FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OWERRI

P.M.B 1526, IMO STATE

A 300L SIWES REPORT ON

DONE AT

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OWERRI

WRITTEN BY

ONUIGBO CHIDERA PROMISE

20181120863

SUBMITTED TO

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

THE BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

JANUARY, 2023.
 DEDICATION
I dedicate this report to God Almighty, who has given me the privilege to undergo this
industrial training.

I also dedicate this report to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Humphrey Onuigbo
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First off, I want to thank the Almighty God for giving me the grace and the wisdom to write
this report.

I sincerely want to thank my lovely and supporting parents for their support during the period
of my industrial training. I also want to thank my department, Petroleum Engineering; FUTO
and my lecturer who made sure we understood almost all he taught.

I will not forget to appreciate my colleagues for being collaborative throughout the training.
 ABSTRACT
Student's Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) popularly called Industrial training is
a scheme that gives the students of Tertiary Institutions the opportunity to acquire a direct
work experience and also provides them the platform to apply both the theoretical and
practical knowledge acquired in the course of study in a related Industry.

Actually, this report is a summary of my industrial training experience. The crux of the
training was centered on use of bio diesel (from palm kernel oil) to produce oil base mud and
to test the physical properties of the bio diesel.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE

DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................................

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................

CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................

BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES........................................................................................................5

1.2 AIMS OF SIWES.......................................................................................................................7
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES........................................................................................................7
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................

2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PETROLEUM ENGINEERING, FUTO.................................8

2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE DEPARTMENT.............................................................................8
2.3 ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE DEPARTMENT..........................................8
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................

CHAPTER FIVE.......................................................................................................................................
 CHAPTER ONE

BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

Student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is one of the industrial training funds

(ITF) program, the scheme was designed to give (expose) Nigerian students to the industrial

environment and enable them develop occupational competencies and experiences that

would supplement their theoretical learning and also allow them contribute their quota to

national economic and technological development after graduation.

Consequently, SIWES is a planned and structured programme based on stated and specific

career objectives which are geared toward developing the occupational competencies of

participants. In spite of the challenges faced by SIWES in the four decades of its existence,

the Scheme has not only raised consciousness and increased awareness about the need for

training of undergraduate students, but has also helped in the formation of skilled and

competent indigenous manpower which has been manning and managing the technological

resources and industrial sectors of the economy. Participation in SIWES has become a

necessary condition for the award of degrees and diplomas to students graduating from higher

institutions in Nigeria. It is therefore, not in doubt that SIWES is a veritable means or tool for

National Economic Development.

The main thrust of ITF programmes and services is to stimulate human performance, improve

productivity, and induce value-added production in industry and commerce. Through its

SIWES and Vocational and Apprentice Training Programmes, the Fund also builds capacity

for graduates and youth self-employment, in the context of small scale Industrialization in the

economy. The Industrial Training Fund is a grade ‘A’ parasternal operating under the aegis of

the Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment. It has been operating for 42 years as
 a specialist agency that promotes and encourages the acquisition of industrial and commercial

skills required for national economic development.

1.2 AIMS OF SIWES

The effort is aimed at helping/training students in the Nigerian tertiary institutions with respect

the practical aspect of their field of study by exposing students to machines and equipment,

professional work methods and ways of safeguarding the work areas and workers in industries

and other organizations.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

SIWES which was established by the industrial training fund in the year 1974 was for the

following objectives.

1. To solve the problem of lack of adequate practical skills preparatory for employment

in industries by Nigeria tertiary institution graduates.

2. To train students on industrial base skills essential for a smooth transition from the

class room to the world of work.

3. To enhance student’s contact for later Job placements and a chance to evaluate

companies for which they might wish to work.

4. The program teaches the students on how to interact effectively with other workers

and supervisors under various conditions in the organization.

 CHAPTER TWO

COMPANY’S PROFILE

2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PETROLEUM ENGINEERING, FUTO.

Engineering program started as petrochemical science and technology program in the School
of Natural and Applied Science (SNAS) now School of Sciences(SOS) in 1981 with few
students to start with.

At the inception of the School of Engineering and Engineering technology (SEET) in October
1982, the Petrochemical Science and Technology programme was restructured and was
renamed Petroleum Engineering Programme. The programme started at the Lake Nwaebere
Campus which was a temporary site for the University and lectures started in October 1982
led by Engr R. M Aguta. In 1987 the programme was merged with the Chemical Engineering
programme to form the Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering. In 1998 the
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering was split into two separate departments
- Chemical Engineering Department and Petroleum Engineering Department and has
remained separate entities to this day.

