FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY:
IR. TAN YOKE LEE
MIEM, MI-FIRE E
yokeleetan71@gmailcom

TESTING OF WET RISER AT ROOF TOP

 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
UNDERSTANDING FIRE

For fire to commence, 4 elements must be present at the same time, thus

Fire tetrahedron

I.e. there must be

• heat source (i.e. ignition source such as direct flames from candles, cigarettes,
static electricity, open sparks from welding/ hot works, heat guns application,
etc.)
• Fuel to combust or burn such as LPG, petrol, furniture, mattress, etc.
• Oxygen or any oxidisers such as ammonia nitrate where the oxygen element in
nitrate can be released easily.
• Chain reaction to form products of combustion, ie oxidation and reduction.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
UNDERSTANDING FIRE

Fire tetrahedron

Methods employed to extinguish fire or to fight fire,

• Remove heat by applying cooling media (water, etc) such as sprinkler,
hosereel, etc.
• For most fire to occur, the fuel need to be in gaseous/ vapour state.
Vapour suppression of fuel is used in foam system, fixed extinguisher
system. In order for fuel to combust, it needs to be present in right
mixture of fuel to air ratio. Too lean or too rich, it will not burnt.
NOTE that for solid to burn, it first need to pyrolyze to gaseous state and
when enough vapour is formed mixed with air, the fuel will burn.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
UNDERSTANDING FIRE

Fire tetrahedron

Methods employed to extinguish fire or to fight fire,

• Starvation of oxygen by total flooding system, ie preventing the fuel from
mixing with oxygen.
• Stop the chain reaction such as halogen system, novec 123 suppression
system, dry powder extinguisher.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
• Generally there are 2 types of FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM provisions in a building.
– Passive FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM such as fire compartmentalistion using fire
walls, fire roller shutters, etc, fire doors, fire staircases, etc. This is covered in
architectural and fire engineering workscope. Apart from that active fire
protection also needs to ensure stability of the structure to provide tenable
egress path to occupants inside the building.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
-Active FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM such as
Fire Fighting System
• External fire hydrant – MS 1395 (for hydrant pillars only) and MS 1489
for pump and piping system.
• Hosereel System – MS 1489- Part 1:2012
• Wet Riser and Dry Riser – MS 1489-Part 2:2012
• Automatic Sprinkler- Wet type, Dry type- MS 1910:2017
• Portable Fire Extinguisher- MS 1539 Part 3:2006
• Fixed Fire Extinguisher- NFPA 12:2018 (CO2) and NFPA 2001:2018 (Clean
agents)
• Smoke Control System (MS 1780:2009 for smoke control and MS
1472:2017 for pressurisation.)
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
-Active FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM such as
Fire Detection System and Communication
• Fire Detection and Alarm System- MS 1745-14:2009
• Public Address System
• Fireman Intercom System (used solely by firemen for internal
communication as backup to walkie talkie.)
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
SCOPE OF THIS COURSE:-
• WET SYSTEM INCLUDING HYDRANT, HOSEREEL, DRY RISER, WET RISER,
• FIRE ALARM AND DETECTION SYSTEM
• PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
• FIXED EXTINGUISHER SYSTEM
• SPRINKLER SYSTEM
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
1. Determine height of building, area of building and
usage of building.

18 18 30

Fire appliance access level is defined not as ground floor but the road level
outside the building and height is measured from road to highest habitable
floor level.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
2. Check FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM provision
requirement from UBBL 2021
– Schedule Tenth –Table of Requirements for Fire Fighting
System, Fire Detection, Public Address System, Fire Control
Room/ Fire command centre.
– Part VIII UBBL 2021 specifies other requirements such as
relevant design standards, requirements for fireman
intercom, PA system, Fireman switch for electrical isolation
and wet/ dry riser.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
3. Determine requirement and design accordingly to the relevant
standards mentioned earlier. Skip to slide 24

(smoke alarm)

Small residential refers to houses except for flats and condominiums.

 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
3. Determine requirement and design accordingly to the relevant
standards mentioned earlier.

