MODUL BAHASA INGGRIS 1

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

PROGRAM STUDI MATEMATIKA

Jl. Raya Serang Jakarta, Kp. Malandang, Kel. Kelodran, Kec. Walantaka, Kota Serang, Provinsi Banten Telp/Fax (021)7412566

ENGLISH I 1
 MEETING I
(LISTENING)
PRINCIPAL STRETEGIES in SHORT CONVERSATIONS

A. OBJECTIVES
After studying this material, students are able to:
1. Put more focus on the last line
2. Find out the similarity in meaning (synonym) between the questions and
answer choices.
3. Familiar with the words of similar sounds which may distract or even trick
them when answering.

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
1. INTRODUCTION
In this meeting, we are going to discuss three basic or principal tips when
we are listening to the, they are: a) focus on the last line, b) answer with
synonyms, and c) avoid similar sounds:

1.a. Focus on the last line

In short conversations, it is really important for you to have more focus on
the last line. Last line refers to the utterances spoken by the 2nd speakers. This is
because the last lines are not only mostly related to the questions but also to the
answers.

Example 1 (File name: EN1-M1-EX1)

Listen to these following short conversation. Complete the blanks as you
are listening to the conversation. Then, underline the key words and pick your
best answer!

Woman : Do ……………. Dean Nicholson’s ............. ?

Man : ………… directory …. the ............. way.
Narrator : …. does ……… imply about Dean Nicholson’s ............. ?

a. The directory doesn’t list it.

b. It is close to the entrance.
c. He doesn’t know where the office is.
d. The office is not in the building.

Discussion:
Complete script:

Woman : Do you know where Dean Nicholson’s office is?

ENGLISH I 2
 Man : There’s a directory in the entrance way.
Narrator : What does the man imply about Dean Nicholson’s office?

 Look at the last line. The last speaker says ‘There’s a directory in the entrance
way.’ This indicates that the man doesn’t know the office, but he knows where
people find information about the office. He knows that there is a directory
(map) in the entrance way. He tells the woman about this. Thus, the best
answer is C.

Exercise 1.1. (File name EN1-M1-Exercises1.1)

Now listen to these following short conversations. Try to write down and complete
the scripts. Then, underline the key words. After all, pick your best answer for every
question below!

1 Man: a. He won’t be leaving soon.

b. He will do it by his own way.
Woman: c. He is leaving now.
d. He has to go out of his way.
Narrator:

2 Man: a. He left the house without

locking the door.
Woman: b. He locked the door.
c. He was able to open the door.
Narrator: d. He unsuccessfully tried to
enter the house.
3 Man: a. She’d prefer a different dinner.
b. She especially likes the roast
Woman: turkey.
c. She thinks the dinner sounds
Narrator: special.
d. She does not like to listen to
turkeys.
4 Woman: a. He cannot help the woman
tonight.
Man: b. He is sorry he cannot ever help
the woman.
Narrator: c. He will help the woman doing
the physics.
d. He is going to be busy with the
woman’s homework tonight.
5 Man: a. The class was boring.

ENGLISH I 3
 b. Her eyes hurt.
Woman: c. She did not want to watch
Professor Martin.
Narrator: d. She thought the lecture was
great.
6 Woman: a. They do not have enough
credit to pay the bills.
Man: b. Not all the bills have been
paid.
Narrator: c. He used a credit card paying
some of the bills.
d. What she said on the phone
wasn’t credited.
7 Man: a. She will definitely be back by
4.00.
Woman: b. She will give it back by 4.00
c. She will try to return fast.
Narrator: d. She will call back quickly.
8 Man: a. Tim was there only for a
moment.
Woman: b. Tim’ll return in a minute.
c. She has not seen Tim.
Narrator: d. Tim was around just a short
time ago.
9 Man: a. They cannot park the car at the
spot.
Woman: b. She is happy the spot is
reserved.
Narrator: c. She does not want to get into
the car.
d. She doesn’t like the spot the
man chose.
10 Woman: a. The food is not inside the
refrigerator.
Man: b. He’s not sure if the refrigerator
has enough food in.
Narrator: c. The refrigerator is broken.
d. There’s plenty to eat.

1.b. Answer with Synonyms

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 After understanding that most answers are provided in the last line, we
have to also understand that answers for the questions should by synonymous.
This means that the answers just the same with the questions, but they are
expressed with synonyms, which are different words with similar meanings.

Example 2 (File name: EN1-M1-EX2):

Listen to these following short conversation. Complete the blanks as you are
listening to the conversation. Then, underline the key words and pick your best
answer!

Woman : How’s ..................................... , Mike?

Man : So …….., so …..
Narrator : …… … Mike ……?

a. He is not glad with the quality of the research.

b. He lives a long way from a good library.
c. Once he has finished the project, he will be pleased.
d. Until at the moment, he has not had any problems.

Discussion:
Complete script:
Woman : How’s your research project coming, Mike?
Man : So far, so good.
Narrator : What does Mike mean?

 Look at the last line. The last speaker says ‘So far, so good.’ This means that
Mike has conducted the research for so long and he has not found any
difficulty in doing the research. D is the best answers.
‘so far’ is the synonym of ‘until at the moment
‘so good’ is the synonym of ‘he has not had any problems’

Exercise 1.2. (File name EN1-M1-Exercises1.2)

Now listen to these following short conversations. Try to completely write down
the scripts. Then, underline the key words. After all, pick your best answer for every
question below!

1 Woman: a. The exam was not very

difficult.
Man: b. He thought the exam would be
easier.
Narrator: c. There were two exams rather
than one.

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 d. The final exam was harder than
the others.
2 Woman: a. He’s feeling better this day than
yesterday.
Man: b. He’d better not to answer the
question.
Narrator: c. He is not feeling very good.
d. He is rather ill because of
working.

3 Man: a. The business only lasted a year.

b. The company was established a
Woman: year ago.
c. It was just established that he
Narrator: could go into business.
d. Her family is well-established.
4 Woman: a. The plane arrived on time.
b. He must wait for the plane to
Man: land.
c. The plane landed in the right
Narrator: spot.
d. He did not see the correct
schedule.
5 Man: a. She needs a sweatsuit for
running.
Woman: b. She will change clothes quickly
and go to swim.
Narrator: c. She doesn’t want to get into the
pool.
d. She’d better go running.
6 Man: a. The houses were not destroyed.
b. The firefighters saved the
Woman: homes for last.
c. Last night, a firefighter rescued
Narrator: the hillside.
d. The houses on the hillside were
burned.
7 Man: a. The spices are adequate.
b. There is adequate soup.
Woman: c. The man should put more salt
and pepper into the soup.
Narrator: d. In her opinion, the soup is too
salty.

8 Woman: a. He paid to get a scholarship.

b. He is a scholar at a college with
Man: low fees.

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 Narrator: c. He used his fortune for paying
his fees.
d. He was fortuitous to accept a
grant for his studies.
9 Man: a. This was the last year that it
would generate profit.
Woman: b. It profited from its previous
mistakes.
Narrator: c. It did not really succeed.
d. It earned much money.
10 Woman: a. There is not sufficient money in
Chuck’s account.
Man: b. He thinks that Chuck is going to
his house from the bank.
Narrator: c. He thinks Chuck has the
incorrect kind of bank account.
d. Chuck’s bank account contains
a lot of money in it.

1.c. Avoid Homophones

Homophones belong to the words with similar sounds. As we know, English words
are mostly pronounced differently as their spelling. Being familiar with the
homophonic words is one requirement for good listening skill.

In TOEFL’s listening session, the answer choices frequently contain homophonic

words. This may distract even confuse the test-takers. Thus, it is important to
recognize and to avoid the homophonic words.

Example 3 (File name: EN1-M1-EX3)

Listen to the conversation and fill the blanks on the script. Then, underlined the
words with similar sound or homophonic both in the script and in the answer
choices.

Man : I’d ……… with ………, please.

Woman : Would you like a …… or a ...............?
Narrator : … did the ............... ?

a. if the man wants a small hug

b. if the man saw a bug
c. how the man dug the hole
d. what size mug the man wants

Discussion:
Complete script:

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Man : I’d like coffee with milk, please.
Woman : Would you like a large or a small mug?
Narrator : What did the woman ask?

a. if the man wants a small hug

b. if the man saw a bug
c. how the man dug the hole
d. what size mug the man wants

Just as explained before, always focus on the last line. Look at again in the last line, there
is word ‘mug’ /mʌɡ/. The word has homophonic words in the answer choices: hug /hʌɡ/,
bug /bʌɡ/, dug /dʌɡ/. These homophonic words mostly distract you. When you find the
homophonic words, just eliminate them. Thus, the answer for this question is D.

Exercise 1.3. (File name EN1-M1-Exercises1.3)

Now listen to these following short conversations. Try to completely write down
the scripts. Then, underline the key words in the conversations and the homophonic
words in the answer choices. After all, pick your best answer for every question
below!

1 Woman: a. She needs to watch out for a

crash.
Man: b. The lawn becomes too dry.
c. The waiter is carrying a glass of
Narrator: water.
d. She has to wait for some cash.
2 Woman: a. A. the sweet girl does not feel
right.
Man: b. The sweater is wrong in size.
c. Feet of the man are not
Narrator: sweating.
d. The sweater makes the man
seem fat.
3 Man: a. He has been traveling back and
forth to Boston.
Woman: b. He has been regularly using a
computer.
Narrator: c. He communicates with a Boston
company.
d. He regularly goes to community
around Boston.
4 Woman: a. He could not learn the lesson.
b. He did not like most of the
Man: lesson.
c. He thought the lesson did not
Narrator: matter.

ENGLISH I 8
 d. He learned a massive number of
details.
5 Man: a. Animal die in the first frost.
b. Frost is able to kill animals.
Woman: c. Some animals started the first
fire.
Narrator: d. Animals are killed by forest
fires.
6 Man: a. The shoes salesclerk spent $20
on pears.
Woman: b. The shoes cost $20.
c. The shoes could be repaired for
Narrator: $20.
d. 20 pairs of shoes are on sale.
7 Man: a. There was a tendency to require
biology lab.
Woman: b. Tom went to a biology lab.
c. Tom tended to hate biology lab.
Narrator: d. Attendance wasn’t required at
biology lab.
8 Woman: a. The males must be driven there
by noon.
Man: b. He’s expecting the ice to melt
before noon.
Narrator: c. The letters ought to be delivered
at 12.00.
d. The meal is going to be served
at noon.
9 Man: a. He had a new bed.
b. There news tells us about a
Woman: headstrong man.
c. The newspaper headlines
Narrator: described a bad storm.
d. The weather will probably gets
worse later.
10 Woman: a. If she minds shopping for
vegetables.
Man: b. If she could help prepare the
salad.
Narrator: c. If she could go shopping for
grocery.
d. If she prefers salad or cooked
vegetable.

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C. EXERCISES
Review Exercises (File name EN1-M1-Review Exercise)

This is a review exercise for our discussion in meeting 1. We are going

to review about the last line, synonymous, and homophonic words. Listen
carefully to the short conversations and the questions. Completely write down
the conversation. After that, underline the key synonymous, and homophonic
words. Then, choose your best answer for every question!

1 Woman: a. He needs to drink something to

stop his coughing.
Man: b. A drink seems like a good idea.
c. He wants to stop drinking
Narrator: coffee.
d. He would like some iced coffee.
2 Woman: a. She would like a place that is
not so loud.
Man: b. She would prefer a sunny day.
c. She cannot walk because she’s
Narrator: too old.
d. The park is too crowded.
3 Man: a. He should try something
monotonous to get to sleep.
Woman: b. He should try to keep the cost
cheap.
Narrator: c. He should open an account.
d. He should take a ride an a ship.
4 Woman: a. The changes are believable.
b. What has happened is incredible
Man: to him.
c. The department is not changing
Narrator: the requirements.
d. He hasn’t heard anything about
the change.
5 Man: a. The made a line in the sand.
b. The wait has taken close to an
Woman: hour.
c. They were stranded in their car.
Narrator: d. Most of the people have been in
line for hours.
6 Man: a. The riders are paying for the
train trip.
Woman: b. The instructor is selecting
several passages.
Narrator: c. The conductor is fair to the
passengers.

ENGLISH I 10
 d. The stamp collectors is
conducting his business.
7 Man: a. The program will be maintained
to the letter.
Woman: b. The new management program
is very weak.
Narrator: c. A program to develop new
managers will commence soon.
d. The manager
8 Woman: a. The firefighter stared at the
attacker.
Man: b. The fire probably began at the
top of the building.
Narrator: c. The firefighter started to attack
the fire.
d. The fire started to attack the
building.
9 Man: a. He soon will know the truth.
b. He thought that the woman was
Woman: aware of what happened.
c. He is sure that it isn’t new.
Narrator: d. He assured the woman that he
knew the truth.
10 Woman: a. His sketches showed a fantasy
world.
Man: b. The catches that he made were
fantastic.
Narrator: c. The art professor is not one of
his fans.
d. His drawings were amazing.

D. References:
Phillips, Deborah. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test
(Preparation for the Computer and Paper Test). New York:
Longman.

. 2003. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test (the

Paper Test). New York: Longman.

Shanks, Janet., Kaplan, Inc. 2004. TOEFL Paper and Pencil (3rd Edition). New
York: Kaplan.

ENGLISH I 11
 MEETING II
(LISTENING)
Who, What, Where

A. OBJECTIVES
After studying this material, students are able to:
1. draw a conclusion about: a) people, things, and places; b) people and things
(subject and object) in passive sentences
2 understand the questions and answers which may appear in the passive and
active voice.

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
1. INTRODUCTION
In this meeting, we are going to discuss two topics in short conversation,
they are: 1) questions about people, things, and locations, and 2) who and what
in passive sentences

1.a. Questions about people, things, and places (who, what, where)

In short conversations, questions about people, activities, and places are

frequently asked. Sometimes, the short conversations do not either clearly or
directly state the answers for this. However, you are insisted to be familiar to the
questions.

Here are some frequent questions on people, places, and things asked on
Short Conversations:

1. WHO is probably speaking?

2. WHAT will she probably do next?
3. WHERE does the dialogue probably take place?

Examples 1 (file name EN1-M2-EX1)

Now listen to these following short dialogues. Complete the blanks as you
are listening to the conversation. Then, underline the key words and pick your
best answer!

ENGLISH I 12
 Woman : “Charlie ……………. a professional musician, but ….. lazy to
practice.”
Man : “ .................. !”
Narrator : “What ………. say ............ Charlie?”

a. He is a professional musician.
b. He does not want to become professional in music because he wants to
practice.
c. He is very talented, but he’ll never be professional musician because he does
not practice.
d. He practices each day, but he will never become a professional musician.

Discussion:
Complete script:

Woman : “Charlie has the potential to be a professional musician, but he is too

lazy to practice.”
Man : “What a shame!”
Narrator : “What does the woman say about Charlie?”

 The response “What a shame” shows the 2nd speaker may be a bit
disappointed. Charlie is actually talented, but he does not want to practice to
improve. Thus, the best answer for this short conversation is C.

Example 2 (file name EN1-M2-EX2)

Listen to the conversation! Complete the blanks as you are listening to the
conversation. Then, underline the key words and pick your best answer!

Woman : “Do …… make ………… with ............. Avenue line?”

Man : “Yes, ma’am. Pay your ……… and ...............a free transfer and call
you .............Maple Avenue.”
Narrator : “Where ………….. most probably .................. ?”

a. in a taxi
b. in a bus
c. in a boat
d. in a plane

Discussion:
Complete script:

Woman : “Do you make connections with the Maple Avenue line?”
Man : “Yes, ma’am. Pay your fare and I’ll give you a free transfer and call
you before we get to Maple Avenue.”
Narrator : “Where did this conversation most probably take place?”

ENGLISH I 13
  There are some key words we can find in the conversation. They are
underlined above.
- ‘Maple Avenue’ indicates a name of a street.
- ‘Fare’ indicates transportation fee.
- ‘Connection’ means transfer or transit.
 The underlined words indicate that this conversation involves a land transport.
There are ‘bus’ and ‘taxi’. Then, the word ‘a transfer’ is impossibly related to
taxi. Therefore, the conversation most probably occurs in a bus (B).

Example 3: File name EN1-M2-EX3

Listen to the conversation! Complete the blanks as you are listening to the
conversation. Then, underline the key words and pick your best answer!

Man : “Can you ……… this ............ for me?”

Woman : “You ……………… the ………. I can …… filled about ten minutes.”
Narrator : “ ...........the woman?”

a. a dentist
b. a pharmacist
c. a business manager
d. a teacher

Discussion:
Complete script:
Man : “Can you fill this prescription for me?”
Woman : “You can leave the prescription. I can have it filled about ten
minutes.”
Narrator : “Who is the woman?”

 The key word is ‘prescription’. This key word is identical with pharmacist job.
Thus, the answer is B.

Exercise 2.1. (who, what, where) (file name EN1-M2-Exercise2.1)

Now listen to these following short conversations. Complete the script,

underline the key words, and pick your best answer for every question below!

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 1 Woman: …. your ….. is ….. you so …., a. Ask his dentist about the right
….. you should ......... right way to brush
away. b. Make appointment with his
Man: I ..................... , but I guess dentist
……………….. c. Cure the pain himself
Narrator: What ............ probably do d. Choose a new dentist
….. ?
2 Woman: I’d like .................. , please. a. in a clothing store
Man: Do you ……….. rings in .......or b. in a jewelry store
….? c. in a bank
Narrator: …… does this ……… d. in a mine
probably........... ?
3 Woman: Let’s ……… the blueprints a. Construction workers.
for the ………. one …………. b. Artists.
Man: Good …... We ............... that c. Insurance agents.
……. is absolutely d. Architects.
…………………… begins.
Narrator .......... are ............ most
……… to be?

4 Woman: Can …. get ……… this a. To see an ophthalmologist.

……… to …….. our …….? b. To see a podiatrist.
Man: ………, I can’t. I ................... I c. To see a cardiologist
have to ……………... e. To see a dentist
Narrator: Where is the woman most
likely going?

5 Man: ………. are you .............. now? a. A physician

Woman: I’m ………. to a ........... by b. An astronomer
Dr. Barton. There’s .......... to be c. An engineer
a ………. later ................ Dr. d. A philosopher
Barton’s ………. on ............. to
expect ............... the eclipse.
Narrator: ……. is Dr. Barton ……..
likely to be?

1.b. Who and What in Passive

In short conversations, the speakers speak both in active and passive forms.
After the conversation, you are usually asked to make a conclusion from their
statements. The conclusions are mostly in the opposite forms. In short, when the
speaker speaks in active voice, the right answer is most probably in passive voice,
and vice versa. To be clear, let’s see the following example:

ENGLISH I 15
2. Who and what in Passives

In short dialogues, the speakers may speak either in active or passive voice.
After the dialogue, you are required to draw conclusion from their statements.
And the answers you need to pick are most frequently in the opposite forms. In
short, when the speaker speaks in active voice, the right answer choice is most
probably in passive voice, and vice versa. Still, passive sentences may be
confusing you. Thus, you need to be careful who does what.

To be clear, let’s listen to these short dialogues:

Example 1 (file name EN1-M2-EX4)

Listen to the conversation! Complete the blanks as you are listening to the
conversation. Then, underline the key words and pick your best answer!

Woman : “Why ….. you so ….. in ….. home from ……?”

Man : “…… had me finished …. the month-end ...... ”
Narrator : “What …. the man ……?”

a. He could finish the reports at home.

b. He was told to stay late and accomplish some work.
c. He must complete the reports before the end of next month.
d. The boss was doing the reports.

Discussion:
Complete script:
Woman : “Why were you so late in getting home from work?”
Man : “My boss had me finished all the month-end reports.”
Narrator : “What does the man mean?”

 Look at the statement of 2nd speaker ‘had me finished all ….’. This is a passive
sentence. This statement means that the man’s boss makes the man finish all
the reports. Therefore, the best answer for this is ‘the man was directed to work
late until the job is done’. Choice B is the best option.

Example 2 (file name EN1-M2-EX5)

Man : “Ms. Jones ………… look too ………. as she left ............. ”
Woman : “………… angered by her rowdy ............. ”
Narrator : “……. does the ................... ?”

ENGLISH I 16
 a. The students were angry that the teacher was around.
b. The angered students protested the teacher.
c. The teacher was angry with the students’ exam results.
d. The boisterous students caused the teacher angry.

Discussion:
Complete script:
Man : “Ms. Jones did not look too happy as she left her classroom.”
Woman : “She was angered by her rowdy students.”
Narrator : “What does the man mean?”

 Listen carefully again to the 2nd speaker. The woman speaks in passive
sentence “She was angered by her rowdy students”. This means the students
causes her to be angry. Thus, the best answer is D.

Exercise 2.2. (who, what, where) (file name EN1-M2-Exercise2)

Listen carefully to the following short conversations. Complete the conversation in

the blanks. Then, choose your best answer and be careful with the passive statement.

