AN

ININTERNSHIP REPORT

ON

Types of Axles and detailed Nomenclatures of Volkswagen

polo

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the award MSBTE Program of

Diploma
in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
by
Tejas Sunil Hambir

(Enrollment No. :2017340035)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. NILESH SODMISHE SIR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KJEI’s

Trinity Polytechnic Pune

PUNE-411048

(2022 - 2023)

1
 KJEI’s

Trinity Polytechnic Pune

Sr. No. 25 &27, Near Bopdeo Ghat, Kondhawa Saswad Road,
Dist. Pune

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Tejas Sunil Hambir Enrollment No. 2017340035 of Fifth Semester of Diploma
in Mechanical Engineering of Institute KJEI’s Trinity Polytechnic Pune (Institute Code : 1734) has
completed term work satisfactorily in Course Automobile Engineering (Course Code : 22656 ) for the
academic year 2022 to 2023 as prescribed in the curriculum of Maharashtra State Board of Technical
Education (MSBTE).

Place : Enrollment No.:

Date : Seat No.:

Course Teacher Head of Department Principal

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to my guide and mentor Prof. Nilesh Sodmishe for giving me an opportunity to work
under him and guide in automobile Engineering.

I am thankful to Prof. PRABHAKAR SHINDE Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering, for

his motivating and valuable support throughout the course.

Mr. Tejas Sunil Hambir

(Enrollment No. 2017340035)

3
 CONTENTS
Chapter Page No.
No.
1 Types of axles 5
1 Rear axle 5
1.1 Semi floating axle 6
1.2 Full floating axle 7
1.3 Three quarter floating axle 8
2 Front axle 9
2.1 Live front axle
2.2 Dead front axle
3 Stub axle 12
2 Detailed Nomenclatures of Volkswagen polo 14
1 Introduction 14
2 Nomenclatures 15
3 Conclusion 16
4 References 17

4
 Types of Axles

Following are the three different types of axles

1 Rear Axles

2 Front Axle

3 Stub Axle

1 Rear Axle

In between the differential and the driving wheels is the rear axle to transmit power

from the differential to the driving wheels. It is clear from the construction of the

differential, that the rear axle is not a single piece, but it is in two halves connected

by the differential, one part is known as the half shaft.

Dead axles simply remain stationary, do not move with the wheels. A housing

completely encloses the rear axles and the differential, protecting them from water,

5
dust and injury, in addition to mounting their inner bearings and providing a

container of the lubricant.

Types of Rear axles

Depending upon the methods of supporting the rear axles and mounting the rear

wheels, the three types of rear axles are as follows:

1. Semi-floating axle

2. Full-floating axle

3. Three quarter floating axle

1.1 Semi-Floating Axle

A semi-floating axle has a bearing located on the axle and inside the axle casing. It

has to support all the loads as listed above. Therefore, it needs to be of a larger size,

for the same torque output, than any other type. The inner end of the axle is

supported by the differential side gear. It is thus relieved of the job of carrying the

weight of the car by the axle housing. The outer end has to support the weight of the

car and take end thrust. The inner end of the axle is splined to the differential side

gear.

6
The outer end is flanged so that the wheel can be bolted directly to it. In some design,

the hub of the wheel is keyed to the outer end of the axle. The vehicle load is

transmitted to the axle through the casing and the bearing, which causes the bending

or shearing of the axle. The semi-floating axle is the simplest and cheapest of all other

types and widely used on cars.

1.2 Full-Floating Axle

A full floating axle has two deep groove ball or taper roller bearings, located between

the axle casing and wheel hub. The outer of an axle is made flanged to which the

wheel hub is bolted. The axle is not supported by bearing at either end, and its

position is maintained by the way that it is supported at both ends.

7
Thus, the axle is relieved of all strain caused by the weight of the vehicle on the end

thrust. It transmits only the driving torque. For this reason, it is called full floating.

The axle may be removed from the housing without distributing the wheel by

removing the nuts.

An additional advantage of this design is the ability to the vehicle even if it has a

broken axle. This type of axle is more, expensive and heavier than the other axle. It

is usually fitted on commercial vehicles.

1.3 Three-Quarter Floating Axle

This type of axle has a bearing placed between the hub and the axle casing. Thus, the

weight of the vehicle is transferred to the axle casing, and only the side thrust and

driving torque are taken by the axle.

8
A full floating axle has two deep groove ball or taper roller bearings, located between

the axle casing and wheel hub. The outer of an axle is made flanged to which the

wheel hub is bolted. The axle is not supported by bearing at either end, and its

position is maintained by the way that it is supported at both ends.

