FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY OWERRI

P.M.B 1526, OWERRI, IMO STATE

A REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK

EXPERIENCE SCHEME SIWES TRAINING PROGRAM
[400L]

DONE AT
UMUEBULU COTTAGE HOSPITAL/HEALTH CENTRE
UMUEBULU 1, ETCHE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, RIVERS STATE

DONE BY
AMADI OLUCHI SANDRA
20201207757

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH

SCHOOL OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY

IN PARTIAL FILFULMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARDS OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE [B.S.C] DEGREE IN
PUBLIC HEALTH

JANUARY, 2025
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this SIWES report to the Almighty God and to my parents, for their
unwavering support, encouragement, protection, and guidance throughout my
academic journey and during the course of my SIWES experience."

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am deeply grateful to the Almighty God for His divine guidance and protection
throughout my SIWES experience.

I extend my sincere appreciation to my Head of Department, Dr. Iwuala, for his

unwavering support, guidance, and dedication to my success throughout the
SIWES program.

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to the Chief Medical Director, Dr. Kelo
Abe, for providing me with the opportunity to undertake my SIWES at Umuebulu
Cottage Hospital. I also appreciate the love, support, and encouragement from the
entire hospital staff, whose efforts made this experience truly memorable.

Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends for their unconditional support,
understanding, and encouragement throughout my internship.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

1.0INTRODUCTION TO STUDENT WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

1.1About SIWES

1.2Aims and Objectives of SIWES

1.3Importance of SIWES

1.4 Organizations Involved in the management of SIWES

1.5problems student face during SIWES

CHAPTER TWO

ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION

2.0 Background

2.1 Mandate of NPHCDA

2.2 Umuebulu Cottage Hospital

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (SIWES)

1.1 ABOUT SIWES

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a Skills Training
Program designed to expose and prepare Students of Universities, Polytechnics,
Colleges of Technology, Colleges of Agriculture and Colleges of Education for the
Industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.

It is also a planned and structured programme based on stated and specific career
objectives which are geared towards developing the occupational competencies of
participants (Mafe, 2009).

Consequently, the SIWES programme is a compulsory graduation requirement for

all Nigerian university students offering certain courses.

Before the establishment of the Scheme, there was a Growing concern that
graduates of our institutions of Higher learning lacked adequate practical
knowledge and that the theoretical education in higher institutions was not
responsive to the needs of the employers of labor.

It is against this background that the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) Initiated
designed and introduced SIWES Scheme in 1973 to acquaint Students with the
Skills of handling Industrial Equipment and machinery.

The Industrial Training Fund (ITF) solely funded the Scheme during its formative
years. However, due to financial constraints, The Fund withdrew from the Scheme
in 1978. The Federal Government noting the significance of the Skills training

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handed the management of the Scheme to the National Universities Commission
(NUC) and the National board for Technical Education (NBTE) in 1979.

In November 1984, management and implementation Of the Scheme was again

reverted to the ITF with the funding to be solely borne by the federal Government.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The aims and objective of student Industrial work experience Scheme in Nigeria
include;

i. To provide an avenue for student in the Nigeria Universities to acquire

industrial skills and experience in their various field of study.

ii. To prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after
graduation.

iii. To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment

and machinery that may not be readily available in the universities.

iv. To make transition from the university to the world of work and thus
enhance student’s contacts for future job placements.

v. To provide students with the opportunity to apply the theoretical knowledge

they had gain in school to real-life work situation, thereby bridging the gap
between university work and actual practice.

vi. To enlist and strengthen employers involvement in the entire education

process of preparing university undergraduate for employment in the
industry.

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vii. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge
in real work situation, thereby bridging the gap between University work
and actual practice.

viii. To serve as opportunity for self- actualization for students thus making
positive and commendable contribution within the scope of his/ her
knowledge.

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF SIWES

They gain practical exposure to technology and equipment that may not be readily
available in their institution.

i. Provide students with valuable connections and exposure to potential

employers while they are on training.

ii. Provides student with the opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge in a

practical setting.

iii. Helps to bridge the gap between academic knowledge and industry
requirements ensuring that students acquire the practical skills and
competence needed to succeed in the workplace.

iv. Helps student to develop essential skills and competencies such as critical
thinking, problem solving, communication and teamwork.

1.4 ORGANIZATION INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SIWES

PROGRAM
The organization involved in the management of SIWES program includes;

1. The Federal Government of Nigeria,

2. The Industrial Training Fund (ITF),

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3. National Universities Commission (NUC),

4. National Board for Technical Education (NBTE),

5. National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE),

6. Institutions of Higher Learning;

7. The Employers of Labour

1.5 PROBLEM STUDENT FACE DURING SIWES

The following are the problems student encounter during SIWES, which include;

1. Limited duration of the SIWES programme

2. Lack of proper orientation
3. Lack of hands on experience/insufficient practical experience
4. Rejection of application and delayed responses
5. Cost of transportation
6. Lack of supervision
7. Failure to prioritize the health and safety of student

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 CHAPTER TWO

ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION

2.0 THE BACKGROUND: NATIONAL PRIMARY HEALTHCARE

DEVELOPMENT AGENCY
The National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) is a
parastatal of Nigeria’s Federal Ministry of Health. The Agency was established in
1992 and merged with the National Programme on Immunization (NPI) in 2007.