Institutional item 1. refers to educational facilities. 2000m2 or 30 m height is the

cutting off point for installing sprinkler system.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
3. Determine requirement and design accordingly to the relevant
standards mentioned earlier.

Institutional item 2 refers to

hospital or nursing home.
Item (a) means that patients do
not stay in facilities.
Item (b) is incorporates wards for
patients.
There is more stringent
requirement when wards are
incorporated.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
3. Determine requirement and design accordingly to the relevant
standards mentioned earlier.

Type III is for residential other than

simple houses.
1. Is for hotel where occupants are in
sleeping mode and not familiar with
the layouts of the escape routes. It
is noted than open corridor
requirement is less stringent than
closed corridor since smoke can
escape easily. It is noted that for
open corridor design of two to
three stories, UBBL considers it as
low risk and does not require any
sprinklers regardless the size.
Note that automatic fire detection is
always required regardless of size.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
3. Determine requirement and design accordingly to the relevant
standards mentioned earlier.

Type III, item 2 is for hostel where

occupants are sleeping and know the
building layouts well. Thus it is less
stringent than hotel requirement.

Sprinkler is required above ten storeys

or exceeding 5000m2 for open corridor.
For closed corridor, sprinkler is required
above 5 storeys (as compared to hotel
above 4 storeys) or exceeding 3000m2.

Automatic fire detection is always

required except building 2 storeys and
below and open corridor up to 5 storeys.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
3. Determine requirement and design accordingly to the relevant
standards mentioned earlier.

Only service apartment requires public address system, Flats up to 40 storeys are allowed
to have self contained smoke detectors. However, this would pose problem during fire as
nobody would know where the fire is except for neighbouring units to fire units. This
recommendation is only suitable for stay put strategy.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
3. Determine requirement and design accordingly to the relevant
standards mentioned earlier.

Type IV is for office purpose. No change in new UBBL 2021. Smoke detector is
required in building above 18 and less than 10,000 m2. Sprinkler is required for
building 30m and above or exceeding 10,000m2.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
3. Determine requirement and design accordingly to the relevant
standards mentioned earlier.

Type V shall be used for shop houses and shopping mall. It is strange that the higher
storeys are less stringent than single storey for sprinkler application.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
3. Determine requirement and design accordingly to the relevant
standards mentioned earlier.

Type VII is for place of assembly including convention center, community center,
private club, cinema, concert hall, amusmement centre, transport terminals, etc.
Place of worship is waivered from any requirement.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
3. Determine requirement and design accordingly to the relevant
standards mentioned earlier.

Type VIII is for storage area and car park. It seems that open structure car park can be
waivered from sprinkler system. Ware house is divided into storage for non combustible
and storage with combustible. For non combustible storage such as cement, bricks, etc,
there is no requirement for sprinkler.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
3. Determine requirement and design accordingly to the relevant
standards mentioned earlier.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire design approach:-
3. Determine requirement and design accordingly to the relevant
standards mentioned earlier.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Pressurised Hydrant , item H in schedule tenth UBBL
2021 (MS 1489- Part 2:2012)
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire Hydrant (MS 1489- Part 2:2012, UBBL 2021 Clause 133 © )

– Intended to be used by fire fighters. Hydrants are normally with high flow rate
and high pressure when compared to hosereel, thus requires careful handling
due to the force from the nozzle.

– Siting of hydrant shall be such that

• Not less than 6m from building to avoid falling objects/ debris from
building during fire.
• Not more than 30m from the building entrance and also breeching inlet.
• Not more than 90m apart from each other.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire Hydrant (MS 1489- Part 2:2012, Guide Book to Fire Protection Malaysia)
Design Criteria (note flow rate is not mentioned in MS but only mentioned in
Guide Book)
• Flow rate of hydrant is 1000L/min.
• Flow rate of pump for 3nos of remote fire hydrants operating
simultaneously with outlet pressure between 4 bar and 7 bar.
• Choose pipe size 100mm and above and calculate the friction loss and any
static loss due to height difference between hydrant and pump house.
Determine the pressure head requirement of pump and if too high,
choose a bigger pipe size and reiterate the process.
• Where external hydrant is required in schedule tenth, the supply should
form a ring with preferably two independent water source fed into the
ring main.
Note that actual flow rate requirement from other standards is 750 L/min for each
outlet, a twin outlet would have to provide 1500L/min and design for 2nos of pillar
hydrants.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire Hosereel (MS 1489- Part 1:2012)
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire Hosereel (MS 1489- Part 1:2012)

– Intended to be used by public for fighting small fire, thus need not be placed
in protected lobbies but to be in prominent position easily accessible.

