=| yornes | Ukrainian RUMEMEEEIEEEER | 40: | all-around confidence category language conlent - learn to speak, understand and write ukrainian + progress quickly beyond the basics + explore the language in depth be where you want to be with teach yourself I Ezteach yourself ukrainian olena bekh and james dingley —_—_ For over sixty years, more than 40 million people have leamt over 750 subjects the teach yourself way, with impressive results. be where you want to be with teach yourselfFor UK order enquiries: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4SB. Telephone: +44 (0) 1235 827720. Fax: +44 (0) 1235 400454, Lines are open 9,00-18.00, Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Details about our titles and how to order are available at www.teachyourself.co.uk For USA order enquiries: please contact McGraw-Hill Customer Services, P.0. Box 545, Blacklick, OH 43004-0545, USA Telephone: 1-800-722-4726. Fax: 1-614-755-5645, For Canada order enquiries: please contact McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd, 300 Water St, Whitby, Ontario L1N 9B6, Canada. Telephone: 905 430 5000. Fax: 905 430 5020. Long renowned as the authoritative source for self-guided learning - with more than 30 million copies sold worldwide — the Teach Yourself series includes over 300 titles in the fields of languages, crafts, hobbies, business, computing and education. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: catalogue record for this title is available from The British Library, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: on file First published in UK 2001 by Hodder Headline Ltd., 338 Euston Road, London, NW1 3BH. First published in US 2001 by Contemporary Books, A Division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, 1 Prudential Plaza, 130 East Randolph Street, Chicago, IL 60601 USA. This edition published 2003. The ‘Teach Yourself’ name is a registered trade mark of Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. Copyright © 1997, 2003 Olena Bekh and James Dingley In UK: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained fram the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT 4LP. in US. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of Contemporary Books. ‘Typeset by Transet Limited, Coventry, England. Printed in Great Britain for Hodder & Stoughton Educational, a division of Hodder Headline Ltd., 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH by Cox & Wyman Ltd, Reading, Berkshire. Impression number 10987654321 Year 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 A Nr IRE IE CONTENTS Introduction 1 Pronunciation 4 AoGpuii zeus! Ak Bante im’a? Hello! What's your name? 13 Introducing yourself and others. Greeting people and asking names. Simple statements and questions. Alyxe npnemno 3 Bamu no3snaiiomuruca Very nice to meet you 26 Simple description of a room. Further introductions and expressing appreciation. Some countries and nationalities. The plural. Counting from 1 to 4. Crisene, Bu maete cim’1o? Stephen, do you have afamily? 41 Offering things. Please and thankyou. Talking about your family. Saying goodbye. «Aasno! A reaeouyro 3 Jlougouna...» “Hello! I am calling from London...” 55 Making a telephone conversation. What is possible or necessary. Ukrainian surnames. Counting from 5 to 10. Ham tpe6a 3amMoBuTH HoMep y rotesi We need to book a room ina hotel 70 Finding your way around. Possession. Booking a hotel room. Changing money. Counting from 11 to 1 000 000. Sixuii B Y«paini knimat? What's the climate like in Ukraine? 83 Apologising. Saying what you like and how old you are. Talking about the weather and past events. Some time expressions and months of the year. 3{ Maio nu1aHH po3BHBaTH Toprismo 3 Yxpainoro J have plans to develop trade with Ukraine 97 Answering the question ‘where?’ Playing sports and musical instruments. More time expressions. Mu aeramo Yxpaincekumn Asianiniamn We are flying with Ukrainian Airlines 109 Expressing agreement. Talking about future events and travel. Ordinal numbers and years. Telling the time. Bam macnopt, 6yap aacka Your passport, please 127 Passport and customs control. More description of future events. Verbs of motion.UKRAINIAN INTRODUCTION Letters and sounds ‘The remaining twenty letters all differ significantly from anything in the in Ukrainian Ukrainian words Hinalinh alphabet: Letters English Word Transcription Translation i 2 Hy : i oe woe Prine Weiten Soand Word Mid) bE lyee] Es] f OK [zh] FO [yoo] U fy) II (shch] Aa fla a bus — aBToMoOinb [awtomobil‘] car 0 Bs viw* veal BixHd [veeknd. window _ r will Bu6pa ae yesterday Batter and sounds Ukraini: vd eee eee ie me inien rainian a Is Ee € e & let aépeno dérevo] Pe . Letters ee i Word Transcription ‘Translation Mutu i bit xuuira [knfha] book Winted Written Sound Word Th cd rcs ies penieas éicl «© Hlones, WO HS b bush Gar (brat) brother Ke KK k kitten Kir [keet] cat rr Tuh how = rapanit [harniy] beautiful Mu ium more Mdpe [mére] sea 1 mr g gang raHoK [ganok] porch Hn Jiu n net né60 [nébo] sky / nD F d do apyr [drooh] friend Oo Moo pot omipén oleevéts‘] pencil €t €e ye yes €srén [yewhén] Eugene Tn pn p spit manip papeér] paper a C2 zh ~—Ss measure xypuamicr [zhoornal’eést] journalist Pp Pf ft it roof pyuKa rodchka] pen 3 a 2 3 Z ZOO senéconii [zeléniy] green Ce Clos sell cond sel6] village Jt yee yeast bxa [yeézha] food Tr Jimt tat rato [tato] daddy Wit Uy — boy —sépamii—_ch6miy] black Vy y y oofw* tooth sy6 zoob] tooth Ma A41 Jamp 4m [l4mpa] lamp will yadpa wehéra] yesterday ® P f photo dro [f6to] photograph Xx XX kh loch xn —[cl6pohik] boy tin 4% ts tsar pena —_[tsérkva] church *The letter B is pronounced [v] before a vowel, and [w] before a Wy gen church tonoBix [cholovik] man, consonant or at the end of a word. Another example: the city of JIbnin husband in Western Ukraine is pronounced [l’veew]. Wm Ue wesh sine: Sia [shépka] dng Mh Joe 2 cme oper asus when tr i ich sh apm hose] bh You will find that the letters B and y can be interchanged in the same bE 6 _ awit [niz’kfy] Bi word (e.g. Buépa and ysépa above) when they have the same pronounciation [w]. There are certain rules that govern whether you use 1010 10 yoo youth ond [yoondk] young man. B or y; they will be introduced later. Rr hw ya yard sOnyKO [yablooko] apple11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 UKRAINIAN SL noxaxy Bam OygmnoK I'll show you the building 137 Describing the interior of a house or flat. Reading small ads in a newspaper. Becoming familiar with Ukrainians. Talking about your knowledge of foreign languages. Mu 3 apy3amm xoyemo noodigatu My friends and I want to have lunch 150 Addressing people. Ordering a meal in a restaurant. Getting to know Ukrainian cuisine. 416 xoris norysata Byam Kuepa I should like to walk the streets of Kyiv 163 A brief tour of Kyiv. More on directions. Being late. AT upusis nponosunii mogz0 crBopenis cnim-noro nigpuemersa I have brought proposals for the creation of a joint venture 178 Polite requests. Comparing things. Conducting business and shopping for clothes. AI xouy paKaNKaTH Jikaps J want to call out the doctor 192 Describing common ailments. The Ukrainian medical service. Further comparisons. x Bu yspanere co6i igeanbuy ypyauny? What's your idea of the perfect wife? 205 Describing people’s appearance and character. Conversational tactics — extracting information, exclamations, changing the subject. Tloisa upaoysae na nepmty Ko.sito The train arriving on track number one ... 218 Train travel. Talking about indefinite things and negatives. 3a waumx yoporux rocreii! Here's to the health of our guests! 231 Socialising and visiting Ukrainians’ homes. Major Ukrainian festivals. Giving orders. Alo noGayennn, Ycpaino! See you again, Ukraine! 