The NPHCDA was established following the recommendation of a high level

WHO review team through Decree 29 of 1992 to capitalize on major achievements
in primary health care delivery in Nigeria beginning from 1986 to 1992 which has
resulted in the country being ranked amongst the top in the world in terms of
primary healthcare, relative to other countries.

Since its inception, the Agency has made remarkable and innovative progress in
the development of primary health care and improving the health and quality of life
of Nigerians especially in developing communities.

2.1 THE MANDATE NPHCDA

The nine of NPHCDA include;

Providing support to national health policy for the development of primary health
care

Providing technical support for planning management and implementation Of

primary health care

Mobilizing resources nationally and internationally for the development of primary

health care

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Promoting health manpower development needed for primary health care through
orientation and continuing education

Providing support to the Village health system by training Village health workers

Providing support for monitoring and evaluation national health policy

Promoting health system research by promoting and supporting problem oriented

system research

Providing annual report on the status of primary health care implementation

nationwide

Providing technical collaboration by simulating universities NGOs and

international agency

2.2 UMUEBULU COTTAGE HOSPITAL (UCH)

The Umuebulu Cottage Hospital (UCH) is a Public hospital (a government owned
hospital), located at umuebulu 1, Etche Local Government Area, Rivers State. It
was established on the 8th of August, 1990.

The Umuebulu Cottage Hospital is licensed hospital by the Nigeria Ministry of

Health, with facility code 32/11/1/2/1/0031 and registered as Secondary Health
Care Centre.

The facility has staff strength of 26 workers that handle the different
units/departments and it is led by the chief Medical officer Dr kelo Abe.

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UMUEBULU COTTAGE HOSPITAL PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING SERVICES;

 Antenatal care(ANC)

 Routine immunization (RI)

 Circumcision

 Family planning

 Laboratory service

 Pharmacy

 Out-patient Care

 In-patient care

 HIV/AIDs treatment /care

 Pediatric services

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  Treatment of common ailment

 Surgical services

2.3 THE ORGANOGRAM OF UMUEBULU COTTAGE HOSPITAL

CHIEF MEDICAL
DIRECTOR

OFFICER IN CHARGE
(OIC)

CHIEF NURSING
OFFICER (CNO)

COMMUNITY HEALTH MEDICAL RECORD LABORATORY

OFFICER (CHO) OFFICER SCIENTIST

COMMUNITY HEALTH PHARMACIST

EXTENSION WORKER

HEALTH ASISTANT

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 WORK EXPERIENCE

I commenced my IT placement at Umuebulu Cottage Hospital on July 16th, after
presenting my placement letter and a recommendation letter from my community's
chief (Eze) to the Chief Medical Director, Dr. Kelo Abe. Upon arrival, I was
introduced to department heads, staff members, and briefed on the hospital's health
services. I was then assigned to the immunization unit.

3.1 MY WORK EXPERIENCE IN VARIOUS UNIT

3.1.1 Immunization unit

Immunization is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes
fortified against an infectious agent.

Immunization is the process whereby a person is made resistant to a disease,

typically by the administration of vaccine.

In the Immunization Unit of Umuebulu Cottage Hospital, immunization services

are conducted every Monday and Thursday. Our daily routine begins with an
opening prayer, followed by a health talk.

Health Talk on Immunization

Health talks are essential component of healthcare education, these interactive

session provide a platform for mothers to receive accurate and reliable information
on various health topic such as;

Importance of immunization: Focusing on the health benefit of immunization to

their children, how it protect their children against serious diseases and infections,
as well as the right age to start immunization.

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Exclusive breastfeeding: Informed mothers about the health benefit of exclusive
breastfeeding to their child, the duration (six month) and how it should be done.

Oral rehydration solution (ORS): Educated mothers on how to prepare oral

rehydration solution at home, its importance and when it should be given to their
child.

Vaccine preventable disease: Enlighten the mothers on the various diseases

prevented by each vaccine, the risk and threat these disease poses when contracted
by their child.

Common reaction to vaccine: Educated the mother on some common reaction to

vaccine such as pain, redness and swelling of the injection site and how to manage
these reactions at home

Child weaning: Addressed the mothers on the meaning of child weaning, the
proper age to start child weaning for their child, how it should be done and its
benefit to their child.

Health lifestyle and personal hygiene: Educated the mothers on healthy living and
good hygiene practices such washing of hands, eating nutritious meal, regular
changing of their babies diapers and proper disposal of it as well as the benefit of
healthy living

Daily registration and documentation

The daily registration in the immunization unit involves registration of infant (new
born) in to relevant register by collecting information such as their name, date of
birth,

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Parents name, residence address, phone number of parents, state of origin, then you
proceed to record each vaccine the child will taking for that day on the
immunization card.

