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The labour market 劳动力市场

Trough to peak 低谷到高峰

How high will unemployment rise? 失业率会达到多高？
20200404

 trough /trɔːf/ [C] (a period of time when the level of sth is low, especially a time when a business or

the economy is not growing) 低谷；(企业或经济的)低潮，萧条阶段。

【搭配】fall to trough of+num

降到 num 的低点。peaks and troughs 高峰和低谷；from peak to trough 从高峰到低谷。

·There

have been peaks and troughs in the long-term trend of unemployment.长期以来失业率一直时起时

·The stock market fell by 48% from peak to trough.股票市场下跌了 48%，从高峰降到了低谷。

伏。

【paragraph 1】

In August 2005 the unemployment rate in Louisiana was 5.4%, close to its all-time low. Then Hurricane

Katrina hit. The storm destroyed some firms, while others were forced to close permanently. Within a

month, Louisiana’s unemployment rate had more than doubled.

2005 年 8 月，路易斯安那州的失业率为 5.4%，接近历史最低水平。然后卡特里娜飓风来袭，这场风暴摧

毁了一些公司，还有一些公司被迫永久关闭。不到一个月，路易斯安那州的失业率就翻了一倍多。

 all-time 表示“空前的，创纪录的，一向的”(used when you are comparing things or saying how

good or bad sth is of any time)。

·one of the all-time great players 历来最杰出的选手之一·profits

are at an all-time high/low 利润空前地高/低。

 hit 作为动词，(to have a bad effect on sb/sth ) 产生不良影响；打击；危害。

·Spain was one of the

hardest hit countries 西班牙是遭受打击最严重的国家之一。此外还可以表示([T] ~ sth to reach a

particular level) 达到(某水平)。

·The euro hit a record low in trading today 今天欧元的兑换价降到了

历史最低水平。
【熟词僻义】

 【写作练习】hit, all-time

Share prices hit an all-time low 股价达到历史新低。

The birth rate in US hit an all-time low 美国的生育率达到历史最低

 hit the ground running 迅速而顺利地投入某事；一炮打响；一举成功

(to start doing sth and continue very quickly and successfully) 迅速而顺利地投入；一举成功

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“For many North Texans, the COVID-19 quarantine has meant more time on the couch watching

movies and shows, but some local elementary students might inspire others to get off the couch and

hit the ground running.”开始跑步

快马加鞭的投入到比赛中

我们可以联想一下跳出机舱打开降落伞空降到敌区去的伞兵。他们一着陆就得尽快脱离降落伞，立即

带上武器冲向他们的目标，也就是脚一着地面就开始跑起来。Listen, guys, we have to hit the ground

running here. We want interviews with three TV stations, and visits to a school, a hospital and a

factory. Plus dinner with big contributors. Okay, let's get moving. 这位竞选干事指挥先遣人员去和三

家电视台联系专访节目，还要安排参观一个学校、一家工厂和一所医院。除此以外，还得约主要的竞

选赞助人一起用餐。安排处理的事情显然有好多，他要他们立即行动起来。You're absolutely right, she

said, "I want you to hit the ground running" she meant "When you start tomorrow's programme, I

want you to immediately work very hard on it to make it successful".【BBC】

 hit it - (informal) used to tell sb to start doing sth, such as playing music (要开始做某事)开始吧！

Hit it, Louis！开始吧，路易斯！(如演奏会，开始演奏)

 take a hit - to be damaged or badly affected by sth 遭到破坏；受到严重影响

The airline industry took a hit last year.去年航空业受到了严重冲击。

【写作练习】take a hit，hit

Affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, the travel industry took a hit and the number of tourists hit an

all-time low in the first half of this year 受新冠肺炎疫情影响，旅游业受到重创，今年上半年出行人数

创历史新低。

hit 作为名词表示“很受欢迎的人(或事物)”
。如 a hit movie 风靡一时的电影；a smash/huge hit 巨

大的成功；grab an immediate/instant hit 一夜成名=shoot/rise/rocket to a fame(overnight)；

hit 还可以指“(在计算机或互联网上搜索的)查询结果”
，(a result of a search on a computer)·How

many hits did you get on the Internet? 你在网上搜到了多少个结果？

 double 作为形容词表示“变成两倍的”
，实际上就是增加一倍(3*2=6，6-3=3)，区分 to“到”和 by“了”

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【paragraph 2】

Now America as a whole faces a similar shock. From a five-decade low, early data suggest unemployment

is shooting upwards, as the onrushing coronavirus pandemic forces the economy to shut down. Millions

of Americans are filing for financial assistance. The jobs report for March, published shortly after The

Economist went to press, is a flavour of what is to come—though because the survey focused on early to

mid-March, before the lockdowns really got going, it is likely to give a misleadingly rosy view of the true

situation. How bad could the labour market get?

现在，整个美国都面临着类似的冲击。从 50 年来的低点开始，早期的数据显示，随着冠状病毒大流行，经

济被迫停止运转，失业率正在迅速上升。数百万美国人正在申请经济援助。
《经济学人》付印后不久，3 月

份的就业报告就发布了。这份报告反映了即将发生的事情，因为调查集中在 3 月初到 3 月中旬，在封锁真

正开始之前，它很可能会给出对真实情况错误的乐观看法。劳动力市场究竟会变得多糟呢？

 as a whole 作为一个整体，往往放在国家，组织，企业这样的集体名词的后面

 shoot (to move suddenly or quickly in one direction; to make sb/sth move in this way)(使朝某方向)

冲，奔，扑，射，飞驰；shoot up 陡增；猛涨；迅速上升(to rise suddenly by a large amount)；upwards

作为副词，表示(towards a higher place)，“向上，向高处”

 onrushing 突如其来的，来势汹汹的，肆虐的。如 onrushing recession 来势汹汹的金融危机；

onrushing/raging pandemic 肆虐的疫情；the first onrush of the pandemic 流行病的第一次大爆发

(noun，突如其来)。
·An optimistic jobs report is helping stocks recover from this week’s brutal sell-

off, and helping investors shrug off onrushing recession fears as unemployment hits a new 50-

year low and payrolls rise by a better-than-expected 136,000.【CNBC】一份乐观的就业报告正帮助

股市从本周的大跌中复苏，并帮助投资者摆脱对经济衰退的担忧，因失业率触及 50 年新低，且就业

人数增加 13.6 万人，好于预期。

【写作练习】onrushing

The onrushing Covid-19 pandemic once plunged the medical system into breakdown.

