GROUP 3
Hello and welcome to my
group's presentation
Introduction to English Lexicology Class
Group members Dương Thị Huệ
Trần Thị Huyền Trang
Trần Hoàng Hương Giang
Nguyễn Cẩm Tú
Nguyễn Phương Thảo
Đào Thị Nam Thảo
Sound Table contents
The ways to imitation
form nouns in
English
Suffixation
THE WAYS TO FORM
NOUNS IN ENGLISH
1.Affixation
1.Definition
- The process of coining in a new word by adding an affix or
serveral affixes.
Eg: (-dom)freedom,wisdom, prehistory
2. Characteristics
- Sometimes, the new words take on the whole new meaning
Base word: ship(a means of transportation)
Eg: She has a long friendship with Jane.
Sometimes , it simply gives us grammatical information.
Eg: apples( indicate more than 1 apple)
-Affixes are often bound morphemes.
Eg: (-tion) revolution : an important change in the way we live and do things.
There are 3 main types
a,.Prefixes
-PREFIXES: affixes going at the begining of the base word.
- Prefixes are commonly used to
Make words negative/positive : (-dys)dysfunction,
-(auto)autobiography
Express time and order : (-pre) prehistory,
(-post)postgraduate
b,Suffixes
-Suffixes: affixes going at the end of the base word.
- When we add suffixes to base words, the process is
either derivational or inflectional
*Base word: teach (derivational)
teach is a verb and teacher(-er) is a noun
*Base word: talk (inflectional)
talk(noun): a conversation
talked(verb): past tense of “talk”
c,Circumfixes:involve adding affixes to both the
beginning and the end of a base word.
Inhumanity
Unhealthiness
Imprisonment
2. COMPOUNDING
a,.Definition
- The process of combining 2 or more stems to create a new word.
Eg: sunglasses, bedroom, raincoat,……..
b,Types: usually 3 main types
*Closed compounds: 2 word combined together without a space in between
Eg:blackboard, desktop, smartphone,….
*Open compounds: 2 words with a space between
Eg: French toast, cream cheese,….
*Hyphenated compunds: 2 or more words with a hyphen between
Eg:city-state,owner-driver ,…..
Characteristics
of compounding
-In most compounds, the rightmost morpheme
determines the category of entire word.
Eg: greenhouse is a noun(house is a noun)
-In compounding, the new substance may be
different from the ingredients.
Eg: toothpaste: a substance used to clean teeth
#tooth # paste
3. SHORTENING
_ Shortening is called procedure of creating new
words by eliminating parts of root words at the
end or at the beginning.
There are 3 main ways to shorten a word:
1 2 3
• Clipping: is to make a new • Abbreviation: is to make a Blending: is a type of shortening
word from a syllable of the new word from the initial in which parts of words merge
original word letters of a group into one to form a new word.
Initial clipping: Eg WHO from World Health Eg binary + digit = bít
telephone => phone Organization
Final clipping:
Camera + recorder = camcorder
ASEAN from Association
laboratory => lab of South East Asian Nations
Initial-final-clipping:
refridgerator =>fridge
Medial clipping :
Mathematics => maths
4. CONVERSION
Conversion is the proceed
by which new words are
created by using a word in
new functions without any
change in its form
For examples:
o Sometimes one just needs a good cry (noun).
The baby cried all night (verb)
o My dream is to become a good teacher. (noun)
I dreamt to live in a villa. (verb)
A productive form of conversion in English is verb to noun conversion.
Some examples of nouns converted from verbs:
Verb – Noun
o to cry – cry
o to experience – experience
o to deam – dream
For examples
o Sometimes one just needs a good cry (noun).