– Siting of hosereel, 1 hosereel to every 800m2. All spaces to be within reach of

30m hose and 6 m water throw distance.

– Note that distance of 30 meter should be measured from hosereel along path
accessible to any rooms and not drawn as radial 30meter circle.

– Need to restrict the pressure to about 5 bar for easy handling.

 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire Hosereel (MS 1489- Part 1:2012)

– Design requirement to provide flow rate of 30L/min to each hosereel for 2

remote hosereels , each hosereel will have water throw of 6m.
• To get 6m throw with 30m length hose, with 6.35/8mm nozzle, inlet
pressure requirement is 2bar and for 4.8mm nozzle, inlet pressure
requirement is 3bar. (most supplied nozzles in Malaysia is 6.35mm)

• Thus 2nos hosereels = 60L/min. Normal design 30 igpm is used because

Bomba requests to tests 4 most remote hosereels.

– Pipe material- BS 1387 class B for internal and class C with bituminous
wrapping for underground piping. Generally for jkr design, use GI class C. Pipe
sizing hydraulically limiting the pump head to say about 110feet, min 50mm
diameter.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire Hosereel (MS 1489- Part 1:2012)
-Tank requirement
• Minimum 2250Litres with 1125litres for each additional
hosereel up to maximum of 9000litres (which is about 2000
igallons). Normally, we use 2400igallons HDG tank or
3200igallons. 3200igallons tank is about 8’ x 8’ x 8’ dimension.

• Permitted to be tapped from combined wet riser tank or

combined domestic tank without requirement for hosereel tank
provided. If combined with wet riser, hosereel tapping shall be
located above wet riser tapping. If combined with domestic
water supply, hosereel tapping shall be located below wet riser
tapping.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Dry Riser (MS 1489- Part 2:2012)
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Dry Riser (MS 1489- Part 2:2012 and Guides to Fire Protection Malaysia)
Height defined as vertical distance between fire fighting access level and the
highest occupied floor level.
– To be provided for building more than 18m height.

– Height >18m but less than 23m, 100mm diameter pipe to be used with 2
way breeching inlets.

– Height between 23m and 30m, 150mm diameter pipe to be used with 4
ways breeching inlet.

– Pipe material BS1387 class C steel pipe, ie GI class C.

 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Dry Riser (MS 1489- Part 2:2012)
– Siting of dry riser, BS5306, part 1 (referred by MS 1489 and MS 1183 part 5)
specified all floor areas to be within 60m from landing valve. 1 landing valve
for every 900m2.

– Siting of dry riser UBBL 2021, clause 230 (3), hose connection shall be
provided in every fire fighting access lobby or adjacent to fire fighting staircase
on every floor (to prevent smoke ingress to staircase during fire fighting).

– 25mm diameter Drain valve is required to drain away water at the bottom of
riser.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Wet Riser (MS 1489- Part 2:2012)
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Wet Riser (MS 1489- Part 2:2012)
– To be provided for building more than 30m height.

– Minimum 150mm diameter, GI class C.

– 750L/min x 2 numbers of landing valves , ie pump flow rate of 1500 L/min.

Pump to be located at protected room directly accessible from outside.

– Design pressure at outlet of landing valve is between 8 bar in accordance to

BS 9990 for wet riser. (However, most designer use 4 bar outlet pressure
from the Guide to Fire Protection Malaysia which will not produce 750L/min
using existing nozzles available in Malaysia. Q= k * sqrt (P))
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Wet Riser (MS 1489- Part 2:2012)
– Return pipe required when using non pressure reducing landing valve.
Otherwise, not required.