突如其来的冠状病毒大流行曾一度使医疗系统陷入瘫痪

 file for (law 律) (to present sth so that it can be officially recorded and dealt with) 提起(诉讼)；提出

(申请)；送交(备案)。如 to file for bankruptcy/divorce 申请破产/ 离婚

 press 动词表示“按，压，强迫”，名词表示“印刷，报纸杂志，媒体”，这里是“印刷”的意思。如 These

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prices are correct at the time of going to press.这些价格在付印时是准确无误的。go to press 表示

“付印”【熟词僻义】

 flavour 名词表示“味道”相当于 taste，在这里是([sing.] a/the ~ of sth, an idea of what sth is like) 像…

·I have tried to convey something of the flavour of the argument.我试图表达某种类似论据

的想法。

的东西。

with a … flavour 有…的风情，可以用于口语表达中

I am a super fan of TV shows with a Chinese flavour 我是那些有中国特色/风味电视节目的超级粉丝

 lockdown 在封锁中 in lockdown，解除封锁 lift lockdown，lift economic penalties 解除经济制

·They're considering lifting economic penalties, sanctions on Iran, if it puts a hold on its nuclear
裁。

program.如果伊朗方面搁置核计划，他们正在考虑解除对其施加的经济制裁。
【BBC】

 be likely to do sth 有可能做 sth。“可能做…”的表达有很多，如 threaten to do sth，risk doing sth。

The fighting is threatening to turn into full-scale war...这场战斗有可能会演变为全面的战争。【拓展】

有望做某事，有可能做某事还可以表达为 be on course/track to do/for sth，stand to do sth

sth do more harm than good“某事的弊大于利”

sth risk doing more harm than good“某事可能弊大于利”

 rosy 表示“美好的，乐观的”。如 The future is looking very rosy for our company.我们公司的前景
一片光明。promising prospect=rosy prospect 美好的前景/前途。

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【paragraph 3】

GDP growth and the unemployment rate tend to move in opposite directions. Unemployment hit an all-

time high of around 25% during the Great Depression (see chart). The coronavirus-induced shutdowns

are expected to lead to a year-on-year GDP decline of about 10% in the second quarter of this year. Such

a steep fall in economic output implies an unemployment rate of about 9% in that quarter, based on past

relationships, which would be roughly in line with the peak reached during the financial crisis of 2007-09.

GDP 增长和失业率趋向于相反的走势。在经济大萧条时期，失业率达到了历史最高的 25%左右(见图表)。

预计冠状病毒导致的工厂停产将导致今年第二季度 GDP 同比下降约 10%。如此急剧下降的经济产出意味

着根据以往的关系，该季度的失业率约为 9%，与 2007-2009 年金融危机期间达到的峰值大致相当。

 图表类作文中，不同变量的变化趋势相反的话，我们就可以借鉴本文写为“A and B tend to move in

opposite directions”

【写作练习】老龄化比重渐增，出生率下降 aging, birth rate

For the last decade, worries about population are mounting. The aging rate and birth rate tend to

move in opposite directions in many countries.

在过去的十年里，人们对人口的担忧与日俱增。在许多国家，老龄化和出生率趋向于相反的走势。

 coronavirus-induced 冠状病毒导致的，-induced 表示“由…导致的”。如 radiation-induced 辐射

诱发的，radiation-induced malformation 辐射诱发的畸形

 shutdown 停业；停工；关闭；倒闭；停止运转(the act of closing a factory or business or stopping

a large machine from working, either temporarily or permanently)

 lead to 导致，同样地 give rise to 也可以表示导致，代替 cause

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 year-on-year 与前一年同期比较(used especially when talking about figures, prices, etc. ) each year,

compared with the last year. ·Industry grew by 5.9% year on year in the second quarter, down from

6.4% in the first quarter.二季度工业同比增长了 5.9%，低于一季度的 6.4%。

【经济学人】

 steep 突然的；急剧的；大起大落的[usually before noun] (of a rise or fall in an amount ) sudden and

very big. ·steep fall 急剧下降。表示暴跌的词汇如 plummet，nosedive，plunge，crash，slump。

plummet，有铅坠的意思，表示向下坠，还可以表示低潮，同 trough。动词词义为暴跌，价格的下降；

plunge 同样也可以表示“价格的暴跌”，都可以替换 fall 或 decrease.

Share prices plummeted to an all-time low.股票价格暴跌到历史最低点。

Stock markets plunged at the news of the coup.政变的消息一传来，股票市场便暴跌。

Share prices crashed to an all-time low yesterday.昨天股票价格暴跌到了前所未有的最低纪录。

in line with 与…相似(或紧密相连)，和…一致。similar to sth or so that one thing is closely connected with

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another. 如 Annual pay increases will be in line with inflation.每年加薪幅度将与通货膨胀挂钩。

【同义表

达】be in tune with，in accordance with

【paragraph 4】

But the coronavirus epidemic is not like past recessions. For one thing, hiring could be even lower than is

typical. Delivery firms notwithstanding, surveys suggest that firms’ hiring intentions are as low or lower

than they were in 2008. And applying for a job is especially difficult with cities in lockdown. Even without

a single virus-induced layoff, hiring freezes would lead to sharply rising unemployment. For instance,

young people entering the labour market for the first time now would struggle to find work.

但此次冠状病毒疫情不同于以往的经济衰退。一方面，招聘人数可能比一般情况还要低。尽管如此，调查

显示，快递公司的招聘意向与 2008 年一样低，甚至更低。在城市封锁的情况下，申请工作尤其困难。即使

不会仅因为病毒导致裁员，停招就会导致失业率急剧上升。以现在的情况来看，第一次进入劳动力市场的

年轻人将很难找到工作。

 for one thing (用以引出两个以上的理由之一)一来，一方面 used to introduce one of two or more

reasons for doing sth，一般后面跟着 for another，表示“一方面….另一方面….”

。·You ought to

stop smoking, you know. For one thing, you’re damaging your health, and for another, you can’t

afford it! 你知道吗？你应该戒烟。一来，你在损害自己的健康，二来，你也抽不起！

 notwithstanding 作为介词，表示“虽然；尽管”without being affected by sth; despite sth. 如 The

bad weather notwithstanding, the event was a great success.尽管天气恶劣，活动还是取得了巨大的

成功。

 apply for a job 申请一份工作；secure a job 找到一份工作；take a job 接受一份工作；lose a job

丢掉工作。

 layoff (因工作不多的)解雇，裁员 an act of making people unemployed because there is no more

work left for them to do。表示“丢掉工作”的表达有很多，如 fire，sack，chuck out，shed，dismiss，

cut，trim，discharge，terminate。get the sack=chuck you out=unemployed

 freeze 作为名词表示“停止”
，~ (on sth) the act of stopping sth。
·a freeze on imports 停止进口，

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相当于 cease。hiring freezes 不再雇佣，雇佣停止，停招

In late September, Bank of America began laying off employees in its investment banking unit; just

a few days later Morgan Stanley announced a hiring freeze in its i-bank group for the rest of 2010.