245, Writing letters. More about possession and negatives. Wordbuilding. Key to the exercises 259 Ukrainian — English vocabulary 270 Grammatical index 299 INTRODUCTION Ukraine is one of the new countries on the map of Europe, but the language and history of the people who live there can be traced back at least as far as the tenth century, when Kyiv (still better known as Kiev) was already a well-established meeting place of trade routes and nations. In Ukraine it is possible to hear Bulgarian, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Romany, Russian and Yiddish. One language however unites all the people of Ukraine — Ukrainian, the sole official language of the Ukrainian state. Incidentally, Ukrainian forms of names of towns and rivers will be used throughout the book — hence Kyiv (Kiev), L’viv (Lvov, Lwéw, Lemberg), Odesa (Odessa), Dnipro (Dnieper). There are many reasons for learning Ukrainian. Intellectual curiosity about the language and culture of a ‘new’ European people is certainly one. At a more immediately practical level Ukraine is still waiting to be discovered as a tourist country. As Ukraine becomes strongerUKRAINIAN economically, the need will grow for foreign businessmen to have some idea of the language in order to do business there. Whatever the reason, we hope that you will enjoy the flavour of the Ukrainian language as much as you will enjoy the rich flavours of Ukrainian cooking. How to use the book The book is divided into eighteen units. With one exception, each unit contains dialogues, grammar notes under the heading ‘How the language works’ and illustrative material to back up what you have learned. Exercises of various types will give you a chance to test your knowledge. We are convinced that the best way to learn Ukrainian is to acquire as soon as possible the ability to read, however slowly and painstakingly at first, dialogues and texts that we hope are both interesting and lively, even to the point of being far-fetched! The tapes provide an extra opportunity to hear the material and practise your own spoken Ukrainian. The first half of the book contains units that may seem to contain an alarming amount of grammar. Don’t panic — it doesn’t all need to be learned at once! The information is there for continuous reference. We hope to have succeeded in presenting the kind of Ukrainian that will be accepted and understood anywhere in Ukraine. Once you have completed the 18 units, you will have a solid foundation on which to develop your knowledge. Ukrainians will be delighted that you have taken the trouble to learn something of their language. In Teach Yourself Ukrainian you will meet a number of characters closely connected with Ukraine. Stephen Taylor is the director of Hermes Clothing. He is interested in business opportunities in Ukraine and has already started to learn Ukrainian. His friend, Taras Koval, an Englishman with a Ukrainian background, has been teaching him the language, and together they plan a trip to Ukraine which will combine business with pleasure. Taras is married to Vira from Ukraine. Before his trip to Ukraine Stephen makes a useful contact when he meets an English lawyer of Ukrainian extraction, Iuri Morozenko. Stephen’s business contacts in Ukraine are Solomiia Koval’chuk, the director of a clothing company in Kyiv, and Ihor Stakhiv, the general manager of the company. You will also meet Thor’s wife Ol’ha and their three children, Natalka, Ostap and Olenka. Taras has a Ukrainian friend, Bohdan. During his trip around Ukraine Stephen meets his old friend, Andrew, an American journalist. —— PRONUNCIATION —— Alphabet You will first have to learn to recognise the Cyrillic alphabet which the Ukrainians use, and the sounds for which the letters stand. The Cyrillic alphabet has a long history and is closely linked to the spread of Orthodox Christianity. Other languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet are Belarusian, Russian and Serbian. ‘The Ukrainian alphabet has thirty three letters in all. ‘The first group of letters includes those which are either identical or nearly so in both shape and sound, and those which are identical in shape to their English counterparts but represent an entirely different sound: Ala] K Ik] CIs] B{ivorw] M([m] Tit] E [e] O[o] Y [oo] ME) Pry X [kh] I [ee] H [In] — 3 —UKRAINIAN Note on transcription: Letters within square brackets will always represent a transcription of the Ukrainian Cyrillic letters into the closest English equivalents that are given in this list. You will sometimes see combinations of letters in the transciption of Ukrainian words that Tepresent quite a different sound from that which the same letters would stand for in an English word. The Ukrainian word rait [hay] means “grove of trees’. The sequence [ay] has more or less the same sound as the letters ‘ie’ in ‘lie’ or ‘y’ in ‘my’. Stress © The stressed part of the word will also be marked in transcription by an accent mark [‘] over the vowel that bears the stress. Remember that the double letters [oo] and [ee] in transcription represent one sound. The stress mark will appear on the second letter, e.g. pyaxa [rodchka]. You have to learn the stress position of each new word in Ukrainian; there are no rules to help, unfortunately! Consonants and vowels We can now divide the alphabet into consonants: B6, Bs, Ir, Ur, Aa, x, 33, Wii, Kx, Jn, Mm, Hu, Un, Pp, Ce, Tr, Bh, Xx, Un, Gs, Wn, Wor and vowels: Aa, Ee, €e, Un, li, fi, Oo, Vy, FOr, Ax Note that the letters 9, Y¥, FO, A, listed as vowels above, in fact stand for the consonant Mu followed by the vowels E, I, Y, A. In other words these letters stand for two sounds. Here is the complete Ukrainian alphabet: Aa b6 Ba Ir Ir fa Ee Ce Kx 33 Un li fi Nin Kk Jin Mm HH Oo Mn Pp Cc Tr Yy Och Xx Uy 44 Li Lif bb Oro Aa INTRODUCTION Notes: 1 ‘The letter I] stands for a combination of two sounds: I + 4. Conversely there are some combinations of two letters that actually fland for one sound: JK for the ‘j’ sound in ‘jam’, e.g. 1 xoqay¥ [ya khojod] (7 go); JI3 for the ‘dz’ sound that can be heard at the end of the word ‘buds’, 6g. 43épraso [dzérkalo] (nirror). 2 You can see that several of the letters have exactly the same shape in both capital and small forms, e.g. Bs, Kx, Mm, Hu, Tr, in contrast to letters in the English alphabet which look like them, e.g. Bb, Kk, Mm, th, Tt, This similarity is preserved in some of the handwritten forms as Well, for example: PRINTED HANDWRITTEN _ | eapital small capital small / 5 i 6 K K Se ke |u ™ Ua a MW H KH a HT 1; TN ma Examples: KBITKA kbireae xir Kee BiKHO bento 3 Look at the handwritten forms of the letters JI, M, Sf when they are joined to preceding letters. PRINTED HANDWRITTEN capital small capital small ql n At L M u AL ae A a 2 He Here are some examples of these letters in various combinations; note the hook before the handwritten forms:UKRAINIAN 3eMILi GEMAR gamma 404th omipénb owiberys senénmit zene Semna [zemrA] the planet Earth 3emns [zeml'é] ground You will see that the handwritten form of the letter JI has exactly the same height as the corresponding handwritten forms of a, r, e, 2k, H, M, etc. s Make sure that you differentiate M and T in handwriting, e.g. PRINTED HANDWRITTEN Mama MAMA TaTo mamo mama [mama] mum The ‘soft sign’ As we said earlier, there are thirty three letters in the Ukrainian alphabet. However, if you count the number of letters that represent consonants and vowels, you will find only thirty two. There is one letter —» — that has no sound value of its own, but which has a direct effect on the pronunciation of the consonant that stands before it. Consonants Consonants can be pronounced either hard or soft. Take the Ukrainian letter 1; if you pronounce it with the tip of your tongue against your top teeth, you produce the hard sound. If you try to pronounce the same sound with the tip