ……expiration….
9.The……diaphragm…… is the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
10.The ……intercostal…… muscles are located between your ribs
11.The amount of air that enters you lungs is controlled by …smooth muscle…. in the walls of the…
bronchioles….
C.GAS EXCHANGE
1.Movement of molecules to where there are fewer molecules diffusion
2.Detergent-like molecule that coats inside of the alveoli surfactant
3.The direction in which most molecules are moving net movement
4.Occurs when babies don’t have enough surfactant and their lungs collapse IRDS
D.HOW THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM STAYS HEALTHY
1.What are two ways that the respiratory system helps to filter out dust, bacteria, and
viruses…….trapper in the hairs of the nasal cavity and the mucus of the epithelial linings of the
upper/caught by cilia
2.What are cilia and where are they found ……….miniature hair-like structures attached to the cells
that line the trachea
3.What is the function of cilia………the mucus traps the particles and push the mucus upward to the
throat to be swallowed or spit out
4.Where are macrophages found…….alveoli
5.Why is it important that the lungs heat and moisten the air we breathe……..this prevents the lungs
from drying out and makes it easier for gas exchange to occur
6.What are three major differences between a cold and the flu
7.Cells that eat particles alveolar macrophage
8.A sticky substance that traps particles mucus
9.Dust, bacteria, and viruses are examples airborne particles
10.Little hairs that sweep up particles to be spit out cilia
11. alveolus are very tiny bubbles where gas exchange takes place.