今年 9 月底，美国银行刚裁掉一批投资银行业务部门的员工，之后数天内，摩根斯坦利也宣布 2010

年其电子银行业务部门暂时停止招聘。

 sharply rising 我们可以用 skyrocket，spike，soar，surge 等词来替代。同样地，可以用 plummet，

slump 来替代 sharply decrease

 struggle to do sth 努力去做 sth，其中暗含虽然努力也无法做到之意。struggle 还可以作为名词，表

示“难事”。最近频上热搜的华为表示其操作系统可以媲美谷歌，但是一些专家表示，达到可以匹敌的

水平对华为来说还是个难事。
【熟词僻义】哎，吾辈当自强啊~~~！！
！

【paragraph 5】

The decline in GDP associated with the lockdowns is also particularly concentrated in labour-intensive

industries such as leisure and hospitality. Mark Zandi of Moody’s Analytics, a research firm, calculates

that more than 30m American jobs are highly vulnerable to closures associated with covid-19. Were they

all to disappear, unemployment would probably rise above 20%. Research published by the Federal

Reserve Bank of St Louis is even gloomier. It suggests that close to 50m Americans could lose their jobs

in the second quarter of this year—enough to push the unemployment rate above 30%.

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与封锁相关的 GDP 的下降主要集中在休闲和酒店等劳动密集型行业。研究公司 Moody’s Analytics 的马克

•赞迪估计，超过 3000 万个美国工作岗位极有可能因冠状病毒病而关闭。如果它们全部消失的话，失业率

可能会上升至 20%以上。圣路易斯联邦储备银行公布的研究结果更加令人沮丧。报告显示，今年第二季度，

近 5000 万美国人可能失业，足以将失业率推高至 30%以上。

 labour-intensive 劳动密集型的(of work) needing a lot of people to do it

 leisure industry 休闲业；hospitality industry (= hotels, restaurants, etc.)招待性行业(如旅馆、饭

店等)

 vulnerable (身体上或感情上)脆弱的，易受…伤害的，易受…影响的~ (to sb/sth) weak and easily hurt

physically or emotionally. 还有类似的表达，如 susceptible 易受影响(或伤害等)；敏感；过敏~ (to

sb/sth) very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by sb/sth

 closure (永久的)停业，关闭；倒闭[C, U] the situation when a factory, school, hospital, etc. shuts

permanently.和前文中的 shutdown 类似，避免了词汇的重复。如 factory closures 工厂倒闭。此外

closure 还可以表示“(因困境结束或事情得到妥善处理等的)宽慰；如释重负”。[U] the feeling that a

difficult or an unpleasant experience has come to an end or been dealt with in an acceptable way.

如 The conviction of their son's murderer helped to give them a sense of closure.谋杀儿子的凶手

被判罪，让他们得到了一些安慰。
【熟词僻义】

 Were they all to disappear, unemployment would probably rise above 20%该句语法点为虚拟语气 if

的省略。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设而

并非事实，或难以实现的，甚至表达相反的概念。另外表示主观愿望或表达某种强烈的感情时，也用

虚拟语气。If they were all to disappear...假如休闲业及餐饮住宿业都消失的话，失业率可能会增加到

20%以上。

 gloomy 忧郁的；沮丧的；无望的 sad and without hope；前景黯淡的；悲观的 without much hope of

success or happiness in the future，gloomy about sth 对 sth 感到悲观的。a gloomy prospect 前

景黯淡，和 promising“有前景的，有前途的”意思相反，a promising/rosy prospect 有前途。gloomy

的比较级、最高级分别为 gloomier，gloomiest。

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 close to 可以表示“(时间/空间)上的接近”， (数量上)几乎相等”~ (to sth) very similar

也可以表示“酷似的；

to sth else or to an amount. 如 close to 20% of the workforce. 将近 20%的劳动力

【paragraph 6】

The numbers will probably not get that bad. In part that is a matter of statistical definitions. To be officially

classified as unemployed, jobless folk need to be “actively seeking work”—which is rather difficult in the

current circumstances. Some people could end up being counted as “economically inactive” rather than

unemployed, which would hold down the official unemployment rate (a similar phenomenon occurred in

Louisiana after Katrina).

失业人数可能并不会那么糟糕。这在一定程度上是统计定义的问题。要被正式归类为失业者的话，失业人

员需要积极地寻找工作，这在目前的情况下是相当困难的。一些人可能最终被统计为经济活动不活跃而不

是失业，这将会降低官方失业率(类似的现象在路易斯安那州卡特里娜飓风后发生)。

 a matter of sth 是…的事

 officially 作为副词表示“正式地；官方地；公开地” publicly and by sb who is in a position of authority。

在 BBC 世界新闻头条的第一节中有这样一句话：
France is also easing its lockdown measures despite

becoming officially the fourth worst virus affected country in the world. Some shops are opening.虽

然法国正式成为世界上受到疫情影响最为严重的第四大国家，该国同样放宽了其封闭措施，一些商店

也开门了。

 folk 指人(also folks especially in NAmE) [pl.] (informal) people in general。和 yolk 这个单词很相

近，yolk 表示“蛋黄”，以旧记新。如果你看到一个单词不是很确定或者是想到另外一个单词，那么就

把想到的单词都查一遍，准确的记忆，切记模棱两可，这样学习的效率最高。

 seek 表示“寻找”，seek work 找工作。seek to do 是外刊还有雅思中常出现的表达，表示“尝试去做，

设法去做”=try to do sth，可以用在作文中代替 try。seek 的过去式和过去分词均为 sought，大家注

意识别。

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 count as 认为；看作；算作；被视为，统计为。如 Indeed, holding any games at all will count as an

achievement.的确，举办任何运动会都可被视为一项成就。

 inactive 无行动的；不活动的；不活跃的 not doing anything; not active。Some animals are inactive

during the daytime.有些动物白天不活动。politically inactive 对政治不热衷。The volcano has been

inactive for 50 years.这座火山处于休眠状态 50 年了。

 rather than 而不是，可以用来代替 not

【写作练习】当我们面对困难时，应该鼓起勇气去面对，而不是选择逃避

When confronted with the difficulties, we should pluck up our courage to settle them rather than

escaping from them.

 hold down 表示“压制，降低，缩减，剥夺某人(自由)的权利”，如 Boosters say dynamic pricing can

hold down bills and help save the planet.支持者们表示动态电价可以降低账单，并有益于节约地球资

源【经济学人】

【写作练习】剥夺自由，hold down liberty

They mostly regard the “stay-at-home” ordinance more as a draconian measure to hold down their

liberty rather than a way to contain the pandemic

他们大多认为，居家禁令更多的是一种剥夺自由的严厉措施，而不是一种遏制疫情的方式

【paragraph 7】

America’s economic-stimulus bill will be a more genuine check on rising joblessness. The $350bn (1.6%

of GDP) set aside for small firms’ costs is enough to cover the compensation of all at-risk workers for

perhaps seven weeks, according to our calculations, making it less likely that bosses will let them go.