1 Man: a. if the vegetables there are fresh.

Woman: b. if vegetarian food can be gained.
Narrator: c. if the restaurant is located on the
corner.
d. if the man would like to go to the
restaurant.
2 Man: a. He would be accepted to law school
after the fall semester.
Woman: b. The law professor admitted that he
would be a student in the fall
Narrator semester.
c. He admitted that he wanted to go to
law school in the fall.
d. The law school admitted him as a
student.
3 Man: a. Mark’s plants to be out of town.
b. Mark’s plants were taken care of in
Woman: his absence.
c. She was careful while Mark was not
Narrator: there.
d. Mark carefully planS about his out-
of-town trip.

ENGLISH I 17
4 Woman: a. The destruction of the storm could
be seen in the light.
Man: b. The light in the trees were damaged
in the storm.
Narrator: c. The storm destroys the trees.
d. The falling trees destroyed a store.
5 Man: a. On a skiing trip, her leg was hurt.
b. Her skips were broken in the
Woman: mountains.
c. She was broke because of skiing.
Narrator: d. She went skiing even though she got
an accident.
6 Woman: a. It was hard for people to ride the
horses for too long.
Man: b. The horses took long and hard road.
c. It was too hard to find the hidden
Narrator: houses.
d. The riders worked the horses too
much.
7 Woman: a. He thought the woman had ordered
their coffee.
Man: b. He wasn’t certain whether the
woman wanted coffee or not.
Narrator: c. He didn’t want the coffee that the
woman ordered.
d. He did not realize that the coffee had
already been ordered.
8 Man: a. The airport wasn’t able to hold lots
of cars.
Woman: b. There were a lot of cars to the left of
the parking lot.
Narrator: c. The car was left on the parking lot at
the airport.
d. Her friends parked their cars at the
airport.
9 Man: a. Mac was appointed by his
classmates to represent them.
Woman: b. The students pointed at Mac’s
representative.
Narrator: c. Mac was present there when the
other students made the
appointment.
d. The representative of class
suggested Mac to the other students.
10 Woman: a. After the earthquake, the insurance
company came out to inspect the
Man: destruction.

ENGLISH I 18
 Narrator: b. The inhabitants paid their premiums
after the earthquake happened.
c. The insurance company paid for the
damage caused by the earthquake.
d. The insurance company insisted the
building to be repaired, so
earthquake safety standard is met.

C. EXERCISES
Review Exercises (File name EN1-M2-Review Exercise)

This is a review exercise. Listen carefully to the conversations. Complete the

conversation in the blanks. Then, choose your best answer. You need to be
careful with the passive statement.

1 Woman: a. at the airport

b. at the post office
Man: c. in a stationary store
d. in a department store
Narrator:
2 Man: a. The teacher handed the papers to the
students.
Woman: b. The students receive the papers from
the office.
Narrator: c. The term papers were being turned in.
d. The teacher lent the students a hand.
3 Man: a. Mark wrote a check to pay the oil.
b. The attendant inspected the oil in
Woman: Mark’s car.
c. Mark tested to see if he had enough
Narrator: oil in his car.
d. Mark checked with the attendant of
the service station.
4 Woman: a. a clerk in a fast-food restaurant
b. a delivery man
Man: c. an airline steward
d. a famous chef
Narrator:
5 Woman: a. Additional copies are needed soon.
b. Printers are required for the additional
Man: copies.

ENGLISH I 19
 Narrator: c. If this is necessary, they can make
extra copies.
d. They need new print for additional
copies.
6 Man: a. The students were required to read
two books by the professor.
Woman: b. The professor bought two books.
c. The students had to purchase two
Narrator: books.
d. The students sold two books to the
professor.
7 Woman: a. Jim was told to come back.
b. The doctor will not return until next
Man: week.
c. Jim asked the doctor to come to the
Narrator: office.
d. The doctor returned to the office.
8 Man: a. Send a note to the lab
b. Go to work in the lab
Woman: c. Sample the work from the lab
d. Have the samples delivered
Narrator:

9 Man: a. The senior class president replaced

Sue and Mary.
Woman: b. Sue took her place as class president.
c. Mary became the new class president.
Narrator: d. In place of Mary, Sue became senior
class president.
10 Man: a. The program featured a
psychoanalyst.
Woman: b. The panel discussed the television
program.
Narrator: c. The panel was analyzed on the
television program.
d. A committee evaluate recent political
events.

ENGLISH I 20
D. References:
Phillips, Deborah. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test
(Preparation for the Computer and Paper Test). New York:
Longman.

. 2003. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test (the

Paper Test). New York: Longman.

Pyle, Michael A., Page Mary Ellen Munos. 1995. TOEFL Preparation Guide (5th
Ed). Foster City: IDG Books Worldwide.

Rogers, Bruce. 1999. TOEFL PRACTICE TESTS (2ND Ed). Princeton: Peterson’s
Guide.

ENGLISH I 21
 MEETING III
(LISTENING)
NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS

A. OBJECTIVES
After studying this material, students are able to:
1. Recognize and understand various types of negatives
2. Recognize and understand the negative expressions found in short
conversations

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
1. INTRODUCTION

Negative expressions frequently appear in listening test. The answers for

this kind of question may appear either in positive statement or in negative
statement. But, it can be said that they are mostly positive statements which
contains negative meaning words.

To gain better understanding on this topic, we firstly need to divide types

of negatives appearing in TOEFL Listening. They are as following:

1a. NEGATIVES

There are some negative markers or expression you will find in listening
section. To be clear, look at this following table:

Negative Expressions Examples Right answer / meaning

Negative marker: not Robert couldn’t pass Could not pass = fail
or n’t the test. He will try
again.
Nobody, none, Nobody likes rat. Everybody hates rat.
nothing, never Paul never makes his Never makes his bed =
bed. lazy
Negative prefixes: un-, The staff was really Irresponsible =
in-, dis- irresponsible. ignorant

Example 1: (File name EN1-M3-EX1)

Listen to the conversation and fill the blanks on the script. Underline the words with
negative expressions. Then, pick your best answer.

ENGLISH I 22
Woman : “Mitch and Lynn ………… a lot …… since they’re
…………………...”
Man : “Oh, I …………… that Mitch was an economics ................... ”
Woman : “……… does the ................... ?”

a. He is aware that Lynn was studying economics.

b. He does not think they own something in common.
c. He knows Mitch better than he knows Lynn.
d. He is planning to learn economics by himself.

Discussion
Script:

Woman : “Mitch and Lynn must have a lot common since they’re both
economics major.”
Man : “Oh, I didn’t realize that Mitch was an economics major too.”
Woman : “What does the man imply?”

 Look at again the negative statement from the 2nd speaker ‘…didn’t realize that
Mitch was an….”. This indicates that he does not know Mitch studies
economics, just as Lynn does. The man doesn’t know that they study the same
major. Thus, the answer for this question is B.

Exercise 3.1. (File name EN1-M3-Exercises3.1)

Now listen to these following short conversations. Try to completely write down
the scripts. Then, underline the key words showing negative expressions. Finally,
pick up your best answer for every question!

1 Man: a. She will do it if she has time.

b. It is not necessary to take out the
Woman: trash.
c. She’s very busy.
Narrator: d. She has much free time.
2 Woman: e. What he is putting on to the
interview is influential.
Man: f. He’s not concerned about the
interview.
Narrator: g. The interview is very essential
for him.
h. He has concerns on the
interview.

ENGLISH I 23
 3 Woman: a. His attendance was perfect.
b. He owns almost all of the notes.
Man: c. He missed more than a single
psychology class.
Narrator: d. He went to all the lectures but
one.
4 Woman: a. The library is closed at 6.00.
b. You cannot check out more than
Man: 6 books in the summer.
c. They passed the library at 6.00.
Narrator: d. In the summer, he library starts
at 6.00.

5 Woman: a. Water the plants one time every

day.
Man: b. Give the plants no more water.
c. Water the plants frequently
Narrator: when the man is not there.
d. Provide the plants limited water.
6 Man: e. Either the food or the service
was not satisfying.
Woman: f. She considered the restaurant’s
service was bad.
Narrator: g. The service was better than the
food.
h. The service did not dissatisfy her.
7 Woman: a. He left with the woman.
b. He told the kids to leave.
Man: c. He honestly wanted the woman
to leave.
Narrator: d. He was pranking the woman to
leave his house.
8 Woman: a. It is improbable to finish.
b. They are even not close to
Man: completing the project.
c. The project is going to take all
Narrator: their effort.
d. They do not have other things to
do.
9 Man: a. She prefers to leave.
b. She would like to stay more than
Woman: one hour.

ENGLISH I 24
 c. She does not mind one more
Narrator: hour.
d. It is better to stay than to leave.
10 Woman: a. The hotel’s service could have
been improved.
Man: b. Its service was the same as at the
other hotels.
Narrator: c. The hotel’s service wasn’t nice.
d. The hotel provided excellent
service for its guests.

1b. DOUBLE NEGATIVES

Just like in Mathematics, when a negative meets a negative, it will result

a positive. In English, the existence of two negative words or markers will
create a positive meaning. For example:

It is not impossible = It is possible.

I don’t like uncomfortable sofa = I like comfortable sofa.
I don’t hate chicken = I love chicken.

Look at this following table. This will provide you where the double
negatives can be formed.
Double Negatives
Situations Examples Meaning
Negative words, ex: I can’t leave it unfinished I can leave it
No, not, none tonight. finished.
Negative prefixes: Nobody isn’t at home. Everybody is at
In-, un-, dis- I did not disrespect you. home.
I respected you.
Two negative verbs She doesn’t bring the ATM, Implies that she can
so she cannot withdraw. withdraw money if
she brings the
ATM.
Neither or The shop won’t open Both won’t open
not…either tomorrow, and neither the tomorrow.
restaurant.

ENGLISH I 25
Example 2 (File name EN1-M3-EX2)

Listen to the conversation and fill the blanks on the script. Underline the words
which indicates double negative expressions. Then, pick your best answer.

Man : I’d like to ………. this …………… it’s too ................. I

……………with me, though.
Woman : ……… could ……… the ……… for.............................. you don’t
……………….., I won’t be able to ………………….
Narrator : ………. does ........................... man?

a. He can only get a refund with a receipt.

b. The sweater isn’t available in a larger size.
c. He can get his money refunded.
d. The sweater fits him perfectly.

Discussion:
Script:
Man : “I’d like to return this sweater because it’s too small. I don’t
have the receipt with me, though.”
Woman : “You could exchange the sweater for another size. But if you
don’t have the receipt, I won’t be able to give you your money
back.”
Narrator :” What does the woman tell the man?”

 Listen and look at again what the 2nd speaker says, “But if you don’t have
the receipt, I won’t be able to give you your money back”. This double
negative means if the man has the receipt, the woman will allow him to have
the money back or to change the sweater with the right size. Therefore, the
answer for this question is A.

Exercise 3.2. (File name EN1-M3-Exercises3.2)

Now listen to these following short conversations. Try to completely write down
the scripts. Then, underline the key words showing double negative expressions.
Finally, pick up your best answers!

1 Man: a. She really hopes for Ron’s

chances.
Woman: b. He will certainly be elected.

ENGLISH I 26
 Narrator: c. The election is now
accomplished.
d. It may occur.
2 Woman: a. Several parts of his games were
better than others.
Man: b. His serves were better than his
volleys.
Narrator: c. His both parts of the game were
terrible.
d. He performed rather well in the
game.
3 Man: a. It is surprising that he was
prepared.
Woman: b. His strong preparation came as
no surprise.
Narrator: c. He set up a really big surprise.
d. As usual, he was not ready.

4 Man: a. She felt well enough to go out.

b. She went out to get some
Woman: medicine.
c. She felt like dancing, so she
Narrator: went out with everybody.
d. Because of her illness, she
stayed home.

5 Woman: a. The others do not realize her

problems.
Man: b. She knows that she has been a
problem.
Narrator: c. She does not have a care in the
world.
d. She has problems that others are
not aware of.
6 Man: a. Both Steve’s and Paul’s papers
were not complete.
Woman: b. Steve wanted to finish his paper,
and Paul did too.
Narrator: c. When Steve couldn’t finish his
paper, Paul wasn’t able to help.
d. Steve and Paul were busy doing
their papers term.
7 Man: a. George took responsibility for
the unpaid bill.
Woman: b. Bill wasn’t responsible for
paying George’s rent.
Narrator: c. George carelessly behaved by
not taking care of the bill.

ENGLISH I 27
 d. George is not in charge to pay
the bill.
8 Man: a. It is good that he was not
admitted.
Woman: b. It is fortunate that he was
accepted
Narrator: c. It is too bad he was denied.
d. Fortunately, the university didn’t
accept him.
9 Woman: a. The first essay was better than
the second one.
Man: b. The first and second drafts could
not be better.
Narrator: c. The second draft of the essays
was much better than the first
one.
d. Both of the essays were poorly
written.
10 Man: a. Roger wasn’t the least bit
disturbed.
Woman: b. Roger’s been bothered.
c. Roger has not been disturbed.
Narrator: d. The problems have affected
Roger a little bit.

1.c. ALMOST NEGATIVES

Almost negative means that something is not fully or not 100% negative.
In English we can recognize this by expressions such as hardly, seldom, etc.
For better understanding, look at this sentence:

She rarely goes home by bus.

 The word “rarely” means that she almost never (not never) goes by
bus.

Common Almost Negative Expressions

Meaning expression Example
Almost none Hardly, barely, scarcely, There is hardly any food in the
only refrigerator.
Almost never Rarely, seldom He seldom books flight by Traveloka.

Example 3 (File name EN1-M3-EX3)

ENGLISH I 28
 Listen to the conversation and fill the blanks on the script. Underline the
words which indicates almost negative expressions. Then, pick your best answer.

Woman : Are you ………….. the ......... ?

Man : Only ……….. have I ……. such ............ meat
Narrator ............................................ mean?

a. This is the best meat he’s tasted in a long time.

b. He is willing to eat some meat from the delicatessen.
c. Meat tastes delicious to him when it’s cooked rare.
d. He is not certain if the meat is delicious.

Discussion:
Script:
Woman : “Are you enjoying the barbecue?”
Man : “Only rarely have I tasted such delicious meat”
Narrator : “What does the man mean?”

Look at again what the 2nd speaker says, “Only rarely have I tasted such
delicious meat”. The word ‘rarely’ indicates that he almost never tastes
delicious meats. This means that this is his first time to taste the best/most
delicious meat in a certain time. Thus, the answer for this question is A.

Exercise 3.3. (File name EN1-M3-Exercises3.3)

Now listen to these following short conversations. Try to completely write
down the scripts. Then, underline the key words showing almost negative
expressions (barely, rarely, only, etc). Finally, pick up your best answers!

1 Man: a. When it is in July, it rains hard.

b. In July, it rains hard.
Woman: c. There is little rain in July.
d. In July, rain never comes.
Narrator:

2 Woman: a. John was not admitted.

b. Two were accepted.
Man: c. All of them are not going to the
university.
Narrator: d. The university admitted the
three students.

ENGLISH I 29
 3 Man: a. Professor Frank didn’t pass
Mark on the history exam.
Woman: b. Mark had the highest grade on
the history exam.
Narrator: c. Although he passed, Mark’s
exam grade was not too good.
d. Mark failed his history exam.
4 Man: a. He does no t mind waiting for
Dr. Roberts.
Woman: b. He often has long line waiting
for Dr. Robert in his office.
Narrator: c. He must patiently wait for Dr.
Robert.
d. Dr. Robert is mostly on time.
5 Woman: a. Betty prefers to take vacation in
winter.
Man: b. A winter vacation is rare for
Betty
Narrator: c. Generally, Betty works one
week during vacation.
d. Betty frequently takes vacation
in winter.
6 Man: a. He is a great student.
b. He barely spends his time on
Woman: his courses.
c. His books are always open.
Narrator: d. He never studies.

7 Man: a. He couldn’t complete the

exam.
Woman: b. He finished the exam in much
time.
Narrator: c. He was scared if he couldn’t
finish.
d. He used every single possible
minute to finish.
8 Man: a. The meeting lasted just until
one o’clock.
Woman: b. The one staff-meeting should
last longer.
Narrator: c. This staff meeting was very
long.

ENGLISH I 30
 d. In a long time, this was the
only staff meeting they have.

1.d. Comparatives with Negatives

In short dialogue, negatives can be used with comparatives. A sentence

with a negative-comparative results in superlative meaning. This signifies
strong stress on the sentence, which means “superlative” may be replaced by
other words such as extremely, very, etc. Look at this example below:

I do not find naughtier kid than Tom in this class.

 The negative “do not” is followed by comparative “naughtier” means

that the Tom is the naughtiest kid in this class. “the naughtiest” can also
be replaced by “extremely naughty” or “highly naughty”, etc.

Comparatives with negatives

more Nothing is more expensive than NFT is the most expensive.
NFT. NFT is extremely
expensive.
NFT is incredibly
expensive.
-er John couldn’t be more thankful. John is the most thankful.
John is really thankful.
John is extremely thankful.

Example 4: (File name EN1-M3-EX4)

Listen to the conversation and fill the blanks on the script. Underline the
words which indicates almost negative expressions. Then, pick your best answer.

Woman : “…… do …… you …… in the ............... in biology?”

Man : “…… could … been ………… than ................”
Narrator : “…. does ........... mean?”

a. The exam had nothing difficult on it.

b. Nothing was very hard on the test.
c. The test wasn’t easy at all.
d. The test could not have been easier.

Discussion:
Script:
Woman : “How do you think you did in the final exam in biology?”

ENGLISH I 31
Man :”Nothing could have been more difficult than that exam.”
Narrator : “What does the man mean?”

 Let’s see again the 2nd speaker statement ‘Nothing could have been more
difficult than that exam.’ It has a negative marker ‘nothing’ and a comparative
marker ‘more difficult’. This means that the final exam is the most difficult
exam the man took. Thus, the answer is C.

Exercise 3.4. (File name EN1-M3-Exercises3.4)

Now listen to these following short conversations. Try to completely write
down the scripts. Then, underline the key words showing almost expressions with
negative comparative. Then, pick up your best answers!

1 Man: a. She didn’t perform very well on

the test.
Woman: b. She is not very happy.
c. She’s delighted with the results.
Narrator: d. She could be somewhat happier.

2 Woman: a. Paula made a strong effort.

b. Paula could have tried harder.
Man: c. Paula is mostly lazy.
d. Paula didn’t try hard in this
Narrator: semester.

3 Man: a. The prices could have been

lower.
Woman: b. Because of the prices, she didn’t
buy much.
Narrator: c. The prices were too expensive.
d. The prices were great.
4 Woman: a. He doesn’t recognize her very
well.
Man: b. She always tells him everything.
c. She is not so smart.
Narrator: d. She’s incredibly intelligent.
5 Woman: a. It was necessary to perform the
surgery immediately.
Man: b. Surgery is absolutely not needed
by the patient.
Narrator:

ENGLISH I 32
 c. The importance for the surgery
was unquestionable.
d. The surgeon felt that the
operation was important.
6 Man: a. They were not really fortunate.
b. She wanted to have better luck.
Woman: c. No one got hurt.
d. The accident was unlucky.
Narrator:

7 Man: a. She did win the race.

b. She wasn’t quicker than
Woman: anyone.
c. She was second in the race.
Narrator: d. She was nearly the slowest
participant in the race.
8 Man: a. Everyone else wants that job as
badly as she does.
Woman: b. She is not certain about
accepting the job.
Narrator: c. She really wants that job so
much.
d. Nobody is going to get the job.

C. EXERCISES
Review Exercises: (File name EN1-M3-Review Exercise)
This is a review exercise. Listen carefully to the short conversations and the
questions. Complete the conversation in the blanks. Pay attention, so you can see
the negative, almost negative, double negative, and negative with comparative
sentences. Then, choose your best answer and be careful with the passive
statement.

1 Man: a. She is impossible to do anything

else.
Woman: b. She’s able to try a bit harder.
c. She does the best she can.
Narrator: d. There is many more than she can
do.
2 Man: a. Only on the trip was the bus right on
schedule.
Woman: b. The bus left on time only for once.

ENGLISH I 33
 c. The bus was always late.
Narrator d. She’s always late for the bus.
3 Man: a. Everyone surrounding the table had
much soup.
Woman: b. There was not sufficient soup to go
around.
c. They had so much soup that they
Narrator: could not finish it.
d. Everyone had one serving of soup,
but there was not enough for the
seconds.
4 Woman: a. It’s highly necessary for her to go.
b. She really wants to see the movie.
Man: c. She really couldn’t move to Florida.
d. She’s not willing to go there
anymore.
Narrator:

5 Man: a. She could accomplish the paper, but

she didn’t turn it in.
Woman: b. The paper was completely messy, so
she did not turn it in.
c. The paper was not finished.
Narrator: d. She handed the paper in right on
schedule.
6 Woman: a. Sylvia likes modern art less than
Tim does.
Man: b. Sylvia cares for nothing on What
Tim does.
Narrator: c. Sylvia and Tim share the same
opinions on modern art.
d. Neither Tim nor Sylvia takes care of
Art.
7 Woman: a. They never feel hard to work in the
afternoon.
Man: b. In the afternoon, they never work.
c. They do not do much after lunch.
d. They mostly work hard in the
Narrator: afternoon.
8 Man: a. When warm, he turns on the AC.
b. The AC only works every time it is
Woman: not needed.
c. He likes turning on the AC when it
gets warm.
Narrator: d. It’s difficult for him to work when it
is warm.