2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE DEPARTMENT

The Department of Petroleum Engineering is located next to the Chemical Engineering
Department of the Federal University of Technology Owerri. It has an Administrative block
housing the offices of the lectures and non-academic staff and the Academic block housing
the auditorium, lecture halls, library, computer laboratory and other petroleum related
laboratories. The Department has over 40 staff and over 150 students in each of the five
levels.

The department is currently led by Engr Dr I U Duru as the Head of Department and Engr Dr
Ngozi Nwogwu as the SIWES coordinator who are working tirelessly with the aid of the
other staffs to take the department to greater heights.

2.3 ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE DEPARTMENT

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
Engr. Dr. I. U Duru
PROFESSORS
Engr. Prof. B. Obah
 Engr. Prof. S. I Onwukwe

SENIOR LECTURERS
Engr. Dr. A. I. B. Ekejiuba
Engr. Dr. C. I. C. Anyadiegwu
Dr. K. C. Igwilo
Engr. Dr. N. C. Izuwa
Engr. Dr. U. I. Duru
Engr. Dr. N. P. Ohia

LECTURER 1
Mr. A. O. Chikwe
Engr. I. M. Onyejekwe
Engr. Dr. A. Kerunwa
Engr. U. J. Obibuike
Engr. E. Egelle
Engr. Dr. A. N. Nwachukwu
Engr. B. Nzeribe

LECTURER 2
Engr. Dr. Mrs N. C. Nwogu
Engr. I. A. Oguamah
Engr. E. O. Mbah

ASSISTANT LECTURERS
Mr. Ibiam
Miss. I. N. Onugha
Mr. P. M. Ikpeka
Mr. F. N. Nwabia
Mr. J. Odoh
Mr. N. Okoli

SAFETY
The safety of lives and equipment are paramount in the industry and thus, treated with
caution just like they say unsafe action +unsafe condition =accident. The company supervisor
briefed us on the safety rules and regulation on my first day of this industrial training.

TYPES OF SAFTETY PRECAUTION

1. Safety Induction: When starting as a new staff at a company, you need to be equipped with
basic safety s kills for survival in case of necessity, so the new intakes are being trained
"inducted" on the safety rules and they undergo safety training so as to create awareness on
the dangers accompanied with the industry work. Note, those to work on an offshore drilling
rig are required to have a certificate of swimming, so those without it are expected to undergo
a week training so as to learn basic swimming skills in case of any danger when working

2. Personal Protection Equipment (PPE): It involves the tools and equipment required to
perform task in the industry e.g. cover all, goggle, helmet, boots, hand gloves, etc. PPE are
paramount before one could enter the company whether on an official or unofficial visit

CHAPTER THREE

INTRODUCTION TO VARIOUS LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

3.1 DRILLING FLUID LABORATORY

The drilling fluid laboratory provides a wide range of analysis on water-based and oil-based
drilling fluid at standard and HPHT conditions
 The objectives of the undergraduate drilling lab course are

 To inform the students about the primary functions of drilling fluid

 To introduce the test procedures for controlling the properties of drilling fluid
 To introduce the common additives used to obtain the desirable properties under
various drilling conditions
 To explain main factors governing the selection of drilling fluids

The equipment in the drilling fluid lab are

Multi mixer, Large volume mixing tank, Pressurized aging cells, Rolled oven, Heated
magnetic stirrer, Centrifuge, Mud balance, Emulsion stability tester, Filtrate analysis
kit, Hydrometer kit, Atmospheric consistometer (Used the check the thickening time of
a cement slurry), Fann viscometers, Variable speed viscometers, Standard filter
press ,HTHP filter press, Sand content kit, Retort kit, Rheometer, PH meter

3.2 PRODUCTION LABORATORY

In the production laboratory, physical properties measurements of H-C are taken according to
the American Petroleum Institute standard (API), such as, fluid density, viscosity, surface
tension, interfacial tension, flash point, vapor pressure, pour point, water content in crude oil,
total salts content of crude oil by conductivity and corrosion.

Some equipment found in the production lab include;

Centrifuge, Cloud and pour point tester, Heating mantle, Distillation unit, Water bath
Hydrometer.