Other measures in the package should support consumption, and thus demand for labour. In a report

published on March 31st Goldman Sachs, a bank, argued that unemployment will peak in the third quarter

of this year at nearly 15%—an estimate that is roughly in line with those of other forecasters.

美国的经济刺激法案将是对不断上升的失业率的更真实的核查。根据我们的计算，为小企业留出 3500 亿

美元(占 GDP 的 1.6%)足以支付所有处于危险中的员工大概 7 周的赔偿，这样老板们就不太可能解雇他们

了。一揽子计划中的其它措施应该支持消费，从而满足劳动力需求。在 3 月 31 日公布的一份报告中，高盛

银行认为，失业率将在今年第三季度达到将近 15%的峰值，这一估计与其他的预测员基本一致

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 economic-stimulus 经济刺激，其中的 stimulus 表示“刺激因素，促进因素”

 bill 除了表示账单外，还可以表示“法案”。如 to introduce/approve/reject a bill 提出/通过/否决一项

议案。act 也可以表示“法案”，如 an Act of Congress 国会法案。再拓展一个 GRE 词汇，ordinance

表示“法例，条案”
。【熟词僻义】

 joblessness 失业·Joblessness, boredom and isolation were hard to tolerate but, hey bro, let's all

have lunch.失业、无聊和与世隔绝让人无法忍受，但嘿，伙计们，让我们共进午餐吧。
【经济学人】

 set aside 省出，留出(钱或时间) to save or keep money or time for a particular purpose ·She tries

to set aside some money every month.她每个月都尽量存点钱。

 at-risk (of a person or group) in danger of being attacked or hurt, especially in their own home (尤

指居家时)处于危险中的，可能遭受伤害的

 cover [T] ~ sth to be or provide enough money for sth 足以支付；够付。cover the compensation 支

付补偿金

 in the package，in the package 作后置定语修饰 measures 表示为“一揽子”，如 a package deal 一

揽子交易；a comprehensive package of services 一揽子综合服务。

·Instead, a more modest package

of new measures will be announced in the spring.最终，新一揽子计划将于今年春季发布，其内容将

更为适中。
【熟词僻义】

 forecaster 预测员或天气/气象预报员，如 an economic forecaster 经济预测专家；a weather

forecaster 天气预报员

【paragraph 8】

A big jump in unemployment is less of a problem if it quickly falls once the lockdown ends. Louisiana offers

an encouraging precedent. After a few bad months in late 2005, the state’s unemployment rate dropped

almost as sharply as it had risen, falling in line with the rest of the country. Whether the economy will prove

so elastic this time is another matter. Travellers and restaurant-goers will be cautious until some sort of

vaccine or treatment is widely available; social-distancing rules, even if relaxed, will continue for some

time. Goldman Sachs’s researchers reckon that it will take until 2023 for unemployment to fall back below

4%. The lockdowns should be temporary, but the economic consequences will feel much more permanent.

一旦封锁结束后失业率迅速下降，那么失业率大幅上升就不是什么大问题。路易斯安那州提供了一个让人

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备受鼓舞的先例。2005 年末，在经历了几个月的糟糕表现后，该州的失业率下降幅度几乎与上升幅度相当，

与全国其它州持平。这次经济是否会如此富有弹性则是另一回事。在某种疫苗或治疗措施被广泛应用之前，

出行者和餐馆常客将会非常谨慎；即使疫情有所缓解，社交距离规则还是会持续一段时间。高盛的研究人

员认为，失业率要到 2023 年才能回落到 4%以下。封锁应该是暂时的，但其造成的经济后果将会更加持久。

 jump 这里为名词，表示“突升；猛涨；激增”~ (in sth) a sudden increase in amount, price or value

 precedent 表示“可援用参考的具体例子；实例；范例；先例”

 prove 在这里为系动词，表示“后来被发现是；最终显现为”
，类似的还有 turn out

 elastic 有弹性的；有弹力的 able to stretch and return to its original size and shape. 如 elastic

materials 弹性材料

 restaurant-goers 表示“常常去饭店吃饭的人，食客”
。如 So far restaurant-goers are not cutting back

too much on their restaurant visits, but they are spending less each time. 到目前为止，餐馆常客们

并未大幅减少去酒店的次数，但是他们减少了每次的消费。其中的“-goers”, a person who regularly

goes to the place or event mentioned 常去…的人。如 a cinema-goer 常去看电影的人; a movie-

goer 常去看电影的人

 cautious=careful=advertent 谨慎的，小心的，留意的

 vaccine 表示“疫苗”
，receive/have a vaccine 接种疫苗；develop vaccines 研发疫苗

 social-distancing 表示“社交距离”

 reckon 表示“想，认为”to think sth or have an opinion about sth·I reckon (that) I'm going to get

that job.我认为我会得到那份工作。

 permanent=lasting=perpetual=perennial“永久的，长期的”

perennial 表示 continuing for a very long time; happening again and again 长久的；持续的；反复

出现的。如 the perennial problem of water shortage 缺水这个老问题

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Toothache in a pandemic 疫情中的牙痛

Say cheese! 说 cheese！

The alarming return of prehistoric dentistry 史前牙科的惊人回归
20200516

 alarming 表示“惊人的，令人惊慌的”
，an alarming rate 惊人的速度

【paragraph 1】

“I’ve been using the wax from a Babybel,” admits a sufferer of chronic toothache； she has stuffed cheese-

casing into a cavity to replace a lost filling. With most surgeries in Britain out of action due to lockdown,

home dentistry has become worryingly common. “People are using needles to burst abscesses,” says

James Goolnik, a dentist in London. “They’re using knives and forks to take teeth out, and nail files to cut

down broken teeth.”

一位慢性牙痛患者说到：“我一直在用芭比贝尔奶酪上的蜡”；她把奶酪外的红蜡壳塞进龋齿的洞里代替缺失

的补牙填料。英国大部分的外科手术由于疫情封锁都无法进行，家庭牙科变得普遍，情况令人担忧。伦敦

的牙医詹姆斯·古尼克说到“人们正在用针刺破囊肿，他们用刀和叉子把牙拔掉，用指甲锉削掉坏掉的牙齿”

 Babybel 芭比贝尔奶酪是一种蜡封奶酪，1931 年由法国发明，单块装尺寸较小且装在红蜡外壳内，

尤其常见于零食和野餐中。蜡封芝士的好处能够有较长的保存期，保存 3-4 个月。

 sufferer 患病者；受苦者；受难者 a person who suffers, especially sb who is suffering from a disease.