– Pipe material BS1387 class C steel pipe, ie GI class C.

– Siting of wet riser UBBL 2021, clause 231 (3), hose connection shall be
provided in every fire fighting access lobby or adjacent to fire fighting staircase
on every floor.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Wet Riser (MS 1489- Part 2:2012)
– UBBL 2021, clause 231 (4) states each
stage of wet riser shall not exceed 150m
and pressure for each stage shall not
exceed 20 bar. Distance between lowest
and highest landing valve shall not exceed
75m. (This clause should be taken with
precaution as 150m will only permit
design pressure of landing valve to be
4bar, as 150m= 15bar static + 4bar= 19 bar
allowing only 1 bar for friction loss. If we
were to follow BS9990, we should restrict
each stage to 60m as previously to ensure
that pressure at pump outlet does not
exceed 20bar as shut off pump pressure
should not exceed 1.4 x operating
pressure. )
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Wet Riser (MS 1489- Part 2:2012)
– Tank Sizing
• When there is automatic in flow of water at 455L/min to tank, use 2 nos
of tanks which are interconnected to give total capacity of 45m3.

• When no automatic inflow, total tank capacity of 2 tanks must be able to

provide water at total flow rate of 1500l/min for 45mins ie 67.5m3.

• Note that the above tank capacity and pump sizing allows only 2 wet riser
landing valves to be in operation and last only for 45mins. This means
multiple fire on subsequent floors scenario are excluded, thus no
provision to fight fire propagating from external façade fire.

• Tank and pumps shall be positioned so that 2/3 of the effective capacity
is above the level of top of casing of pump. Otherwise individual suction
pipe with foot valve and separate priming tank is required.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Wet Riser (Guides to Fire Protection Malaysia: 2009, not to latest UBBL)
– Wet Riser Stages
• Each stage (ie one set of tank and pumps) limited to 61m (measured
between pump and highest wet riser landing valve).

• When exceeding 61m, 2nd stage need to be provided.

• Breaktank of capacity 11,375 litres to be provided at the starting of second

stage.

• First stage pump to pump into breaktank. The incoming to breaktank shall be
complete with motorised valve which opens upon activation of second stage
pump.

• When serving more than one buildings, the distance of remote riser must be
less than 90m from the fire pump. Otherwise requires new set of tank and
pumps for the other building.
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
Components of the system - Fire Alarm Panels
Components in the fire alarm
system consists of the followings:-

• Automatic detection devices such

as smoke detectors, heat
detectors, co detectors, etc.

• Manual detection devices such as

manual break glasses.

• Annunciation devices such as

alarm bells, strobe lights, etc.

• Fire Alarm panels and gas panels.

FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
Components of the system - Fire Alarm Panels
In conventional fire alarm, the
wiring is carried out zone by zone.
Thus no different zones shared the
same wiring.

The system does not know which

individual device is initiated. It only
knows which zone is initiated.

Similarly all the output devices such

as strobe lights, alarm bells are
initiated zone by zone.

Normally used for small buildings

and low rise buildings where total
evacuation during fire is desired.
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
Components of the system - Fire Alarm Panels
In analogue addressable fire alarm system
, there is no need to separate wiring by
zone.

Each panel is limited to handle 512

devices as per EN54-2. (I normally limit
each loop in panel to 99 devices to limit
the devices out of service in a loop).

Each device is assigned an address which

can be programmed later into its
respective zone.
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
Components of the system - Fire Alarm Panels
The wiring is cheaper especially for
large buildings. It is especially
recommended to be used in big
buildings or high rise buildings for 2
reasons:-

• Cheaper wiring.

• Devices zone can be changed

in programming without
changing the wiring.

• Phase evacuation is possible

with different alarm zones
assigned.
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
Then we need to decide whether to install class A or B wiring and show this in our
schematic. Most of the time our schematic will show class B wiring.
Components of the system- Wiring
All wiring shall either be
• PVC/ Cu in GI conduit or upvc conduit
embedded in concrete or plaster.
• Fire rated cables

There are 2 types of wirings namely:-

• Class A where the wiring loop is
carried back to the fire alarm panel
with end of line resistor.
• Class B wiring where end of line
resistor is position at the end of the
last device connected.