ENGLISH I 34
 9 Man: a. He has felt worse before this.
b. He really poorly performed on the
Woman: test.
c. He is not so unhappy with the
results.
Narrator: d. The test’s results couldn’t have been
better.
10 Woman: a. All the committed members should
not have decided the issue.
Man: b. Because so many members were
absent, the issue was not decided.
c. With so many present members, the
Narrator: committee could not reach an
agreement.
d. The committee must have waited
until more and more members were
present.

D. REFERENCES
Phillips, Deborah. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test
(Preparation for the Computer and Paper Test). New York:
Longman.

. 2003. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test (the

Paper Test). New York: Longman.

Rogers, Bruce. 1999. TOEFL PRACTICE TESTS (2ND Ed). Princeton: Peterson’s
Guide.

ENGLISH I 35
 MEETING IV
(LISTENING)
AGREEMENT, SUGGESTION, AND UNCERTAINTY

A. OBJECTIVES
After studying this material, students are able to:
2. understand various expressions of agreement both for positive and for
negative expressions
3. understand various expressions of suggestions and Uncertainty

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
1. INTRODUCTION
In this meeting, there are three topics we are discussing. They are
agreement, suggestions, and uncertainty.

1.a. Agreement

Agreement is another expression frequently appearing in short conversations. You

are required to be familiar with both them. Agreement may appear either in positive
or in negative form.

This following table shows you the most common expressions used

Expressions on positive agreement Expressions on negative agreement

So do I Neither do I.
Me, too. I don’t either.
I’ll say!
Didn’t she?
You can say that again!

Example 1: (File name EN1-M4-EX1)

Now, listen to the following conversations. Complete the blanks as you are
listening to the conversation. Underline the key words indicating agreement on the
positive expression, then pick your best

Man : This ………… a 2-semester ……. One ……… is ..................... time

to ………….
Woman : …… can …… that ...........!
Narrator : …… does .................. ?

a. He would like to take the course two semesters from now.

ENGLISH I 36
 b. He thinks the course should be extended as well.
c. He would like the woman repeating what she said.
d. He thinks that the course should be extended.

Discussion:
Script:

Man : ‘This should be a two-semester course. One semester is just not

enough time to learn all the materials.’
Woman : ‘You can say that again’
Narrator : ‘What does the man mean’

 Listen carefully again to the 2nd speaker. The woman says ‘You can say that
again’. This expression indicates that she agrees to the positive statement
told by 1st speaker “This should be ....................................... ”. Thus, the best
answer is B.

Example 2: (File name EN1-M4-EX2)

Now, listen to the following conversations. Complete the blanks as you are
listening to the conversation. Underline the key words indicating agreement for
negative expression, then pick your best answer.

Man : ‘…………. like …….. or ……… in your ........... ?’

Woman : ‘ .........., thank you.’
Narrator : ‘What ……... the woman ........... ?’

a. Either milk or sugar in her coffee

b. Tea, not coffee
c. Black coffee without sugar
d. Nothing to drink right now

Discussion:
Sript:

Man : ‘Would you like milk or sugar in your coffee?’

Woman :’ Neither, thank you.’
Narrator : ‘What does the woman want?’

ENGLISH I 37
  Listen to the 2nd speaker. The woman responds by saying ‘Neither, thank
you’. The word ‘neither’ indicates that she doesn’t want milk and she
doesn’t want sugar too in her coffee. Thus, the best answer for this is C.

Exercise 4.1 (File name: EN1-M4-Exercises4.1)

1 Man: e. She would like to take two trips

Woman: rather than one.
Narrator: f. She would also like to take a trip.
g. The trip costs too much.
h. She doesn’t think that a trip would
be a good idea.
2 Man: e. He thinks the elections should take
place next month.
Woman: f. He would like to see the election of
the town council.
Narrator g. He doesn’t agree with the woman.
h. He agrees that Matt should be
elected.
3 Man: e. She wants to take neither beginning
nor intermediate French.
Woman: f. She knows that she is not ready for
intermediate French.
Narrator: g. She’s not sure if she should take a
trip to French.
h. She is not sure which course she
should take.
4 Woman: e. The man said something foolish.
f. The man should repeat what he said.
Man: g. She agrees that the food is pretty
bad.
Narrator: h. She thinks that the food is the best
she has ever tasted.
5 Man: e. He’s enjoyed himself tremendously.
f. He wants to know what she said.
Woman: g. This party hasn’t been any fun at all.
h. He wonders if the woman enjoyed
Narrator: herself.
6 Woman: e. She says that she did not do it.
f. She agrees with the man about what
Man: happened.
g. She does not like what the man said.

ENGLISH I 38
 Narrator: h. She condones what happened.
7 Woman: e. The loud parties don’t bother him.
f. He agrees that the upstairs are noisy.
Man: g. He says that the neighbors don’t
have many parties.
Narrator: h. He thinks that the parties aren’t loud.
8 Man: e. She is not sure if she likes the meal.
f. She can’t stand this meal.
Woman: g. She doesn’t like this meal too much.
h. This food tastes amazing to her.
Narrator:

1.b. Suggestions & Uncertainty

In short conversations, when the first speaker is speaking, it is common for the 2nd
speaker to give a suggestion as his or her response. Still, sometimes the 2nd speaker
may also respond by expressing his or her doubt or showing their uncertainty to
what the 1st speaker says. Here are common expressions of uncertainty and
agreement:

Suggestions Uncertainty
Why not……? ….isn’t it? (tag question)
How about……? As far as I know…
Let’s……. As far as I can tell…

Example 3: (File name EN1-M4-EX3)

Now, listen to the following conversations. Complete the blanks as you are
listening to. Underline the key words indicating suggestion, then pick your best
answer!

Man : ‘We ……… discuss …… ………… some time in the ............... days.’
Woman : ‘……. How ……… over ...................... ?’
Man : ‘When ……… the ……… want to talk ……… the ..................?’

a. When lunch is over

b. During lunch
c. In a few days
d. Before they eat

ENGLISH I 39
Discussion:
Script:

Man : ‘We need to discuss our presentation some time in the next few
days.’
Woman : ‘Fine. How about over lunch today?’
Man : ‘When does the woman want to talk about the presentation?’

 Listen to the 2nd speaker. The woman responds the 1st speaker by saying
‘Fine. How about over lunch today?’. The expression ‘how about….’
indicates that the woman suggest something to the man. Therefore, the best
answer for this question is A.

Exercise 4.2 (File name: EN1-M4-Exercises4.2)

1 Woman: a. He must tell her how far she should

go.
Man: b. The professor told students to read
the chapters after the exam.
Narrator: c. He’s sure about which chapters they
are going to read.
d. He thinks he knows what the
assignment is.
2 Man: a. The man should feel sorry.
b. The man shouldn’t try cherry pie.
Woman: c. the man should take out the pie.
d. The man should try something else.
Narrator
3 Woman: a. He will start the movie himself at
8.00.
Man: b. He knows the movie starts at 8.00.
c. He is not quite sure when the movie
Narrator: begins.
d. He thinks the start of the movie has
been changed.
4 Woman: a. Washing the dishes before they
leave
Man: b. Leaving later so that they can do the
dishes no
Narrator: c. Leaving the house with the dishes
d. Not doing the dishes now

ENGLISH I 40
 5 Man: a. She believes Matt has the ability for
the part.
Woman: b. She told Matt to roll farther.
c. Matt is far from sufficient talent.
Narrator: d. She’s told Matt he’ll go far.
6 Woman: a. The woman should try not to break
her leg.
Man: b. They should go on a trip with Mary.
c. They should go to the hospital.
Narrator: d. Mary should visit the man.
7 Man: a. She believes the children are in the
park.
Woman: b. She’s going to the park to find the
children.
Narrator: c. The children have finished playing
the ball.
d. She knows where the children are.
8 Man: a. The man should work with Tom on
his math assignment.
Woman: b. The man should try to borrow some
from a neighbor.
Narrator: c. The man should check what behind
the door is.
d. The man should take a check and
hand it to Tom.

Example 4: (File name EN1-M4-EX4)

Now, listen to the following conversations. Complete the blanks as you are
listening to it. Underline the key words indicating uncertainty, then pick your best
answer!

Woman : ‘Is the ………… due on the …… or the ………?’

Man : ‘…. the fifteenth................ I ............ ’
Man : ‘What ……... the ................... ?’

a. He knows when they should pay the bill.

b. The bill is going to be fifteen days late.
c. He thinks the bill is due in the middle of the month.
d. The bill is approximately fifteen dollars.

ENGLISH I 41
Discussion:
Script:

Woman : ‘Is the utility bill due on the first or the fifteenth?’
Man : ‘On the fifteenth as far as I know.’
Man : ‘What does the man mean?’

 Listen to the 2nd speaker. The man responds the 1st speaker by saying ‘On
the fifteenth as far as I know.’ The expression ‘as far as I know’ indicates
that the man is not sure of what he says. He is doubt about the information
he tells the woman. Thus, the best answer is C.

C. Exercises
Review Exercises: (File name EN1-M3-Review Exercise)
This is a review exercise. Listen carefully to the short conversations and the
questions. Complete the conversation in the blanks. Pay attention, so you can see
and understand the expressions of suggestion, agreement, and uncertainty. Then,
choose your best answer and be careful with the passive statement.

1 Man: a. The bill is high because she has a lot

to say.
Woman: b. She agrees with the man.
c. She plans to talk a lot this month.
Narrator: d. She has a lot to say about the phone
bill.
2 Woman: a. Bill was sick of calculus class.
b. Bill had forgotten about the calculus
Man: class that morning.
c. Bill had never really been sick.
Narrator: d. Bill was too sick to come to class.
e.
3 Man: a. The man should go out Monday
instead.
Woman: b. The man should go out tonight.
c. The man should stay home and
Narrator: relax.
d. The man should work on the paper
tonight.
4 Woman: a. The breakfast in the cafeteria was
not very tasty.

ENGLISH I 42
 Man: b. The woman never ate breakfast in
the cafeteria.
Narrator: c. The cafeteria was open in the
morning.
d. The cafeteria did not serve
breakfast.
5 Woman: a. He knows where the parking lot is.
b. He knows that they won’t get a
Man: ticket.
c. He believes that it is acceptable to
Narrator: park there.
d. The parking lot is too far from their
destination.
6 Woman: a. He’s happy the class is over, too.
b. He says that he would like to take
Man: the class again.
c. He would be glad to say it over
Narrator: again.
d. He would like the woman to repeat
what she said.
7 Woman: a. Both he and the woman were
unsuccessful on the math problems.
Man: b. He was able to finish some of the
problems.
Narrator: c. He finished all the problems.
d. He doesn’t believe what the woman
said.
8 Man: a. The man had given the package to
the woman to mail.
Woman: b. The man remembered the package
after he went to the post office.
Narrator: c. The man had mailed the package.
d. The man had forgotten to go to the
post office.
9 Woman: a. They should go together in his car.
b. The woman should buy a bigger car.
Man: c. The woman should try not to be
afraid.
Narrator: d. They should take both cars.
10 Woman: a. He’s sure that the muffins were just
made.
Man: b. The muffins are not really fresh.

ENGLISH I 43
 c. He wants to know if the muffins
Narrator: taste good.
d. He thinks the muffins were recently
prepared.

D. References:
Phillips, Deborah. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test
(Preparation for the Computer and Paper Test). New York:
Longman.

. 2003. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test (the

Paper Test). New York: Longman.

Pyle, Michael A., Page Mary Ellen Munos. 1995. TOEFL Preparation Guide (5th
Ed). Foster City: IDG Books Worldwide.

Rogers, Bruce. 1999. TOEFL PRACTICE TESTS (2ND Ed). Princeton: Peterson’s
Guide.

ENGLISH I 44
 MEETING V
(LISTENING)
CONTRARY MEANINGS

A. OBJECTIVES
After studying this material, students are able to:
1. understand various expressions of wishes
2. understand various expressions of untrue conditions

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
In this meeting, we are going to learn about contrary meanings. There are
two topics in this meeting, they are ‘wishes’ and ‘conditional sentences’.

1.a. Wishes

In short conversations, you will sometimes listen to the expressions of

wishes. When you have these conversations, you must always remember that
wishes mean the opposite of the truth. Therefore, if the wish is in positive
statement, the truth is negative and vice versa.

To clearly understand, look at this following table:

Details Examples Meaning

 An affirmative - I wish I could buy the - I cannot buy the
(positive) wish ticket for the concert. ticket concert.
means negative in
reality. - I wish she did not - She forgets the
 A negative wish forget the assignment.
means positive in assignment.
reality.
 When a wish is - I wish John were the - John is not the
expressed in simple winner. winner.
past, the reality - I wish we arrived on - We don’t arrive on
means in simple time. time
present.
- I wish she had been
 When a wish is in Los Angeles. - She was not in Los
expressed in past - I wish my kids had Angeles.
perfect, the reality not seen the accident. - My kids saw the
means in simple past. accident.

ENGLISH I 45
Example 1: (File name EN1-M5-EX1)

Now, listen to the following conversation. Complete the blanks as you are
listening to it. Underline the key words indicating wishes, then pick your best
answer.

Man : How do …………… you …… on the ………….. that …… had

……….?
Woman : ……… wish I …… take ……. ………..
Narrator : ………. the woman ........... ?

a. She’s going to take the test over again.

b. She thinks she did a good job on the exam.
c. She has not yet taken the literature exam.
d. She’s unhappy with how she did.

Discussion:
Script:

Man : “How do you think you did on the literature exam that you had
this morning?”
Woman : “I really wish I could take it over again.”
Narrator : “What does the woman imply?”

 Listen carefully again to the 2nd speaker. The woman says “I really wish I could
take it over again”. The word “wish” clearly shows a wish. And after the verb
‘wish’ the clause says “I could take it over again”. This clause is in simple past.
This means the reality or the action is in the present time. And it is also an
affirmative or a positive clause of wish. This means that reality is in contrary
to the wish. In short, the reality is in negative form and in the present time ‘I
cannot take the test over again’. The real meaning indicates D is the best
answer.

Exercise 5.1 (File name: EN1-M5-Exercises5.1)

1 Man: i. Not many people want to get the

tickets for the concert.
Woman: j. In front of them, the line is too long.
k. There are not very many people in
Narrator: front of them.
l. The line is too short.

ENGLISH I 46
2 Woman: i. He wanted the woman to gain a
ticket.
Man: j. The woman talked about the ticket
to him.
Narrator: k. The woman told him nothing about
the ticket.
l. He was glad to figure out about the
ticket.
3 Man: i. She likes working so much.
j. Next week, she’s working too many
Woman: hours.
k. Next week, she does not own
Narrator: enough hours.
l. Next week, she is not working too
many hours next week.
4 Man: i. She doesn’t like the changes that the
department made.
Woman: j. She likes the new requirements.
k. The department changed nothing on
Narrator: the requirements.
l. She changed her apartment just
before graduation.
5 Woman: i. He is not afraid to go.
j. He is not willing to spend the
Man: money.
k. He is going to the theater.
Narrator: l. He doesn’t have enough money.

6 Woman: i. He had a bet with Harry.

j. He has not heard anything about
Man: Harry.
k. Harry studied hard for the exam.
Narrator: l. Harry did not prepare enough for the
test.
7 Man: i. She is good at math, but she’s taking
the algebra course anyway.
Woman: j. She has a good course schedule in
this semester.
Narrator: k. She doesn’t have to take the algebra
course.
l. The algebra she is taking is not her
favorite course.

ENGLISH I 47
 8 Woman: i. His apartment is too expensive.
j. He could find a cheap apartment.
Man: k. The apartment is cheap because of
its location.
Narrator: l. He doesn’t like the location of the
apartment.
9 Woman: a. He arrived early at the auditorium.
b. He prefers sitting at the back.
Man: c. He was not early enough to get a
seat at the front.
Narrator: d. He got one of the best seats in the
auditorium.
10 Woman: a. For him Sociology is less important
than football this weekend.
Man: b. He’d like to perform his social skills
at the game.
Narrator: c. He wishes he could work on his
sociology term paper.
d. He cannot attend the game because
of his school assignment.

1.b. Conditional Sentences

Just like the previous topic on ‘wish’, conditional sentence also means the
opposite of real condition. Before we are discussing further, let’s go back again
to the concept of ‘conditional sentence’. And from the aspect of tenses, we need
to go back one tense when expressing conditional. When we talk about present,
the conditional sentence must use simple past, and when we talk about past time,
the conditional must be expressed using past perfect.

Details Examples:
- When a conditional - If I were at office, I  I am not at home, I
sentence is in positive, would help you. won’t help you.
the reality is in
negative.
- I couldn’t track him  I can track him, I
- When a conditional if I didn’t use my use my GPS.
sentence is negative, GPS.
the reality is positive.
- Simple past - She was served first if  She is not served
conditional sentence she came earlier. first, she does not
come earlier.

ENGLISH I 48
 refers to simple
present reality. - If you had informed  You didn’t inform
me, I would have me, I didn’t
- Past perfect prepared the prepare the
conditional sentence folders. folders.
refers to past reality.

A conditional sentence may also be expressed by omitting the conditional

conjunction ‘if’. If you want omit it, you must place the auxiliary in the
beginning of the sentence.

If + S + V = Auxiliary + S + V

Look at the following examples:

Using ‘if’ Without ‘if’

- If I were at office, I would help - Were I at office, I would help you.
you. - I couldn’t pay the bills did I not
- I couldn’t pay the bills if I didn’t have the credit card.
have the credit card. - She was served first did she come
- She was served first if she came earlier.
earlier. - Had you told me, I would have
- If you had told me, I would have known what to do.
known what to do.

Example 2 (File name: EN1-M5-EX12)

Now, listen to the conversation. Complete the blanks as you are listening to
it. Underline the key words indicating conditional, then pick your best answer.

Woman : “I ……have ………………time ……… the piano ....................... for

the ……... I ……… I ........... at all.”
Man : “……. I …….. you, I …………. dwell on it ................”
Narrator : “…….. does ……… suggest ..................... ?”

a. Find a new place to live

b. Spend some time practicing
c. Go to another concert
d. Forget about the concert

ENGLISH I 49
 Woman : I should have spent more time practicing the piano to get ready for
the concert. I don’t think I played well at all.

Man : If I were you, I wouldn’t dwell on it another minute.

Narrator : What does the man suggest the woman do?

Discussion:
Script:

 The 2nd speaker responds by saying ‘If I were you, I wouldn’t dwell on it
another minute’. The ‘if’ indicates the conditional and ‘I were you’ indicates
simple past. This means that the reality is in negative statement and in simple
present ‘I am not you’. The main clause ‘I wouldn’t dwell on it another
minute’ means that the 2nd speaker will not think much later about it. Thus,
the best answer for this is D.

Exercise 5.2 (File name: EN1-M5-Exercises5.2)

1 Woman: a. He already knew about the meeting

when the woman called.
Man: b. The woman didn’t have to call
him.
Narrator: c. The woman called to inform him
know the meeting.
d. He’s not pleased the woman
calling him.
2 Man: a. The police should not stop the man
so often.
Woman: b. The man rode a bit slowly.
c. The police do not frequently stop
Narrator: the man.
d. The man often drives too fast.
3 Man: a. She asks if the man would be nice
enough to come working in her
Woman: place on Friday.
b. It’s so sad that they have to work
Narrator: on Friday.
c. She’s very pleased they must not
work on Friday.

ENGLISH I 50
 d. It’d be nice if they were able to
finish their work on Friday.
4 Woman: a. The letter did not need more
postage.
Man: b. The letter arrived last week.
c. She did not put enough number of
Narrator: postages on the letter.
d. She did not put any postage on the
letter.
5 Woman: a. Dogs do not need much attention.
b. He doesn’t pay attention to dogs.
Man: c. He wishes he had a dog.
d. He owns a dog.
Narrator:

6 Man: a. They knew preparing for the exam

would take much time.
Woman: b. When they knew about the exam,
they began to prepare themselves.
Narrator: c. They prepared nothing for the
exam.
d. They knew they had to be prepared
for the test.
7 Woman: a. The restaurant is rather
inexpensive.
Man: b. It costs so much for him to go.
c. He joins them to go to the
Narrator: restaurant.
d. He is unworried about the cost of
the restaurant.
8 Woman: a. Joe could get out of the way.
b. Joe jumped out of the way because
Man: of the oncoming car.
c. Because Joe didn’t see the car
Narrator: coming, he wasn’t able get out of
the way.
d. When Joe saw the car getting
close, he tried to avoid the way.
9 Woman: a. The woman was not really there.
b. The woman would leave soon.
Man: c. The woman wanted to be there.
d. The woman did not come.

ENGLISH I 51
 Narrator:

10 Man: a. Kathy won the first prize for her

hard work on the art project.
Woman: b. Kathy worked so hard that she
knew first prize belonged to hers.
Narrator: c. Kathy did not work as hard as
possible because she did not know
what the reward was.
d. Kathy wasn’t able to have put more
effort into the project to win the
prize.