如 cancer sufferer 癌症患者

 chronic 长期的；慢性的；难以治愈(或根除)的(especially of a disease) lasting for a long time；

difficult to cure or get rid of. 还表示“长期存在的”，如 the country's chronic unemployment problem

该国长期存在的失业问题；a chronic shortage of housing in rural areas 农村地区住房的长期匮乏。

[复习]长期的，lasting，permanent，perpetual，perennial，chronic。反义词 acute 表示急性的

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 stuff 作为名词表示“(事物名称不详、无关紧要或所指事物明显时用)东西，物品，玩意”；作为动词表

示“塞进，填进，塞满，给…装馅”。如 stuff the turkey 给火鸡装馅。

 casing n. 盒；套；(香肠的)肠衣；包装。如 tubular casing 管状套，plastic casing 塑料外壳，window

casing 窗框，sausage casing 香肠肠衣

 cavity a hole or empty space inside sth solid 洞；孔；窟窿；腔。如 the abdominal cavity 腹腔；

a hole in a tooth (龋齿的)洞，蛀牙；fill cavity 补牙洞，如 The dentist filled several cavities in my

teeth.牙医给我的牙堵了好几个洞。

 filling [C] a small amount of metal or other material used to fill a hole in a tooth (补牙的)填料。I had

to have two fillings at the dentist's today.我今天不得不在牙科诊所补了两颗牙。还可以指“(糕点等的)

。如 a sponge cake with cream and jam filling 奶油果酱作馅的海绵蛋糕

馅”

 surgery 外科手术，外科学。如 minor surgery 小手术，major surgery 大手术，undergo surgery

surgery 还表示
接受手术。 “应诊时间”
，如 morning surgery上午应诊时间。
plastic/cosmetic surgery

整形手术

 out of action 不能工作；失去作用；停止运转 not able to work or be used because of injury or damage

 dentistry 牙科学，牙医的工作。preventive dentistry 预防牙科

 needle 针，needle and thread 针和线

 abscess /ˈæbses/脓肿 a swollen and infected area on your skin or in your body, full of a thick

yellowish liquid. 如 burst abscess 弄破脓包。Once an abscess has burst it should be bathed with

antiseptic liquid.脓包一破溃，就应该用消毒液清洗。

 nail file 指甲锉，file 作为名词可以表示“文件”，作为动词表示“锉平，锉去，锉光滑”[T] ~ sth

(away/down, etc.) to cut or shape sth or make sth smooth using a file。如 to file your nails 把指甲锉

光滑。filings [pl.] very small pieces of metal, made when a larger piece of metal is filed 锉屑，如

iron filings 铁锉屑。上一篇经济学人中讲过 file for 申请，file for financial assistance。filing 和

filling 注意区分。

【paragraph 2】

Britain has long had a reputation for bad teeth, perhaps dating back to the second world war, when

American soldiers were horrified by rows of bare gums. Today it is unfair: Americans are more likely than

Britons to be missing teeth. But the nation’s teeth are not going to improve in the near future.

英国长期以来以坏牙闻名，可能追溯到第二次世界大战期间，当时的美国士兵被英国人成排裸露的牙龈吓

坏了。到了今天就不公平了：美国人比英国人更容易掉牙。然而这个国家的牙齿在不久的将来并不会得以

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改善。

 gum [C, usually pl.] either of the firm areas of flesh in the mouth to which the teeth are attached 牙

龈；齿龈；牙床。如 gum disease 牙龈病

 Britons 英国人 a person from Britain

【paragraph 3】

Since March 25th, all routine treatment has been cancelled. Dentists offer just the “three As”—antibiotics,

analgesics and advice. Someone with lost crown will be dealt with over the phone. MyDentist, with around

650 practices in Britain, has warned its patients: “do not use SUPERGLUE or FIXODENT to fit your crown.”

A hygienist reports that a patient had become suicidal with pain.

自从 3 月 25 日起，所有的常规治疗都被取消了。牙医仅仅提供“三个 A”，即抗生素，止痛药和建议。丢失

在英国约有 650 家诊所的牙科诊疗机构 MyDentist 警告其患者：

了人造冠的患者将通过电话进行沟通处理。

“不要用强力胶或固着剂来固定牙冠”。一位牙科保健员报告说，已有一位病人因疼痛而自杀。

 routine 作为名词表示“常规”
，如 daily routine 日常生活；作为形容词表示“常规的，例行公事的，

日常的”，如 routine check 常规检查。还可以表示“乏味的”，a routine job 乏味的工作。

 analgesic /ˌænəlˈdʒiːzɪk/ (medical 医) a substance that reduces pain 止痛药；镇痛剂，analgesic

drug 止痛药

 crown [C] an artificial cover for a damaged tooth (受损牙齿的)人造冠

 practice [U, C] the work or the business of some professional people such as doctors, dentists and

lawyers； the place where they work (医生、律师的)工作，业务活动，工作地点 a successful

medical/dental/law practice 成功的诊所/牙医诊所/律师事务所【熟词僻义】

 SUPERGLUE [U]a very strong glue that sticks very quickly and is used in small quantities for

repairing things 强力胶

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 FIXAODENT 假牙固齿黏合剂

 hygienist 牙科保健员；牙科洁治员 a person who works with a dentist and whose job is to clean

people's teeth and give them advice about keeping them clean. hygiene 表示“卫生”，the practice

of keeping yourself and your living and working areas clean in order to prevent illness and disease。

如 food hygiene 食物卫生；personal hygiene 个人卫生

 suicidal 想自杀的；有自杀倾向的。people who are suicidal feel that they want to kill themselves.

如 On bad days I even felt suicidal.赶上不顺的日子，我都觉得不想活了。suicidal tendencies 自杀

倾向

【paragraph 4】

Only those with problems such as breathing difficulties due to swelling or nerve exposure qualify for urgent

treatment. The British Dental Association (BDA), a trade union, says the new urgent care system has

faced teething problems, with a lack of the protective kit needed for “aerosol-generating procedures” (ie,

ones where spit or blood will be flying around). As a result, in some practices the only treatment on offer

is teeth removal. “In this day and age that’s pretty prehistoric,” says Dr Goolnik.