Class A wiring is superior because any break in the wiring will not disconnect any
devices. Thus Class A wiring is more preferred for redundancy and reliability.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)
Used where water is not suitable as medium to extinguish fire, eg:
• Substation, data centre, control room, etc.

Fire tetrahedron

Method of extinguishing fire using fixed gas extinguishing system is by

oxygen starvation, intervening with chain reaction and cooling which is
minimal.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)

Total flooding system (WHICH WORKS BY OXYGEN STARVATION) consists of

the followings:-
• Storage cylinder and fire fighting medium complete with actuator.

• Detection system using double knock system, i.e. confirmation of smoke

detection and heat detection.

• Control panel to actuate the cylinder, trip ventilation, actuate fire curtain,
lit up warning/ evacuation lights, upon confirmation of fire signals.

• Actuating system, either electric actuator or pilot cylinder and manual

pull station.

• Delivery system consisting of cylinder manifold, carbon steel pipes (cast

iron pipes are not recommended to be used in accordance to NFPA),
discharge nozzles.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)

Common extinguishing medium:-

• CO2 system

• HFC-227ea also known as FM200 has very high global warming potential
and is banned in some countries.

• FK-5-1-2 known as Novec 1230 (working pressure 25bar, 95% design

concentration at less than 10 sec, suitable for class A, B and C fire works
by inhibiting the chain reaction) but has been phased out by
manufacturer.

• IG-541 (Nitrogen 52%, Argon 40%, CO2 8%) known as Inergen

• IG-55 (Nitrogen 50%, Argon 50%)

• Pyrogen
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)

Guidelines for design:-

• CO2 system using NFPA 12

• Clean agent system using NFPA2001

 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)

CO2 system
Method of application:-
• Total flooding systems

• Local application systems consists of fixed supply of CO2 connected to

system to discharge directly at surface fire. Used for extinguishment of
surface fires in flammable liquids, gases and shallow solids where hazard
is not enclosed such as outdoor transformers, etc.

• Hand hoseline systems consists of hosereels connected by fixed piping to

a supply of CO2. This is for supplementary use for first aid and not meant
to replace requirement for a fixed system.

• Standpipe systems consists of just piping and nozzle system without fixed
supply of CO2. During fire, portable CO2 mounted on mobile vehicle shall
be fixed to standpipe.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)

CO2 system
Design guidelines using NFPA 12
• Total flooding systems
➢ Cylinder storage either low or high pressure
1. High pressure where CO2 is stored in liquid form at room
temperature. Design pressure for calculating pipe thickness is
2800psi.

2. Low pressure where CO2 is stored at approximately minus 18 deg

Celsius. Design pressure for calculating pipe thickness is 450psi.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)

CO2 system
Design guidelines using NFPA 12
• Total flooding systems
➢ Piping system for high pressure system
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)

CO2 system
Design guidelines using NFPA 12
• Total flooding systems
➢ Pipe fittings for high pressure system
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)

CO2 system
Design guidelines using NFPA 12
• Total flooding systems
➢ For low pressure system, schedule 40 pipe can be used throughout
➢ Design concentration used
1. Deep seated fire, use 50% design concentration which requires
flooding factor of 1.60kg/m3 for spaces up to 2000ft3 and 1.33kg
/m3 with a minimum of 91kg for spaces greater than 2000ft3.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)

CO2 system
Design guidelines using NFPA 12
• Total flooding systems
➢ Design concentration used
2. Surface fire such as from flammable liquid,
acetylene 66% design concentration, gasoline is 34% design
concentration, propane and butane 36%.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)
CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12
• TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM
• DESIGN CONCENTRATION FOR SURFACE FIRE
• IF DESIGN CONCENTRATION IS 34%, FOLLOWING VOLUMETRIC TABLE CAN
BE USED.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)
CO2 FIXED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM TO NFPA12