C. EXERCISES
Review Exercises: (File name EN1-M5-Review Exercise)
This is a review exercise. Listen carefully to the short conversations and the
questions. Complete the conversation in the blanks. Carefully listen to the
conversation, so you well understand the ‘wish’ and the ‘conditional’. Then,
choose your best answer and be careful with the passive statement.

1 Man: a. She enjoyed the film.

b. She thinks the movie was really
Woman: violent.
c. She prefers a more violent movie.
Narrator: d. She enjoys violent films.

2 Woman: a. He didn’t remember to close the

windows.
Man: b. He left the windows open.
c. The rain entered the house.
Narrator: d. The rain did not get it.

3 Man: a. Her parents are coming in the

ceremonies.
Woman: b. She does not graduate this year.
c. Her family cannot come to
Narrator: graduation.
d. It is a possibility that her family
will come.

ENGLISH I 52
4 Woman: a. He is going to take his vacation
next week.
Man: b. He will be present at the
conference.
Narrator: c. He won’t skip his vacation.
d. He’s going to miss the conference.
5 Woman: a. He must head to the lab.
b. He doesn’t take chemistry class.
Man: c. He isn’t having chemistry lab this
afternoon.
Narrator: d. He enjoys his chemistry lab.

6 Man: a. They were out of gas because they

didn’t stop at the gas station.
Woman: b. They weren’t out of gas even
though they didn’t stop at the
Narrator: service station,
c. They still ran out of gas although
they filled up the tank.
d. They filled up the fuel tank at the
last service station.
7 Woman: a. He is required for a few more
courses.
Man: b. His schedule is not really heavy.
c. He will register for many courses
Narrator: next coming semester.
d. He in more courses than he is really
willing to.
8 Man: a. She’s been lost on the bus.
b. She doesn’t know how to get to her
Woman: office.
c. She never takes the bus to work.
Narrator: d. She mostly takes the bus.
9 Man: a. She didn’t visit the store.
b. She had no eggs at the store.
Woman: c. She bought some eggs at the store.
d. He can borrow some eggs.
Narrator:
10 Man: a. Teresa did exactly what the doctor
told her.
Woman: b. Teresa didn’t follow the doctor’s
order.

ENGLISH I 53
 Narrator: c. The doctor didn’t prescribe the
medicine.
d. Teresa is feeling a lot better.

D. References:
Phillips, Deborah. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test
(Preparation for the Computer and Paper Test). New York:
Longman.

. 2003. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test (the

Paper Test). New York: Longman.

Pyle, Michael A., Page Mary Ellen Munos. 1995. TOEFL Preparation Guide (5th
Ed). Foster City: IDG Books Worldwide.

Rogers, Bruce. 1999. TOEFL PRACTICE TESTS (2ND Ed). Princeton: Peterson’s
Guide.

ENGLISH I 54
 MEETING VI
(LISTENING)
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

A. OBJECTIVES
After studying this material, students are able to:
1. understand and be familiar with various phrasal verbs and their meanings
2. understand various idiomatic expressions and their meanings

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
In this meeting, we are discussing phrasal verbs and idiomatic expressions.

1.a. Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are common in our daily activities. In TOEFL listening, you
will find so many phrasal verbs. You must learn them since most of the meanings
are not from the words forming the phrasal verbs themselves. Still, they may
consist until 3 words. To understand better try to find the meaning of phrasal
verbs in these sentences:

1. People criticize many parents for the way they throw/bring/make up their
children. (to raise children)
2. Many politicians rejects to come/face /move up to their responsibilities
when crises happen. (to accept an unpleasant state of affairs, and try to
deal with it)
3. The politicians think they can sit on the chairs forever. People hatred can
actually cause them to fall/die/cut down. (to become less strong)
4. The fights against Covid_19 add/count/hold on cooperation of all people.
(to rely/depend on other people)
5. We all must try/switch/call off our holiday to Bali because of the
pandemic.

Now, try to match these phrasal verbs with the right meaning. No. 6 has been
done for you as an example
1. place/argue /put forward a. to get rid of something
2. come/move/run into b. To explain an idea, often in a way that
is easy for people to understand)
3. take/acquire/control c. to think about something that
happened in the past
4. carry/keep/go on d. to change from being children to
being adults

ENGLISH I 55
 5. put/give/move across e. to continue

6. look/move/consider back  look f. to meet someone by chance

back = C

7. grow/look/stand up g. to suggest or state the case for

something
8. go/do/put away with h. to start to do something in place of
someone else
Now, let’s try to analyse the phrasal verbs in short conversation. Listen to the
following conversation, complete the blanks, underline the phrasal verbs. After
you find the meaning of the phrasal verbs, pick your best answer.

Example 1 (File name EN1-M6-EX1)

Man : Just ………, in ……………. couple of ………..., ................ in

Montreal.
Woman : ……... will ………. get ………… once you get............ ?
Narrator : ………… does the woman …………. the ............... ?

a. How long he will stay in Montreal.

b. How he plans to travel to Montreal.
c. What form of transportation he is going to take there.
d. What other cities he is going to plan to visit.

Discussion:
Script:
Man : Just think, in another couple of days, I’ll be I Montreal.
Woman : How will you get around once you get there?
Narrator : What does the woman ask the man?

 Listen again to the 2nd speaker. The woman asks how the man will get
around when he is in Montreal. The phrasal verb ‘get around’ means ‘to
move from place to place’ or ‘to go to a lot of different places’. Still, the
question ‘how’ must indicate of method. Thus, this question is asking what
kind of transportation the man will use in Montreal. The best answer for
this question is C.

Exercise 6.1 (File name: EN1-M6-Exercises6.1)

ENGLISH I 56
Listen to these following conversations. Write down the script, underlined the
phrasal verbs, and pick your best answer!

1 Man: a. Visit their neighbors

b. Help the neighbors move in
Woman: c. Phone their neighbors over the fence
d. Call their neighbors
Narrator:
2 Woman: a. The course is about the same as
before.
Man: b. He is not as bored as the woman in
the class.
Narrator: c. The course becomes more
interesting.
d. The course was more interesting
before.
3 Man: a. She is just getting another headache
at the moment.
Woman: b. Her headache becomes worse.
c. She felt better last morning than at
Narrator: the moment.
d. She seems to feel better at the
moment.
4 Man: a. The man should completely stop
smoking.
Woman: b. The man should cut the ends of the
cigarettes.
Narrator: c. The man should decrease the total of
cigarettes he smokes.
d. The man should stop cutting the
cigarettes into pieces.
5 Woman: a. The client caused the lawyer
unhappy about the case.
Man: b. The client presented his case to the
lawyer.
Narrator: c. The client was upset on the lawyer’s
decision.
d. The client was disappointed because
the lawyer gave back the suitcase.
6 Woman: a. She always tries to get ahead of
everybody else.
Man:

ENGLISH I 57
 b. She avoids others and she doesn’t
Narrator: want to spend time with them.
c. She gets along with everyone.
d. She gets back at people crossing her.
7 Man: a. He will see what the children have
done.
Woman: b. The children need to be kept an eye
on.
Narrator: c. It is important for him to tidy up
after the children.
d. He must try to find the children.
8 Woman: a. They are lying down on the job.
b. They are being released from their
Man: works.
c. They are spending too much time to
Narrator: relax at the factory.
d. They are going on strike.
9 Woman: a. He pulled a muscle while playing
football.
Man: b. It is not so hard to play on the soccer
team.
Narrator: c. He is betting that his football team is
going to win.
d. He is really passionate to be
successful.
10 Woman: a. She doesn’t know where she leaves
her keys.
Man: b. She is really the one who put the
keys inside the car.
Narrator: c. She wasn’t able to understand why
the man did what he did.
d. She’s uncertain why she tolerates
the man’s behavior.

1.b. Idiomatic Expressions

https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ defines idiom as “group of words

whose meaning is different from the meaning of the individual words”. In short, we
mostly cannot define an idiom from the words forming it. Idioms are special
expressions spoken by native speakers when they mean something. They are used
in almost all areas of life. In listening, questions about idioms are sometimes hard

ENGLISH I 58
to answer. This is because the idiom looks to explain something, but the real
meaning is really different from the words forming it.

Before listening to the idiom in listening, look at these following idioms. Try to
match them with the right meaning.

Neither here nor there Responsible for something

Down to earth Hostility due to past events, ill will,
hatred
The big picture Uninformed
In charge of unimportant, unrelated with the topics
being discussed
Small talk In close association/relation with
Hand in hand The most important facts about certain
situation and the effect of the situation
Bad blood Polite conversation on unimportant
topics or chat
In the dark Sensible and practical, in a way that is
helpful and friendly

Now, let’s listen to the examples of idioms in short conversation:

Example 2 (File name EN1-M6-EX2)

Woman : “Has management ……….. on a ………………… for ……. raises?”

Man : “It’s still …………... the air. I …… it …… discussed …… at the
……. next ........... ”
Woman : “What ……. the man ……?”

a. The airplane has not yet landed.

b. The manager is full of hot air.
c. Management is going to offer the pay raises on Friday.
d. The policy on pay raise has not yet been decided.

Discussion:
Script:

Woman : "Has management decided on a new policy for pay raises?”

Man : “It’s still up in the air. I think it will be discussed again at the
meeting next Friday.”
Woman : “What does the man mean?”

ENGLISH I 59
 Listen carefully to the 2nd speaker. The man says ‘it’s still up in the air’. This
is an idiomatic expression, which means ‘it has not been completely planned
or settled yet’. This is also emphasized by the next sentence ‘….again in the
meeting next Friday’. Thus, the best answer for this question is D.

Example 3 (File name EN1-M6-EX3)

Man : “… guess is ………... leaving ……… now …… heading straight

……….....”
Woman : “You’ve …… the …… on the ……!”
Narrator : “………. the ……… say about ………?”

a. He hit his head by himself.

b. He is perfectly correct.
c. He nailed the door closed.
d. He is heading back home.

Discussion:
Script:

Man : “My guess is that you’re leaving the office now and heading
straight home.”
Woman : “You’ve hit the nail on the head!”
Narrator : “What does the woman say about the man?”

 Look at and listen carefully to the 2nd speaker. The woman responds the man
by saying “You’ve hit the nail on the head”. This idiom means ‘saying
something perfectly correct’. Therefore, B is the best answer for this question.

Exercise 6.2 (File name: EN1-M6-Exercises6.2)

Listen to these following conversations. Write down the script, underlined the
idiomatic expression, try to well understand their meanings, and pick your best
answers!

ENGLISH I 60
1 Man: a. It’s good that the man went to class,
on time or not.
Woman: b. The man has never been late.
c. It’s nice that the man was late for
Narrator: fifteen minutes.
d. It’s always bad to be late for class.
2 Woman: a. The biology experiment concerns
two-headed animals.
Man: b. The woman’s assignments are all in
her head.
Narrator: c. The woman must perform two
experiments rather than one.
d. It is indeed a good idea to work
together.
3 Man: a. There is no time to present his report
for the moment.
Woman: b. It’s best to get it over with right
now.
Narrator: c. She’s not willing to work on the
report either.
d. She doesn’t have time to work now.
4 Man: a. She’s just about to see the book.
b. She’s always lucky with books.
Woman: c. She’s so fortunate to get the last
book.
Narrator: d. She’s sorry she wasn’t able to the
book today.
5 Man: a. Everyone has different tastes.
b. Each of them has his own restaurant.
Woman: c. She doesn’t really like that
restaurant.
Narrator: d. The man doesn’t like to eat in the
restaurant.
6 Man: a. It is impossible to do it.
b. The man should have asked her
Woman: earlier.
c. Had the man asked, she would have
Narrator: done it.
d. She’ll do it immediately.
7 Woman: a. Abbie’s father knocked on the door.
b. Abbie took a feather for his art
Man: project.

ENGLISH I 61
 c. He was locked down.
Narrator: d. He was really shocked. It was
unbelievable for him.
8 Man: a. The sixth chapter are all about the
boat.
Woman: b. They are having a boat-trip together.
c. The man is going to read while he’s
Narrator: on the boat.
d. Everybody must has do the same
thing.
9 Woman: a. She has a really good head and
shoulders.
Man: b. She’s the greatest of all.
c. She is taller than the others.
Narrator: d. She put her science project on top
priority over the others.
10 Man: a. The man has to pay attention to
every single detail.
Woman: b. The man has to fill out the
application using dots and crosses.
Narrator: c. The man does not really have to
apply for the scholarship.
d. The man must improve his
penmanship.

C. Exercises:
Review Exercises: (File name EN1-M6-Review Exercise)
This is a review exercise. Listen carefully to the short conversations and the
questions. Complete the conversation in the blanks. Carefully listen to the
conversation, so you will find out the phrasal verbs and other idiomatic
expressions. Then, choose your best answers!

1 Man: a. Her roommate does the cooking

while she does other chores.
Woman: b. Her roommate cooks more
frequently than she does.
Narrator: c. She and her roommate alternate
cooking responsibilities.

ENGLISH I 62
 d. She frequently has lots of take-out
dinners.
2 Woman: a. He has chipped tooth.
b. He resembles his father.
Man: c. He and his father were playing a
game with blocks.
Narrator: d. He lives one block from his father.
3 Man: a. She is getting sick.
b. She has a lot of work to do.
Woman: c. She does not like foot ball.
d. She’s going somewhere else.
Narrator:
4 Man: a. He said shameful things.
b. He put his feet where he should not
Woman: do.
c. He told the teacher that his foot was
Narrator: hurt.
d. He put the food that the teacher gave
him into his mouth.
5 Man: a. She’d like to discuss something with
the man for a few minutes.
Woman: b. She would like to know if the man
stays in the market only for a few
Narrator: minutes.
c. She wants like the man to delay his
trip.
d. She thinks that the man would better
leave a few minutes earlier than he
planned before.
6 Man: a. The man’s trying to do something
dangerous.
Woman: b. The man’s playing a fire game in the
park.
Narrator: c. The man maybe starts a fire at the
park.
d. The man parked his car close
enough to the fire.
7 Woman: a. She wishes the machine would cut
the wood.
Man: b. She’d like them to stop the noise.
c. The machines do not function very
Narrator: well.

ENGLISH I 63
 d. The machines don’t really disturb
her.
8 Man: a. Fred made a mistake.
b. Fred has backed into a tree.
Woman: c. Fred has protected the money in a
barking tree.
Narrator: d. Fred’s dog barks a lot.
9 Woman: a. He should give back what he
borrowed.
Man: b. He should not give up.
c. She’ll help him whenever he needs.
Narrator: d. He needs to put away what he
doesn’t need.
10 Man: a. The stream is dying up.
b. She’s swimming the pool to do the
Woman: homework.
c. Their chemistry homework is really
Narrator: difficult.
d. She prefers swimming to doing the
homework.

D. References:
Lapierre, Richard J. Toefl Idiom – Quiz Books. 2008. New York: Kaplan, Inc.

Phillips, Deborah. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test
(Preparation for the Computer and Paper Test). New York:
Longman.

. 2003. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test (the

Paper Test). New York: Longman.

Pyle, Michael A., Page Mary Ellen Munos. 1995. TOEFL Preparation Guide (5th
Ed). Foster City: IDG Books Worldwide.

Rogers, Bruce. 1999. TOEFL PRACTICE TESTS (2ND Ed). Princeton: Peterson’s
Guide.

Wyatt, Rawdon. 2002. Check Your Vocabulary for TOEFL – All you need to pass
your exams! Oxford: MacMillan.

ENGLISH I 64
 MEETING VII
(Structure And Written Expression)
STRATEGY WITH ONE-CLAUSE SENTENCE

A. OBJECTIVES
Students will be able to undestand the sentence with one clause, the
description and example of subject, verb and sentence and verb agreement.

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
1. Sentence with One clause
It is called a sentence in English if it has at least a subject and a verb, it
completes itself and it can be understood. Example:
He sent the email yesterday
She makes the bed every morning
The cars are very expensive

in TOEFL test, the general problems you will have to solve in structure
questions are dealing with the subject and the verbs. Could probably the
sentece missing the subject or it coulb be missing the verb or it could be
missing both subject and verb.
Example :
1. was exceeded maximun speed on the freeway.
a. Last week
b. In the evening
c. the driver
d. the cars
It can be noticed from the example that there is a verb was but the subject
is missing. The correct answer is C agree with singular was. Answer A and B
can not be a subject, while answer D is plural.

The tenses can be present, past or future tense, see the example below

Tenses Example
Simple present I study everyday
I/you/they/we + verb base You study every day.
She/ he/it + verb s/es/ She studies everyday
Present continues They are playing football now.
I am + verb-ing We are listening to to the music
You/ we/they are+ verb-ing She is talking
She/he/it+ is +verb-ing It is barking .

ENGLISH I 65
 Present perfect I have seen the movies
I/you/they/we+ have-past You have done the homework
participle We have talked
She/he/it + has- past participle She has come
He has called
Present perfect continue I have been waiting for one hour
I/they/you/we+ have+ been- They have been playing game for
verb-ing. few hours.
She/he/it + has+been+ verb-ing She has been talking on the phone
for few minutes
Simple past I went to the movie yesterday
I/you/they/we/he/she/it + past I visited Bali last year
tense I talk to him last night
Past continues I was reading book at 8 o’clok last
I was + verb –ing night.
You/they/we were+ verb-ing They were watching movie
She/he/it was + verb-ing She was making a phone call
Future tense I will come tomorrow
I/ you/ they/we/she/he/it + will+ They will visit me next week
base verb She will call me in a few minutes

2. Introduce “subject and verb and sentence”

a. Subject
Subject in an English sentence is a part of the sentece or clause that
commonly answer what and who perform action. Subjects are typically
person, animal, things (concrete or abstract) they act in conjunction in a
verb.
Types of subject Example
Simple subject Alice is a beautiful girl.
David works for Google company.
They play games everyday.
Compound subject Elena and Nora are fashion models.
My friend from the school in home town
and the woman who lives next door know
each other.
Definite subject The cats in my house are very cute.
The full moon is shining beautifully
The earth spins around the sun
Indefinite subject Everybody comes ontime.
Each student has different interest.
Somebody has removed my shoes

ENGLISH I 66
 b. Verb
Verb is the word that express action or state of being. There are 11
defferent types of verbs
Types of verbs Example
Action verbs Jump,hit,sing, think, consider,memorize,
run,swim,help, ignore, chase,wrok,etc
Stative verbsrefers to condition Hate, love, prefer,want,wish,feel, smell, taste,
or states being own, have, hear, sound, appear, know,etc
Transitive verbs (a verbs that He drives car to work everyday.
accompany by direct object in a Ana bought expensive bags.
sentence) I ate broccoli yesterday.
Intransitive verbs (a verb Birds fly.
withoutdirect object in a A baby cries.
sentence) The shy girl hid behind her mother when she
saw me.
Linking verbs (special type of Be (am, is, are,was,were), become, seem,
stative verbs) appear, grow.
Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs Be (am, is, are, was, were,) have, has, had.
Do, does, did, can, will
Modal verbs Can, may, might, must, would
Regular verbs (past tense and Worked, studied, played, jumped, watched,
past participle form) listened, cooked, etc
Irregular verbs Gone, done, sung, drunk, seen, etc
Phrasal verbs Ask around, add up to, back up, blow up,
break down, break in, call around, call on.etc
Invinitives To call, to invite, to make, to think, to have et

c. Sentence
A sentence is a set of words that contain a subject and a verbs. There
are four types of sentences. They are:
Types of sentence Example
Simple sentence contain a subject I love you
and a predicate . Study English is fun
A Compound sentence contains I haven’t gone camping for a long
two or more independent clauses time so I take a leave from work to
joined by linking word. go camping for a week
A Complex sentence contains a As soon as I finished my work
main clause and subordinate yesterday , I went out for dinner
clause. with my friend.

ENGLISH I 67
 A Compound –complex sentence I will do the assignment but fist I
contains at least three clauses. have to clean the house after the
children finish playing.

3. Subject and Verb agreement,

Subject Example:
If the subject is singular the He plays football everyday.
verb must be singular too; She is on the way home now.
each,each one, either, neither, Every student has to be in class ontime.
everyone, everybody, Each chapter of the book provides references.
anyone, anybody,no body, None of the students is late
somebody, someone, no one. Everybody comes ontime
noun count ; education, Neither the ideas was accepted.
information, water, etc Education is very important.
collective noun; group, team, The committee likes the idea.
committee, family, The information is very clear.
class,flock, audience, etc The family loves gardening
if the subject is plural the They visit me every weekend.
verb must be plural too, We have seen the movie
You were late for class this morning.