Generation of card number and scheduling of Next visit

The card number generation is only done for infant (new born) or in rare cases
where the child was not vaccinated from birth. To generate card number use the
hospital initials, then add the infant serial number on the immunization register and
the year of the registration e.g. UCH/199/24.

To schedule or calculate the next visit for infant (newborn), you make use of the
child date of birth and then count six weeks from then e.g. if a baby is born on the
13th of March then 13th of April will make the baby a month old, then add
fourteen more days to the 13th of April that is the baby's schedule for next visit.

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Auto-Disable Syringe

An auto-disable syringe is a type of syringe that is designed to prevent reuse. It has

a mechanism that automatically locks or breaks the needle after a single use,
making it impossible to reuse the syringe.

Reasons for Using Auto-Disable Syringes

1. Prevention of Blood-Borne Infections: Auto-disable syringes prevent the

transmission of blood-borne infections, such as HIV and hepatitis, by
ensuring that the syringe is not reused.

2. Reduced Risk of Cross-Contamination: Auto-disable syringes reduce the

risk of cross-contamination between patients, as the syringe is not reused.

3. Improved Safety for Healthcare Workers: Auto-disable syringes reduce the

risk of needle stick injuries and exposure to infectious diseases for
healthcare workers.

4. Compliance with Infection Control Guidelines: Auto-disable syringes help

healthcare facilities comply with infection control guidelines and regulations.

5. Reduced Risk of Medication Errors: Auto-disable syringes reduce the risk of

medication errors, as the syringe is designed for single use and cannot be
reused with a different medication.

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3.1.2 Routine Immunization (RI) Schedules For Children

3.1.3 Pentavalent vaccine ( Penta Vaccine)

The Penta vaccine, also known as the Pentavalent vaccine, is a combination
vaccine that protects against five serious diseases.

COMPONENT VACCINES

The Penta vaccine is a combination of five vaccines:

1. Diphtheria vaccine: Protects against diphtheria, a bacterial infection that can

cause severe respiratory and cardiac complications.

2. Tetanus vaccine: Protects against tetanus, a bacterial infection that can cause
muscle stiffness, spasms, and rigidity.

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3. Pertussis vaccine: Protects against pertussis, also known as whooping cough, a
highly contagious bacterial infection that can cause severe coughing fits.

4. Hepatitis B vaccine: Protects against hepatitis B, a viral infection that can cause
liver disease and cancer.

5. Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) vaccine: Protects against Haemophilus

fluenzae type b, a bacterial infection

Diseases Prevented

The Penta vaccine prevents five serious diseases:

1. Diphtheria

2. Tetanus

3. Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

4. Hepatitis B

5. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

Administration

The Penta vaccine is typically administered to children in three doses:

1. First dose: At 6 weeks of age

2. Second dose: At 10 weeks of age

3. Third dose: At 14 weeks of age

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NB: Hepatitis B vaccine and OPV should be administered within 24hrs birth to
two week, while BCG can be administered within 24hrs of birth and given up to
11months.

3.2 Tetanus toxoid vaccine (T.T vaccine)

Tetanus Toxoid vaccine, is a vaccine used to protect against tetanus, a bacterial
infection caused by Clostridium tetani.

The TT vaccine contains tetanus toxoid, which is a toxin produced by the bacteria
that is treated to make it harmless. When administered, the toxoid stimulates the
body's immune system to produce antibodies against tetanus.

Diseases Prevented

The TT vaccine prevents tetanus, a serious bacterial infection that can cause:

1. Muscle stiffness and spasms

2. Rigidity

3. Lockjaw

4. Difficulty

5. Respiratory failure

Immunization schedules for Tetanus Toxoid vaccine

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3.2.1DESCRIPTION OF VACCINE USED IN UMUEBULU HEALTH CENTRE:

1) Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV): Hep B vaccine is used to prevent Hepatitis B virus.

The disease is usually transmitted through contact with saliva, blood semen and
vaginal fluids of a person infected with Hep B. The vaccine is transmitted
intramuscular into the right thigh in infants. It is not a freezable vaccine.

2) Oral polio vaccine (OPV): OPV is a life attenuated vaccine given orally to
prevent poliomyelitis. Polio (infantile paralysis) is an acute viral disease caused by
human enterovirus. OPV is freezable. It is sensitive to heat and light.
3) Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG): BCG is used to prevent Tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease of the lungs caused by Mycobacterium

16
tuberculosis. BCG is freezable and is given at the left upper arm.
4) Pentavalent vaccine: This vaccine is a combined multivalent vaccine with

five individual vaccine conjugate into one. It protects against diphtheria, pertussis,

Hepatitis B, Tetanus, and haemophilus influenza. given at the left thigh.

5) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV): PCV is used to prevent

Pneumococcal disease which is caused by streptococcus pneumonia bacteria, and

some other diseases. PCV is not freezable and is given at the right thigh.

6) Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV): just like OPV, IPV is used to prevent

Poliomyelitis. IPV kills the virus so the carrier can’t pass it out in stool. Not

freezable and is given at the right thigh.