3.3 RESERVIOR LABORATORY

The reservoir lab is a lab where Reservoir analysis such as development of sub-subsurface

data to integrate analysis of rocks, pores, and fluids from various reservoirs. In addition, it
calculates dynamic rock and fluid properties and gives reservoir model in direct
measurements.
Some equipment found in the reservoir lab include;
Permeameter,Vapor analyzer, Capillary pressure system, Microscope, Core saw, PVT
apparatus, Sieve shakers, Pressure plate extractor, Conical flask with wooden cork

3.4 FLOW ASSURANCE LABORATORY

The flow assurance lab is a laboratory that is more concern with the efficiency of how
hydrocarbon fluids are transmitted economically from the reservoir to the end user over the
life of a project in any environment. Flow assurance analysis is a recognized critical part of
the design and operation of subsea oil/gas systems.

Some laboratory equipment in a flow assurance lab include;

Centrifuge, Gas chromatograph, Crude oil distillation unit, Distillation unit , Derick,
Pour and cloud point tester.

Table 1: GENERAL EQUIPMENT AND THEIR USES

Equipment Uses Picture

1.Spatula This is used for mixing

samples.

2.Sets of sieves They are used for particle size

distribution test, for

conducting sieve analysis.

3.Rheometer/Viscometer This is used for determination

of mud rheological

"Viscosity"

properties.

4.Mud balance Used for determination of mud

weight.

5.Weighing balance Used to weigh samples in

laboratory.

6.Oven This is used for drying wet

samples.

7.Retort kit for measuring the percentage

(%) of oil and water, and for

estimating both suspended

and dissolved solids contained

in a sample of water-based or

oil-based muds and cuttings

8 Atmospheric

consistometer used to obtain a thickening

time for low-temperature

cement systems;

9 Marsh funnel This is used for measuring

viscosity
10 Sand content kit to determine the volume

percent of sand in drilling

fluids.

11 Flash point tester determine the lowest point at

which a test sample’s

temperature and vapor

pressure become ignitable in

air

12 Thermometer used to measure the boiling

point and freezing point

during science experiments

13 Hydrometer used for measuring density or

relative density of liquids

based on the concept of

 buoyancy.

14 Filter Press Used for fluid loss test

15 Measuring Cylinder Used in measuring solution

 CHAPTER 4
MEANING/PRINCIPLE OF DRILLING MUD

Petropedia defines drilling fluid as a "liquid that is used to facilitate the easy drilling of

wellbores in the earth's surface". It is often used to drill oil or gas wells and even exploration

drillings of wellbores. Collins English Dictionary defines drilling fluid is a "mixture of clays,

water, and chemicals pumped down the drill string while an oil well is being drilled to

lubricate the mechanism, carry away rock cuttings, and maintain pressure so that oil or gas

does not escape to the surface". A suspension of fine-grained mineral matter, usually in

water, circulated in oil-well drilling to cool and lubricate the drill bit, plug up porous

surfaces, etc.

Esabunor O.N.R. defines drilling fluid as a mixture of two or more phases; solid phase is the

bentonite clay; liquid phase could be water, diesel oil, crude oil, or any other synthetic oil;

reactive phase (additives) to enhance the functionality of the drilling fluid. The three phases

are mixed in various proportion to meet specific hole condition. The first person did not

consider the use of additive or chemical to improve the quality of the designed mud (drilling

fluid) while the second person consider the use of chemicals, the third person consider the use

of additives all to improve the quality of the mud to meet specific hole condition.

3.2 TYPES OF DRILLING FLUIDS

There are several different types of drilling fluids, based on both their composition and use.

The three key factors that drive decisions about the type of drilling fluid selected for a

specific well are:

 Cost.
 Technical performance.

 Environmental impact.

Selecting the correct type of fluid for the specific conditions is an important part of successful

drilling operations. The basic types of drilling fluid (mud) use in the oil and gas industry are

below:

 Water based fluids (WBFs) or Water based mud (WBDs).

 Oil based fluids (OBFs) or Synthetic based fluids (SBFs).

 Pneumatic (air, mist, foam, gas) “fluid” systems.