Design concentration need

to be achieved with 1 mins
for surface fire.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND
NFPA2001)

CO2 system
Design guidelines using NFPA 12
• Total flooding systems
➢ Pipe size estimation only
➢ Nozzle pressure shall be 300 to 750Psi
for high pressure system.
➢ Nozzle pressure shall be 150 to 300Psi
for low pressure system
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)

Clean Agent System

Design guidelines using NFPA 2001
• Total flooding systems
➢ Design concentration used, ie C value shall be obtained from
manufacturer for type of fuel protected.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)

Clean Agent System

Design guidelines using NFPA 2001
• Total flooding systems
➢ Design concentration used for Novac
• Class A Design Concentration - 4.2%
• Class B Design Concentration – 5.85% and higher
➢ Design concentration used for Inergen gas IG541
• Class A + C hazards Design Concentration -34.2%

• Class B fuels Design Concentration is 40.7%

• Max design concentration for occupied space is 52%

 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)

Clean Agent System

Design guidelines using NFPA 2001
• Total flooding systems
➢ Pressure drop calculation shall be obtained from manufacturer.

For inergen gas of a 150 bar system the manifold pressure @ 180 Bar,
then after flowing through pressure reducer, System pressure @ 80 Bar
(1160psig) , Nozzle pressure @ 20 Bar.

For novec system, system pressure is 25bar (362 Psi)

 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fixed Gas Extinguishing System (NFPA 12 AND NFPA2001)

Clean Agent System

Design guidelines using NFPA 2001
• Total flooding systems
➢ Piping material and schedule shall be obtained from manufacturer or
by referring to NFPA 2001 with reference to the clean agent used.
See table A-2.2.1.1 (i) of NFPA 2001.
➢ Inergen gas, 1160psig (80bar) , use seamless carbon steel
schedule 40 up to pipe size up to 2” diameter and schedule 80
up to 8” diameter. Nozzle coverage 32’ x 32’. System manifold
shall be minimum schedule 80.
➢ Novec, 362psig (25bar) , use seamless carbon steel or erw
carbon steel up to 8” diameter. Nozzle coverage 32’ x 32’
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Portable Extinguisher (MS 1539-Part 3: 2003)
Used to extinguish SMALL fire typically consisting of a handheld
cylindrical pressure vessel which contains the extinguishing agent.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Portable Extinguisher (MS 1539-Part 3: 2003)
Design Procedure-
• Select the correct type of fire extinguisher based on expected class
of fire. The different classes of fire are as such:-
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Portable Extinguisher (MS 1539-Part 3: 2003)
Design Procedure-
Select the correct type of fire extinguisher based on expected class of
fire.
• For eg dry powder ABC is suitable for class A, class B and class C fire.

• For eg. CO2 extinguisher is suitable for class E fire involving electrical
equipment and class A. (type of media must not contain any water
that will conduct electricity to the operator, thus water and foam are
not suitable)

• For eg, some combustible metals react with water to cause explosive
environment by dissociating water to hydrogen, etc. Thus it is
advisable to use class D fire extinguisher for metal fire.

• Fat fire are oil based. Using water may cause it to sink below the fat
and vapourise, thus causing an explosive condition. Class F fire
extinguisher which is wet chemical agent is normally sited in large
kitchen.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Portable Extinguisher (MS 1539-Part 3: 2003)
Design Procedure-
Select the correct type of fire extinguisher based on expected class
of fire.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Portable Extinguisher (MS 1539-Part 3: 2003)
Design Procedure-
Siting of extinguishers.
• Not more than 20m travel distance between occupant and
extinguishers.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Portable Extinguisher (MS 1539-Part 3: 2003)
Design Procedure-
Siting of extinguishers.
• Should be close to fire risk area.
• Should avoid exposure to excessive heat and cold.
• Normally located at conspicuous positions following an exit route.
Suitable areas are
– Room exits
– Corridors
– Staircases
– Lobbies
– Fire control room
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Sprinkler (MS 1910 :2017)
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Sprinkler (MS 1910 :2017) – type of sprinkler heads
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Sprinkler (MS 1910 :2017)- type of spray patterns

Conventional type has a spherical discharge with some water thrown up.
Spray type has hemispherical discharge with little water thrown up.
Sidewall type has got ¼ spherical discharge.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Sprinkler (MS 1910:2017)
Sprinkler head types and sizes for various hazard class

10mm

10/15mm

15/20mm
20mm

15/20mm

Note that 10mm should only be used in hydraulic calculation sized sprinklers
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Sprinkler (MS 1910:2017)
Sprinkler head temperature rating

Temperature rating shall be ambient temperature plus 30 deg C and above.