只有那些因肿胀或神经暴露而导致呼吸困难等问题的人才有资格接受紧急治疗。英国牙科协会(BDA)表示，

新的紧急护理系统遇到很多小问题，缺少“气溶胶产生操作”(即唾液或血液会飞溅)所需的防护设备。 结果，

在一些诊所中，唯一提供的治疗是拔牙。古尼克博士说：“在这个时代，这样的情况真算的上是史前的了”
。

 swell 作为动词表示“肿胀”，swell 还可以表示“(使)增加，增大，扩大” to increase or make sth

increase in number or size。如 Membership has swelled to over 20,000.成员增加到 2 万余人。

 quality 表示“使合格；使具备资格”[T] to give sb the skills and knowledge they need to do sth, quality

for sth“有资格…”，qualify sb for sth“让 sb 有资格”。如 This training course will qualify you for

a better job.本培训课程将使你能胜任更好的工作。

 teething problems teething 出牙期，teething problems 指(公司、产品、系统等的)初期遇到的小问

题；创业阶段遇到的小麻烦 small problems that a company, product, system, etc. has at the

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beginning。如 Teething problems include accurately weighing fruit and vegetables.初期的问题包

括水果和蔬菜的准确称重。
【经济学人】

 kit [C, U] a set of tools or equipment that you use for a particular purpose 成套工具；成套设备。

a first-aid kit 一套急救用品。还可以表示“全套衣服及装备”[U] (BrE) a set of clothes and equipment

that you use for a particular activity，如 sport kit 运动用品。gear 也可以表示“(某种活动的)设备，

用具，衣服”。如 climbing/fishing/sports, etc. gear 爬山、钓鱼、运动等用具。A row of police wearing

riot gear stood in front of the protesters and told them they could not pass.一群警察身穿防暴装置站

。protective gear 防护设备，包括护目镜，防护服，手套

在抗议者面前，告诉他们不能通过【BBC】

这种，单独说防护服 protective clothing。

 aerosol-generating procedure 气溶胶产生操作。如 How can healthcare personnel reduce their

exposure risk when performing aerosol-generating procedures? 从事产生气溶胶的操作时医护

人员应如何降低自己的暴露风险？

“气溶胶”是指直径小于 100 微米、并能在气体中稳定分散悬浮的液态或固体小颗粒。

【知识拓展】

例如空气中的小液滴，最常见的来源是咳嗽、打喷嚏的时候所产生的飞沫。但当患者口腔内、鼻咽部

携带经呼吸道传染的病菌如肺炎病毒、流感病毒、结核杆菌等微生物时，其产生的气溶胶与飞沫则可

构成严重的危害。口腔医务人员和患者暴露于吸入性感染性气溶胶和飞沫环境中是十分危险的。

 i.e.是 拉丁语 id est 的缩写，意思是“那就是说、换句话说”，等同于 that is / in other，用来进一步解

释前面所表明的观点；e.g. 拉丁文 exempli gratia 的缩写，意思是“举个例子，比如，例如…..”

；w.r.t.

是 with respect to 的缩写。是“关于；谈及，谈到”的意思；etc. et cetera 的缩写，意思是“等等”

，

相当于“and so on”
，用于列举事物。et al. 源于拉丁语 et alibi 的缩写，意思是“等等”
，相当于“and

others”
，用于列举人。
【科技论文，科研写作】

 prehistoric 史前 的 ；有 文 字记 载 以 前 的； 远 古 的 connected with the time in history before

information was written down. 如 in prehistoric times 在 史 前 时 期 ； prehistoric

man/remains/animals/burial sites 史前人类/遗迹/动物/葬地

【paragraph 5】

Many dental practices either rely entirely or partly on private income, rather than NHS contracts, and are

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thus facing financial collapse. Some, unlike shops or restaurants, do not qualify for business-rates relief.

“I can’t help feeling forgotten when I walk down the street and see the vape shop, which is getting a

£25,000 grant and rates relief, painting and decorating,” sighs the hygienist.

许多牙科诊所要么完全或部分依赖于私人收入，而非依赖于 NHS 的合同，因此他们正面临着财务危机。与

商店和餐馆不同的是，有些诊所没有资格享受营业税减免。牙科保健师叹了口气说:“当我走在大街上看到

电子烟商店时，我禁不住感到被遗忘了。这家商店得到了 25,000 美元的资助及税率减免，在那粉刷和装饰

店铺。
”

 NHS 英国国家医疗服务体系(National Health Service，

简称 NHS)，
其曾被全球权威评级机构 Common

wealth Fund 评为全世界最优秀的医疗系统。

 collapse 在这里表示作为名词表示“崩溃，坍塌”
，financial collapse 表示“金融危机，财政崩溃”
。

collapse 还可以作为动词表示“(突然)降价，贬值；暴跌”[I] to decrease suddenly in amount or value.

如 Share prices collapsed after news of poor trading figures.在交易数额不佳的消息公布后，股票价

格暴跌。

[复习]表示暴跌的词汇如 plummet，nosedive，plunge，crash，slump。plummet，有铅坠的意思，

表示向下坠，还可以表示低潮，同 trough。动词词义为暴跌，价格的下降；plunge 同样也可以表示“价

格的暴跌”，都可以替换 fall 或 decrease。

Share prices plummeted to an all-time low.股票价格暴跌到历史最低点。

Stock markets plunged at the news of the coup.政变的消息一传来，股票市场便暴跌。

Share prices crashed to an all-time low yesterday.昨天股票价格暴跌到了前所未有的最低纪录。

 business-rate relief，其中 business-rate 表示“营业税”

，relief 一般和 tax 放在一起 tax relief 表

示“税款减免”reduction in the amount of tax you have to pay。business-rate relief 营业税减免。

如 Business rates (property taxes levied on firms) are put into a central pot and redistributed

according to need.营业税(对公司征收的财产税)被先集中于一个中央金库，再按照需求分配。rate 表

示“税务”时常用复数。

 vape shop 电子烟售卖店 a vape shop is a retail outlet specializing in the selling of electronic

cigarette products. 如 The restrictions are expected to have less of an effect on vape specialty

shops.预计限制规定对电子烟专卖店的影响不会太大。

 grant 作为名词时表示“(政府、机构的)拨款”a sum of money that is given by the government or by

another organization to be used for a particular purpose. 如 student grants (= to pay for their

education)学生助学金。He has been awarded a research grant.他得到一笔研究经费。emergency

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grant 紧急拨款；full grant 全额资助；maternity grant 产妇津贴；apply for grant 申请拨款；be

eligible for grant 有权享有补助。

 sigh /saɪ/作为动词表示“叹息道，叹着气说”
，注意和 sign 区别。

【paragraph 6】

When dentists reopen, they will struggle to satisfy the pent-up demand they are bound to face. Safe

dentistry in a pandemic is slow. Waiting areas must be kept empty, protective kit procured and surgeries

disinfected. At practices that are now doing urgent care, such restrictions mean traffic is down by three

quarters. If there is a similar drop-off in service when others return, care will continue to be rationed. Bad

news for anyone with toothache. Good news for Babybel manufacturers.