Water-based fluids (WBFs) are the most widely used systems, and are considered less

expensive than oil-based fluids (OBFs) or synthetic-based fluids (SBFs). The OBFs and SBFs

– also known as invert-emulsion systems – have an oil or synthetic base fluid as the

continuous (or external) phase, and brine as the internal phase. Invert-emulsion systems have

a higher cost per unit than most water-based fluids, so they often are selected when well

conditions call for reliable shale inhibition and/or excellent lubricity. Water-based systems

and invert- emulsion systems can be formulated to tolerate relatively high down hole

temperatures. Pneumatic systems most commonly are implemented in areas where formation

pressures are relatively low and the risk of lost circulation or formation damage is relatively

high. The use of these systems requires specialized pressure-management equipment to help

prevent the development of hazardous conditions when hydrocarbons are encountered.

3.3 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUID

A properly designed and maintained drilling fluid performs essential functions during well

construction such as transporting cuttings to the surface, preventing well-control issues and
wellbore stability, minimizing formation damage, cooling and lubricating the drill string and

providing information about the wellbore.

1 Transport cuttings to surface

2 Prevent well-control issues

3 Preserve wellbore stability

4 Minimize formation damage

5 Cool and lubricate the drill string

6 Provide information about the wellbore

7 Minimize risk to personnel, the environment, and drilling equipment

PRODUCTION OF BIO-DIESEL FROM PALM KERNEL OIL

Materials

 Vegetable oil (palm kernel oil)

 Methanol
 Sodium hydroxide
 Orthophosphoric acid
 Water
Apparatus;

 Beakers, conical flask, measuring cylinder, pipette, hot plate and stirrer, weighing
balance, volumetric flask, separating funnel.

DESCRIPTION
Palm kernel oil contain surfactant (gum) in microscopic quantity, so in other to obtain a pure
oil, I added Orthophosphoric acid and hot water to the palm kernel oil in a process known as
degumming.

Sodium hydroxide acts as catalyst in this reaction and reacts with the alcohol (methanol in
this case) to produce sodium methoxide

The sodium methoxide is now poured into the heated degummed oil and the mixture is
allowed to stand. after some time, the bio-diesel will rise, and they glycerol will settle.

NOTE; since sodium hydroxide acts as catalyst, the main reaction is between the gum oil and
methanol in a process known as trans esterification

PROCEDURE;

IN PREPARING THE ACID;

 The acid had a concentration of 85%, and we need to reduce it to a standard

concentration of 75% so I used the following relation;
M1V1=M2V2………………… (1)
Where M1=75%
M2=85%
V1=?
V2=100ml
From equation 1 above I obtained V1 to be 88.24ml
I.e. V1=88ml approximately
 To turn 88ml of acid to 100ml, I added acid to water i.e. 12ml of water + 88ml of
acid =100ml of acid having a new concentration of 75%.
 A 5ml syringe was used to measure the 12ml of distilled water and poured into a
volumetric flask.
 A 25ml pipette was used to extract the acid until 88ml of the acid was gotten and was
poured into the volumetric flask containing the 12ml of distilled water.
DEGUMMING PROCESS

 Using the 1000ml beaker 900ml of the palm kernel oil was obtained.
 3% of the 900ml is the quantity if hot water to be added to the oil.
i.e. 3%*900=27ml of hot water (100 degrees)
 0.005% of 900ml is the quantity if acid (75% concentration) to be added to the oil.
0.05/100*900=0.45ml of acid which I approximated to 0.5ml.
 Put a beaker containing the oil water and acid on the hot plate and put in the magnetic
stirrer inside.
 After it has been properly heated to about 55 degrees and properly stirred, I put off
the hot plate and took the beaker down.
 I left the mixture and allowed the gum to settle.
 IN PREPARATION OF THE SODIUM METHOXIDE

NaOH comes either in pellet or granular form, in the case the granular NaOH was used.

 Place a paper strip in the electric weighing balance and measure 0.5g of NaOH
 Measure 30ml of methanol
 Pour the methanol inti the conical flask containing the granular NaOH and stir.

FINAL PROCEDURE

 Measure 100ml of the oil (palm kernel oil after all the gum must have settled down)
then heat till it is 65 degrees
 Gently pour the methoxide into it
 Stir for 1 hour
 Pour the mixture into the separating funnel
 The biodiesel rises and the triglycerol settle
PRECAUTIONS

 Wear protective gloves

 I avoided error due the parallax when taking my measurement
 I made sure the hot plate is on a low-level surface
 I poured the acid into water, not water into acid to avoid expulsion.
OBSERVATION

The bio-diesel did not separate properly from the glycerol forming soap instead.
This was as a result of the not filtering out the mixture of the gum oil and methoxide
before pouring into the separating funnel.