7) Measles vaccine: Measles is an acute, highly communicable disease caused by

Rubella virus. This vaccine is used to prevent measles. Measles vaccine is

17
a live attenuated virus vaccine in powdered form. It is diluted with cold diluents
and

should always be kept cold. Measles vaccine is sensitive to light and is given at the

left upper arm. Note: It should not be given when the child is less than 9 months.

3.2.2VACCINE STORAGE EQUIPMENT

1. Refrigerators: Used to store vaccines at a temperature range of 2-8°C (36-46°F).

3. Cold Boxes: Insulated containers used to transport vaccines at the correct

temperature.

4. Giostyle Vaccine Carriers: Portable, insulated containers used to transport

vaccines in the field.

5. Ice Packs: Used to keep vaccines cool during

6. Vaccine Vials: Used to store vaccines in a lyophilized (freeze-dried) or liquid

form.

Vaccine vial monitors (VVMs) are small stickers or labels attached to vaccine vials
to monitor their temperature history. VVMs help ensure that vaccines are stored
and transported within the recommended temperature range, which is crucial for
maintaining their potency and effectiveness.

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How IT works

1. Heat-sensitive material: The VVM contains a heat-sensitive material, usually a

chemical that changes color or pattern when exposed to heat.

2. Color change: The chemical changes color or pattern as it absorbs heat,

indicating if the vaccine has been exposed to temperatures outside the
recommended range.

3. Irreversible change: The color change is irreversible, meaning that the VVM
will not return to its original color even if the temperature returns to a safe range.

19
Benefits of VVMs

VVMs offer several benefits:

1. Improved vaccine quality by ensuring that vaccines are stored and transported
correctly, reducing the risk of degradation or spoilage.

2. Reduced vaccine wastage due to exposure to incorrect temperatures.

3. Increased confidence in vaccine efficacy

EQUIPMENT IN THE IMMUNIZATION UNIT USE

Syringe

Safety box

Hand Sanitizer

Child immunization register

General attendance register

Wastbin

Cotton wool

Methylated spirit

Ice Packs

Giostyle Vaccine carrier

Weighing scale

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Cold box

Vaccines

Soap and water etc.

3.2.3FAMILY PLANNING
Family planning refers to the practices, methods, and decisions made by
individuals or couples to control the number of children they have, the timing of
their births, and the spacing between pregnancies. It involves the use of various
methods and techniques to regulate fertility, prevent unintended pregnancies, and
promote healthy reproductive practices.

3.2.4Types of family planning

Natural method

Barrier Methods

Hormonal method

Surgical method

3.2.5METHOD OF FLAMILY PLANNING

Natural Methods

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1. Rhythm Method: Involves tracking the woman's menstrual cycle to determine
the fertile period.

2. Basal Body Temperature Method: Involves tracking the woman's basal body
temperature to determine the fertile period.

3. Cervical Mucus Method: Involves tracking the woman's cervical mucus to

determine the fertile period.

4. Withdrawal Method: Involves withdrawing the penis from the vagina before
ejaculation.

Barrier Methods

1. Male Condoms: A sheath made of latex or polyurethane that fits over the penis.

2. Female Condoms: A pouch made of latex or polyurethane that fits inside the
vagina.

3. Diaphragm: A dome-shaped device made of latex or silicone that fits over the
cervix.

4. Cervical Cap: A small, thimble-shaped device made of latex or silicone that fits
over the cervix.

Hormonal Methods

1. Birth Control Pills: Oral contraceptives that contain estrogen and progesterone.

2. Patch: A transdermal patch that releases estrogen and progesterone.

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3. Ring: A vaginal ring that releases estrogen and progesterone.

4. Injection: An injectable form of contraception that contains progesterone

Surgical method

1. Tubal Ligation: A surgical procedure that blocks the fallopian tubes.

2. Vasectomy: A surgical procedure that blocks vas deferens

3. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

1. Copper IUD: A T-shaped device made of copper that is inserted into the uterus.

2. Hormonal IUD: A T-shaped device made of plastic that releases progesterone

and is inserted into the uterus.

4. Implantable contraceptive rod, also known as a contraceptive implant, is a type

of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) that is inserted under the skin of
the upper arm. It releases hormones that prevent pregnancy

3.3SOME SIDE EFFECT TO FAMILY PLANNING

Nausea

Weight gain

Mood change

Cramp and pain

Irregular bleeding (spotting)

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Heavy bleeding

Abdominal bloating

Weight loss

3.3.1. IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY PLANNING

The benefit of family planning includes:

Prevention of pregnancy

Reduce the risk of uterine and cervical cancer

Prevent sexually transmitted disease e.g. the use of condom

Improve physical health

Improve mental health

3.3.2 APPARATUS USE TO INSERT AND REMOVE CONTRACEPTIVE

IMPLANT
Cotton wool

Spirit

Disposable gloves

Trocar

Contraceptive rod

Ludocaine

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Water for injection

Syringe

Kidney tray

Forcep

Scapel

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1LABORATORY
Is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological
research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Laboratories are
found in a variety of settings such as schools, universities, privately owned
research institutions, corporate research and testing facilities, clinics, hospitals etc.