of your tongue against the palate, you will automatically produce the soft sound. Try the same thing with some other Ukrainian consonants: a, 4, u. First try to say the hard sound followed by the vowel a: Ta — 1a — 1a — Ha. Now try the soft equivalent with the same vowel sound, but look at how we write them together: Ta — 19 — ua — Ha. FAR - AR- A - HA < INTRODUCTION The difference between hard and soft consonants can also occur at the #id of words or in front of another consonant inside a word. Try to ei the vowel a before the hard consonants: ar — an — ay — an. low look at how we write the soft equivalent; try to read the following Hequeices; ATR — ast — alb — aHb. AUN - Cute - Cage - ates ‘The letter b is called the ‘soft sign’; it has no sound of its own, but is iid to show that the consonant that stands before it is a soft one. The "letter will be represented in transcription by an inverted comma [‘]. ‘Tit to make matters more complicated the soft sign normally appears as i Ordinary apostrophe [’] or as an acute accent [‘] or is omitted entirely When Ukrainian words (most frequently, placenames and personal Himes) are written in the Latin alphabet. The female first name Onpra Will appear as [61‘ha] as a guide to understanding the Ukrainian letters in this chapter, but would normally be written as Ol’ha, Olha or Olha. The Gity of JIspis appeas as [l‘veew] in our transcription system in this whapter, but normally looks like L’viv, L’viv or Lviv. In later units, When the transcription system is no longer being used, you will find O!'ha and L’ viv. Here are some examples of actual Ukrainian words: Jenb [den‘] day ges yurrrem [wehitel‘] teacher yonumnets qOubxa [don‘ka] daughter GOR Hey rh ee Note that the handwritten form of the soft sign looks something like the Hnglish ‘b’, but has a shorter downward stroke. HMSbKuit [niz‘kiy] low Vowels Let’s look again at the vowel letters that denote sounds beginning with hi [y]: « [ya], 10 [yoo], € [ye], f [yee]. When we read the letters in the alphabet, they denote two sounds: [y] followed by a vowel. This combination of sounds occurs very frequently in Ukrainian words: %6.s1yKo [yéblooko] apple youax [yoondk] young man €eréu [yewhén] Eugene joa [yéezha] foodUKRAINIAN Three of these letters (a, 10, €) can also be used to show that a consonant occurring before them is to be pronounced soft, e.g. Ta [t‘a], mo [l‘oo], ne [n‘e]. As you can see, the [y] sound before the vowel [a, 00, e] disappears. Now let’s have some more practice: ARH [yakiy] what kind of? 0668 [l‘oob6w] love FOpiii [yoéreey] George mupk [tsirk] circus aistbxa [l‘Al‘ka] doll aamnua [l4mpa] lamp The letter i is best described as lazy; it can only stand for the sounds [y] + [ee]. Let’s go over this ground again. How do we know when to read the letters a, 10, € as two sounds when they occur inside a word, and when to read them as one? They are read as two sounds when they occur after a vowel, e.g. noé3ia [poézeeya] (poetry), unia [sheéya] (neck). We also read them as two sounds when between a consonant and one of the letters a, 10, €, ¥ you see an apostrophe [’] (not the reverse one [‘] that we are using in the transcription to denote soft consonants!). This denotes that the consonant is to be pronounced ‘hard’ with a following clear ‘y’ sound before the vowel. Here are some examples: im’% [eemyé] name 3qop6s’s [zdorévya] health upem’épa [premyéra] first night of a play inreps’r0 [eentervyo6] interview Now let’s look at how these letters work together to form words. In Ukrainian we say most words just as we write them, and write them just as we say them. This phonetic principle in Ukrainian works most of the time. Pronunciation exercises Remember that the stress marks are intended as a guide to help you with pronunciation. They are not used in everyday printed texts, and you do not need to write them except as a means of helping you memorise the position of the stress in each new word that you meet. 1 Reading practice (a The first group of letters are close to their English counterparts in both shape and the sound that they represent. — 10 — INTRODUCTION A E 3 IT K M On. T Aa fa] Ee [ein let] 3a [z] li [ee] Ki (k] Mm [m] Oo [o] ce fs] Tr ( saMoK Micr micro ciM Kit This second group contains letters some of which look like English letters but in fact represent different sounds. B A u H P y x Bp ly, w] Aa [d] Mn fil Hu [n] Pp {r] Yy — [oo] Xx [kh] Pit puc Kapa BIciM ‘Typuct pyxa nic BYXO This third group contains letters that are quite unlike anything in the English alphabet. Brrexiunrneonwimmwa B6 [b] Tr [hin how] Tar [g in gang] €e [ye in yellow] OK [zh] it [yee] it ly] Jn) Tin [p] &p [f] Oy Its] Ua [ch] In [sh] Ty [shch] Or [yoo] Aa [ya] You have now seen all the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet several times over! Here are some lists of words for you to = 4 —UKRAINIAN practise. How many can you understand already? The first group is the easiest; the third group may require some 1 guesswork, @ 5 Gap Ganx —haxe’ «= hic. «Safa. «=a JOBPM JIEHb! axTép — MeTpé Mama, Bisa cecrpa vénic r ee (6 AK BAIITE IM’? Gara — Gisuec Gisnecmén Gankon © GackerOdn —_iméxnia xaiwar renebéu romp mah ambaystitop éro Hello! What’s your name? Boxsdt Tpoméii6yc mumdn moxomq 2xypHamict kanenndp Kommdnia gupéxtop KAprka incruTyr yuisepeurér manip Komirvorep Amépuka pecropéa ndcnopr rapéox winierp napruép ampéca HOMep —aepondpT MoKyméuT apré6yc in this unit you will learn: eH eKoHOMika inéa intepp’¥o KoMépuia © amepukdnen Kpemit = namna_—sicb cron curapéra — MomoK6 ' how to introduce yourself Sande = cy coye BuO cocicka = BepMiliéu1b how to introduce members of your family how to greet people b how to identify objects (e.g. ‘this is my house’) ® how to ask simple questions using question words ® how to ask someone what their name is 2 Reading and writing practice (a) Now practise the handwritten forms of the Ukrainian alphabet. You have seen these words already. Example: [pyr Drege ®éTo pero ced aipwana BikKHO samna rs i B Kya ua CAGE ene Aianor 1 (Dialogue 7) sOnyKo © n0é3ia kit ia uupx 1068 xeirka népeno Taras has invited Stephen to his home. FOpiit MOpe Tapic J[66puii ners, Crisene!* Ipomy 3ax6nuTu. Crinen To6pineus, Tapace!* Ax cupapn? mrs [Mixyro, 466pe. A ak Ta? (6) Here are some names of towns and rivers in Ukraine. Some you may have heard of, others may be completely new. Practise reading and writing the names. Crisen [Kixyro, nenorauo. @ towns and cities pal ic Cindi, Oymb macKa. 3 en xe aaKyro. | Kus Jizzis Onéca Anta ae Tlomrapa Yxropoa, Uepxacu Xapxis AO6puii BeHD hello/how do you do? (lit. good day) Uepuiris Yopxd6unb = JIyupx 2Kurémap Ao6prneHe hello/how do you do? Binanus Tepuonim Cepacténonb Cimdepdmom npowy sax6guTn please oe in (lit. [1] ask [you] to come in, i) rivers fk cnpaBn? how are things? (lit. how things?) ree BgiKyto thank you (lit. [I] thank) Tuinpé Byr Tloxéup Tuicrep n66pe fine 42.— — 13 —UKRAINIAN ask tH? and you? (lit. and how [are] you?) HenoraHo not bad cinan sit down 6yAb ndcKa please Aypke Asixyto thank you very much (lit. very [much] [!] thank) *Special forms of the names Cripen and Tapac, used when addressing people: see unit 11. Later that evening Taras shows Stephen a photograph of his family in Ukraine. Muréaa is a Ukrainian male name; Mapia and Oxcdna are female ones. Here is a picture of Taras’ family with a friend. Te - Oxcdna Ie - Muxéza Ie — Exzpro Aianor 2 (Dialogue 2) Tapac Le — mili Gpat. Mord spyrs Muxéza. Bin axrép. Crises’ A xTo 11e? Tapée Ue —moa cecrpa. Ti im’a Oxcana. Crinen 51xé if npodécia? os Ae HELLO! WHAT’S YOUR NAME? Bond My3HKauT. A we TBOd MaMa? _ Tax. Ii ssyrp Mapis. Bond Matemdtux. on A To TaKdx TBili Opat? Hi. To mit apyr Enypro. Nyinen Bia yxpainens? Hi. Bin ue yxpainxenp. Bix amepukdnenp. A tiordé upopécia? Bin xypnasuicr. A ne — A. this my his name is (lit. him [they] call) he actor and, but who my sister her what she musician your yes her name is (lit. her [they] call) mathematician that also, too, as well no not Andrew (lit) a Ukrainian man IH ykpaineyp? is he Ukrainian?