FORMATION OF OIL BASE MUD FROM BIO DEISEL

The three-bio diesel used are;

1. Palm kernel oil (PKO)

2. Bio diesel made from palm kernel oil
3. Bio diesel made from vegetable oil.
Type of emulsifier

1. Primary emulsifier
2. Secondary emulsifier
Low recommended oil/water ratio for different mud density
 DENSITY (ppg) OIL/WATER RATIO

7-9 60/40

9-11 65/35

11-14 70/30

14-16 75-25

16-19 80/20

19 Above 85/15

MATERIALS NEEDED

1. 222ml of the base oil i.e. palm kernel oil or the synthetic oil.
2. 5gm of lime
3. 6ml of primary emulsifier
4. 3ml of secondary emulsifier
5. Brine solution which is prepared by adding 25gm of CaCl2 to 75ml of water
6. 215 grams of barite
7. Bentonite
Note; the expected weight and oil/water ratio of the oil based mud to be produced are
11.8ppg and 80/20 respectively.

APPARATUS USED

1. Graduated cylinder of different sizes

2. Stirring rod
3. Beaker
4. Electronic mud mixer (Hamilton beach mixer)
5. Weighing balance
6. Spatula
Hamilton beach mixer

FOR PREPERING OIL BASE MUD

1. Pour 222ml of base fluid into a mixing cup

2. Prepare the brine solution
 Add 25gram of CaCl2 into 75ml of H2O
 Stir for complete dissolution
 At the end 60ml of total brine solution is used for the formulation
3. At low shear rate/low shear speed of the electronic stirrer add the 6grams of primary
emulsifier and 3grams of the secondary emulsifier
4. Increase the speed to medium (11000rpm)
5. Add the already prepared brine solution
6. Add 5grams of lime
7. Add 215grams of barite
8. Add 7grams of bentonite
9. Then stir for like 30 minutes at 11000 rpm
10. Thus the mud is successfully formulated
RESULTS

WHEN PALM KERNEL OIL WAS USED AS THE BASE FLUID

Density of the mud = 12.15ppg @ 60 degree

Dial reading at 300rpm=150

Dial reading at 600rpm=270

10 seconds gel strength =42lb/100ft^2

10 minutes’ gel strength =90lb/100ft^2

PH= Neutral

CALCULATIONS

1. Yield point =2× ϕ300

i.e. 2×150=300

2. plastic viscosity = φ600- φ300

i.e. 270-150=120

3. Apparent viscosity = φ300/2

i.e. 150/2=75

WHEN BIO DIESEL MADE FROM VEGETABLE OIL WAS USED AS BASE FLUID

Density of the mud = 11.9ppg @ 60 degree

Dial reading at 300rpm=163

Dial reading at 600rpm=360

10 seconds gel strength =50lb/100ft^2

10 minutes’ gel strength =79lb/100ft^2

CALCULATIONS

1. Yield point =2× ϕ300

i.e. 2×163=326
 2. plastic viscosity = φ600- φ300

i.e. 360-163=197

3. Apparent viscosity = φ300/2

i.e. 163/2=81.5

WHEN BIO DIESEL FROM PALM KERNEL OIL WAS USED AS THE BASE FLUID

Density of the mud = 12.5ppg @ 60 degree

Dial reading at 300rpm=92

Dial reading at 600rpm=142

10 seconds gel strength =95lb/100ft^2

10 minutes’ gel strength =115lb/100ft^2

PH= Neutral

CALCULATIONS

1. Yield point =2× ϕ300

i.e. 2×92=184

2. plastic viscosity = φ600- φ300

i.e. 142-150=50

3. Apparent viscosity = φ300/2

i.e. 92/2=46

RETORT KIT TEST

AIM: To determine volume of oil, water and solids present in the mud and obtain the
oil/water ratio

In a retort test, a measured sample of fluid is placed in a cup and heated until the liquid
components have been vaporized. The vapors are passed through a condenser and collected in
a graduated cylinder or centrifuge tube that has been calibrated to record the volume of the
condensed liquids at 20°C.