 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Sprinkler (MS 1910:2017)

Note that quick response sprinkler shall not be used in pre action sprinkler system.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Sprinkler (MS 1910:2017)
Types of systems:-
• Deluge system- sprinklers connected are of open type nozzle, ie there is
no glass bulb. On activation, water is discharged SIMULTANEOUSLY from
all sprinklers connected to the deluge valve. Example of use in oil and gas
for cooling of storage tank, etc where rapid fire spread is a concern.
Activated by manually operated pull station or automatic detection
system much like CO2 system. THERE IS NO WATER FROM DELUGE VALVE
TO NOZZLE DURING NORMAL TIME.

• Wet pipe system- precharged with water all the time. Commonly used
where there is no risk of water freezing inside pipe causing expansion and
bursting of pipe.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Sprinkler (MS 1910:2017)
Wet Pipe System
Design Procedure:-
Calculate tank size.
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Sprinkler (MS 1910:2017)
Types of systems:-
• Dry pipe system- precharged with air normally. When normal, the balance
of pressure between air and water at the sprinkler control valve will close
the valve. When sprinkler head bursts, the air pressure drops resulting in
the opening of sprinkler control valve. Used when to prevent water from
freezing in the pipe. For eg. Cold room environment. This normally results
in slight delay in water application.

• Pre-action system- similar to dry type system except that a separate

detection system (instead of sprinkler head) is required to operate the
system, thus ‘pre-action’ system. Used in areas where accidental
discharge of sprinklers will cause damage to property such as museum,
art gallery, etc. The detection system could be smoke detector, flame
detector, heat detector. There are the single interlock and double
interlock.
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Sprinkler (MS 1910:2017)
Wet Pipe System
Design Procedure:-

1. Select hazard class in accordance to MS1910. Calculate height of building.

Select the type of sprinkler head, the design density of each sprinkler
head as per Table 38 of MS1910 in accordance to hazard class selected.

2. Locate the sprinkler heads as per spacing requirement and draw the pipe
layouts. (Min distance is 2.0m to avoid the spray patterns interfering with
each other)

3. Size tank accordingly.

4. Draw out tank, pump and sprinkler pipe and calculate pump size. For OH
category, there is standard pump size up to 45m. Each stage of sprinkler is
limited to 45m. For OH category, the pipe is sized for friction loss of less
than 500mbar from design point to control valve.
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Sprinkler (MS 1910:2017)
Wet Pipe System
Design Procedure:-
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Sprinkler (MS 1910:2017)
Wet Pipe System
Design Procedure:-
Coverage for ceiling/
roof sprinklers as per
Table 19 of MS1910.
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Sprinkler (MS
1910:2017)
Wet Pipe System
Design Procedure:-
Coverage for
side wall
sprinklers as
per Table 20 of
MS1910.

Note that room width is actually room depth ie distance from door to far most wall.
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Sprinkler (MS 1910:2017)
Wet Pipe System
Design Procedure:-
Calculate tank size.
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Standard OH pumps characteristic when pump is located same level with control valve.

Determine h which
is height of each
stage designed.

Note that table 16

is calculated from
table 6. Table 16 is
precalculated
pump
characteristic.
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Sprinkler (MS 1910:2012)
Wet Pipe System
Design Procedure:-
Determine size of installations.
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Sprinkler (MS 1910:2017)
Wet Pipe System
Design Procedure:-

Pipe material:
GI class B for internal
GI class C for external.
External underground
To be wrapped bituminous