/a Ukrainian? AmepHKaHeyb (lit.) an American Npocécia profession (a) Npapga uv HenpaBga? (True or false?) Answer in Ukrainian. . 1 Ie moa cecrpé Oxcdna. Bond %xypuamict. 2 We mili par Muxona. Bia axrép. , — fetUKRAINIAN 3 Le moa mama. Ii im’s Mapis. 4 Ie mitt xpyr Engpwo. Bin yxpainenp. (b) Answer the following questions in English. 1 How does Stephen answer the question ‘How are you?’ 2 Who are the people on the photo? 3 What is the name of Taras’ brother? 4 What is his mother’s profession? Ak cyHKuionHye MoBa How the language works 1 ‘The’ and ‘a’ in Ukrainian There are no definite (‘the’) or indefinite (‘a’) articles in Ukrainian. 2 ‘Is’ in Ukrainian As you can see from the sentences in the dialogue, you do not need a word for ‘is’ in sentences like “This is my brother. He is an actor.’ There will be more about this in the next unit. 3 Asking simple questions In Ukrainian the words for the statement pin yxpainenp (he is Ukrainian) and the question Bin yxpainem,? (is he Ukrainian?) occur in the same order. In print the question is obviously marked by the question mark, In speech the intonation makes all the difference. In a question the voice rises and falls on the word that is important for the question: Bin yxpainems? Is he Ukrainian? Ukrainian makes frequent use of the little word a to introduce questions, e.g. from the dialogues a TH? (and you?) a xro we? (and who’s this?) a ne TBos MaMa? (is that your mother?) a ro TaK6x TBiii Gpat? (and is that also your brother?) a iioré upotpécia? (and [what is] his profession?). | HELLO! WHAT'S YOUR NAME? ls (ied to change the flow of the conversation, and to seek new infor- . It can sometimes be translated into English as ‘and’ or ‘so’ at pinning of the sentence. i also occur at the beginning of a statement, e.g. a We s (and that’s Nouns Houn is a word that refers to a person, e.g. boy — xuémamxK, sister — Hpi, journalist — awypuasicr, an object e.g. car — aBromo6inp, church 1, photograph — dro, or abstract concept, e.g. day — nemb, love BoHa BOHO goreKa 660 cectpa ope sauna BiKHO| [he words sin, can, Opar are masculine in gender; BoHd, OHLKa, ‘“erpi are feminine. The nouns denote either male (cus, GpaT) or female (q6npKa, ceerpa) human beings; the gender of the Ukrainian ouns therefore depends upon the sex of the person. Hé6o, mépe and 16 all denote objects and are therefore neuter in gender. So what ut mupK and amma? After all they both denote objects, but have not een included in the list of neuter nouns. \¢ issue here is that in Ukrainian gender is a grammatical principle that not restricted to the sex distinctions of the natural world. Gender is signed largely on the basis of the final letter of the noun in question. If ‘ou look again at the list above, you will see that masculine nouns end ; in a consonant, feminine nouns end in -a, neuter nouns end in -0 or -e. ‘Ending in a consonant’ also covers those nouns that end in a consonant a ayUKRAINIAN HELLO! WHAT’S YOUR NAME? Alo hipna pisswana. This is a beautiful girl. yords rdpua yipunna (a/the beautiful girl) by themselves are only i sentence. See what happens when the adjective comes after the followed by the ‘soft sign’, e.g. omipéyp. Feminine nouns can also end in -#, e.g. Kings. The personal pronoun six can replace any noun of masculine gender, and Bona any noun of feminine gender; Bono refers only to nouns of neuter gender. The girl is beautiful. Note: Some nouns ending in a soft consonant or 4, 2, wi are in fact femi- nine. Some nouns ending in -m are neuter. You have already seen one such neuter noun in this unit — im’s (name). When such problem nouns | occur in the dialogues the gender will be given in the word-lists: (m), (f), or (n). onal pronoun is a word that replaces a noun, for example: 6 Adjectives js is my son. Heis an actor. Le iit can. Bin axrdp. This is my daughter. She is a Le mos a6ubxa. Bond An adjective is a word used to describe a noun. Adjectives can denote ‘musician. MY3HKABT. the quality of an object (good, bad, beautiful, small, blue) or what the object is made of (wooden, woollen). fre all the personal pronouns of Ukrainian. The first person pro- ilisons . : refer to the speaker(s), the second person refers to the person(s) Adjectives change their form according to the gender of the noun they spoken to, the third person refers to the person(s) or thing(s) being accompany. Look at the following examples: Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Plural AKA aKa? aKe? rapHvit 6yavHoK rapva plpuvna rapHe Hé60 a ! ta Lesd senéHnit onipéy senéva nana senéve none a ou a pou: onKid oniBéyp cms néwna cline W860 ae ae ; BoHA she BOW they BOHO none field cnniia dark blue, navy You can see that masculine adjectives end in a vowel and a consonant (uii or iii), feminine adjectives in a or a, neuter adjectives in e or e. The adjective endings mii (m), a (f), and e (n) are called hard; the adjective endings iii (m), # (f), and e (n) are called soft. Two examples: hard endings: 66pniit, 66pa, WOOpe = soft endings: cumiit, cts, cue ssessive pronouns As a tule adjectives stand before the nouns which they accompany, as in [he possessive pronouns are: the sentence: Mili my, mine TBI your, yours —=! 1B — = 1 ==UKRAINIAN unit whose aKxuli what kind of? ‘You saw two examples involving the word miii in the dialogue: Mili OpaT my brother Mili pyr my friend You have already seen that the word for ‘my’ changes its form with feminine nouns: Mofi cecTpa Mos Mama my sister my mother The word will also change its form with neuter nouns: Mo€ im’ Moé ced my name my village The word for ‘your’ changes in the same way: TBiii, TBos, TBOé. The question word ‘whose?’ also changes like this: wnii?, ansi?, 4Hé?. 4né? ) Moé im’A ana? ani? heb mila 6pat Unii ue apromobims? Whose car [is] this? Uns To KuHa? Whose book [is] that? Now look at the following examples: Le iii [t[’s] mine. He moi fit’s] not mine. Mili aBToMoOinb my car AstomoOinp Mii. The car is mine. Le mili astomoOins. This is my car. As you can see, Ukrainian uses the same word iii for ‘my’ and ‘mine’. The same applies to TBiii. TBOE AO.nyKO your apple Lle raoé s6nyxo. This is AOayKo TBoé€. The apple is your apple. yours. — ig — HELLO! WHAT'S YOUR NAME? Cultural note: ‘you’ — Bu or tu? i Ww jom you know well, e.g. a relative or a close friend (like the ' Fronch tu). Bu is used when talking to several people or as a ‘polite form of address to one person whom you do not know | Very well, e.g. in official situations, in talking to older persons, {hose who occupy a senior position, etc. In writing the pronoun 4, when used as a polite form of address to one person, has capital letter: Bu. The corresponding possessive pronouns Alo Tei (TBOA, TBOé) and Baw (Bawa, Bawe). hen meeting a Ukrainian for the first time it is always advis- Ablo to use Bu and Baw. 10 the personal pronoun tu when addressing one person lOlins, pronouns and adjectives change their endings for number and ide, The case of a noun is determined by its function in the sentence. ns and pronouns are listed in wordlists and dictionaries in the nomi- ‘ive or ‘naming’ case. It most frequently occurs as the subject of a sntence, or as the description of the subject, e.g. A — anracin., Oxcdna My3m«anr, where the personal pronoun and all the nouns are in the Nominative case. Adjectives are listed in the form of the masculine nom- Native singular. ) Asking questions with question words ‘0? Wo? xTo? who? 10? what? We can make simple questions by adding question words: Xro we? Who is this? Ilo To? What is that? 10 How to say what your name is Moé im’s Tapac. Moé npissume Kozam. My (first) name is Taras. My surname is Koval. —UKRAINIAN It is possible to say the same thing in the following way: Meué 3pytp Tapac Kozan. 