The baby cried all night (verb)
o My dream is to become a good teacher. (noun)
I dreamt to live in a villa. (verb)
Exceptions:
o preposition to noun: up, down → the ups and downs of life
o conjunction to noun: if, and, but → no ifs, ands, or buts
5. SOUND AND STRESS INTERCHANGE
Sound interchange
Sound Interchange the way of forming new words with the help of
change of sounds within a word
Types of Sound Interchange
o vowel change E. g. full – to fill, blood – to bleed
o consonant interchange E. g. to speak - speech, advice – to advise
o the combination of vowel and consonant change E. g. life – to live,
strong - strength
Stress interchange
Stress interchange can be mostly met in verbs and nouns of
Romanic origin : nouns have stress on the first syllable and verbs
have stress on the last syllable
e. g. ´import - to im´port, ´suspect – to sus´pect
6.WORDS FROM NAMES
-Regarded as a new point in word formation
-Fairly productive and studied by semantics
Eg: sand(a substance founded in beaches)
sandwich
sandal
-Sometimes, names of the authors mean the book
eg: Have you read Dickens?
( the author is Dickens)
A suffix is a letter
suffixation added to the end of a
word to create a new
word or to change the
function of the original
word. It can also be a
group of letters. In
other words, a suffix is
put at the end of a
word to change its
meaning
2. characteristics
-The most distinctive feature of suffixes is that they
usually change the meaning of root , both lexically and
grammatically .they modify the lexical meaning of
stems (root) and transferring words to different part of
speech :
Happy( adj) - happily ( adv) / happiness ( n)
Create(v)- creative (adj)
* Some cases suffixes do not change the part of speech :
Child (n)- childhood (n)
Tiger (n)- tigress(n)
- Connecting the peculiarities of suffixes special attention
must be paid to the so called " lexicalized grammatical suffix
" .The morpheme "s"does not indicate plurality , so it is a
derivational morpheme " s " not a grammatical one. these
words are homonym :
spectacles ( eye glasses ) / spectacle ( sight )
customs ( duties , taxes ) / custom ( habitual practice )
We can also mention " ing " , " ed "
Ex : The baby is amusing /The baby is amusing her parents
he is hot headed / he headed the group
The polysemy of a suffix in no less peculiar :
" er " means :
+ the doer of an action : player , teacher, speaker ....
+ a person living in a certain place : London villager ,
Sydneysider
+ a device a tool or instrument : eraser , boiler, stoper....
" y " means :
+ characterized by ... windy , sunny
+ full of , composed of watery , sandy
+ dear , intimate : daddy , dolly
+ resembling what the stem denotes : busby , inky
2. Classification of Sufixes
Like prefixes, suffixes can also be classified
in different ways according to different
principles. The most practical principle for us
is the part of speech formed.
- Within this scope, suffixes fall into the
4 following groups:
2. Classification of Sufixes
G1: Noun-suffixes: -er, -or, -ing, -tion, -ness, -ist, etc.
G2: Adjective-suffixes: -able, - ish, -ed, -less, -y, etc.
G3: Verb-suffixes: -ize, -en, - fy, etc.
G4: Adverb-suffixes: -ly, -ward(s), -wise, etc.
Sound imitation
sound Imitation is the way to
form words by
imitating sounds
produced by
actions, things
and so on.
It is also called phonetical
motivation .
It is divided into 3 categories.
3 Types of sound imitation
Words showing
animals
n t he so un ds Words showing Words showing
-based o
d by th e a nim als movement of actions made
produ ce
nature : by human:
themselves:
crow; cuckoo..
flush, splash, giggle, whisper,
- sounds made by
babble,.... chatter,.......
animals:
cackle, moo,
roar,.....
Some words formed by sound imitation have
developed figurative meaning .
E.g "to croak": to make a deep, harsh sound. => It is
Not e :
also used about a person voice.
"to roar":a full, deep, prolonged cry uttered by a lion
or other large wild animal. It is often metaphorically
used:
The whole room is roaring with laughter.
Sometimes we can make use of sound
imitation to create vivid words for special
occasions .
Thank You!
Do you have any questions for
me before we go?