If the subject use expression Some of the bag is very expensive.

of quantity the noun can be Some of the bags are very expensive.
singular or plural A lot of my friend is helpful.
A lot of my friends are helpful

If the subject is only one and Books are source of information and help the
has more that one verbs, the reader to improve knowledge.
verbs in the sentence must
agree with the subject.
If the subject use there + be, There is a book in my bag
the subject could be plural or There are books in my bag
singular
Pay attention to the singular The boy or the girls ride bicycle every day
anf plural or pronoun joined The boys or the girl rides bicycle everyday
by “or” or “nor” in verb, the
verb should be agreed with
the subject that is closest to
the verb

C. EXERCISES

ENGLISH I 68
Exercises 1
Choose the correct answer in the parentheses
1. The results of the students’ test (was, were) announced through the school
website.
2. Every student, teacher, and staff (is,are) requested to come ontime to the
school.
3. Some of the information in the internet (is, are) fake
4. Each of us (has, have) different favourite colour.
5. The number of participants for English class (is , are) seventy five.
6. A pride of lions (contains, contain ) about three or five males and six to ten
females.
7. There (is, are) many students in school yard
8. Andy , as well as his classmates, (has, have) understood the lesson.
9. Why (was, were) Anne and Diana late for match class this morning?
10. Where ( does, do) Alex live?
Exercise 2. Write the correct verb to complete the senteces below!
1. Everyone in the room wearing blue jeacket (be)
2. Many students more than four years in campus to get degree.(
spend)
3. Everyone great time in Joe’s birthday party.( has, have)
4. Look there is an accident over there!, somebody _ to call the police. (
has, have)
5. Either my bother or sister money to buy the toy.
6. Neither the teacher nor students in classroom now. (be)
7. One of the students ( ) going to represent the school for olympic
championship. ( be)
8. The athletes, as well as the coach to win the game.( want)
9. Mike and Sean _ want to spend much time working on the school
project. (do not )
10. Either your answer or mine correct (be)
Exercise 3
Underline the subject and the verb in the senteces then write T for true
sentence and write F for false sentence !
1. Yesterday found an interesting article about future computer technology.
2. Academic calender can be checked online
3. A job for computer analist or computer programmer popular
4. The new computer software has comes up with diffence kind applications.
5. The computer server can be accessed by authorized personnel only.
6. The homework for English class it consists of several excercises .
7. The report papers on the desk in the computer room should be kept in the
library.
8. The field trip early in the morning by bus to Bandung

ENGLISH I 69
9. Last week read news about soil pollution
10. The new gadgets are sell on electronic stores in town.

Exrcise 4
Choose the letter of the words or group fo words to complete the sentences.
1. A flock of robins _ to south to get warmer weather and to find
food.
a. Migrating c. Can migrate
b. Migrates d. Migrate
2. Vitamin K2 bone density and reduces the risk of
osteoporosis.
a. Improves c. improved
b. Improving d. Can improves
3. National museum of Indonesia about 109,342 objects of
Indonesian cultural heritage from historic days up to present days.
a. Is display c. Displaying
b. Displays d. Displayed
4. The Nile river over 4.100 miles from south to north through
eastern Africa.
a. Flows c. flowing
b. It flowed d. Has flow
5. Computer programming languages instruction to machines
on what to do.
a. Gives c. give
b. Gave d. Giving
6. Dr. Grace Murray Hopper computer programming
language that could run on all brands and types of computer in 1959.
a. Created c. Creates
b. Was creating d. Has created
7. Arithmatic operators for programming languages in computer .
a. Creates mathematical expression
b. Has creates mathematical expression
c. Created mathematical expression
d. Create mathematical expression
8. The accenture virtual assistant platform and intelligent automation with the
power of artificial intelligent
a. Is future technology
b. Are future technology
c. Future technology
d. been future technology
9. More than 200 volcanoes located along Sumatra, Java, Bali
and some islands of eastern part of Indonesia.

ENGLISH I 70
 a. Is c. Be
b. Are d. Been
10. In Indonesia approximately 17.508 islands which are 6000
inhabited.
a. There are c. is
b. There is d. Are

D. REFERENCES
Azar, Betty S. 2002. Understanding and Using English Grammar (3rd Ed)
Pearson Education. New York: Pearson Education.

Woods, Geraldines. 2018. English Grammar Work Book for Dummies (3rd
Ed). New Jersey: John Wiley & Son, Inc.

ENGLISH I 71
 MEETING VIII
(Structure and Written Expressions)
APPOSITIVES AND PREPOSITIONS

A. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
1. Understand the structures of appositive;
2. Identify the appositives;
3. Create sentences with appositives;
4. Identify the prepositions;
5. Identify the object of prepositions;
6. Create sentences with object of prepositions

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
1. Appositives
Appositive is additional information that describes nouns or pronouns
in a sentence. It is usually formed as a phrase that describes the noun. It is
generally set off from the noun with comma. An appositive cannot be a
subject in a sentence.

Examples of Appositives in sentences

a. Bagus, the smartest student in this class, has finished the task.
Subject + Verb

“The smartest student in this class” describes “Bagus”

b. I like Rendang, a typical Padang food, so much.
Subject + verb

“a typical Padang food” describes “Rendang”

c. A very beautiful island, Karimunjawa attracts many tourists every year.
Subject + verb

“A very beautiful island” describes “Karimunjawa”

a. Forming Appositives
Appositive may come from a sentence, an adjective clause, a gerund and
an infinitive. To create one sentence that contains an appositive is by
combining two simple sentences.
Example:
 Simple Sentence : Bandung is the capital city of west Java.

ENGLISH I 72
  Simple Sentence : Bandung has many shopping places.
 Sentence with an Appositive : Bandung, the capital city of west
Java, has many shopping places.

Besides, appositives can also come from an adjective clause.

Appositives are reduced adjective clauses that contain the verb to be.
However, they do not contain a marker or a verb.

Example:

Soekarno was one of the founding fathers of Indonesia.

Soekarno became a great president.

Soekarno, who was one of the founding fathers of Indonesia, became

a great president.

Soekarno, who was one of the founding fathers of Indonesia, became

a great president.

Appositive not only come from a sentence and an adjective clause, but
also a gerund and an infinitive.

Gerund Roy’s hobby, climbing the summit of Mt.

Semeru, needs a lot of energy.
Infinitive The goal, to finish the project, has made the
struggle harder.

b. The position of Appositives

Appositives can be found in the beginning (before a noun), in the middle
(after a noun) and in the end of a sentence.

The structures of Appositives

Subject, appositive, verb Her hobby, climbing the summit
of Mt. Semeru, needs a lot of
energy.
Appositive, subject + verb Climbing the summit of Mt.
Semeru, her hobby needs a lot of
energy.

ENGLISH I 73
 Subject + verb, appositive Rabella was the beautiful queen
in her new shoes, a cinderella
glass slipper.

c. Be careful of appositive
A phrase is not a subject if it is an appositive. In the structure section of
the TOEFL test, an appositive can cause confusion because it can be
mistaken for the subject of a sentence.
Example:

Mr. Harry, My English lecturer is now retired.

The subject of that sentence is My English lecturer. Mr. Harry is an

appositive because of the noun and the comma. If there is no appositive,
the sentence still makes sense (My English lecturer is now retired).
Although the appositive adds detail to the sentence, the reader already
understands which specific teacher is being referred to. Therefore, this
appositive is nonrestrictive.

d. TOEFL Strategies
Here are some tricks to identify the appositives in sentences.
Contain Examples
Appositive 1. Verb-ing in active The man, repairing the
sentence car, is my father.
2. Verb-3 in passive That building, built in
sentence 2019, is futuristic.
3. Who/Which + verb-1 / The woman, who teaches
verb-2/auxiliary English, is my mother.
4. Noun Phrase Kitty, my cutest cat,
always likes playing
ribbon.
No 1. Verb-1 / Verb-2 /
Appositive Auxiliary
2. Subject-Verb
combination
3. Started by “that”

4. Prepositions

ENGLISH I 74
 In the example above, there is a relationship between “plane” and
“cloud”. It is shown by “above, behind, around, below, beneath, beside,
beyond, into, near, outside, over, through, toward, under, underneath”. Those
are called as prepositions. A preposition is part of speech that has function to
show relationship between the object and other parts in a sentence. It is
followed by a noun or pronoun. Below is a list of common prepositions:

Some prepositions consist of more than one word. Here is a list of

common multiword prepositions:

ENGLISH I 75
 a. Types of Prepositions
1) Preposition of Time
a) At
is used to show time. Example: We go to campus every day at 7
am.
b) On
is used to show days, dates, special moments, and events. Example:
My sister was born on Independence Day.
c) In
is used to explain the information about times, months, seasons,
and years. Example: I always review the lesson in the morning
every day.
d) Since, within, until, by, for, before, after, during, from-until, from-
to
are used to express extended time.
Example: She has to finish the task within a day. (No longer than a
day)
We will be here for three hours. (We will spend three hours here)

2) Preposition of Place
a) At
is used to talk about a general vicinity and addresses. Example:
Universitas Pamulang is located at Surya Kencana street.
b) In
is used to describe the point itself. Example: There is a new assistant
in the lab.
c) is used to show the position of something or talk about the surface.
Example: You left your pouch on that table yesterday.
d) Inside
is used to express something contained. Example: Please, take me
the key inside the drawer.
e) Over, above
are used to show when the object is higher than a point. Example:
Aidan shot the ball over the wicket.
f) Below, beneath, under, underneath
are used to show when the object is lower than a point. Example:
The coat is under the seat.
g) Among, by, between, next to, near, opposite
are used when the object is close to a point. Example: They live near
our house.

ENGLISH I 76
 3) Preposition of Movement
a) Into
is used to show movement of something that has been done.
Example: My brother jumped into the swimming pool.
b) Toward
is used to show a progress of movement. Example: The buses are
heading towards town.

b. Prepositions and other parts of speech

Here is a list of combination of prepositions and other parts of speech.

ENGLISH I 77
5. Object of preposition
Object of preposition is an object that follows a preposition. The object
can be a noun, noun phrase, pronoun, gerund, or noun clause.

Object of Preposition Examples

Noun They were active in e-learning.
Noun Phrase She always pays attention to the teacher
during the class.
Pronoun I want to go there with you.
Gerund (phrase) The speaker explained about trading.
I explained the rules for asking questions.

ENGLISH I 78
 Noun Clause The students asked about how they can get
the best score for TOEFL.

a. Be careful of Objects of Prepositions

A word is not a subject if it is an object of preposition. In the
Structure section of the TOEFL test, an object of preposition can
cause confusion because it can be mistaken for the subject of a
sentence
Example:

To Sissy E-learning is effective platform during the pandemic era.

That sentence contains two objects of prepositions. Sissy is the

object of the preposition to and the pandemic era is the object of
preposition during. The subject of that sentence is E-learning not
Sissy and the verb is is.
A preposition that is followed by an object of preposition can be
called as prepositional phrase. The examples of prepositional phrase
from the previous sentence are “to Sissy” and “during the pandemic
era”. In prepositional phrase “to Sissy”, the preposition “to” refers
to the object “Sissy” and the preposition “during” refers to the object
“the pandemic era” in prepositional phrase “during the pandemic
era”.

C. EXERCISES
Exercise 1
Direction: Identify the appositive in the sentences below.
1. My brother, who is a student of Informatics Engineering, has created a high
quality application.

2. R.A. Kartini, an Indonesian national hero from Central Java, was born in
1879.

3. We just left the guest house after two nights, a very comfortable and clean
place.

4. I should bring the umbrella, which is an important tool in rainy day.

ENGLISH I 79
 5. The highest mountain in Java, Mt. Semeru, was a setting for a movie entitled
“5cm”.

Exercise 2
Direction: Underline the appositive phrases. Then, identify if the sentences are
correct (C) or incorrect (I).
No. C / I Sentences
1. C My oldest sister, Mariana won the match successfully.

2. Setu Pamulang, a beautiful lake, is located near the Pamulang

Square.

3. At long last, the great team, has decided to give up.

4. Most of my friends are fans of BTS, a famous Korean boyband.

5. Independence day, August 17, is a special day for Indonesian

people.

6. Last month, my sister, graduated summa cum laude from

Universitas Pamulang.

Exercise 3
Direction: Choose the best preposition that correctly completes each sentence.
1. Can I come up a better solution?
A. at
B. without
C. through
D. with

2. We thought the course was going to be boring, but it turned to be quite

useful.
A. on
B. off
C. out
D. with

ENGLISH I 80
 3. He came of the café and put on his mask.
A. on
B. out
C. in
D. inside

4. We have to set the final exam tomorrow.

A. off
B. up
C. out
D. with

5. She will come his email when she is clearing her inbox.
A. across
B. with
C. out
D. up

6. She cannot do her mobile phone. She always brings it everywhere.

A. with
B. without
C. by
D. upon

7. The twins were very sad because their mother passed yesterday.
A. out
B. off
C. over
D. away

8. Every parent will look their babies.

A. in
B. out
C. after
D. with

9. Did the president deal the employers’ complaint?

A. with
B. without
C. of
D. in

ENGLISH I 81
 10. Their house broke by fire last night.
A. up
B. down
C. off
D. out

Exercise 4
Direction: Underline the prepositional phrases and circle the prepositions.
Write the object of preposition in each sentence.
1. After the course, I will go to Cinema with my friends.

2. She bought some books from this book store.

3. The students are not allowed to use the mobile phone during the class.

4. By explaining the material clearly, the audience will get the point.

5. Through this way, they will go home tonight.

6. We will discuss the technical meeting at the corner canteen.

7. He always puts the remote under the

table.
8. Raisa sat on her new bicycle.

9. We were walking across the bridge.

10. With you, it is my priority right now.

Exercise 5
Direction: Choose the best answer that correctly completes each sentence.

1. , Kelana, is attending the course.

A. Happily
B. My friend
C. Right now
D. Because of the time

2. ,Gusnar Nimpuno won an award of FFI 2021.

A. It was a cinematography

ENGLISH I 82
 B. The cinematography was
C. The cinematography
D. That the cinematography

3. Mr. Rayyan, director of this institution, was President of my

office.
A. the first
B. was the first
C. as the first
D. to be the first

4. , Willy rarely misses his shoots.

a. a great football player is
b. a great football player
c. his great football play
d. Willy is a great football player

5. Raffa will get on the bus soon. Choose the object of preposition.
A. on
B. on the bus
C. the bus
D. on the bus soon

6. Inside the house, we found some treasures. Choose the prepositional phrase.
A. Inside
B. Inside the house
C. the house
D. some treasures

7. My mother always enjoys travelling around the city. Choose the preposition.
A. around
B. around the city
C. the city
D. city

8. She always studies hard before the exam until she cannot fit anything more
in my brain. Choose the preposition
A. before
B. before the exam
C. the exam
D. until

ENGLISH I 83
 9. The campus is between Global Islamic School and Hoka-hoka Bento.
Choose the prepositional phrase
A. between
B. between Global Islamic School
C. between Global Islamic School and Hoka-hoka Bento
D. Global Islamic School and Hoka-hoka Bento

10. Behind the building, some students hid when the teacher came. Which one
is the object of preposition?
A. the teacher
B. some students
C. the building
D. behind

Exercise 6
Direction: Create your own sentences with appositives.
1.

2.

3.

Exercise 7
Direction: Create your own sentences with prepositions and objects of
preposition.
1.

2.

3.

D. REFERENCES

Frank, M. (1972). Modern English: A practical reference guide.

Phillips, D. (2001). Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test.
Longman.
Rogers, B. (2011). The Complete Guide to the TOEFL test. Heinle Cengage
Learning.

ENGLISH I 84
 MEETING IX
(Structure and Written Expressions)
PARTICIPLES AND DEGREES OF COMPARISON

A. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

In the end of the meeting, students are expected to be able to solve problems
in:
1. Using Present Participle in the context
2. Correcting Present Participle as Verb and Adjective
3. Identifying Past Participle
4. Analysing Past Participle
5. Identifying Degrees of Comparison
6. Using Degrees of Comparison

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
1. Clause
A clause is a group of related words that shows a full sentence. There
are two kinds of clauses, they are:

a. Independent clause

It is also called the main clause or also called the main sentence. It
must have a subject and a verb and it can stand alone because it is a complete
and perfect sentence. In the sense of the sentence provides complete and
complete information.

Simon Leviev is a wise man

b. Dependent clause
It is called subordinate clause. It has a subject and a verb, but it
cannot stand alone as a perfect sentence. This dependent clause requires an
independent clause to be a perfect sentence and provide complete
information.

she knows the woman who stole the bag

2. Sentence with one clause

Some sentences in English only have one subject and verb, and we
have to find the subject and verb in these sentences. In some sentences we
can easily find the subject and verb. However, certain structures, such as

ENGLISH I 85
 objects of prepositions, appositives, and participles, it can make confusion
in locating the subject and verb because each of these structures can look
like a subject or verb. In a sentence, the subject can be difficult to identify
because some words can look similar to the subject, as well as the verb. An
object of the preposition or an appositive can be mistaken for a subject,
while a participle can be mistaken for a verb.
Therefore, we have to pay attention in sentences with one subject
and verb: 1) we have to be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb, 2) we
should be careful of objects of prepositions and appositives when you are
looking for the subject, and 3) we should be careful of present participles
and past participles when you are looking for the verb.

3. Present Participle
In English, we have to know about present participle. It is one of the
skills that must be understood in the sentence with one clause material. The
present participle is a form of ‘verb –ing’ such as talking, eating, sleeping.
The difference in the TOEFL Structure test is that the present participle can
be used as a verb or it can also function as an adjective.
The present participle is a form of verb- ing. This type of sentence
can function as:

1. Present Participle as part of Verb, if the verb-ing comes after 'to be' (is,
am, are, was, were)
Rachelvenya is standing in the second floor.

2. Present Participle as Adjective, if the verb-ing does not appear together

with 'to be'
The girl standing in the second floor was beautiful.

Here are some examples of usage the present participle:

a. The formula of Continuous Tense

The present participle is used in the preparation of continuous

tenses. In continuous tenses, the characteristic that can be seen is the
presence of be + Ving. It can vary depending on the subject and time
reference, while V+ing is what is called the present participle.

Sinta and her mother are posting the same photos in

Instagram.

Dini was watching YouTube when her baby screamed

ENGLISH I 86
 The words "posting" and "watching" in the sentences above are
present participles formed from post+ing and watch+ing. The
meaning of these words is that the action is being carried out at a
certain time.

b. -Ing Adjectives
The present participle can be used as adjective. We can use the
adjective to describe nouns that could be people, thing, or the
situation.
The film is really boring.
Tiktok is an amazing mobile phone application.
The words “boring” and “amazing” in the sentences above are
the adjective.
c. The Present Participle comes after “Go”
We use the present participle after some verbs of movement,
most commonly ‘to go’.
To go running
To go climbing
To go sailing

d. The Present Participle comes after certain verbs

The present participle also can be used after the sense verbs
(saw, looked, heard, watched, smelled)
She saw the handsome boy posting a photo
Aurel heard Atta calling for help

e. Expressing two activities happen at the same time

When two activities happen in the same time, we can also use
the present participle.
Biking to work Jeremy listened song in Spotify
Stalking Tinder she met her cousin

4. The Past Participle

Besides having to know the present participle, in English we have

to know about the past participle. The past participle is a verb that usually
ends in -ed or -d for regular verbs, and the changes in irregular verbs can
vary. In general, we can say that past participle as a form of the third verb.
Similar to the present participle, the past participle can also stand as a verb
or as an adjective.

ENGLISH I 87
 The following is an illustration of changing the form of the regular
verb:

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle

post posted posted
upload uploaded uploaded
download downloaded downloaded
install installed installed
update updated updated
push pushed pushed
limit limited limited

The following is an illustration of changing the form of the

irregular verb

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle

be was/were been
choose chose chosen
freeze froze frozen
steal stole stolen
go went gone

Here are 3 uses of the past participle:

a) As Adjective
The past participle can be used as an adjective to describe the state of
a noun in a sentence.
Omicron is a hydrated virus
Facebook has hidden features for toddler

The word ‘hydrated’ and ‘hidden’ are past participle as adjective that
describe noun ‘virus’ and ‘features’.

b) Participle Phrases
The past participle also often appears in participle phrases. They will
stand as adjectives.
Quarantined for 8 days, Rachelvennya fled to Bali

ENGLISH I 88
 Finally inaugurated, the president announced PPKM
level 3

The participle phrase ‘Quarantined for 8 days’ describes

‘Rachelvennya’, and ‘Finally inaugurated’ describe ‘the president”.

c) Perfect Verb Tense

The past participle can also be modified to make the sentence in
perfect tense form. There are 6 perfect verb tenses that use past
participle as a modification of sentence.
1. Present Perfect Tense
The police have arrested a suspected drug abuser in the
Kemang area.

2. Past Perfect Tense

The police had already arrested a suspected drug abuser
in the Kemang area

3. Future Perfect Tense

The police will have arrested a suspected drug abuser in
the Kemang area by the time President arrive

4. Present Perfect Continuous

The police will have been arresting a suspected drug
abuser in the Kemang area since the president started
announcing new case

5. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The police had been arresting a suspected drug abuser
in the Kemang area for 3 years before the president
announce the new case

6. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

The police will have been arresting a suspected drug
abuser in the Kemang area for 3 years by the time the
president announce the new case

5. Degrees of Comparison
Comparison Degree is a term in English grammar that is used
to show comparisons. What we need to know in comparison degree, we

ENGLISH I 89
 emphasize changes from adjectives and adverbs according to the level
of comparison. We can compare two or more circumstances.
There are 3 types of comparisons seen from the level of
comparison.
a. Positive Degree
In the positive degree, the two things being compared are at
the same or comparable level, therefore the sentence
structure/pattern uses as adjective/adverb as.