3ByTb — [they] The words Mené 3pyte literally mean ‘me [they] call’. Both Ukrainian phrases, Moé im’si and Mené spyts, are the equivalent of the English ‘my name is’. Moé im’s ... call Moé npissuue mi My name is Taras Koval. Meué spyTt ... 11. How to ask what someone’s name is (a) informal AK TBOE im’A? What is your (first) name? (lit. how [is] your name?) Ax TB0é mpisBane? What is your surname? Ak Te6é 3ByTE? What is your name (and surname)? (b) formal/polite Ax Bawe im’s? Ax Bame npissume? Ax Bac 3ByTb? Te66 (from TH) you Bac (from BM) you —_ BNMPABH (exercises) 1 Read the dialogue again. Complete the table below by putting a cross (+) in the right box. okypHanict | mysnKaHT aKTop MaTeMaTuk Mapia, Euapio Mukéna OxcaHa et BB a HELLO! WHAT'S YOUR NAME? Le 4onosix? Le xtra? To xpirKa? To pyuxa? Le xnénuux? To uépxsa? Le s6nyxo? might they reply? (i) Oxcaua Bemfruxo (ii) Mapia Konan Le _ Now answer a few questions following the examples: Opar. To cecrpa. Le xirka. To BIKHO. Now some questions, saying ‘yes’ or ‘no’ in Ukrainian. ample: Le anromo6ims? — Hi, ue aepeso. (No, it’s a tree). (Yes, it’s...) (Yes, it’s...) (No, it’s a doll.) (No, it’s a bush.) (Yes, it’s a...) (Yes, it’s a...) (No, it’s a pencil.) Gi) Bugpro Kpéc6i (iv) Crinen Téiinop OG pyr, yultrenb, Mima, xu6m4HK, siIbKa, yonosix, s4mna, peBO, AIBIBHKa, riHoK, Mope) Name these people (choose their names from the list below). Imagine that you are meeting these people. How would you ask each of them what their names and professions are, and howUKRAINIAN Write out the following nouns in three columns, according to their gender. At the same time check that you know what they mean. Masculine Feminine Neuter ON0BIK «inka céune cOuue, somoBik, ximka, népepo, TanoK, BiKH6, xsirKa, xir, Hé60, XNONYHK, Kym, aBromoGim, 6yAfHOK, AIBYHHKa, AOnyxo, rowdx, dka, mpyr, Kuira, Mépe, onipéys, nanip, pyuKa, oro, uépxea, midmka, JibKa, WMpK, dMma, %«ypHaJucT, cecTpa Choose the right form of the adjective to go with the nouns in the list below. Example: Bpar pucéxnii Bpar (pucéKuit, BUCOKa, BACOKe) KsitKa (rapauii, rapaa, rapue) Pyuxa (mili, Moat, Moé) A6nyKo (genéumii, 3enéna, 3eméne) Cend (xpacripuii, xpaciipa, KpaciiBe) BeniKknn Kpacueuit yiKaenit Ténnwia BUCOKM manéHbKnit inéup (m) chair big, great, large beautiful, handsome interesting Answer the following questions, using adjectives from the list above: Example: Axi we GyniHOK? Le sesmixnii GyminoK. Axé ve i6nyKo? Le (small) Akad we KBiTKa? Le (beautiful) 51ké ne wdnka? Le (warm) Aké we népeso? Aka ue Kana? Le (tall, high) Le (interesting) below: Hxample: Yuit ue crinéus? (a) (b) (c) (d) (¢) ” NN NN Ile pucéxe népexo? - Ile rapua zisunna? - Ile réme mépe? - Le nesixnit OyqrHoK? . ‘le uépunit nanip?. Ile pucéxnit Kym? you respond? Ukrainian? ae HELLO! WHAT'S YOUR NAME? Now do the reverse! Form simple questions from the sentences E (v2) Le mii crinénp. Le mos sireKa. Le mii onizénp. Le moé AOnYKO. Le moa xatira. Tle Moé (éto. Ie miii kit. Hind the correct answer from the list on the right. Tax, ue rapua qipwnna. Tax, We Ténse MOpe. Hi, ue 3enénnit manip. Hi, ge wu3pKiti Kyu. Hi, ne Manénpxnit OyaHHOK. Tak, ue BucOKe DépeBo. (a) You are in Kyiv. At a reception you are asked what your name is. What are the words that you are likely to hear? How will You are showing some photographs to a Ukrainian friend. Your friend asks if one of the people on the photo is your brother. What does s/he actually say? You reply that it is not your brother — it is a friend. How will you phrase your reply in — 35 — eaD | AYIKE TIPHEMHO 3 -BAMH NO3HAMOMUTHCH- Very nice to meet you 0, OF In this unit you will learn: how to make a simple description of a room how to say you like something what to say when someone is introduced to you the names of some countries and nationalities something about the plural Hianor 1 The next evening Taras again invites Stephen to his home to meet his wife and to discuss some business questions. Tapac esl Tapac Upunir, Crizene! Ao6puii Bévip. Ak xuTTa? Hopmaspxo, micyro. Bipo, nosnaiiémes: ye Mili Opyr Cripex. Crisex Téiinop. Jixe upuémno, Bipa. Tlepenpowyro, ax Bane mpispuue? Tétinop. A anrmienp. Tye pana 3 Bama nosHaitémaruca. Tapace, 3anpouyii apyra Wo BiTANIbHi. Cripene, 3ax6mb, Gym macxa. TIpémry cimatu. Tyixyro. Le AYKE | rapa, cpirna Kimadta. TyT BemiKi Bikna, M’aKi, spyani Mé6ni, Ax Tyr sdTumHo! Mu Mdemo ne sxe Beynixnit GymiHOK, amé Mu fiord WyxKe su06uMo. Crinen Bipa Crinen Bipa Tapac Crizen Tapac — 26 — Tw Maem cay? MadyTB, aye crapi? VERY NICE TO MEET YOU Tax. A mato rapauii cag. Xéuent noxuBiruca? oO, ue BesiKHit can. Meni aye moyoOaroTEca ni seméni kyu Ta sicKpaBi KBiTH, I TyT Taxi Bucoxi yepésa. Bont, Tax. Tu sndem, Crisene, choréaui ne nye Tél nenb. Tyr mpoxos6mH0. Xonimo yo kimndtu. bist ly claatn ja (mM. nom. sg.: eBitnuil) jow NoAMBATUCA? OH (A/Ke) NoASGaroTEcA foKpési (m. nom. sg.: ackpaBui4) ‘raxl (m. nom. sg.: Taki) | crapl (m. nom. sg.: crapiit) hil evening how's life? life OK meet my friend. (lit. get acquainted: this is my friend) nice to meet you excuse me/I beg your pardon | am very pleased to meet you (lit. [I am] very glad with you to get acquainted) invite [your] friend to the living-room living-room come in please sit down bright (feminine form) room here soft (plural form) comfortble (plural form) furniture (plural form) [it is] cosy how cosy it is here we have but, however we love it very much you have garden Ihave [do you] want to have a look? I like (very much) these and brightly-cofoured (plural form) such (plural form) perhaps, maybe ald (plural form) =aUKRAINIAN sande [you] know chorépni today npoxondé_HO fit is] cool, chilly xogimo let's go fo kimnatn tofinto the room (a) Npasga 4u Henpasga? Answer in Ukrainian Crisen Téiinop - yxpainens. Tyr? Bemixi BikHa. Tapac Mae rapuuii cay. Cioréaui ayxe Ténsmii Henn. PONE (b) Answer the following questions in English 1 How does Taras introduce Stephen to Vira? Repeat the phrase. 2 > Which room in Taras’ house is very beautiful? 3 What do we know about the trees in Taras’ garden? 4 Why do Taras and Stephen decide to go back into the house? . * Z Ak dyHKyionye MOBa 1 Nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs in Ukrainian change their end- ings according to the role they play in each sentence. You have already seen how adjectives change their endings to ‘agree with’ the gender of the noun with which they occur. The endings also tell us about the number of the noun (and adjective, if there is one) in question; the singular number is used to refer to one per- son or object, the plural number to refer to more than one. ‘Singular’ and ‘plural’ Some nouns in Ukrainian, like mé6.i in this dialogue, exist only in the plural form. Such words will be specially marked in the wordlists. The wordlist for the dialogue in this unit gives adjectives in the form in which they occur there, and also in the form in which they occur in dictionaries. — 99 — VERY NICE TO MEET YOU | How is the plural formed? this unit you have already seen several plural forms of nouns and pemixi Bika Bucoxi pepésa Ost Ukrainian masculine and feminine nouns in the plural have one of endings m, i, i Which one depends on the ending in the singular. yuntes (yairen) rai (rai) wnt (tuia) the last consonant in the noun is soft (i.e. is followed by the ‘soft ‘ign’ or the letters 9, 10, or €, which show that the preceding Consonant is soft) or one of the following letters a, 4, m1, mi, U1, use i KYM, BiTALHA, yates). ‘Two nouns that you have already met form their plurals in a some- \ il irregular way. Make special note of: Mpyr - apysi Hine nouns lose a vowel when forming the