4.1.1RULE AND REGULATIONS IN THE LABORATORY

1. only authorised persons may enter and/or work in the laboratory
2. laboratory coats must be worn
3. all required personal protective equipment must be worn eg disposable
glove ,nose mask etc
4. sensible footwear must be worn, e.g. no open sandals
5. eating, drinking, smoking, taking medication, mouth pipetting and applying
make-up is forbidden
6. no storing of food or drink for human consumption in the refrigerator is
allowed
7. all work must be carried out in accordance with risk assessment
8. all waste must be disposed properly to avoid environmental contamination
9. all accidents and dangerous occurrences must be reported
10.All wash your before and after carrying out any work in the laboratory or
handling any hazardous material.
11.Ensure that every chemical,regent and samples are properly labelled to avoid
mixup

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4.1.2EQUIPMENT USED IN A MEDICAL LABORATORY
 Pipette: it is used to measure and transfer small quantities of liquid
 Centrifuge: it is use to separate component of mixture e.g. red blood cell
from serum.
 Glass slide/cover slip: it is use mount specimen and keep the specimen
stationary during observation
 Microscope: it is use to observe small (microscopic) organisms.
 Capillary tube: it is use to collect and transport small amount of liquid e.g.
blood
 Syringe: it is use to inject or withdraw fluid or blood
 Tourniquet: it is use to temporarily stop the flow of blood to an area. etc

4.1.3BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

Blood sugar level, also known as blood glucose level, refers to the amount of
glucose present in the blood. Glucose is a type of sugar that serves as the body's
primary source of energy.

Two major types of sugar test

Fasting blood sugar test:

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This test measures the level of sugar(glucose) after an overnight fast of at least
8hrs

Random blood sugar test: This test

measures the level of blood sugar at any time, regardless of when the last meal
was consumed.

Purpose for the Test

To diagnose and monitor diabetes, prediabetes, and hypoglycemia.

Apparatus use for carrying out this test:

Lancet

Cotton wool

Spirit

Test strp

Blood sugar monitor

Dispoable gloves

Steps to perform sugar test

 Using the Cotton wool dipped in Spirit clean the site or area of the finger
you are about to prick.

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  Using your lancet prick the cleaned area
 Collect a drop of blood on the tests trip
 by squeezing around the pricked area
 Then insert the test strip into the glucose monitor and get your sugar reading
 The standard unit for measuring blood glucose is mmol /L

4.1.4Apparatus use to draw blood from the vein

Syringe

Tourniquet

Spirit

Cotton wool

Steps involved in withdrawing blood

 Get the apparatus use to draw out the blood ready.

 Tie the Tourniquet around the wrist of your subject above the vein you want
to draw blood from.
 Clean the area with Spirit
 Insert the needle into the vein
 Then pull the plunger to collect blood into the barrel.

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4.2 HEMOGLOBIN (Hb) TEST
Hemoglobin test, is a blood test that measures the level of hemoglobin in the blood.
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to

Apparatus use for the test

Tallquist paper

Capillary tube

Lancet

Cotton wool

Spirit

Steps involved In Carrying out Hb test

 Using your Cotton wool dipped in Spirit clean the area or site you are about
to prick
 Use the lance to prick the cleaned area
 Use the capillary tube to collect the blood and apply it on the tallquist paper
 Using the tallquist paper get your reading and record your answer in g/dl

4.2.1MALARIA
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by a parasite(plasmodium) transmitted
to humans through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito.

30
Apparatus use to carryout test for malaria parasite (MP)

Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kit

Lancet

Capillary tube /applicator stick

Cotton wool

Spirit

Buffer

Steps involves in carrying out MP test

 Use the Cotton wool dipped in Spirit to clean the area of the finger you want
to prick
 Use the Lancet to prick the cleaned area.
 Use the capillary tube/ applicator stick to collect blood and apply on to the
RDT test kit
 Then add the buffer solution and allow to read
 Two line indicate presence of malaria parasite
 One line indicate no malaria parasite present(it is also called the control line)

4.2.2THE WIDAL TEST

Widal test is a diagnostic test used to detect the presence of antibodies against
salmonella typhi salmonella paratyphi, what are bacteria that causes typhoid fever.

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Apparatus use to carryout widal Test

Tiles

Widal reagent

Blood(sample)

Centrifuge

Syringe

Tourniquet

Cotton wool

EDTA bottle

4.2.3H.PYLORI TEST
H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) tests are used to diagnose infection with the H.
pylori bacteria, which can cause stomach ulcers, gastritis, and other gastrointestinal
disorders.