RESULT FROM THE RETORT KIT EXPERIMENT

Volume of water =1.6ml

Volume of oil =3.6ml

Volume of solids=4.8ml

Oil/water=volume of oil/volume of oil + water * 100

i.e. 3.6/5.2*100=69.23(% of oil)

% of water =100-69.23=30.77

Therefor oil/water is approximately =69/31

ANILINE POINT TEST (DIESEL OIL)

Determination of aniline point

Equal volumes of aniline and oil are stirred continuously in a test tube and heated until the
two merges into a homogeneous solution. Heating is stopped and the tube is allowed to cool.
The temperature at which the two phases separate out is recorded as aniline point.
The aniline point can also be determined by obtaining the temperature at which the base oil
mixes up with the aniline fluid.

PROCEDURE

1. Pour equal volume of the base fluid and the aniline and mix together
2. Check the temperature at which the mixture separates using a thermometer
The aim is the check the tendency of our base fluid of the drilling fluid to attacking the rubber
components of the drilling system

RESULT

Mixing temperature = 80⁰c

Separation temperature =60⁰c

EMULSION STABILITY OF THE FORMULATED MUD:

The Electrical Stability (ES) meter was used to measure the emulsion breaking voltage.

Emulsion Stability indicates the emulsion and oil wetting qualities of oil-based and

synthetic-based mud samples. The oil mud sample was preheated and poured through a

Marsh Funnel screen into a glass beaker. The mud sample was hand-stirred with the

electrode probe for 10 seconds to help create a uniform composition and temperature.

The ES meter test button was then pressed down automatically applying an increasing

voltage (from 0 to 2000 Volts) across an electrode gap in the probe. The maximum

voltage, and the mud temperature were recorded. The higher the voltage, the more

stable the mud.

 ENGINEERING DESIGN USING AUTOCAD 2D & 3D

• Engineering: Use of scientific principle to design and build machine, structure

and other items (Source: Wikipedia)

• Design: A Plan or Drawing produced to show the look and function or working if
a building, garment or another object before it is made (Source: Oxford Dictionary

• Engineering Design: Systematic way to Produce or Steps used for Producing

functional products and/or processes.

• There are many Computer Aided Design software used for Engineering Design
but AutoCAD is the most widely used. AutoCAD: Computer Aided Design
software that allows you to draw and edit digital 2D and 3D more quickly and
easily. Invented by John Walker in 1982 and developed and owned by Autodesk.

• Career Opportunities: Project Engineer, CAD Engineer, CAD Draftsman,

Instrumentation, Process Engineer, Electrical Engineer, Civil Engineer,
Architecture etc.

AutoCAD software Layout

• Classic version: It comprises of both 2D and 3D drawing, modification,

parametric and specification features

• 2-Dimensional Layout: It comprises of only 2D drawing, modification, parametric

and specification features

• 3-Dimensional Layout: It comprises of only 3D drawing, modification, parametric

and specification features

Features of AutoCAD and its functions

VIEW FEATURE
 This is used to control the visual size of feature or shape while drawing on the
Auto. The visual spectrum can be zoomed, 3D view, orbited, panned etc. To use
the view feature to zoom-in or zoom-out, you place the cursor at the specific point
you want to zoom in or out and use the roller component on the mouse.

TO ZOOM-OUT TOTALLY

• Enter Z key on the command section

• Click enter

• Options of All/Center/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object, will emerge

• Enter A Key and Click enter

• Insert: This is used to insert pictures, objects or documents to features or shapes.

• Format: This is used to set dimensions, thickness, units, dimensions style,

drawing limits etc.

Procedure for drawing to specification for 2-D

• Set units of measurement

• Set Thickness

• Set Drawing Limits

• Use the Draw tools to Draw the design items

• Use the modification tools to modify the drawn items until desired shape is
achieved

• Set dimensions of the tool

• Using text tool to name the item drawn.

3-Dimensional Design

Also referred to as 3-D Modeling, used to bring represent 2-D drawings in 3-D
form. In addition to Draw and Modifying Features, it has the Modeling and Solid
 editing Features Its view includes the 3-D conceptual and 3-D realistic used to
view 3-D designs and shapes. It has Mesh and Sub-Object options.

Modeling Features

Used to draw 3-D shapes. The consists of the following Shapes features: Box, Cylinder,
Cone, Sphere etc.

Design Features: Extrude, Loft, Revolve, Sweep etc.

3-D Extrude

3-D Revolve

3-D Loft
Benefits of AUTOCAD:

 It has the ability to produce very accurate designs

 Drawings can be created in 2D or 3D and rotated.

 Other computer programmes can be linked to the design software.