Aurel's vlog is as interesting as Atta

Tiktok is as famous as instagram

In these sentences, ‘as interesting as’ and ‘as famous as’ are a
form of positive comparison which describes the similarity or
equality.

b. Comparative Degree
In the comparative degree, one of the two things being
compared is 'more' than the other, that's why an
adjective/adverb + -er or more + adjective/adverb is used.

The Omicron type of Covid-19 is more dangerous than

the previous type.
Citizens' quarantine period is shorter than before.

There are two types of formulas in comparative degrees. In the

first sentence, +er is added after the adjective or adverb for a
word that has one syllable, but if it has more than one syllable
then the formula is like the second sentence, more+
adjective/adverb

c. Superlative Degree
Superlative is explaining that the thing being discussed has the
'most' nature among the others, meaning that it can be said that
the Superlative has no equal. The formula is adjective/adverb
+ -est or most + adjective/adverb.

Covid-19 is the biggest pandemic in history

Illegal logging is the most dangerous threat on the earth

There are two types of formulas in superlative degrees. In the

first sentence, +est is added after the adjective or adverb for a

ENGLISH I 90
 word that has one syllable, but if it has more than one syllable
then the formula is like the second sentence, most+
adjective/adverb

C. EXERCISES
Exercise 1: complete the sentences with the right participle.

1. Sania watched the teacher…(show) into the class.

2. … (visit) the laboratory before, I will get the best score
3. Jaka heard the police … (shoot) gun
4. … (Arrive) earlier she realized she’d opened the room
5. We must follow that account. It is really … (amaze)
6. She had a … (bore) subject.
7. Spiderman film is very … (interest). We will enjoy it.
8. Yono has been … (wait) for two hours.
9. I can see something … (fly)
10. Kino wasted his money … (buy) the diamonds for his game.

Exercise 2: The sentences below have one or more present participles; you must
identify and underline the word that is classified as a subject and as a verb. Then,
identify whether the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

C The merchants offering the highest discount will get the most loyal buyers.

Foreign nationals are entering Indonesian territory must quarantine at the

I
hotel

The singers were singing various song at stages throughout the fair.

Instagram is giving the best feature attract the new user.

The last team winning games is awarded the stay vacation.

The debater was trying to express her view was often interrupted politely.

Government is giving vaccine for the whole citizen.

Any students registering graduation ceremony should complete the rules

ENGLISH I 91
 The videos were posting in the middle of day received a lot of likes and
comments.

The spices flavouring the Rendang were quite distinctive.

Exercise 3: The sentences below have one or more past participles; you must
identify and underline the word that is classified as a subject and as a verb. Then,
identify whether the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

I Loans was grated by China were rejected by Indonesia.

C The house rent in Kemang had already ordered.

The film was watched by the Sinta this week will be on next week's movie.

Rendang was cooked in a wood stone for a long time.

The Indonesian economy were controlled by China.

Corruptors were detained in special corruption detention centre.

Satay is burnt the most delicious in this restaurant.

The clothes are displayed in the shop have expensive price.

All residents were asked to work together to clean the park

Savings interest earned on the second week of each month will be combined
the following month

Exercise 4: Complete the sentences below with the appropriate comparison.

Please underline the best answer.

1. Tinder is … than OkCupid (popular, more popular, most popular)

2. Windows is as … as Mac (good, better, best)
3. Android is the … market in mobile phone world (large, larger, largest)
4. Sumatera is the … island in Indonesia (big, bigger, biggest)
5. Omicron is … than previous variety of Covid-19 (dangerous, more
dangerous, most dangerous)

ENGLISH I 92
 6. Apple pie is … than burger in McDonald (crispy, crispier, crispiest)
7. IOS operating system is … than android system (fast, faster, fastest)
8. Bali is the island … by foreign tourists (visited, more visited, most visited)
9. Pamulang University is as … as other private universities in Indonesia
(influential, more influential, most influential)
10. TOEFL is the … requirement in the scholarship program (difficult, more
difficult, most difficult)

Exercise 5: analyze the following sentences and identify the underlined word
whether it is correct or incorrect

1. Selebgram who uploads a photo usually has a higher ‘love’ to any

celebrity
A B C D
2. A person who scores well on an exam is not only because he is smarter,
but also because
he studies more hard

3. Sumatera is an island with the most wide lake In Indonesia.

4. The holiday by plane can be much more longer than expected.
5. Vicky’s room is usually more clean than all of student in the class.

Exercise 6: Choose the best answer to complete the sentences below.

1. I can saw someone … in Instagram last night.

a. Post
b. Posting
c. Posted
d. Is posting

2. Do not let her know you … her secret.

a. Listening
b. Was listening
c. Listened
d. Listen

3. Xabiru drank his milk … in the floor.

a. Sit
b. Sat
c. Sitting
d. Was sitting

ENGLISH I 93
 4. … scary, she called 911
a. Feels
b. Felling
c. Felled
d. Is felling

D. REFERENCES
Azar, B. S. 2002. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New York:
Pearson Education.
Delahunty, G. P., & Garvey, J. P. 2010. The English Language: From Sound
to Sense. Colorado: The WAC Clearinghouse.
Phillips, D. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test. New
York: Pearson Education.

ENGLISH I 94
 MEETING X
(Structure and Written Expressions)
SENTENCE WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES

A. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
7. Understand the concept of sentence with multiple clauses;
8. Identify sentence with multiple clauses; and
9. Answer the question about sentence with multiple clauses in TOEFL

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
1. Compound sentences with connector “and, but, or, so, yet”
Before proceeding to talk about multiple clause, a discussion about
the distinction between sentences and clauses must be made. A clause, in
English, is grammatical unit that consist of one (1) Subject and one (1) Verb.
Meanwhile, a sentence is grammatical unit comprise of one or more clauses.
Understanding the difference between a sentence and a clause is
important and will and how clauses combine to form sentence is important
in order to develop a more sophisticated writing skill. This is because
sentences with multiple clauses allow the integration of several ideas into a
single grammatical unit which makes writing more compact and clearer.
Many sentences in English have more than 1 clause (clause):
 I am learning. (1 clause)
 Mother is cooking, and father is working in the garden. (2
clauses)
 The girl who saw me was my neighbor. (2 clauses)
The first sentence only has 1 clause while the last two sentences
have 2 clauses the first is 'mom is cooking' and 'dad is working in the
garden.' The second is 'that girl is my neighbor' and 'who saw me.' From the
example above, we can conclude that the clause is part of the sentence or
the sentence itself which has one subject and one verb. Generally, it means
that the clause is a word that contains a subject and a verb.
In this meeting, you will learn about the forms of coordinating
conjunctions and their use in sentences. Coordinate connectors are used to
connect one clause to another. Examples of common coordinate
conjunctions are: and, but, or, so, yet (but). Note the previous use of the
comma. Table 1 below shows the Coordinating Conjunctions.
Table 1 Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions

ENGLISH I 95
 And
Or
But
So
Yet

In order to form a multi-clauses sentence, two clauses must correctly

joined by placing a conjunction and a comma between the two clauses.
Below are the examples of connecting two clauses with coordinating
conjunctions to for a compound sentence.
Example

Andy is singing, and Cindy is dancing.

Andy is tall, but Cindy is short
Andy must write the letter, or Cindy will write it.
Andy told a joke, so Cindy laughed.
Andy is tired, yet Cindy is not going to sleep.

Mother is cooking, and father is working in the garden.

Mother is cooking and father is working in the garden

S V S V
Coordinate connectors
(main clauses) (main clauses)
In compound sentence, no clause is subordinate to another, hence all
the clauses in a compound sentence are main clauses.
After undertanding the concept, let’s ceck the example below
illustrates how the coordinate connector is used as a question in the TOEFL
Structure test.
Example of Paper based TOEFL
A power failure occurred, the lamps went out.
a) then
b) so
c) later
d) next
From the sentence above, we can see that the sentence has two
clauses 'a power failure occurred' and 'the lamps went out'. So the
sentence needs a coordinate connector to connect the two clauses. From the

ENGLISH I 96
 available answer choices, there is only 1 form of connector, namely so. So
the best answer is b) so.
Example of Paper based TOEFL
The rain clouds can be seen in the distance, but no has fallen.
a b c d
a) The rain
b) can be seen
c) but
d) no

From the sentence above, we can see that the sentence has a
coordinate connector ‘but’ connect the two clauses. Remember In
compound sentence, no clause is subordinate to another, hence all the
clauses in a compound sentence are main clauses So the second sentence
needs subject. From the available answer choices, there is only 1 form of
underlined word that need to be fix by adding the subject after coordinate
connector ‘but’ , namely no adding by rain (subject). So the best answer is
d) no. the correct form is ‘The rain clouds can be seen in the
distance, but no no rain has fallen.’
2. Parallel Structure with coordinate connectors
The function of the equal conjunction (and, but, or) is to combine
the same statements together into a parallel structure. This conjunction can
combine a noun (noun), verb (verb), adjective (adjective), phrase (phrase),
subordinate clause, or main sentence. Each can only be combined if the
shape is the same.

a. Examples of two nouns that are combined with a coordinating

conjunction:
 She is not a teacher but a lawyer.
 You can choose from activities such as hiking and kayaking.
 I need to talk to the manager or the assistant manager.

b. Examples of two verbs (verb) that are combined with a coordinating

conjunction:
 He only eats and sleeps when he takes a vacation.
 She invites us to her home but never talks with us.
 You can stay home or go to the movies with us.

c. Examples of two adjectives (adjectives) combined with equal

conjunctions:
 My boss is sincere and nice.

ENGLISH I 97
  The exam that he gave was short but difficult.
 Class can be interesting or boring.

d. Examples of two phrases (phrases) combined with equal

conjunctions:
 There are students in the classroom and in front of the building.
 The papers are on my desk or in the drawer.
 The checks will be ready not at noon but at 1:00.

e. Examples of two clauses (clauses) joined by an equal conjunction:

 They are not interested in what you say or what you do.
 I am here because I have to be and because I want to be.
 Mr. Brown likes to go home early, but his wife prefers to stay
late.

Parallel Structure with coordinate connectors

Class can be interesting or boring.

and
(same structure) ( same structure )
but
or

There are students in the classroom, in front of the buildingand in the lab
and
(same structure), (same structure), but (same structure
or
After undertanding the concept, let’s ceck the example below
illustrates how the coordinate connector is used as a question in the TOEFL
Structure test.
Example of Paper based TOEFL

TheFrom the sentence

speaker introduced above, we told
himself, can several
see that interesting
the sentence has a
anecdotes,
coordinate aconnector ‘and connect the two clauses.b Remember In Parallel
Structure with coordinate
and finishing connectors
with emotional sentence the clauses are need to use
plea.
the same stucture,
c the verb in dthe first and the second stucture used the same
structure
a) The: introduced,
speaker told but the third verb in structure third structure is
finishing, it should be finished. So the best answer is c) finishing the
b) several
correct form is ‘The speaker introduced himself, told several interesting
c) finishing
anecdotes, and finishing finished with emotional plea.’
d) emotional

3. Parallel structure with paired conjunctions

ENGLISH I 98
 The Paired conjunctions, such as both.... and, either... or, neither....
nor, and not only ....but also, used to form parallel structures.

 I know both where you went and what you did.

 Either Mark or Susan has the book.
 The ticket its are neither in my pocket nor in my purse.
 He is not only an excellent student but also outstanding athlete.

The following is an example of creating a parallel structure that went wrong,
and should be corrected:
He wants either to go by train or by plane*.
This sentence is wrong because 'to go by train' is not parallel to "by plane".
This sentence structure will be correct if you use the following ways.
He wants either to go by train or to go by plane. Or
He wants to go either by train or by plane. Or
He wants to go by either train or plane.

Parallel Structure with paired conjunctions

He wants to go either by train or by plane.

both and
either (same structure) or ( same structure )
neither nor
not only but also
After undertanding the concept, let’s ceck the example below
illustrates how the coordinate connector is used as a question in the TOEFL
Structure test.
Example of Paper based TOEFL

Both the tailor or the laundress could fix the damage to the dress.
a b c d
a) the tailor
b) or
c) could fix
d) the dresss

From the sentence above, we can see that the sentence has paired
conjunctions ‘both’ but not with the correct form, ‘or’ in the question

ENGLISH I 99
 should be replace by ‘and’. So the best answer is b) or the correct form is
‘Both the tailor or and the laundress could fix the damage to the dress.’

C. EXERCISES

Exercise 1: Compound sentences with connector “and, but, or, so, yet”
a. Among human chromosomes, the Y chromosome is unusual
most of the chromosome does not participate in meiotic
recombination.
(A) in
(B) so
(C) and
(D) in that
2. or refinanced, the lender will generally require setting up an
escrow account to ensure the payment of property taxes and home owner’s
insurance.
(A) A home is
(B) A home is bought
(C) When a home
(D) When a home is bought

ENGLISH I 100
 3. Among human chromosomes, the Y chromosome is unusual
most of the chromosome does not participate in meiotic recombination.
(A) in
(B) so
(C) and
(D) in that

4. The government was overthrown in a revolution, the king has

not returned to his homeland.
(A) in
(B) so
(C) or
(D) but

5. Case studies are the target of much skepticism in the scientific

community, used extensively by numerous researches.
(A) they are
(B) are
(C) yet they
(D) yet they are

Exercise 2: Parallel Structure with coordinate connectors

6. In this climate, farmers grow stone fruits such as .
(A) peach, apricot, plum
(B) peaches, apricots, a plum
(C) peaches, apricots, and plums
(D) Peaching, eating apricot, and plum

7. Students must conduct their laboratory experiments accurately and

.
(A) in a safe manner
(B) with safety
(C) safely
(D) Saving

8. Running, walking, and are my favorite forms of exercise.

(A) to dance
(B) to go dancing
(C) Dancing
(D) Dance

ENGLISH I 101
 9. Students must conduct their laboratory experiments accurately and
.
(A) in a safe manner
(B) with safety
(C) safely
(D) with safely

10. It takes one hour or more to drive to the city depending on weather and
.
(A) traffic
(B) how much traffic there is
(C) if traffic is heavy
(D) Also get traffic

Exercise 3: Parallel structure with paired conjunctions

11. Their European tour includes Germany and Austria but also
Switzerland
(A) Not only
(B) As well as
(C) And
(D) both

12. The soldiers approached the enemy camp

(A) Slowly and silently
(B) Slow and silently
(C) Slowly and silent
(D) Slowed and silently

13. Her children have both American cousins and

(A) Spanish one
(B) She is
(C) Or Spanish
(D) But also Spanish

14. While Mario was sleeping, both his bag and disappeared.
(A) Its contents
(B) Book and pen
(C) Or content
(D) Also book
15. The legislation neither resolves the financial crisis nor
consumers.

ENGLISH I 102
 (A) is helping
(B) helps
(C) has helped
(D) helping

Exercise 4: Compound sentences with connector “and, but, or, so, yet

16. He’s seventy-two, yet he still swims, runs and playing football regularly.
A B C D
17. Vitamin C is necessary for the prevention and cures of scurvy
A B C D

18. The quality of the print was not good, or I changed the typewriter ribbon
A B C D
19. A power failure occurred, or the lamps went out.
A B C D

20. They are trying to sell their house, so has been on the market for two months
A B C D

Exercise 5: Parallel Structure with coordinate connectors

21. Blood pressure is measured by feeling the pulse and apply a force to the arm
A B C D

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22. The moon has no atmosphere, no air, and no watery
A B C D

23. Ballpoint pens are less versatile but more population than fountain pens
A B C D

24. Demand, beauty, durability, rare, and perfection of cutting determine the
Value
A B C
of gemstone
D

25. The liquid crystal in a liquid crystal display (LCD) affect the polarized
A B C
light so that it is either blocked and reflected by the segments of the display.
D
26. In 1862, the American Confederacy raised the Merrimack, renamed it the
A B
Virginia, covered it with iron plates, and an outfit it when ten guns
C D
27. Coal, petroleum, and natural gaseous are all fossil fuels.
A B C D
28. Most of Hemingway’s novels glorify heroic exploits such as bullfighting or box
A B C D
29. The coffee is too hot, too bitter, and too strength
A B C D
30. The leaves from the tree fell in the yard, in the pool, the driveway, and on the
A B C D
sidewalk

Exercise 6: Parallel structure with paired conjunctions

31. Riddles vary greatly in both grammatical and phonology form
A B C D
32. A 1971 U.S. government policy not only put warnings on cigarette packs but
A B
also banning television advertising of cigarettes.
C D
33. The Harvard Yard, which was Harvard’s original campus, is still a major
A B C
attraction for both students and visiting.
D
34. Either the counselor or becomes her secretary can help you with that problem

ENGLISH I 104
 A B C D
35. He not only passed the test but also receiving the highest score in the class
A B C D
36. He married her neither for her ability to cook nor to clean house
A B C D
37. He withdrew all the money not only from the checking account but from the
A B C D
saving account
38. John is an adventurous person who enjoys not only skydiving but also goes
parasailing.
A B C
D
39. The play that we saw last night was not only rather delightful but also quite
meaning.
A B C D
40. Neither the teacher or the students are ready to leave the classroom.
A B C D

D. REFERENCES

Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Philips, Deborah. 2001. Longman Complete Course for TOEFL Test. New York:
Longman. Sharpe,

Pamelia J. Barron’s. 2004. How to Prepare for the TOEFL (With Audio
CD). New York: Barron’s Educational Series.

Self-Teaching Unit. “Townson.edu” <http://www.towson.edu/ows/module

parallel.htm> (10 February 2022)

ENGLISH I 105
 MEETING XI
(READING)
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS &
RECOGNIZING THE ORGANISATION IDEAS

A. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to be able to:
1. Determine the main idea of a passage
2. Determine the organisation ideas in the passage

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
1. MAIN IDEA
1.1. What is Main Idea?
According to Mikulecky and Jeffries (2007), main idea of a
paragraph is the important topic that the writer trying to convey. Main
idea in a paragraph can be found in the topic sentence of the paragraph.
As Oshima and Hogue (2006) state that the topic sentence indicates
the main idea of the paragraph. Topic sentence has two parts, they are
topic and controlling idea. Controlling idea as well as supporting
details in the paragraph that usually more specific than main idea
which function is to explain the idea of the paragraph.

Example
Read the paragraph below and determine its main idea.

ENGLISH I 106
 What is main idea of the paragraph above?

Explanation
To find out the main idea of the paragraph in a passage, first you have
to find the topic sentence. The topic sentence above located in the first
sentence in the paragraph “The global demand for water (estimated at
about 5 billion cubic feet per year) has tripled since 1950.” From the
topic sentence, we can find out that answer (C) is the correct answer
because it expresses the topic and also the general idea in which the
writer tries to convey in the paragraph. Meanwhile (A) and (B) are not
the best answer since they are supporting details about the topic.

The example above is a kind of state main idea which the topic
sentence state the main idea completely. So, it is easy for us to
determine the main idea of the paragraph by only reading the topic
sentence.

Besides stated main idea, there is also unstated main idea.

Unstated main idea means the topic sentence state the main idea of a
paragraph incompletely. In this case, you probably find out the topic
in one sentence, but the writer will state his ideas related to the topic
several sentences of the paragraph. If you experience this, you must
infer the complete main idea by combining the separate ideas in
several sentences of the paragraph.

Example

ENGLISH I 107
 Explanation
Perhaps it will be a little hard for us to find out the topic sentence of
the paragraph above. In this case, you should read the whole paragraph
carefully and determine what all those sentences discussed. We can
see that all those sentences have similar idea to discuss. It is about
“self-disclosure” and how people which come from different countries
want to tell about themselves. So, you conclude the best main idea of
the paragraph above is “Different self-disclosure degrees of people
from different countries.”

1.2. Main Idea Questions

In the third part of TOEFL test, you will get Reading
Comprehension Test. Questions related to main ideas as well as
overall ideas in the passage will be found in the test. The questions
will be written in many ways, for example, you will be required to
analyze the main idea, topic, title or subject of a passage.

According to Philips (2001), the following questions are various

ways to identify main idea questions:

If you find out the above questions in TOEFL test, there are
some tricks that you can do to find the correct answers. First, if the
passage consists of many paragraphs, you can determine the answers
by noticing the first sentence of all paragraph in the passage.
However, if the passage consists of one paragraph only, you should
look at the beginning of the paragraph to find out the main idea.
Besides that, you can find out the topic sentences first of the
paragraph to determine the main idea.

In short, there are some steps you can do to answer the main idea
questions:
1) You should read the first sentence of each paragraph
2) then you find out the general idea in the first sentence
3) after that move your eyes rapidly over of the passage in order to
make sure whether you have found the topic sentence or not

ENGLISH I 108
 4) the last step is you should not choose any definitely wrong
answers, but you have to choose the correct answer.