Apparatus use to carryout H.pylori test

H.pylori rapid diagnostic testkit

Blood (sample)

EDTA bottle

Pipett

Buffer solution

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Centrifuge

Steps to carryout test for H.pylori

 Load your sample(blood) contained in the EDTA bottle into the Centrifuge
and allow to spin for 10-15min for sample seperation.( red blood cell from
serum)
 Using a Pipette transfer the serum from the EDTA bottle into the RDT kit
 Then add the buffer solution and allow the RDT kit to read

NB: Two lines on the testkit indicate presence of H.pylori while one line indicate
absent of H.pylori

4.2.4BLOOD GROUP TEST

Blood group test also called blood type test is a test that is use to determine the
blood type or group of an individual

Apparatus use to carryout test for Blood Group

Reagent (anti-B, anti-A and Anti-D)

Sample (blood)

Tiles

Capillary tube

Disposable gloves

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Step to carry out the blood group test

 Using the capillary tube transfer the sample (blood) into the three part on the
tile and label A, B and D.
 Then add the reagent to each portion of the blood on the tile
 Mix together (the blood and the reagent)using a mixing stick
 Then rock the tile gently until agglutination occurs then read the result

Note

 If agglutination occurs only on the portion of the blood labeled A then the
patient is
 A-negative, but if agglutination occur on the portion labeled A, and D then
the person is A-positive.

 If agglutination occurs only on the portion labeled B then the patient is B-

negative
 but if it occurs on the portion labeled B and D then the patient B-positive

 If it occurs on all the portion labeled A, B .and D on the tile the patient is
AB-positive
 And if it occurs only on the part labeled A and B then the patient is AB -
negative

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  If there is no agglutination on any of the portion of the well labeled A,B and
D then the patient is O negative.
 If agglutination occurs on only on the portion labeled D then the patient is
O-positive.

4.3Other test done in UCH laboratory include :

Genotype

High vaginal swab (HVS)

Urinalysis test

Hepatitis B and test

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4.3.1ANTENANTAL CARE
Antenatal care also known as prenatal care, is a type of preventive healthcare. It is
provided in the form of medical checkups, consisting of recommendations on
managing a healthy lifestyle, which prevents potential health problems throughout
the course of the pregnancy and promotes the mother and child's health alike.

Aim of antenatal care

Following a definite plan and schedule

Being problem-oriented

Identifying risk factors from previous obstetric history

Identify potential complications and risk factors

Screen for health conditions that can affect the mother and fetus

Provide health education

4.3.2Importantance of antenatal care

The following are the importance of antenatal care in one sentence each:

1. Antenatal care helps detect pregnancy complications early.

2. It reduces the risk of maternal and infant mortality.

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3. It provides education on pregnancy, childbirth, and parenting.

5. Regular check-ups to monitor fetal development and growth.

7. It enables early detection and treatment of pregnancy-related diseases.

8. Women receive vaccinations and medications to prevent infection e.g tetanus

toxoid vaccine

10. It reduces the risk of low birth weight and preterm birth.

11. Regular check-ups monitor blood pressure and detect hypertension.

12. Antenatal care provides emotional support and reassurance.

14. Antenatal care reduces the risk of anemia and other nutritional deficiencies.

17. Antenatal care promotes a healthy pregnancy and positive birth experience.

4.3.3Activities Done during Antenantal care visit in Umuebulu Cottage

Hospital
Registration of expectant mothers and taking of birth history

Checking of vital signs such as blood pressure,temperature, weight etc

Retroviral screening (RVS)

Test for glucose level and protein detection

Administration of tetanus toxoid (T.T) vaccine

Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) against malaria

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4.3.4Health talks on Minor Disorders Of Pregnancy
During pregnancy, women may experience various physical and emotional
changes. While some of these changes are normal, others can be uncomfortable
and concerning. Minor disorders of pregnancy are common conditions that can be
managed with self-care, lifestyle modifications, and medical treatment.

Minor Disorders of Pregnancy

1. Morning Sickness: Nausea and vomiting, especially during the first trimester.

- Management: Eat small, frequent meals, avoid triggers, and take vitamin B6
supplements.

2. Fatigue: Feeling extremely tired and exhausted.

- Management: Get plenty of rest, exercise regularly, and take breaks.

3. Back Pain: Lower back pain due to weight gain and postural changes.

- Management: Practice good posture, exercise regularly, and use proper lifting
techniques.

4. Constipation: Infrequent bowel movements or hard stools.

- Management: Increase fiber intake, drink plenty of water, and exercise

regularly.

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5. Varicose Veins: Enlarged veins due to increased blood volume and pressure.

- Management: Elevate legs, avoid standing for long periods, and wear
compression stockings.

6. Mood Swings: Emotional changes due to hormonal fluctuations.

- Management: Practice relaxation techniques, engage in physical activity, and

seek support from loved ones.

7. Heartburn: Burning sensation in the chest and throat due to acid reflux.

- Management: Avoid trigger foods, eat small meals, and take antacids.

Prevention and Management

1. Healthy Diet: Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and
lean proteins.

2. Regular Exercise: Engage in moderate physical activity, such as walking,

swimming, or prenatal yoga.

3. Adequate Rest: Get plenty of sleep and take breaks throughout the day.

4. Stress Management: Practice relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing,

meditation, or reading.

39
5. Prenatal Care: Attend regular prenatal check-ups to monitor your health and
address any concerns.