nominative plural, e.g.: KBITKa — KBITH irniens — anraifini orinénp — crinput onivéup — onisui Oyainox — 6yqnHKH ranox — rauxn Tenb — WH ich words will always be indicated in the wordlists. b) Neuter nouns: suler nouns ending in -o in the singular always end in -a in the inative plural. Those neuter nouns which have an -e ending in the gular change that ending to a or a (i.e.: a after a hard consonant, 2 a soft consonant or p):UKRAINIAN VERY NICE TO MEET YOU sixna (BikH6) céna (cen6) Dpiliv/onnd/onné is followed by the nominative singular: é é 6] . > ue . Pree a eed BOEEOEE?) On Win crinéyb © omHd Kimndra —omHé BiKHO The neuter noun im’s requires special attention. Its nominative plural is W/ani — worispa are followed by the nominative plural: imena. crimbui/api Kimndra Tpu Gpati 4OTHpH BikHa 3 Making adjectives plural Aianor 2 The plural ending for both hard and soft adjectives is the same, irrespec- tive of the gender of the following noun: -i hard soft hance meeting in the street. Taras accidentally touches the handbag Meet opie Cie: aia lady who is walking towards him hand in hand with a tall man. rapunit rapui O! ...JIigo, mk4 s¥crpiu! BuGay, Gyn» 1dcKa! n66puii = 66 pi T6puit wévip, Tapdce! Tosnaiiémcs: we mili youoBik, Bozoyrimup. Ayxe pagquii no3snaii6mutuca. Tapac. (shakes Taras’ hand) Tlepenpouryto, 1x Bawie im’A? Tapac. Tapac Kozan. Alyoxe npuémuo, 4 ‘My’, ‘your’, ‘our’ in the plural Here are the forms of the possessive pronouns ‘my’ and ‘your’: mili, Mos, Moe mot ae TBO! cipaBu? Tail, TBOA, TBOS eof lenorano. A ak Bu? , ; Baw, Bawa, BaWe Bawi Ayxe 166pe. Crordani ayxe rapuuii, Ténmii Wen i MH TyJHeMo, Hy, 266pe, macmmiso... Tapace... Cuyxaii, nog3Bonn Komi-né6ynp. Ocb Haut Tenedon. Mu 3anpdouyemo B récti. Tax, TOZ3BOHITR HeowMinHo! Uyn6so. Jaixyio. Note: The forms of nam (our) are like those of pam. 5 Number and numbers Learning about the plural naturally leads into counting. The numbers 1-4 in Ukrainian are: meeting what a meeting! please excuse me we're out for a walk (inf. rynsitw) cheerio! good luck! opt (m), opHa (1), oH (7) apa (mn & n), api (1) RON tpn (all genders) i : : listen! anh yotupn (all genders) No”SsBOHA KonH-Hé6yob phone [us] sometime (inf. nogssonatn) WH Sanpéwyemo B récti we invite [you] to visit us No_sBouite Heo_MinHo! phone [us] without fail!UKRAINIAN 7 What is a verb? Verbs denote an action (Stephen runs fast; she is reading a book), or a mental process (Taras thinks logically), or a state (Vera is my sister). They also denote when the action takes place. Tense means the time of the action to which the verb refers: past, present or future. Ukrainian verbs have separate forms for each of the three tenses. In this unit you will learn the forms of the present tense. 8 The verb ‘to be’ Le — mili Opar Mux6za. This is my brother Mykola. To — iit apyr Expr. That is my friend Andrew. These sentences can also be expressed in a slightly different way: Le € mili 6par Muxéna. To e mili mpyr Enapio. This is my brother Mykola. That is my friend Andrew. The word € (‘is’ or ‘are’) is not compulsory — you can either use it or leave it out in sentences like this. First person: -s1€ mune Jam we are Second person: THe Bue you are you are Third person: sine he is BoHae BOHME she is they are BOHG €& itis 9 There is/there are There are large windows and soft, comfortable furniture here. Tyr semixi Bixna, m’sxi, 3py4ni Mé6ui. Sentences with ‘there is, there are’ in English usually denote the location of person or objects, e.g. ‘there are two girls here’ ‘there is a letter on the table’. In Ukrainian there is no equivalent phrase for ‘there is/there are’ and the location comes at the beginning of the sentence. Tyr BucdKi nepéna. There are tall trees here. Tyr semixi Bixna, There are large windows here. Y nirdmeni mani, 3py4ni There is soft, comfortable Mmé6uIi. furniture in the living room. Pee VERY NICE TO MEET YOU 10 Itis ‘Tyr 34Tamno. Cporégui mpoxomdgHo. Jijoxe upuémuo 3 Bama nosHaiiémurucs. It is cosy here. It is chilly today. It is very nice to meet you. krainian does not use a word for ‘it’ in sentences like this where the noun ‘it? does not seem to refer to a noun. After all, you cannot ask ‘What is chilly today?’ and expect to get a reasonable answer! 11 Adverbs n adverb describes how an action is performed, e.g. ‘he can run fast’, ‘Stephen speaks Ukrainian well’. Many adverbs in English end in -ly, .g- neatly, beautifully, thoughtfully. In Ukrainian adverbs can be wmed from adjectives by replacing the -wii ending of the masculine ominative singular with -o, e.g. npuémuuii pleasant mpuémno pleasantly rapanit beautiful rapHo beautifully A few adverbs end in -e, e.g. n66puii good 66pe well Words like 3d1mmmo (it is cosy), upoxondano (it is cool) (see section 10 fibove) are also adverbs in form, and are formed from adjectives in exactly the same way: Tapuo, mo Bu tyr. Ténno cporégni. It’s fine that you're here. It’s warm today. 12 Verbs — the dictionary form Every verb has a base form used for dictionaries called an infinitive. Most Ukrainian verbs have infinitives ending in -ra. You have already met a few: mpomy sax6qura / npémy cindtm _ The equivalent form in English is ‘to come in’, ‘to sit down’.UKRAINIAN Some special forms of the infinitive You have also seen two infinitives (no3naiiémuTuca, noqMBiTHCs) which are slightly different because they end in -cs. See what a change in meaning it can make let [me] introduce (somebody) jet [me] introduce myself MO3BOuIbTe NosHaiiéMurTH... AOSBONbTe NOsHaiiOMuTuCA let [me] go3BonbTe The suffix -e can come after any personal form of the verb, as well as the infinitive, e.g. I like the flowers (lit. the flowers please me). Meni noqé6arorscs KaiTn. There will be more about -est in unit 5. Note: The inifinitive of the verb ‘to be’ is 6frn. 13 The present tense of verbs Ukrainian verbs are divided into two conjugation patterns. The word conjugation refers to the form of the personal endings. The significant feature of the first conjugation is the letter -e (after a consonant) or -€ (after a vowel) in the second and third persons of the singular and the first and second persons of the plural. For example, the verb matH (fo have): First person: A Malo mv Maemo Second person: TH Mae Bu maeTe Third person: Bin Mae Bond Mae BOHM MaIOTb BOHO Mae VERY NICE TO MEET YOU Here are some first conjugation verbs in the present tense: sHaTH cigatn sganpowysaTu = ASKyBaTH (toknow) (to sit down) —_(to invite) (to thank) | sHat0 cigdio sanpowyto BsiKyro you sHaew cinaew sanpowyew asikyeu he/she/it 3Hae cigde sanpowye aiKye we 3HaeMO cigdemo s3anpowyemo asikyemo: you sHdere —cigdere sanpowyere asxyete they sHdoTh —cigaloTb sanpowyloTh = AsiKyloT ‘orbs like mdrn, 3n41m and cigar are completely regular; you can leduce the forms of the present tense from the infinitive. However, you can see from the last two verbs that the infinitives contain a syllable a-) which is not present in the other forms given here. penpémysatn has forms exactly like those of 3anpéurysaT.) This why all verbs will be listed in the infinitive and the forms of the first ind second persons singular when necessary, because from those forms \ll other forms of the present tense can be deduced. 14 Giving orders and making requests e verb forms wmo3naiiémea, 3anpéwyit, 3ax6q6, nol3B0nh/ (OA3BOHITE are called imperatives. They denote orders, requests or Vitations: 3ax64b, 6yab WAcKa (come in, please). 