 AutoCAD as an architectural planning tool: It enables architects to design, plan,

execute and analyze the strength of a building at the design stage level.

 AutoCAD as an engineering drafting tool: It helps engineers to design, analyze and

solve design issues resulting in accurate designs.

 In 3D printing: A 3D print has its own advantages for designers, and for this software

helps them. The designs can be exported to various preferred formats.

 AutoCAD in the fashion industry: It has the tools necessary for planning designs for

the manufacture of jewelry, toys and other delicate objects.

 AutoCAD as an industrial design tool: It helps to reduce manufacturing costs as it

saves time and efforts required for manual designing.

 CHAPTER FIVE

WORK EXPERIENCE

The following are what I learnt:

1. I learnt some of the basic tools and equipment in the different petroleum engineering
laboratory which are drilling lab, reservoir lab, production lab, and flow assurance lab.
2. I learnt how to produce Bio-diesel from palm kernel oil.
3. I learnt how to formulate oil base mud from different base fluid (palm kernel oil,
vegetable oil and Bio-diesel from palm kernel oil.)
4. I also learnt how to use AUTOCAD software in both 2-D and 3-D construction.

CONCLUSION

Transesterification is a very sensitive process that requires extreme care as to the nature and
state of the materials used as well as the reaction conditions. The process involves a
straightforward series of chemical reactions, but many things can still go wrong in home (or
laboratory) production setting. Understanding the likely causes of biodiesel failure can help
rescue or at least prevent similar problems in the future. Also, failed biodiesel may
occasionally result in the production of something useful, like soap and lubricant (as
suspected in this work). Recognizing when this happens can prevent the batch from becoming
a total loss. For example, in one of the reaction settings (in this study) the reaction after being
allowed to stay for days did not give any phase separation. In troubleshooting what went
wrong it was observed the container of the NaOH used had some cracks which could have
allowed moisture uptake from the atmosphere. This could also be as a result of not filtering
the methoxide before pouring the mixture into the separating funnel.

During the production of oil base mud from palm kernel (PKO) oil it was observed that the
PKO had better physiochemical properties result. Higher flash points, proving their fire-
resistant capabilities, higher densities and viscosities which reduces cost of mud formulation.

The use of the import function in Auto CAD definitely has some advantages.  It can help
to reduce the time it takes to produce the drawings needed in the work environment.  
However, if the individual that has created the imported file does not receive credit for
their work, problems may arise in the future.  As well, by using the function people may
slowly start to place a lesser value on the intellectual property of others, which  will
undoubtedly create future conflict.  The use of the import function may also be relied on
heavily in order to create efficiencies within the industry.  This could possibly lead to a
decrease in the rate of innovation.  It's obvious that the import function has a place in the
building industry, but its use will have to be regulated in order to create a balance
between the negative and the positive effects it creates.

CHALLENGES

1. There was a limited learning time

2. No stipend was allocated to us and it was not encouraging.
3. The lab was crowded as a lot of people took the practical at a time
RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Intern students should be given ample time suitable for an optimum training
2. Intern students should be paid some allowance
3. I will also recommend that institutions should make provision for student to go on
excursion in various industries aside the IT period which is the only opportunity a
student has and not all may be opportune to get an IT placement

References

1. Alamu, O.J. et al., 2008. Characterization of palm-kernel oil biodiesel produced through
NaOH-catalysed transesterification process. Scientific Research and Essay, 3(7),
pp.308–311.
2. Ananwe, P., Efeovbokhan, V. E., Ayoola, A. A., & Akpanobong, O. (2014). Investigating
Alternatives to Diesel in Oil Based Drilling Mud Formulations Used in the Oil Industry.
Journal of Environmental and Earth Science. 70-77.

3. Gerper, J. V, Shanks, B. and Pruzko, R, Biodiesel Production Technology, Feasibility

report small scale biodiesel production. Waste Management Research centre, 2004.

4. Association For Computer Machhttp://architectural-design.outsourcing-services-

india.com/civil-engineering-design.phpinery, "Code of Ethics", [On-line document], 1992
October, [cited 2008 Oct.12] Available http://www.acm.org/about/code-of-ethics

5. Craig Summers and Eric Markusen, "Why Good People Do Bad Things: The Case of
Collective Violence", [On-line document], [2005 November]  [cited 2008 Oct.12]
Available http://campus.udayton.edu/~richards/Computer%20essays/why%20good
%20people%20do%20....htm