当牙医重新开业时，他们将很难满足他们必然要面对的被压抑的需求。在疫情期间，安全的牙科治疗是缓

慢的。等候区必须保持空无一人，需要采购防护用品并对手术设备进行消毒。在现在正在进行紧急护理的

诊所，这样的限制意味着人流量下降了四分之三。如果在其他人返回时服务也有类似的减少，则将继续对

护理实行定量配给。对牙痛的人来说是个坏消息，但这对芭比贝尔奶酪制造商来说是个好消息。

 reopen 重新开业；重新开放(商店、剧场等) to be opened again. 如 The school was reopened just

two weeks after the fire.火灾之后仅两个星期，这所学校就重新开学了。reopen 还表示“重新处理；

。如 reopen a discussion 重新开始讨论；reopen the case/investigation 重新立案/

再次开始；恢复”

调查；reopen old wounds 揭伤疤；reopen economy 重启经济。当 reopen 表示“恢复，重新开始”的

意思时，可以用 resume 来替换。如 resume production/operation/talk/negotiation 恢复生产/运营/讨

论/谈判。如 If the lockdowns are lifted soon, some European economies will be able to resume

production quickly. 如果很快解除封锁，一些欧洲经济体将能够迅速恢复生产。

绝命毒师 reopen investigation 重启调查 警察世家 reopen case 重审案子

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耶鲁课程 resume argument 重叙论点 24 小时 resume conference 重新召开会议

 pent-up 压抑的；积压的 (of feelings, energy, etc.) that cannot be expressed or released. 如 pent-

up frustration/energy 压抑的挫折感/精力。She was too pent-up to speak 她闷闷不乐不想说话。

pent-up demand/emotion 被抑制的需求/情感。还可以引申为“潜在的”如 Such things provide an

excellent outlet for pent up creative energy, but unfortunately not all of us are born handymen.这

些东西为人们潜在的创造力提供了一个绝妙的用武之地。但不幸的是，我们并非人人都是能工巧匠。

【新概念 3】

 bound 一定会，很可能会 bound to do/be sth certain or likely to happen, or to do or be sth。bound

可以用于构成复合词，表示“因…受阻(或不能正常工作)”(in compounds) prevented from going

somewhere or from working normally by the conditions mentioned, 如 strike-bound 因罢工滞留的；

fogbound，因大雾不能正常工作的机场 fogbound airports。还可以表示“前往….”

，如 Paris-bound

前往巴黎的；northbound/southbound/westbound/eastbound 向北/向南/向西/向东行进的。duty-

bound 责无旁贷的，义不容辞的。

 be bound up with sth 和某事密切相关，即 closely connected with sth

That safety is, and will be, bound up with the safety of the Western Hemisphere and of the seas

adjacent thereto.这种安全与西半球及其邻近海域现在和将来的安全息息相关，

【写作练习】密切相关，责无旁贷，日常生活，be bound up with sth，duty-bound，daily routine

As a member of the global village, living environment is closely bound up with our daily routine

and each human being should feel duty-bound to protect our great“Earth Mother”作为地球村的

一员，生活环境与我们的日常生活息息相关，保护我们伟大的“地球妈妈”是每个人义不容辞的责任。

 procure (设法)获得，取得，得到 to obtain sth, especially with difficulty. 用法为 procure sth for

sb/sth. 如 She managed to procure a ticket for the concert.她好不容易弄到一张音乐会入场券。

 disinfect ~ sth to clean sth using a substance that kills bacteria “给 …消 毒 ” to disinfect a

surface/room/wound 给表面/房间/伤口消毒。复习：disinfectant 消毒剂

 traffic 运输；人流；货流 the movement of people or goods from one place to another，如 commuter

traffic 上班族流量，tourist traffic 游客量。也可以表示“信息流量，通信量”Internet traffic 网络

流量。

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 three quarters quarter 表示“1/4”

，那么 three quarters 为 3/4；quarter 还可以表示“三个月”
，first

/second quarter 第一/二季度；quarter 表示“(尤指能提供帮助、信息或作出反应的)个人，群体”是

可数名词，a person or group of people, especially as a source of help, information or a reaction.

如 Support for the plan came from an unexpected quarter.支持这一计划的是没料想到的一方。

 drop-off 下降 He said that researchers were "surprised" by the amount of drop-off in speed but that

for the majority of consumers the slower connection would not be noticed. 他说研究者非常惊奇速度

下降了这么多，大多数客户却从来没有意识到。

 ration /'ræʃən/ [C] a fixed amount of food, fuel, etc. that you are officially allowed to have when there

is not enough for everyone to have as much as they want, for example during a war (食品、燃料等

短缺时的)配给量，定量。作为动词表示“限量，定量供应”如 Eggs were rationed during the war.战

争期间，鸡蛋限量供应。

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Uncle Sam v Huawei 美国与华为的对抗

Chip wars 芯片战争 20200523

A new escalation in the tech conflict illustrates the limits of American power

技术冲突的新升级暴露美国力量的局限性

公众号后台回复【0523】获取本期经济学人资料，笔记链接放在屏幕下方~

 Uncle Sam 大家熟悉的是“山姆大叔”，山姆大叔，是美国的绰号和拟人化形象，一般被描绘成为穿着

马甲礼服，头戴星条旗纹样的高礼帽、身材高瘦、留着山羊胡、帅气、精神矍铄的欧洲裔老人形象。

此外，Uncle Sam，缩写为 US，还表示“美国政府的绰号”，如 Europeans are working out how to

defend themselves if they cannot rely on Uncle Sam.欧洲正在考虑如何在不依靠美国的情况下防护

自身。
【经济学人】

 v/vs versus 对抗

 escalation 急剧上涨；大幅度增加； 严重升级，dramatic escalation 急剧的上涨，相当于 surge/soar

escalation into 升级为，如 the escalation of the conflict into an all-out war 冲突向全面战争的升级

 代指现象，power 表示“力量，影响力，操控力”，还可以表示“国家”，a country with a lot of influence

in world affairs, or with great military strength 有影响力的大国；军事强国。这种代指现象很多，如

emerging economies 表示“新兴的经济体”，指“发展比较迅速的国家”，advanced economics 可以表

示为“发达国家”。再如，身体的某个部分可以来代替人 brains 表示“智者，策划组织者”，往往用复数；

head 可以指“负责人，领导人”；hand 指“(农场或工厂的)体力劳动者，工人”；还有的量词可以用于代

指，如 pint /paɪnt/品脱，容量单位。如 have a pint 这里的 pint 就指酒，大家多多注意积累这样的词

汇，不会影响你的阅读的流畅度。

【paragraph 1】

If at first you don’t succeed, try again. A year ago America forbade its high-tech companies from selling to

Huawei, a Chinese maker of smartphones and mobile-network infrastructure. American officials worry that

Huawei-powered phone networks could aid Chinese spying (something the firm denies), and about

China’s growing technological prowess more generally. But the embargo turned out to be puny. Loopholes

allowed American firms to carry on supplying Huawei from overseas factories. The Chinese firm’s

revenues rose by 19% in 2019, to $123bn. Thanks to its efforts to stockpile parts, its purchases from

American suppliers rose by 70%, to $19bn.