2. Front Axle

The front axle is used to carry the weight of the front part of the vehicle as well as to

facilitate steering and absorb shocks due to road surface variations. It must be right

and robust in construction.

9
The front axle is usually a steel drop forging having 0.4% carbon steel or 1-3% nickel

steel. It is made of I-section in the centre portion, while the ends are made either

circular or elliptical.

With this construction, it takes bending loads due to the load of the vehicle. Also, the

torque centre portion is given a downward sweep. The different components of the

front axle are the beam, stub axle, swivel pin and track rod.

Types of Front Axles

Usually, there are two main types of the front axle:

1. Live front axle.

2. Dead front axle.

The front axles are usually dead axles because they do not rotate, in contrast to the

live axles that they are used in the rear axle to transmit power to the rear wheels. A

live front axle, as compared to the dead axle, has the additional function of

transmitting the driving power taken from a transfer gearbox to 0the front wheels

having a different swivelling mechanism. The live front axles although resembling

10
the gear axles have some difference at the axle half shafts end where the

wheels are mounted. A dead front axle has enough rigidity and strength to

carry the weight of the vehicle from the springs to the front wheels.

The figure shows front axle components with the steering linkage. The wheels are

fixed on the stub axles which are usually pivoted. From the stub axle, the inclined

steering arms are connected to the track rod ends, and a third steering arm is

attached to the drag link.

Some vehicles have the drag link placed transversely instead of in the fore and at the

position in order to allow a more compact vehicle design. It is often used in

independent wheel suspension systems. The drag link connects the steering linkage

to the drop arm of the steering box.

11
3.Stub Axle

The front wheels are mounted on the stub axles, which are connected to the front

axle by means of kingpins. The stub axles are the foraging of 3% nickel steel and alloy

steels containing chromium and molybdenum.

The stub axle turns on the pink pin which is a light drive fit in the axle beam eye

placed and locked by a taper cotter pin. Phosphor bronze bushes are fitted into the

forked ends of the axle to provide a bearing surface for the kingpin. Vertical load is

taken by a steel washer or a thrust bearing located either on the top fork of the

stub axle or between the lower fork and the underside of the axle beam.

Types of Stub Axle

Following are the four types of the stub axle:

1. Elliot.

2. Reverse Elliot.

3. Lamoine.

4. Reversed Lamoine.

12
The Elliot stub axle is attached to the front axle by placing in the yoke end with a

kingpin and cotter to join the two together. In Reversed Elliot type stub axle, the

arrangement is reversed. In Lamoine type stub axle, instead of yoke type hinge, an

L-shaped spindle is used as shown in the figure.

13
 DETAILED NOMENCLATURES OF VOLKSWAGEN POLO

1. INTRODUCTION

Volkswagen polo Mk5

The Volkswagen Polo Mk5 is the fifth generation of the Polo, a supermini-class car

manufactured by Volkswagen since 2009. The vehicle unveiled at the 2009 Geneva

Motor Show in March 2009, while the three-door version was unveiled at the 2009

Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009.

[5][6] A four-door long-wheelbase sedan version has been produced and sold

outside Europe in several emerging markets since 2010 either as the Volkswagen

Vento or the Volkswagen Polo sedan. A short-wheelbase sedan version was sold in

India between 2016 and 2020 as the Volkswagen Ameo.

14
 2. NOMENCLATURES

Price RS 5.87-10.25 lakh

Fuel type Petrol, Diesel

Mileage 16.4-21.49 km/l

Seating capacity 5 people

Safety rating 4 stars (Global NCAP)

Warranty 4 Years or 100000 km

Engine Size 999 cc,1498 cc,1197 cc

Transmission Manual, automatic (TC), Automatic

Size 3971 mm L X 1682 mm W X

Fuel Tank 45 litres

Ground clearance (mm) 165 mm

Class Supermini/ subcompact car (B)

Layout Front engine, front wheel drive / four-wheel drive

15
 CONCLUSION

An axle or axletree is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. On wheeled vehicles,
the axle may be fixed to the wheels, rotating with them, or fixed to the vehicle, with the
wheels rotating around the axle.

In the former case, bearings or bushings are provided at the mounting points where the
axle is supported. In the latter case, a bearing or bushing sits inside a central hole in the
wheel to allow the wheel or gear to rotate around the axle. Sometimes, especially on
bicycles, the latter type of axle is referred to as a spindle.

16