4.4A cannula is a small, flexible tube used to administer medications, fluids, or

gases into the body. It is typically inserted into a vein, artery, or other bodily cavity.

4.4.1Types of Cannula
There are several types of cannula, including:

1. IV Cannula

2. Arterial Cannula

3. Nasal Cannula

4. Central Venous Cannula

Cannula Sizes: Gauge and Colour

Cannula come in different sizes, measured in gauge (G) and colour-coded for easy
identification:

| Gauge (G) | Colour | Size (mm) |

| --- | --- | --- |

| 14G | White | 2.1 mm |

| 16G | Grey | 1.7 mm |

| 18G | Pink | 1.3 mm |

40
| 20G | Yellow | 1.1 mm |

| 22G | Blue | 0.9 mm |

| 24G | Black | 0.7 mm |

NB: The most suitable cannula for children is the pink and yellow ,and the best
suited for adult is is Blue, purple and pink

However, the choice of cannula size ultimately depends on individual patient size
of vein.

4.4.2INFUSION SET
An infusion set is a medical device used to administer fluids, medications, or
nutrients into a patient's body through a vein. It is typically used for intravenous
(IV) therapy.

Parts of an Infusion Set

An infusion set consists of the following components:

1. Drip Chamber: A transparent plastic chamber that allows the fluid to flow in
and out.

2. Drip Tube: A long, thin tube that connects the drip chamber to the patient's vein.

41
3. Cannula (or Needle): A small, flexible tube or needle that is inserted into the
patient's vein.

4. Cannula Stabilizer (or Wing): A small plastic or paper device that secures the
cannula in place.

5. Roller Clamp: A small device that regulates the flow rate of fluid

6. IV Bag: A sterile, flexible bag used to hold fluids, medications, or nutrients for
intravenous (IV) administration.

7. Spike: A sterile, sharp device used to pierce the IV bag and connect it to the
infusion set.

Injection Port: A sterile, self-sealing device used to administer medications or

fluids through the IV line.

4.4.3SALINE
Saline is a solution of sodium chloride (NaCl), also known as table salt, dissolved
in water. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a neutral pH and is often used in
medical and healthcare settings.

4.4.4Types of Saline and the uses

 Normal saline: It is use for dehydration, Electrolyte imbalance and it good
for all Patients.
 Dextrose saline: It is use for patient with low glucose level, dehydration etc

42
 Hypertonic saline: It is use for patient with severe dehydration, seizure and
low sodium level etc
 Hypotonic saline: It is use for patient with mild dehydration and patient with
low sodium restrictions

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1THE INSTITUTIN OF HUMAN VIROLOGY (IHV)

The Institute of Human Virology Nigeria (IHVN) was established in 2004 as an
affiliate of the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, USA with the following founding members: Dr. William
Albert Blattner, Dr. Alash’le Abimiku, Dr. John Farley, Dr. Patrick Sunday Dakum,
Dr. John Vertefeuille, Dr. Abdulsalami Nasidi and Dr. Charles Olalekan Mensah.
In furtherance of sustainability goals, the University of Maryland, Baltimore
facilitated the re-incorporation of IHVN in March 2004 as an indigenous, Non-
government

5.1.1The activities of the Institute are funded by international and local

organizations which include:
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

- The Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GF)

- University of Maryland, Baltimore USA (UMB)

- United States' National Institute for Health (NIH)

44
- Christian Relief Services (CRS)

- International Development Research Center (IDRC)

- AIDS Malignancy Consortium (AMC)

Goals OF IHVN

 Development of infrastructure for treatment and care

 Prevention of HIV
 Support people living with and affected with
 HIV

5.1.2ACTIVITIES DURING THE FIRST HIV/AIDS VISIT IN UMUEBULU

COTTAGE HOSPITAL (UCH)
 Pre-counseling: This is a counseling session that is done before proceeding
to conduct the RVS (retroviral screening) test .It is done using a
questionnaire.

 Post-counseling: This counseling session is done immediately the RVS test

result is out and a confirmatory test has been done. This is where the
counseling proper takes place.

45
  Registration and enrollment of client on the HIV database.

 Administration of ART (Antiretroviral therapy): After registration and

enrollment the client is immediately put on Antiretroviral (ARV) medication.

 Opening of Folder and care card: A folder is open with the persons name,
unique ID number is generated, filling of Care card and other relevant
documents like HIV client intake form, Adult initial clinical evaluation Form,
Pharmacy Order.

 Checking of vital and drug prescription: before the prescription of drugs ,the
client vital signs will be taken such as; height ,weight, blood pressure etc for
the children drugs are prescribed base on the age and the weight of the child.

NB client on tuberculosis medication are not place on ARV medication until they
are done with the TB medication

5.1.3HIV AND AIDS

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. Without treatment, it can lead to
AIDS (acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) occurs at the most advanced stage
of infection.

46
HIV Window period

The time period from exposure to when the body produces enough HIV antibodies
to be detected by standard HIV tests. The length of the window period varies
depending on the test used. During the window period, a person can have a
negative result on an HIV test despite having HIV. The window period for HIV is
30days.