15 Asking questions without question words lestion words are words like ‘who, what, whose, how’ — xo, uo, “mii, . Questions without a question word (unit 1) are formed in writing simply by adding a question mark or by rising intonation in speech. However frequent use is made of a little word 4m followed by the ques- tion itself. Uy Bin aursiens? Is he English? (lit. [is] he [an] Englishman?) Do you have a garden? Do you want to have a look? Un TH Maem cay? Un Tu x6uen! noquBiruca?UKRAINIAN 16 Howto: (a) greet people in Ukrainian time of day formal informal 6:00-12:00 [[66poro panxy! good morning Tpunit! Hi! (at any 12:00-18:00 [[66puii zene! good afternoon/ time) day 18:00-22:00 J[66puii Bésip! good evening (b) ask: How are things? © Questions Ak cnpaépn? How are things? Ak wut TA? How’s life? Ak Yonopik/ py Kina? How’s the husband/the wife? Ax pitn? How are the children? @ Possible replies AUsryro, ... Thanks, ... 4yOBO great! fine! nyxKe 1.66pe very good a66pe good HeroraHo not bad HOpMaJILHO OK TaK co6i S0-S0 He WYxe T66pe not very good noraHo bad, rotten 2KAXJIBO absolutely awful (c) introduce yourself and other people A-Cripew. Mexé spytp Crisen. Moé im’si Crisen. Moé mpi3suie Téiinop. Floss6nTe BipexomensyBatuca: Alo3nésETe nosHaii6mMuTucs: In informal situations when addressing one person and introducing someone, you can say: Tosnaiiémes: ue Crizen. When introducing yourself in a very informal situation, you can say: Upusir: a Cripen. Hi! I [am] Stephen. VERY NICE TO MEET YOU but be very sure. This way of introducing yourself is extremely casual! When being introduced to someone for the first time you shake hands tnd say: J[yxe mpuémno and name yourself, e.g. A Terpé Pnatior, or Alyce pagmit (m)/paza (f) 3 BAmn nosnaiiémuraca. Here are some phrases for introducing other people: 7lossénnTe upencTaButu: Te J>xon. Aosnénpte Bigpexomenyysatu: Ue mili pyr Jka. _ AlosBénpTe no3sHaliéMuTu: Ije mos négpyra Mapis. Tlosnaiiémreca: Tle Mapis. (d) say: Here is... Ocb Terepdu. , Ocp nau 6yqMHOK. Oct Milt aBromo6im/Ocb Mos Maumina (e) identify some countries and nationalities patna (country) nattiondbHicTh (nationality) (m) “ Vpaina (Ukraine) yxpatnenp ykpainia Amépuxa (America) amepukduems amepukdnica Himéwunna (Germany) HiMcHb HiMKénst Kandya (Canada) KaHayliens kaHajiiiKca Pocia (Russia) pocism«n pocismeca Auras (England/Great Britain) aurnienp anrsiiica ‘panuia (France) ppanny3 bpannyxenca Trania (Italy) ivanie, ivaniiica Ienania (Spain) icndnemp icrdamca Axcrpania (Australia) apctpasieu, — apcrpastiiiica “Sluduia (Japan) samOneub snduka Note: ® the word for ‘foreigner’: ino3sémen (m), ino3émKa (f) © All the masculine nouns in the above list ending in -emb or -eub lose their final vowel when forming the nominative plural, e.g. anon ivasiiint ©® The nominative plural of pocisiman is exceptional: pocisim. icndanenp AHTIENb icnduni SUIOHELt> ania wrastiens — BFUKRAINIAN Bnpasu 1 Add the necessary pronoun, TH or BH. (a) ... cind (c) ... 3ademr Cripena? Now make the Bu form in those sentences where there are TH forms. now, and vice versa. You are acting as interpreter between a visitor who does not speak Ukzainian and your Ukrainian host who does not speak English. Put the visitor’s remarks into Ukrainian, and the host’s replies into English. Example Visitor This is a bright room. Ue cairaa Kimura. Host Tax, Kimmdira pyoxe cpirna. Yes, the room is very bright. Visitor = What room is that? Host Tam piTdnbna. Visitor It’s very cosy! Host Tax, ty? M’axi, spytni Mé6ui. Visitor — Is this your garden? It’s big! Host Tak, ue Mili cag. Bia nyxe rapuuii. Put the infinitives in brackets into the correct form required by the personal pronoun in each sentence. (a) A (maim) spysnitit GyatHoK. (6) Bix (cindtm) y xpicno. (c) Mx (sanpémysatn) no Bitdnpni. (@) Tu (andrn), ye Tapac? Make complete sentences out of the following words. (a) apyr, ue, Miii. (b) anroiiixa, Bond. (c) Mae, SynMHOK, BemiKuii, BiH. (@) siranpni, sanpémyemo, no. (e) Mapis, kanamiiixa. VERY NICE TO MEET YOU 5 Answer the following questions in Ukrainian with ‘yes’ or ‘no’ as required, using the words in brackets as a guide. Example: Gu Crinen amepuxdnens? (Englishman) Hi, nin anruielp. (a) Un ue Bitanbua? (living room) ... (b) Un ue Bipa? (Oksana) ... (c) Un tyT Besmtki Bikna? (little windows) ... (d) Un ne Bam 6par Muxounna? (my friend Andrew) ... Identify the nationality in each of the following sentences according to the example. Example: Peter comes from England. Bin anrmienp. (a) This musician comes from Germany. Bin ... . (b) My wife comes from Italy. Bona ... . (c) This is a journalist from Spain. Bin .. (@) You come from Russia. Tu ... « (e) Iam from Ukraine. Al ... . (This person is from Australia. Bona ... . Give Ukrainian equivalents of the English phrases in the following dialogue: Tapéc TIpusit! Crinen Hello! Please come in, Tapic = AK cipdsu? Crisen Thank you, fine. And you? Tapac Alacyto, nenordano. Crisen Please sit down. Tapac = [axyto. Ax Tyr 34rammo. — 39 —UKRAINIAN 8 Complete the following dialogue by translating the English words in brackets into Ukrainian: Onér JJoOprinens, ax (life)? Mukésa (OK), naixyro. A ak TH? Onér = (Absolutely awful). Tlosnaiiémcs, Tersua. Tersino, ue mili (friend). Terina (Very) upuémuo (with you) nosHaiiémutuca. (I beg your pardon), 1x Baure (first name)? Max6éaa Muxénsia. Onér (Please sit down). Maxé.ta (Thank you). Tersma Bu yxpaineus? Munéna Hi, a iraniemp, (my mother is Ukrainian). Ti spyrp Mapis. (Your house is very beautiful.) Ax Tyt (cosy). (Yes), weit 6yninoK (is very old), ané (comfortable). (We have) 3py4Hi, airs (rooms), rapuuit (garden). (this is my wife) Onér CTIBEHE, BA MA€ETE CIM’!O? Stephen, do you have a family? this unit you will learn how to: say please and thanks ) talk about your family | say goodbye Ajianor 1 \¢ evening in Taras’ house in London. Conversation over coffee. Tu xouem miTH yaii 44 KaBy? Kasy, 6yab macka. Lyxop? Hi, astxyro. Al nam’sTato, TH He OOM WyKpy. Bepu, Syyb nadcKa, ricreuka, ix né4HBO. (offers cakes) Upémy, uparomatireca, 3 Alixyro. O, ue ayKe cmauno. A mo6smo TicreyKa. Un To6i wamirn ue KABu? Tax, npdmy. [yxe 466pa Kapa. (inf.: xotiTw; 1st person xouy) you want Naru (nto, n’ew) to drink “oi tea wa (here:) or — i —UKRAINIAN Kay (nom.: Kapa) coffee uyKop sugar naw’arato (inf: nam’sTarn) Iremember Tw He mo6mw UyKpy You don’t like sugar take! (fancy) cakes present tense: im, ich, ; m6, icté, fase) eat! néu“Bbo biscuits Npwrouaitteca (inf: npurouatuca) help yourself! ‘cMa4HO: [itis] tasty ‘Un TO6i Hani We KaBn? Shall [I] pour you out some more coffee? 1 More orders and requests AK cbyHKuionye MéBa This dialogue introduces more imperative forms. The form of the impera- tive depends on the pronoun that would be used when speaking to that person, T# or Bx. Here are both forms of the imperatives that you have seen so far: ‘TH (singular — informal) Bu (plural or formal singular) Gep-t Gep-ire bx DK-Te 3anpouty-it 3anpouly-ii-re 3axdab 3axdab-Te 3HalOM-ca 3HaliOM-Te-ca TOD3B0H-A HO73BOH--TB mpuroma-ii-ca npuroma-ii-re-ca Note: The hyphens are there to help you see how the words are built up. The tules for forming the imperative are given in unit 18. All new imperative forms occurring in the texts will be given in the wordlists. The object of a sentence (accusative case) The accusative case is primarily used as the case of the direct object, ie. the form for the word that is at the ‘receiving end’ of the action of the subject: a STEPHEN, DO YOU HAVE A FAMILY? 