Example 1

Explanation
The above question asks about the topic of the passage. As the tricks
given in the previous page, you should focus on the first sentence of
the paragraph to find the correct answer of this question since the
passage consist of one paragraph only. So, by reading the first
sentence “In the philosophy of John Dewey, a sharp distinction is
made between intelligence and reasoning” we know that it discusses
the distinctions between the ideas of intelligence and reasoning. So,
we can predict that “intelligence and reasoning” is the topic. After
you make a prediction, you should check the answers one by one to
find out the correct answer that relate to the topic you have predicted.
In answer A, we can only find intelligence. In answer B, we can find
distinctions that made by John Dewey, but there is no specific
information about what distinctions that he made. In answer C, we can
only find reasoning, so it is incomplete topic and we can not choose
it. Therefore, the correct answer is D since it mentions the topics and
convey the idea about the differences of intelligence and reasoning.

ENGLISH I 109
 Example 2

Explanation
We can see that the question above asks about the best title for the
passage. You must read the first sentence of the first and second
paragraph because the passage consists of two paragraphs. This is
important to do to find out the topic, title, main idea, or the subject of
the passage. In the example above, we can identify that the first
paragraph talks about how nitrogen fixation is processed. You might
choose A if you only read the first paragraph. However, you should also
look the first sentence in the second paragraph. It talks about the process
of denitrification. So, you cannot choose C as the correct answer since
the entry of nitrogen to the air is only discussed in the second paragraph.
Moreover, answer D is also incorrect because the passage does not talk
about the effect of nitrogen on planet life. As the result, the correct
answer for the question above is B since we can find the information of
two nitrogen processes in the first and second paragraph.

2. RECOGNIZE THE ORGANISATION IDEAS

Besides main idea, how the ideas in the passage is organized may also
be asked in TOEFL test. In the TOEFL test, you will be required to identify
how the ideas in one paragraph relate to the other ideas in the next
paragraphs.

ENGLISH I 110
 The following examples are taken form TOEFL test which questions
asked you to find out how the ideas is organized in the passage.

Example 1
Passage

Explanation

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 Philips (2001) highlights that there are some questions in TOEFL test
related to organization of ideas. The following is the questions:

To find out the answer of such questions, you should look at the first
sentence of each paragraph in the passage to determine how the
information is organized. Here are some steps can be done to answer the
question:
1. You have to read the first line of each paragraph in the passage.
2. You should find out any words that show relationships among the
paragraphs.
3. You must choose the answer that indicates the relationship.

C. EXERCISES

PART A
Choose correct answers to the questions that follow the following passages.
The questions related to main idea, topic, or title of the passages.

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ENGLISH I 117
D. REFERENCES
Mikukecky, B. S. & Linda, J. (2007). Advanced Reading Power. US: Longman.
Oshima, A. & Ann, H. (2006). Writing Academic English 4th Edition. New
York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Philips, D. (2001). Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test. New York:
Pearson Education.

ENGLISH I 118
 MEETING XII
(READING)
STATED AND UNSTATED DETAIL QUESTIONS

A. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study, the students are able to:
I. Comprehend the idea of stated and unstated detail questions
2. Recognize stated and unstated detail questions
3. Dissect stated and unstated detail questions

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION

Unstated Detail Question is a question which its answer is not in the

paragraph or the answer is wrong. Meanwhile, the Stated Detail Question is a
question that is specific in information, or can refer to an implied question.
Usually you will find both these questions on the TOEFL Test.

Here are some tricks to answer Stated Detail Question and Unstated Detail
Question.

Stated Detail Question Unstated Detail Question.

 Search for keywords in the  Search for keywords in the
question question
 Briefly read the keywords in  Briefly read the keywords in
the paragraph the paragraph
 See the answer in detail or  See the answer in detail and
carefully and the closest one eliminate if the answer is in the
paragraph
 Choose the closest answer  And finally, determine the
wrong answer among the 3
correct answers
 And finally, specify the
answer

The following are just some useful tips for answering reading questions on the
TOEFL.

 Take look at the questions.

It is vital to examine the essence of each question. Then read the material
from the course of study to find answers to the questions.
 Mastering reading techniques like skimming and scanning.

ENGLISH I 119
 Skimming is a strategy of speedily reading the first or last sentence of a
paragraph to evaluate and analyze the reading's topic and major concept.
Meanwhile, scanning is a process for understanding the intent or meaning of a
sentence by methodically reading it. It is essential to practice the combination
of these two techniques. To acquire these two approaches, you have practice as
much as possible.

 Examine the questions to determine which parts of the text should be

read more thoroughly.
It will be advantageous to understand the meaning of the text. If you're
having trouble understanding a piece of language, consider looking at the
context of the statement. Avoid repeating the reading; this will slow down
your reading speed. Keep in mind that you only have a limited amount of
time.
 Increase your field of vision.
The goal of this method is to encourage you to read more texts. This is
considered advantageous when compared to reading word for word.
 Take advantage of finger tracking
Finger tracking is the movement of your fingers from top to bottom as you
read. This approach will help you get in the habit of going faster and more
precisely in the reading and finding the answer.

Come on moving to the comprehensive understanding as following

elaboration.

1. Stated Detail Questions

What is Stated Detail Questions?

Stated detail question gets some information about one piece of records
in the section rather than the entry as a whole. The answers for these inquiries
are regularly provided all together inside the section, and the right arrangement
is generally a repetition of what is given inside the entry. And that implies that
the legitimate arrangement often communicates the indistinguishable thought

ENGLISH I 120
 as what is written in the section, yet the expressions are not by and large the
equivalent.

How to Answer Stated Detail Questions Correctly

Stated detail questions will only ask for information contained in the
reading text, not information in the reading text as a whole. To answer this
question, usually the information in the reading text will be provided
sequentially. The most appropriate answer to questions like this is also a
repetition of what has been mentioned in the reading text. So, it can be
concluded if the right answer shows the same idea or thing as what has been
written in the reading text, but of course by using different words.

Example:

ENGLISH I 121
Analysis:

1 2 3
The answers for these The clarification to the The response to the last
inquiries can be found in subsequent inquiry might inquiry likewise lies in
the perusing text in a show up after the main the perusing text after the
successive request, hence inquiry's response. Since solution to the
focus on the solutions to the subsequent inquiry is subsequent inquiry.
the primary inquiries about Jamestown, you Since the third inquiry is
toward the beginning. In should filter from over about the name of
this way, the main perusing text for any Middle Plantation, you
inquiry concerns the area connects to it. The should skim through it
of Williamsburg, you answer for this question to track down data about
should zero in on the is a repetition of the it. The response to this
section's first sentence. assertion Williamsburg question can be found in
The word arranged, was laid out by English the sentence
which importance found, migrants in 1633, 26 Williamsburg was
shows up in the primary years after Jamestown named Middle
sentence. turned into the main Plantation due to its area
long-lasting English in the landmass.
 Answer A settlement in America.
isn't right on the Answer B
grounds that  Answer A is is the most fitting
Williamsburg incorrect since since it is the
isn't situated on Williamsburg, most like the
an island; the text not Jamestown, assertion.
says it is arranged has been Answer A
on a landmass. inhabited since is inaccurate on
 Answer B 1633. Because the grounds that it
is additionally not Jamestown was is mistaken, the
right in light of region was

ENGLISH I 122
 the fact that founded before initially called
Williamsburg is Williamsburg. Middle
situated between  Answer B is Plantation, and
two streams, not equally false. the name
in the waterway. Because the name Williamsburg is a
 Answer C Middle later name.
is additionally not Plantation alludes Answer C
right in light of to Williamsburg. is likewise
the fact that the  Answer D is mistaken on the
perusing text equally grounds that the
doesn't specify erroneous. perusing text
data with respect  As a result, the doesn't make
to the two most appropriate reference to data
streams in response is C, with respect to
Williamsburg. which is naming the
 In this positioned region after the
way, the most directly. So, it pilgrims' home in
fitting response is can be concluded England.
D, with streams that the most Answer D
on different sides appropriate is likewise not
has a similar answer is C right in light of
significance as which is directly the fact that the
between two located in the perusing text
waterways. reading text that doesn't specify
discusses data about the
Jamestown. area of
Williamsburg.

Stated Detail Questions

How to identify questions 1. According to the reading text...

2. As written in the reading text...

3. The reading text indicates that...

4. The author mentions that...

5. Which of these statements is most

true...?

ENGLISH I 123
 Where can the correct answer be The answers to these questions lie
found? sequentially in the reading text.
How to answer the question? 1. Determine the keywords of the
question.

2. Skim through information related to

keywords.

3. Read sentences that contain

keywords.

4. Pay attention to the answers that

repeat the key words in the reading
text.

5. Eliminate the possible wrong

answer choices and choose the most
appropriate answer.

ENGLISH I 124
2. Unstated detail question

Simultaneously as here and there you'll be mentioned inside the Reading

Comprehension portion of the TOEFL check, to find a response that isn't said
or at this point not referenced or presently not genuine in the entry. It's far
alluded to as implicit detail question. This kind of inquiries basically technique
that three of the responses are expressed, refered to, or genuine inside the
section, even as one arrangement isn't consistently. Your genuine errand is to
find the three precise responses after which pick the letter of the main last
response. You should take note of that there are two sorts of replies to this kind
of inquiry: (1) there are three genuine responses and one response that are
not talked about in the entry, or (2) there are three genuine responses and
one that is misleading as indicated by the section. To address the implicit
detail question, you could follow the indistinguishable strides as to find the
said of it. In any case, then, at that point, you need to furnish you with the false
response.

UNSTATED DETAIL QUESTION

How to become aware of the  Which of the subsequent isn't

question said…?
 Which of the following is not
referred to…?
 Which of the following is not
discussed…?
 All the following are genuine
besides.
in which to find the answer the answer to those questions is
determined in order within the passage
How to answer the question  Pick out a key word inside the
query.
 Experiment the suitable vicinity
within the passage for key word
(or related idea).
 Study the sentence that carries
the important thing word or
concept carefully.
 Look for solutions which might
be truly real in keeping with the
passage. Take away those
answers.

ENGLISH I 125
  Choose the answer that isn't
authentic or not discussed within
the passage.

Analysis:

This inquiry poses for the one response that isn't referenced, so three of
the responses are recorded in the entry and one isn't. You should search for the
three responses which are referenced. Since device, gizmo, and thingamajig are
recorded in the entry, the second, third, and fourth responses are mistaken. A
what is-it isn't recorded in the entry, so the main response is the most
appropriate solution to this inquiry.

ENGLISH I 126
Analysis:

The main inquiry poses for the one response that isn't referenced with
regards to the Florida Keys. The section expresses that the Florida Keys are
a chain (answer A) with coral and limestone (answer B) looking like a bend
(answer C), so these responses are not right. The most appropriate response is
subsequently (D). The entry doesn't examine whether or not the keys are totally
possessed.

The subsequent inquiry poses for the response that isn't accurate with
regards to U.S. Parkway 1. The entry expresses that it is known as the Overseas
Highway (answer A), that it has 42 scaffolds (answer C), and that it covers(s)
the 159 miles from Miami... to Key West (answer D), so these responses are
not right. The most fitting response is (B). The section expresses that the

ENGLISH I 127
 Overseas Highway associates the fundamental islands in the chain, so it doesn't
interface the islands in general.

C. EXERCISES

a. Answer the following stated detail questions

ENGLISH I 128
ENGLISH I 129
ENGLISH I 130
REFERENCES

Phillips, D. (2003). Longman Preparation Course for The TOEFL

Test. USA: Pearson Education.

Azar, B. S. (2002). Understanding and Using English Grammar. New

York: Pearson Education.

Delahunty, G. P., & Garvey, J. P. (2010). The English Language: From

Sound to Sense. Colorado: The WAC Clearinghouse.

ENGLISH I 131
 MEETING XIII
(Reading)
PRONOUN REFERENTS AND IMPLIED QUESTIONS

A. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
1. Determine pronoun Referents
2. Identify Implied Questions.

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
1. Pronoun Referents
a. Introduction to Pronoun Referents
This part of the module describes the understanding of pronouns,
types or pronouns, and examples of pronouns referents within sentences.
According to Langen (2003, p. 197) pronouns are words which take
place of nouns. It can be stated that pronouns refer to and replace nouns
which have already mentioned or which the writers assume are understood
by the readers. There are some basic rules in understanding pronoun
referents. Look at the following examples:
a. Ms. X is in library. She is reading some books.
b. Mr. Z is my lecturer. He is a nice person.

From the examples above, it can be seen that there are two different
pronouns used in those two sentences, they are she and he. Pronoun she in
the first examples replaces Ms. X as the noun, while pronoun he in the
second sentence replaces the noun Mr. Z. Therefore it is clearly shown
that a pronoun must agree in person with its antecedent (the word or phrase
replaced by the pronoun).
Further, a pronoun must agree in number with its antecedent.
Singular pronouns refer to singular nouns, while plural pronouns to plural
nouns. Singular means one, and plural means more than one. Pay attention
to the examples below:
a. I have a new book. It is a novel.
b. The kids are in the playground. They are playing hide and seek.

The examples above show that pronoun it in the first sentence

replaces book as it is a singular noun, while pronoun they in the second
sentence replaces kids as it is a plural noun.

ENGLISH I 132
 Moreover, the next basic rule is there should be only one possible
antecedent for a singular pronoun. Only the noun that the pronoun refers
to should come before the pronoun. For example:
a. Anne and Rebecca walked to her class this morning (incorrect)
b. Anne and Rebecca walked to Anne’s class this morning (correct)
c. Anne walked to her class, and Rebecca accompanied her this morning
(correct)

From above examples, it can be seen that the first sentences is

incorrect because the pronoun her is not clear to which it refers to. Yet,
the examples c and d are correct as the noun and the pronoun refers to are
clear.
In addition, there must be an explicit antecedent. Sometimes, readers
are confused of what the antecedent is. Look at the following examples:
a. In campus, they said that Unpam is huge (incorrect).
b. In campus, there are a lot of students. They said that Unpam is huge
(correct).

Example a is incorrect as there is no clear antecedent for the pronoun

they. While the example b is correct since the pronoun they clearly refers
to the students as its antecedent.
A pronoun should not refer to a possessive noun. When a noun is
possessive, it functions as an adjective, so it cannot be replaced by a
pronoun.
a. In the lecturer’s statement, he was very helpful (incorrect).
b. The lecturer was very helpful in his statement (correct).
c. The lecturer’s statement was very helpful (correct).

From the examples above, a is incorrect because the pronoun he cannot

replace any words. The examples b and c are correct as the noun and
pronoun refers to are clear.
The last rule is that pronoun it must be used consistently. If it is used
to refer to one noun in a sentence, it cannot be used again to refer to another
noun in the same sentence or as an idiom. Look at the examples below:
a. If it is possible, I want to go on vacation since it will make me glad
(incorrect).
b. If it is possible, I want to on vacation, which will help me glad
(correct).

In conclusion, paying attention to the rules can be very helpful to

understand the use of those pronoun referents in sentences correctly.

ENGLISH I 133
 b. Types of Pronouns.
In order to make correct sentences using pronouns correctly, it is
essential to know and understand some types of pronouns as they are used
differently. According to Azar (2002), there are 5 types of pronouns which
are commonly used in both written and spoken languages, they are Subject
pronouns, Object pronouns, Possessive pronouns, Possessive Adjectives,
and Reflexive pronouns. To get better understanding, look at the following
table:

Table 1.Types of pronouns

Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives pronouns Pronouns
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself/
yourselves
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
She Her Her Hers Herself
He Him His His Himself
it it its - itself

Subject pronouns are those who perform the actions in the sentences,
while object pronouns are those that receive the actions in the sentences.
Look at the sentences below:
a. That man is a chef. He is cooking some food.
b. The students are in the class. Ms. Anna is talking to them.

From above examples, it is seen that pronoun he in the first sentence

performs the action of cooking, so it is a subject pronoun. While pronoun
them in the second sentence performs as an object pronoun as it receives
the action did by Ms. Anna as the subject.
Further, both possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns are
used to show possession or ownership. Possessive adjective must be
followed by a noun, while possessive pronoun is used alone, without a
noun following it. Pay attention to the following examples:
a. Susi and Dinda are the students of Unpam. Their class is on the fifth
floor.
b. This is my book. The blue one is yours.

The possessive adjective their in the first sentence is used to inform the
students’ class, and it is followed by the noun class. While the possessive

ENGLISH I 134
 pronoun yours in the second example explains the book that belongs to
the other subject, and it is used alone without a noun following it.
The other type of pronoun is reflexive pronouns. They are used when
both subject and object are the same thing, and the action is pointed back
to the subject of the sentence. Look at the examples in the following:
a. I cut myself while I was chopping the onions.
b. They saw the accident by themselves.

From the above examples, it can be seen that the reflexive pronoun
myself refers to the subject I in a. While the reflexive pronoun themselves
in b refers to the subject they.
To conclude, pronoun has its own function and usage.
Understanding those who perform the actions and checking the pronoun
referents for agreement will be helpful to decide what pronouns to choose
and use.

c. Pronoun Referents in a Passage

In reading, especially in TOEFL reading comprehension questions,
there are some questions asking about where the pronouns refer to. In this
session, it is essential to understand that a noun is frequently used first in
the text, while the pronoun which refers to it comes after. The easy way to
determine pronoun referents in a text is by reading the sentence before the
pronoun occurred to find the noun without reading the entire text.
Therefore, in this type of question, readers just need to study the context of
the surrounding words and ignore the rest. The following is an example of
pronoun referents question in TOEFL test.

ENGLISH I 135
 Another example taken form the reading comprehension question in
TOEFL test.

ENGLISH I 136
 The above question asked about the referent for the pronoun it. In
order to answer this kind of question, the same as the previous example, it
is highly suggested to look before the pronoun it for the singular noun that
the pronoun could refer to and to understand the context of the surrounding
words. Therefore, the most possible answer is (C) the harvest moon
because from the context it is shown that the pronoun it describes the
harvest moon in the previous sentence. The writer gives more information
that the harvest moon is the bright moon that allows farmers to work late
as written in the next sentence.

2. Indirectly Answered Questions

This section describes about making inference and answering
implied detailed question in a text.
a. Introduction to Inferences
Some writers do not express their feelings and ideas directly in a
text they made, and they let readers draw their own conclusion. Inference
making is assumed as one of the aspects which should be considered in
reading as it is a main element to be eloquent in reading (Davoudi, 2005).
In the process of making inference, readers are required to make use of
their prior knowledge (knowledge of a subject and cultural knowledge)
and connect it with the text provided. The following is an example of
making use of knowledge of a subject:

Another example is using cultural knowledge to link with the ideas in the
passage. Look at the following:

ENGLISH I 137
 Inference in reading is the ability to understand the passage without
all the information being spelled out. Readers understand the meaning of
the text just by looking at the context clues like plot, characters, setting,
and other elements that can be used to make inference. Look at the
following example:

In conclusion, while making inference, readers link what they know

with what is included in the text. Inference is just an assumption supported
by the logical clues. So that, readers just need to find and determine the
plausible answers based on the information gathered.

b. Implied Detailed Questions

Another type of question in TOEFL reading comprehension
questions is implied detail questions. These kinds of questions ask readers
to be able to draw conclusion based on the details and clues provided in the
text. These questions contain the words inferred implied, likely, or
probably to inform the readers that the answers are not directly stated.
Therefore, it is essential to understand the meaning of the text just by

ENGLISH I 138
 looking at the details, and later readers will be able to draw conclusion.
Look at the following example:

ENGLISH I 139
 To conclude, steps that should be done to answer implied questions
are choosing the key word, scanning for a key word or the related idea,
reading sentences containing key words, and looking for an answer that
could be accurate based on the sentence provided.

C. EXERCISES
Exercise 1: Choose the correct pronouns in the following sentences.
1. The lecturer gave (their/them) some assignment to finish
2. (Yourself/You) are invited to Ann’s birthday party.
3. (I/me) always believe in (myself/I).
4. Don’t treat (mine/me) like the way you treat (his/him)
5. Will (hers/she) go out with (hers/her) classmates tomorrow?
6. Andi did the project (him/himself) since no one could.
7. I sat next to (he/him) on the train yesterday.
8. They say that (my/mine) apartment is larger that (theirs/their).
9. I met (you/yours) daughters. (Them/They) are very cute and polite.
10. Unpam building is tall. (It/Its) roof is brand new. I like (them/it)

Exercise 2: Chose and mark one out of two possible inferences based on the
information given!

ENGLISH I 140
Exercise 3: Study each passage and choose the best answer to the question that
follows.
Question 1-2

1. The pronoun “it” in line 2 refers to

(A) Mardi Gras
(B) French
(C) That time
(D) New Orleans

2. The pronoun “they” in line 8 refers to

(A) New Orleans
(B) Celebration
(C) Various countries
(D) Tourists

ENGLISH I 141
 Question 3-4

Question 5

ENGLISH I 142
Questions 6-7

Questions 8-10

ENGLISH I 143
D. REFERENCES
Azar, B. S. 2002. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New York:
Pearson Education
Davoudi, M. (2005). Inference Generation Skill and Text Comprehension. The
Reading Matrix,5(1), 106,108
Delahunty, G. P., & Garvey, J. P. 2010. The English Language: From Sound
to Sense. Colorado: The WAC Clearinghouse.
Langen, John. 2003. English Sentence Structure. Boston: McGraw Hill.
Phillips, D. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test. New York:
Pearson Education.