Common of HIV infection

Rash

Fever

Sore throat

Headache

Night sweat

Fatigue

Common opportunities infections and diseases that affect people living with
HIV

Tuberculosis

Genital warts (HPV)

47
Cervical cancer

Herpes

Hepatitis

Prevention of HIV

 Get tested for HIV before having sex with your partner
 Use condoms everything you have sex
 Limit your number of sexual partners
 Take prep (pre exposure prophylaxis)and pep (post exposure prophylaxis )
medication if you are at risk of HIV such as people whose spouse have HIV.
 Avoid sharing sharp object like needle ,l
 Knife etc
 Start HIV therapy if you are pregnant to prevent mother to child
transmission

5.1.4How To Carryout retroviral screening (RVS)

Apparatus Needed

Sample (Blood)

lancet

Cotton wool

Spirit

48
Capillary tube

Disposable gloves

Test strip

buffer

Step to carry out this test

 Ensure your glove are on before proceeding, using a cotton wool dipped in
Spirit clean the area of the finger that you are about to prick with the Lancet
 Use a capillary tube to collect the sample (blood) and transfer it in to the
RVS test strip.
 Add the buffer solution to it and allow it read for 10mins.
 NB: Two lines indicate the patient is reactive and one line indicate the
patient is non-reactive .
 Dispose your gloves immediately after reading the result and the test strip.

5.1.5TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.
tuberculosis).

TB bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the
body such as the kidney, spine, and brain.If not treated properly, TB disease can be
fatal.

49
5.2Types of tuberculosis
There are several types of tuberculosis (TB), including:

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

1. Pulmonary TB: Affects the lungs and is the most common form of TB.

2. Primary Pulmonary TB: Occurs when TB bacteria infect the lungs for the first
time.

3. Secondary Pulmonary TB: Occurs when TB bacteria reactivate in the lungs after
a period of latency.

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

1. TB Lymphadenitis: Affects the lymph nodes, often in the neck or armpits.

2. TB Meningitis: Affects the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

3. TB Pericarditis: Affects the sac surrounding the heart.

4. TB Plevritis: Affects the lining surrounding the lungs.

5. TB Peritonitis: Affects the lining of the abdominal cavity.

6. TB Osteomyelitis: Affects the bones.

7. TB Cutaneous: Affects the skin.

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Other Forms of Tuberculosis

1. Latent TB: TB bacteria are present in the body, but the person is not showing
symptoms.

2. Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB): TB bacteria are resistant to multiple

antibiotics.

3. Extensively Drug-Resistant TB (XDR-TB): TB bacteria are resistant to multiple

antibiotics, including the most effective ones.

5.2.1Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis of:

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

Cough (especially lasting for 3 weeks or longer)

Coughing up sputum or blood (hemoptysis)

Chest pain

Loss of appetite

Unexplained weight loss

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Night Sweats

Fever

Fatigue

5.2.2Types of tuberculosis test

1 .TB LAM (tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan Antigen Detection)

2. TB CRAG (tuberculosis culture filtrate Antigen Detection)

3. TB GeneXpert

5.2.3Some Medications use for tuberculosis treatment

Rifampicin (RIF)

Rifabutin

Isoniazid (INH)

Cotrimazole

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 CHAPTER SIX

6.1 RECOMMENDATION
Students should be supported with monthly stipends from their I.T. placement or
ITF, to help reduce the cost effect on transportation and feeding thereby ensuring
punctual and daily availability to learn, more exposure to field and real time
experience and also eagerness to want to learn more and work.

Furthermore, the industrial training supervisor should supervise the students

regularly to promote punctuality, dedication and get the best out of the students.
Students should also focus more on the experience needed and to pay less attention
to stipends.

During this particular SIWES program, universities were on strike which resulted
to no university based supervisor coming to work places to checkmate students IT
activities. Even during strike, universities should still try to send university based
supervisors.

Finally, students on SIWES should focus more on the experience needed and pay
less attention to salary. They should try to be disciplined in all they do so as to
achieve the objective of the scheme.

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 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, my experience at Umuebulu Cottage Primary Health Centre was

really worth it, the staffs were so eager to teach, and I was engaged in activities
that would improve my current knowledge in public health thereby increasing my
scope of my current knowledge of public health and in a way, making me
understand what public health in Nigeria is all about, job opportunities available
after school and possible areas that needs development. All in all, it was an
awesome experience.

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 REFERENCE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunization

https://www.paho.org/en/topics/immunization
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/vaccine-vial-monitor

https://www.emc.id/en/care-plus/understanding-the-importance-of-family-
planning-kb-benefits-for-womens-health

https://fphandbook.org/side-effects-health-benefits-and-health-risks10

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/29019610

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_care

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/saline-solution

https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-tuberculosis-basics

https://iwww.ihvnigeria.org/

https://www.linkedin.com/company/institute-of-human-virology-
nigeria#:~:text=The%20Institute%20of%20Human%20Virology,now%20expande
d%20its%20services%20to

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