3anpomyit apyra. Tu ne sro6mm uyKop. Tu Maeut cant Dur Bepii ricreaa. Tu xovem Gara ag) ‘bx néanpo. Tn xoueurSfifin wdpy? A robs ricresxa. orm; in other words their accusative singular form is exactly the same WW the ‘dictionary form’, the nominative singular. The same is true of the outer singular noun mé4mgo; the accusative neuter plural noun ticrenca |i ls0 identical to the nominative plural. [lowever two nouns have changed in form: : _ Sanpomyit zpyra. Invite [your] friend. (nom. sg.: 4pyr) ‘Tu xouen mira Kany? (nom. sg.: KaBa) Do you want to drink coffee? ‘a is a feminine noun; all feminine nouns ending in -a in the nomina- e singular change the -a to -y in the accusative singular. Jpyr, ever, is a masculine singular noun, and yet it behaves differently yom the other masculine nouns in the list. Animacy We need to look at the meaning of the word apyr, ‘friend’, i.e. a male Human being. The idea of animacy is of great importance in Ukrainian jtimmar, When it comes to forming the accusative singular, masculine Nouns in the singular are divided into animate and inanimate. Animate houns cover all the animal kingdom, including male human beings; in ¢ accusative singular they add -a to the form of the nominative singu- I t, Masculine nouns referring to objects and abstract concepts are all Ininimate. Animacy is also important in the plural of feminine nouns denoting human beings and animals. Endings of the accusative case — nouns ‘The following tables will give you an overview of the endings for the ‘Nominative and accusative cases in both the singular and plural: — 43 —UKRAINIAN (a) Masculine inanimate nouns Nom. S. nacnopt 6yqvHoK onipéyp Acc. S. nacnopt 6yAViHOK onipéyb Nom PI. nacnop™m 6yqvHKu onisut Acc. Pl. nacnoptn 6yqvHKn onisyt (6) Masculine animate nouns Nom. S. | 6pat apyr yuutenb | aurnieyp | pociduun Acc. S. 6pata apyra yurena | axrnitiua | pocifHvna Nom Pl. | 6para Apy3i yunteni | anrniiyi | pocifun Acc. Pl. |6patis | apysis | yuntenis | anrniiiyis | pocisu (c) Feminine inanimate nouns Nom. S. KHMra, Bynnua 3ycTpiy Acc. S. kKHUry BYNIMLIO aycrpiy Nom PI. KHUTK Bynnui 3ycTpiyi Acc. Pl. KHATU. Bynnui 3yeTpini (@) Feminine animate nouns Nom. S. cectpa anouKa. anrniiaka KAYA Acc. S. cectpy aAnouKy anrniiaxy KAYO Nom PI. céctpn ANOHKM anrniakn | Ku Acc. PI. cectép ANOHOK anrniiox KYU (e) Neuter nouns Nom. S. | qépeso npissuuye | mope KMTTA im’A Acc. S. wépeso | npissuye | mope = | >xnTTA im’A NomPl. |aepésa |npissuuja | mopa | >xKutTA imena Acc. Pl. Aepésa | npissvuyja | mops = | KuTTA imena SaaS STEPHEN, DO YOU HAVE A FAMILY? ote: All inanimate nouns of whatever gender share endings for the nominative and accusative cases in the plural. Masculine and feminine animate nouns in the plural have different endings for the accusative case. In fact it would be more accurate to say that feminine nouns in this case have no endings at all! The -a that marks the nominative singular ending of a feminine noun is dropped; in the case of ceerpa, anémxa and anrsiiixa this would lead to a cluster of consonants at the end of the word. In such circumstances a vowel is inserted between the consonants: -o- or occasionally -e-. Masculine animate nouns have a quite different ending in the accusative plural: -ip. Nouns like pocisimn behave somewhat differently; the nominative plural form is shorter, and the accusative plural has no ending at all, like feminine nouns. Proper names (words like TOpiii) are also nouns and have case endings. Of course, they are animate (41 3ndro Tapsca). Muéaa, although a male name, ends in -a, and so declines like a feminine noun — hence SM 3udio Muxéxy. evise the sections on hardness and softness of consonants in the troduction and section (2) in unit 2. The accusative case — personal pronouns Nom. Acc. Nom. Acc. First person: A MeHé Mu Hac Second person: ™ Te66 Bu Bac “Third person: (m) | BiH ord (f) BoHa i BOHA ix (n) BOHO word ‘eminder: The third person pronouns make no gender distinction in the Jural.UKRAINIAN STEPHEN, DO YOU HAVE A FAMILY? 4 Endings of the accusative case — adjectives The tables that follow give the endings of both the nominative and accusative cases. Crinene, pu mdere cim’10? SA neonpyxennit. Y méue e Garpxit B MWorsduaii. Mama nencionépxa, a T4To mpamoe B Ganxy. De 2 mato 6a6ycro. A Béuti 6arpKi y Besnxo6puranii? Hi. Boni 8 Vepaini. Mima ii TaTO 2KUBYTD y Uepuirosi, a Tika B Kyiesi. (a) with animate nouns Hard endings SA me ve nyxe m66pe sudo ykpainceki micté. TMepen- PpOulyto, 4M BH He 3HdeTe, KOTpA ronina? Nom. S. Acc. S. Nom. PI. Acc. PI Jes’ara. Bu nocniusdere? M. Ao6bpun 66poro A66pi go6pux Tax, rpomu. A sxe Mato fT ponémy. Tye miKkyto 3a F: 6pa Ao6py A66pi adbpux rocTimnictb. Tipuxoégp imeé. Soft endings Ho noGdyenua! Ha sce 66pe! Nom.S. | Acc. S. Nom. Pl. | Acc. PI Tat M. cnHiin cMHboro cui cunix F cnHa chnto cuni cnHix oAPY>KeHNiA (un)married y Mone c have 6 parents (b) with inanimate nouns 1 Bilornénat (nom.: Wornéiaia) —_ in Scotland " pensioner (f) Hard endings (inf: npayonarn) works | i énKy (nom.: 6aHK) ina bank (here:) also, as well Nom. S. Acc. S. Nom. PI. Acc. Pl jaGYcto (nom.: Gabycn) granny M. Ad6pun Ao6pnii 66pi 66pi | Mnpyre (inf.: KaTH; KMBY, KMBEW) — [they] live F. go6pa AoGpy ‘AO6pi AO6pi |» Yepirosi (nom.: Yepui rx) in Chernihiv N. 66 | trea aunt — A06pe A66pl A66pi Kitesi (nom.: Kitis) in Kyiv ‘Mle7é (nom.: micto) towns Soft endings orpé roqana? what time is it? (lit. which hour?) p'sira (mM. nom. sg.: WeB’sATHIY nine o’clock (lit. ninth) Nom. Ss. zg Mocniuderte? (inf: nocnimatu) — are you in a hurry? me S. Acc. S. Nom. Pl. Ace. PI pou alittle M. cui cui chi cui “Mato (inf.: métu) (here:) have to, must, should Fe cua CHHIO cCHHi cui WM (here: dT after a word ending in N. cuHe chHe uni ci a vowel (ay, inéu) eos A ome —> 2. Of ran Oe 1 Aianor 2 The conversation over coffee and cakes continues: — 46 thanks for the hospitality come again! (iuyé = we after a word ending in a consonant) Ao noGayenHA goodbye | Ha pce AOGpe all the best na bye-bye 2 AyUKRAINIAN Here are some questions on both dialogues: (a) Npapga uv HenpaBya? Answer in Ukrainian. 1 Crisen mo6urp Tictesxa. 2 Tapaci Bipa 2nByTb y Tlonrasi. 3 Crier AdOpe aude yxpalucpxi Micra. 4 Bipa nocnimde non6my. (b) Answer the following questions in English. What kind of drink does Stephen choose? 2 Is Stephen married? 3. Where do Vira’s parents live? 4 At what time does Stephen have to go home? Ak dyHKuyionye MOBa 3 Prepositons A preposition is a word that, together with the endings of nouns, pro- nouns and adjectives, helps to relate words to each other in a sentence. Examples of English prepositions are ‘about, into, for’. So far you have seen the Ukrainian prepositons 3 and jo: 9 jyaxe pani 3 B4mn nmo3naiiémutues (I am very pleased to get acquainted with you), zanpémyii 40 Birdneni (invite (him) into the living room); xonimo 40 kimndtu (let’s go to the room), but for the time being just learn the whole phrase, because different cases are involved. Here are some prepositions which are followed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative case: (a) y/B (to, into) Oxcdna cine B aBToMoGitb. Oksana gets (lit. sits down) into the car. (on) (with days of the week) A ue mpanporo B cyOdry. I don’t work on Saturday. STEPHEN, DO YOU HAVE A FAMILY? Note: the preposition y/p is followed by a different case in some Phrases in the dialogue; it has a different meaning there (in) and is followed by a different case (the locative) that will be dealt with later. Vor the time being learn the phrases in which this case occurs, e.g. B Hornduaii, B Gantry. (b) na (to) Al iiny ua poOdry. A iny wa poxsan. The difference in usage (with the accusative case) between the preposi- {ions y/s and na in the meaning ‘to’ is best left to experience! Just note lie phrases where each preposition occurs. J am going to work. Tam travelling to the station. ) po (about) SI 3n410 mpo pipmy «Pépmec- I know about the Hermes Clothing Knésinr». firm. (d) 30 (for, after asicyro) TMixyro 3a keira. Thanks for the flowers. BoK3an station ( rd (as i in Un bin ea It can also be tae to mean ‘or’, as in fit anrsieus «im yxpainent? _Having and having to Ihave léphen uses both ways of saying ‘to have’ in Ukrainian in the space of ew lines. You saw the verb mau in the previous unit; it corresponds tly in form to the English verb. MéHe € h ther construction (y Méne €) is a very common way of expressing Hisession. It will be explained in detail in unit 5. For now compare the 0 ways in which Stephen can say that he has a granny: —a —