ENGLISH I 144
 MEETING XIV
REVIEW

A. OBJECTIVES
This chapter is particularly designed to review all the materials studied in
English 1. In this last meeting, the students are expected to be able to:
1. Understand all the listening skills required in short conversations
2. Understand all the topics on Structure & Written Expressions studied
3. Understand all the skills studied on reading

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
1. Listening
In English I, the listening focuses on short conversations. There are so
many skills you need to master, but these three skills are principle; focus
on the last line/last speaker, understand the synonyms, and avoid the
homophonic words.
After mastering the three principles in short conversations, the students
can continue their practices on negative, agreement and uncertainty,
contrary meaning, and idiomatic expressions.

2. Structure and Written Expressions

There are many grammatical topics discussed in English I. Sentence with
one clause or two clauses are frequently discussed here. When learning
sentence with one clause, it is also important to understand the
prepositions, objects of prepositions, and appositives. Participles are also
discussed for better understanding on adjectives. The last one, the
understanding on adjective will help a lot when practicing about degree of
comparison.
When discussing sentence with two clauses, you are required to be familiar
with various conjunctions; coordinate conjunctions, paired conjunctions,
etc.

3. Reading
The principal tips for reading is pointed out in English I. Reading the
question before reading the passage is really essential. It helps test-takers
not to waste their time. In this review, yours understanding on main idea,
stated and unstated detail questions, pronoun referents, and implied
questions are tested here.

ENGLISH I 145
C. EXERCISES
Exercise 14.1: listening (file name: EN1-M14-Exercise 14.1)

Now listen to these following short conversations. Try to write down and complete
the scripts. Then, underline the key words. After all, pick your best answer for every
question below!

1 Man: e. In a business office

f. In a travel agency
g. At a bar
Woman: h. In a doctor’s office

Narrator:

2 Man: e. She was sure to greet her boss.

f. She bought some sheets.
g. She got a new piece of
Woman: clothing.
h. She couldn’t find anything
because she’s too short.

Narrator:

3 Man: e. She would have preferred a

better hotel.
f. Only a few hotels would have
Woman: been better.
g. The view from the hotel room
was spectacular.
h. The hotel was all right, except
Narrator:
for the poor view.
4 Woman: e. Have a bite to eat
f. See a doctor
g. Try the rest of the work
Man: h. Take a nap

Narrator:

ENGLISH I 146
 5 Woman: e. She isn’t exact about what she
gives to others.
f. She generally forgives others.
Man: g. She can’t be expected to give
you four of them.
h. She’s an exacting person.

Narrator:

6 Man: e. She’ll return from vacation in

a week.
f. She’ll go on a vacation next
Woman: week.
g. Her vacation next week has
been postponed.
h. She’s unable to take her
Narrator:
vacation this year.
7 Man: e. The waitress sat down behind
the table.
f. The customers had a table in
Woman: the back.
g. They were waiting for a seat in
the restaurant.
h. The waitress was sitting in the
Narrator:
back of the restaurant.
8 Man: e. There was a scarcity of fresh
fruit at the market.
f. She hardly ever goes to the
Woman: market to buy fresh fruit.
g. All of the fresh fruit in the
market is hard.
h. It’s hard for the market to sell
Narrator:
its fruit.

9 Man: e. If the man’s late to school, he

should go through the back
door.
Woman: f. The man should never go back
to school.
g. The man can always return to
school.

ENGLISH I 147
 Narrator: h. The man should never be late
for school.
10 Man: e. She is challenging the man to
make the efforts.
f. She doesn’t want the man
Woman: even to try.
g. She can’t bear to try.
h. She is a daring person.

Narrator:

Exercise 14.2: listening (file name: EN1-M14-Exercise 14.2)

Now listen to these following short conversations. Try to write down and complete
the scripts. Then, underline the key words. After all, pick your best answer for every
question below!

1 Man: a. Letting the tea cool off a bit

b. Having the tea immediately
c. Making more tea in a few
Woman: minutes
d. Drinking tea

Narrator:

2 Woman: a. In a theatre
b. In a restaurant
c. In a store
Man: d. In a bus station

Narrator:

3 Woman: a. The end of the semester is

making him feel sad

ENGLISH I 148
 b. He’s unhappy to end the
semester.
Man: c. He’s glad to be finishing
school.
d. He couldn’t be happier to
Narrator: begin the semester.

4 Woman: a. During the storm, someone

knocked on the door of the
house.
Man: b. The stormy weather caused
the trees to fall.
c. The storm destroyed the
house.
Narrator:
d. The house blocked the trees.
5 Woman: a. He usually hears about the
football games.
b. It’s out of the ordinary for
Man: the team to lose.
c. He usually doesn’t pay
attention to the football
team.
Narrator:
d. The team hasn’t won often.
6 Man: a. He had a job.
b. He went to the office every
morning.
Woman: c. He was not working.
d. He had to arrive at work
earlier than 8 o’clock.

Narrator:

7 Woman: a. He got lost on his vacation.

b. He did not enjoy his
vacation as much as
Man: possible.
c. He didn’t really lose his
passport.
d. The vacation was really
Narrator:
enjoyable.

ENGLISH I 149
 8 Woman: a. He assures the woman that
he knows the way to
Riverdale.
Man: b. He doesn’t know where the
correct bus.
c. He believes he knows the
correct bus.
Narrator:
d. It will take eight hours to get
to Riverdale on the bus.
9 Man: a. None of the experiments
could be completed.
b. The laboratory assistant
Woman: didn’t want to do more
experiments.
c. The laboratory assistant
completed one experiment.
Narrator:
d. The laboratory assistant
couldn’t finish one
experiment.
10 Man: a. The semester is really over!
b. The semester will never
end.
Woman: c. She has the same wish as the
man.
d. She would like the man to
repat what he said.
Narrator:

Exercise 14.3: listening (file name: EN1-M14-Exercise 14.3)

Now listen to these following short conversations. Try to write down and complete
the scripts. Then, underline the key words. After all, pick your best answer for every
question below!

1 Woman: a. He needs to bring some

wood outside.
b. There’s a fire outside.
Man: c. The wood in the fireplace
should be put outside.
d. There’s no more wood
inside.

ENGLISH I 150
 Narrator:

2 Man: a. She was late to a

conference.
b. She called a conference at
Woman: work.
c. Her meeting was cancelled.
d. She worked late at a
conference.
Narrator:

3 Woman: a. In a locker room.

b. At the beach
c. At a police station
Man: d. In a hospital

Narrator:

4 Woman: a. The club needed more

rooms for dancing.
b. The dance floor was too
Man: crowded.
c. He enjoyed the room where
they went dancing.
d. There was too much room
Narrator:
on the dance floor.
5 Man: a. He was not very good with
figures.
b. He wrote the letter that was
Woman: sent.
c. He could not understand the
fax machine.
d. The fax machine was easy
Narrator:
for him to use.
6 Woman: a. The woman bought the new
car.
b. The woman was exactly
Man: right.
c. The woman hit her head on
a nail.
d. The woman hit his new car.

ENGLISH I 151
 Narrator:

7 Woman: a. He would like the woman to

write the paper for him.
b. He needs the woman to
Man: review the paper.
c. He would like the woman to
help him find his paper.
d. He wants the woman to put
Narrator:
the paper away.
8 Man: a. No one has been informed.
b. Information about the
problem is unavailable.
Woman: c. Nobody is aware that the
problem is serious.
d. Everybody knows what is
going on.
Narrator:

9 Woman: a. He needed a loud alarm to

wake up.
b. The alarm failed to go off.
Man: c. He never woke up this
morning.
d. He did not sleep well.

Narrator:

10 Woman: a. The plane was damaged

when it landed forcefully.
b. The pilot fielded questions
Man: about the forced landing.
c. The pilot was forced to
leave the plane in a hurry.
d. The pilot made an
Narrator:
emergency landing.

Exercise 14.4: Structure

Look at the following problems, pick your best answer!

1. The difference between novel and movie is that novel is printed while
. movie is presented in audiovisual form
a. presented audiovisual is movie form

ENGLISH I 152
 b. is form of presented audiovisual
c. audiovisual form is movie presented
d. movie is presented in audiovisual form
2. Massive numbers of four-legged animals the earth’s land.
a. dominate
b. dominating
c. they will dominate
d. if they dominate
3. Horizon is the furthest you can see, the sky seems to meet
the land or the sea.
a. when
b. where
c. why
d. which
4. Financial institution with privilege control over the distribution and
production of money and credit for a nation or a group of nation
central bank.
a. call as
b. is called
c. to call
d. called
5. Kerosene is oil made from petroleum and used in the engines, it is mostly
colourless and has .
a. smelling unpleasant
b. an unpleasant smell
c. unpleasant smelling
d. smells unpleasant

6. 2018 did again America to set tariffs and other barriers on

China.
a. America does begin again
b. America did begin again
c. did America again begin
d. does America again begin
7. Recession occurs the rate of change remains the same over
successive and equal intervals of time.
a. if
b. according
c. with
d. under
8. People’s trust on government to boost economy is increasing
.

ENGLISH I 153
 a. because conditions of better employment
b. conditions in their community improve
c. since conditions of export-import improve
d. conditions improve in export-import
9. instead of cables or wires to transfer the sound.
It’s light and produces amazing sound.
a. True wireless stereo Bluetooth uses
b. To use Bluetooth TWS
c. The using of Bluetooth
d. Using the Bluetooth True wireless stereo
10. In 2000s, used and it has attracted massive market then.
a. smartphone began popular
b. While the smartphone began
c. That the popular smartphone smartphone
d. The popular smartphone
11. The sophisticated smartphone allows its users multiple
technological and healthy benefits.
a. enjoys
b. is enjoyed
c. enjoying
d. to enjoy
12. In the first Thanksgiving, vegetables and harvested were
eaten together.
a. had the farmers planted
b. had planted the farmers
c. the farmers had planted
d. planted the farmers
13. Moody, spoilt, lazy, and too comfort in their zone are typical
of nowadays generation.
a. typical of nowadays generation
b. are typical of nowadays generation
c. nowadays generation are typical
d. are typical generation nowadays
14. Barrack Obama, the former US President and , was born in
Honolulu, in 1961.
a. who is a great orator
b. his orator
c. a great orator
d. being a great orator
15. Cyanide is a highly deadly chemical that can exist in various forms. In
medicine, as anti-hypertensive.
a. however can be widely used

ENGLISH I 154
 b. can be widely used
c. however widely used
d. however it can be widely used
16. Of the 6,000 injured in September 11 attacks, how many survivors
long enough to see the more peaceful America and world?
a. lived
b. will live
c. they will be living
d. will they live
17. How the webinar last morning?
a. do the participants attend
b. did the participants attend
c. the participants would attend
d. the participants’ attendance
18. one of many reasons why people are eager to settle Texas.
a. affordable living cost
b. is affordable living cost
c. affordable living cost is
d. is living cost affordable
19. To maintain its success, must, in the long run, diversify the
business. produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.
a. whichever a unicorn-to-be company
b. therefore a unicorn-to-be company
c. a unicorn-to-be company which
d. a unicorn-to-be company
20. Mr. George is noted architect, .
a. as well as an environment activist
b. and too very active environmentalist
c. but he acts very good for environment
d. the greater need there is
21. Open gun-ownership is the main reason in the US.
a. Increasing
b. of increasing crimes
c. of crime increasing
d. of increasing criminal
22. The customers have been really responsive over the Christmas Sale,
? Our sales increase 20% this year.
a. does they
b. has they
c. haven’t they
d. haven’t there

ENGLISH I 155
23. The traditional musical instrument Ukulele was probably
brought to Hawai’i in 1879 by Portuguese settlers. musical instrument
from form Japan is the feet long
a. is called
b. it is called
c. calls
d. called
24. When to Europe in Christmas, most tourists bring extra
winter jackets.eeds that float to the surface
a. travelled by Europe
b. be travelled to Europe
c. Europe travelling
d. travelling to Europe
25. Most buildings stand upright even the earthquake shake them because
they are better in design and .
a. in foundation
b. deeper foundation
c. and deeper in foundation
d. deeper in foundation
26. The falling stock prices of good-performing companies are somehow
clearly believable.
a. nor
b. not
c. no
d. none
27. Stimulus package as a way of government to encourage
private sector participating the economy recovery.
a. was required
b. to require
c. requiring
d. require
28. state of California is also famous for the “Celebrity State”
because Hollywood is located here.
a. The
b. That the
c. There is a
d. As the
29. Updated and recent conditions of the match by the CCTVs
placed in all parts of the stadium.
a. seen
b. to see

ENGLISH I 156
 c. can see
d. can be seen
30. By the middle of the 20th century, painters and sculptors in the United
States had begun to exert over art.
a. influence a great worldwide
b. a worldwide influence
c. influence worldwide a great
d. a great worldwide influence
31. The AFICE Inbound, student exchange program _ to enjoy the
real-life of American families.
a. is it enable students
b. it enable students
c. enable students,
d. enables students
32. Boeing H-47 is an advanced and spacious America helicopter. Its size
enables itself to be used for multi-mission.
Mary Cassatt specialized mothers with their children.
a. in using
b. which uses
c. to be used
d. to use
33. one time, Nokia dominated the smartphone market in US.
a. To
b. By
c. At
d. On
34. In 2008 Tesla Motors released completely electric Roadster, its first car.
a. Roadster first its car
b. the first car, Roadster
c. Roadster, was the first car
d. Roadster, its first car
35. In Economy “appreciate” denotes an increasing value over a
period of time.
a. termed
b. is termed
c. is terming
d. the term
36. Nominated as one of the leading universities in the world,
Considered one of the leading poets in America today, .
a. There have been so many successful graduates produced by Harvard.
b. A number of Harvard graduates success Harvard produced
c. Harvard graduates have also produced

ENGLISH I 157
 d. a number of graduates produce Harvard
37. The new variants of virus and the issue of Russia’s war
highly impossible for the economy experts to forecast the global economy
growth.
a. makes it
b. make it
c. it makes
d. makes
38. Campaigning for the green life in both developed and
developing nations.
a. being held
b. had been held
c. has been conducted
d. have been conducting
39. communicate by making noises and facial expressions long
before they are able to speak or understand a language.
a. whose children
b. however children
c. children
d. furthermore children
40. Sometimes to separate translation and linguistics studies.
a. that it is hard
b. hard
c. it is hard
d. is hard

Exercise 14.5: Reading

Read every passage below and answer the following questions!

1. What is main idea of the passage above?

a. The history of Eiffel Tower
b. The Prince of Wales
c. French Revolution
d. British Revolution

ENGLISH I 158
 2. What was the aim of building Eiffel Tower?
a. It was for French’s Independent symbol.
b. It was for the International Exhibition of Paris of 1889 commemorating
the centenary of the French Revolution.
c. It was for England Independent symbol.
d. It was for symbol of friendship between England and French.

3. The pronoun ‘it’ in third line refers to

a. Prince of Wales
b. King Edward VII
c. Eiffel Tower
d. French

4. If the Eiffel Tower was built in 1889, it means it will be years

old in 2022.
a. 132
b. 133
c. 143
d. 153

5. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT discussed?

a. Eiffel tower is in Paris, French.
b. Eiffel tower was the tallest tower until 1930.
c. Eiffel tower is 300 meters.
d. Eiffel tower is 700 tons.

6. Who was the architect of the Opera Garnier?

a. King Edward VII
b. Emile Zola
c. Charles Garnier
d. Prince of Wales

7. The pronoun its in line 7 refers to

a. Eiffel tower
b. Dumas the younger
c. Architect
d. Emile Zola

ENGLISH I 159
 8. What is the subject of the passage?
a. The Quebec Bridge
b. Quebec City
c. Canada
d. Canadian

9. The Quebec Bridge was completed in 1919. This means it will

be years old in 2019.
a. 90
b. 99
c. 100
d. 109

10. The pronoun it in line 3 refers to

a. The Quebec Bridge
b. Quebec City
c. Canada
d. construction

11. According to the passage, which of the following is true?

a. The Quebec Bridge is riveted steel structure with 80,000,000 square feet
of coatable structural steel.
b. The Quebec Bridge accommodates 1 rail line, 2 lanes of automotive
traffic and 3 pedestrian walkways.
c. The Quebec Bridge was declared as a historic monument in 1978.
d. The Quebec Bridge is 340 feet high.

12. According to the passage, “The overall length is 3239 feet”. If one foot is
30 centimeters, it means the overall length is centimeters.
a. 97017
b. 97107

ENGLISH I 160
 c. 97170
d. 97710
13. Who did declare the Quebec Bridge as the historic monument in 1987?
a. The Canadian and American Society of Civil Engineers
b. The Department of Canadian Heritage
c. The Canadian Community
d. The Prime Minister of Canada
14. According to the Passage, when was the Quebec Bridge declared as
National Historic Site?
a. 24 January 1969
b. 24 January 1996
c. 24 January 1978
d. 24 January 1987

15. What is the main idea of the passage?

a. Umbilical cord blood
b. Cord blood banking and donation
c. Leukaemia
d. The National Marrow Donor Program

16. According to the passage, umbilical cord blood can be used to treat,
except,
a. heart attack
b. Leukaemia
c. Immune deficiency
d. Lymphoma

17. The word who in line 7 refers to

a. blood
b. baby’s cord blood
c. a sibling or parent

ENGLISH I 161
 d. public bank

18. When is the National Marrow Donor Program launched?

a. October 1998
b. December 1998
c. December 2008
d. October 2008

19. If the passage mentions that “Health Resources and Service

Administration launched a program in October 2008 that provides families
affected by life-threatening diseases with the opportunity to store a new
baby’s cord blood at no cost.” It means
a. The program is free.
b. The program needs a lot of money.
c. The program is only for rich people.
d. The program is not for poor men.

20. According to the passage, which of the following is UNTRUE?

a. Umbilical cord blood, like bone marrow, contains valuable stem cells.
b. The National Marrow Donor Program, which is overseen by the U.S.
Health Resources and Services Administration, launched a program in
October 2009.
c. A baby’s cord blood can be donated to a public bank or stored at a
private bank.
d. The National Marrow Donor Program provides families affected by life-
threatening diseases with the opportunity to store a new baby’s cord blood
at no cost.

21. 21.

22. The word which in line 3 refers to

a. The Great Buddha of Kamakura in Japan
b. The bronze statue of Amitha Buddha

ENGLISH I 162
 c. The Pure Land sect of Buddhism
d. Tsunami in 1495
23. When was the original temple washed?
a. in 1954
b. in 1945
c. in 1594
d. in 1495
24. According to the passage, which statement is NOT true?
a. Daibutsu is a representation of Buddha Amitaba, the Lord of the
Western Pure Land.
b. The bronze statue of Amita Buddha was cast in 1252.
c. The latest repairs to the Buddha were completed in 1960.
d. Cast in bronze and weighing close to 805 tonnes.
25. According to the passage, what is the latest repair of Buddha for?
a. to strengthen the body
b. to make it possible for the Buddha’s neck to move freely
c. to make it possible for the Buddha’s body to move freely on the base to
prevent a damaging shock to the statue in case of an earthquake
d. to prevent an earthquake

line A heart attack happens if the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section

of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked. Most heart attack occurs as
a result of coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD is a condition in which a
waxy substance called plaque builds up inside of the coronary arteries.
These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your hearth.

When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called

5 atherosclerosis. The build up of plaque occurs over many years.
Eventually, an area of plaque can rupture (break open) inside of an artery.
This causes a blood clot to form on the plaque’s surface. If the clot
becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow
through a coronary artery.

If the blockage isn’t treated quickly, the portion of heart muscle fed
by the artery begins to die. Healthy heart tissue is replaced with scar
tissue. This heart damage is replaced may not be obvious, or it may cause
10
severe or long-lasting problems.

26. What is the passage talking about?

a. heart attack cause

ENGLISH I 163
 b. type of blood
c. parts of heart
d. a coronary artery

27. What is coronary heart disease?

a. It is a kind of heart attack.
b. It is a condition in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up
outside of the coronary arteries.
c. It is a condition in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up
inside of the coronary arteries.
d. It is a blood clot to form on the plaque’s surface.

28. According to the passage, what do arteries do?

a. These supply water to your body.
b. These supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart.
c. These supply blood to your body.
d. These pump the blood to your head.

29. The Author mentions when plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition
is called
a. Sclerosis
b. Heart attack
c. CHD
d. Atherosclerosis

30. The word this in line 18 refers to

a. heart
b. damage
c. heart damage
d. scar tissue

REFERENCES
Azar, B. S. 2002. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New York: Pearson
Education
Davoudi, M. (2005). Inference Generation Skill and Text Comprehension. The
Reading Matrix,5(1), 106,108
Delahunty, G. P., & Garvey, J. P. 2010. The English Language: From Sound to
Sense. Colorado: The WAC Clearinghouse.

ENGLISH I 164
Langen, John. 2003. English Sentence Structure. Boston: McGraw Hill.

Phillips, D. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test. New York:
Pearson Education.

ENGLISH I 165