如果一开始您没有成功，请再试一次。一年前，美国禁止其高科技公司向中国的智能手机和移动网络基站

制造商华为出售产品。美国官员担心，由华为提供支持的电话网络可能会帮助中国进行间谍活动(华为否认

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了这一说法)，而且他们担心中国科技水平的不断进步。然而这一贸易禁令形同虚设。禁令中的各种漏洞允

许美国公司继续从海外工厂供货给华为。华为公司的收入在 2019 年增长了 19％，达到 1230 亿美元。得

益于华为储存零件，美国供应商的出货量增长了 70％，达到 190 亿美元。

 forbade 禁止，不准，原型为 forbid，~ sb (from doing sth) 如 He forbade them from mentioning the

subject again. 他不准他们再提到这个问题。

 mobile-network 移 动 网 络 ， Most of Europe's roughly 200 operators of mobile networks use

Huawei's 4G gear.粗略估计欧洲 200 名移动网络运营商中的大部分都在使用华为的 4G 装置。

【经济

学人】

 Huawei-powered 其中的 powered 表示“由…驱动的；电动的”(usually in compounds) operated by a

form of energy such as electricity or by the type of energy mentioned。如 a solar-powered calculator

太阳能电池计算器

 prowess 非凡的技能；高超的技艺；造诣 great skill at doing sth，如 academic/sporting prowess 学

术/体育运动造诣；还可以表示“英勇无畏”如 prowess in battle 骁勇善战。boost of prowess 吹嘘，夸

耀技能；He boasted of his prowess as a lover.他自夸是恋爱高手。

 embargo 禁 止 ( 运 ) 贸 易 令 pl. an official order that bans trade with another country. to

impose/enforce/lift an embargo 实行/实施/取消贸易禁令，a trade embargo against certain countries

对某些国家的贸易禁运。boycott 拒绝购买(或使用、参加)；抵制，如 a trade boycott 贸易禁令=a trade

embargo。复数 embargoes

 puny /'pjuni/ 弱小的；孱弱的 small and weak，a puny little thing 弱小的小家伙；not very impressive

不起眼的；可怜的；微不足道的，如 They laughed at my puny efforts.他们嘲笑我微不足道的努力。

puny group/colony 弱势群体，the urban puny colony 城市弱势群体，puny excuse 微不足道的借口。

【写作练习】puny colony，pandemic，visible，vocal，onrushing，hand，power

Amid the lockdown, home-delivery services proved vital in China. They are powered by a new sort

of workers/hands who are normally regarded as the urban puny colony cladding in specific coloured

jackets. In fact, after this onrushing pandemic they seem to be more visible and vocal.

在此次封锁期间，送货上门服务对于中国来说至关重要。这种服务通常由被视为城市弱势群体穿着特

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定颜色衣服的工人支撑起一片天。实际上，在这次肆虐的疫情过后，他们的存在感和影响力似乎更加

强大了。

 loophole (法律、合同等的)漏洞，空子，security loophole 安全漏洞，exploit loophole 钻空子

 carry on 不停的，坚持做，carry on doing sth

 revenue 财政收入；税收收入；收益 the money that a government receives from taxes or that an

organization, etc. receives from its business. 如 annual revenue 年收入，tax revenue 税收

 stockpile 作为动词表示“储备大量(物资)”~ sth to collect and keep a large supply of sth，作为名词表

示“囤聚的物资”如 Many Brits are stocking up on toilet roll in preparation for Brexit. 很多英国人囤货

卷纸为脱欧做准备。

【写作练习】人们在疫情期间囤货，stockpile，disinfectant，strain every nerve to do sth

Large metal shelving-units appeared at entrances to residential compounds across cities during the

pandemic, and they groaned under the weight of all sorts of stockpiles, such as cooking oil,

vegetables, disinfectant, and full sacks of rice and flour. The residents are straining every nerve to

prepare well for the upcoming “silent war”.

在疫情期间，大型金属货架出现在各个城市居民区的入口处，架子上堆满了各种各样的囤货，比如食

用油、蔬菜、消毒剂，以及整袋整袋的大米和面粉。市民牟足了劲为即将到来的“无声之战”做好准备。

【paragraph 2】

On May 15th America tried a different tack. It announced new rules that target Huawei’s in-house

microchips, which power many of the firm’s products. The rules are aimed at the factories that take such

designs and turn them into working silicon, such as those owned by TSMC in Taiwan and SMIC in China.

They specify that no American tools can be used to make Huawei’s products. Since every big chipmaker

uses some American tools, the effect is to freeze Huawei out completely. The Chinese giant denounced

a “pernicious” decision that “threatens to undermine the entire industry worldwide”.

5 月 15 日，美国尝试了另一种新的策略。它宣布了针对华为内部微芯片的新规则，这些微芯片是该公司旗

下许多产品生产的源头。该规则针对的是采用华为设计的并将其转变为硅片的工厂，例如台湾台积电和中

国中芯国际。他们明确规定，禁止华为商品使用任何美国的设备。因为每个大型芯片制造商都使用某些美

国设备，其后果是将华为彻底地排挤出去。华为谴责了这一有可能破坏全球芯片行业的恶性行为。

 tack 方针；方法；思路；策略 the way in which you deal with a particular situation; the direction of

your words or thoughts 如 change/switch tack 改变/转变策略

 in-house (公司或机构)内部存在的，内部进行的 existing or happening within a company or an

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organization，如 an in-house magazine 机构内部发行的杂志

 TSMC 台湾积体电路制造股份有限公司，中文简称：台积电，英文简称：TSMC，属于半导体制造公

司。成立于 1987 年，是全球第一家专业积体电路制造服务(晶圆代工 foundry)企业，总部与主要工厂

位于中国台湾省新竹市科学园区

 SMIC 中芯国际集成电路制造有限公司，是一家专注于集成电路的代工厂，可以提供设计、制造、测

试等一系列服务。

 specify 具体说明；明确规定；详述；详列。to state sth, especially by giving an exact measurement,

time, exact instructions, etc. explicitly specify 详细说明

 freeze out 排挤，排斥(使不能参与…)freeze sb↔out (of sth) (informal) to be deliberately unfriendly

to sb, creating difficulties, etc. in order to stop or discourage them from doing sth or taking part in sth

 giant 大公司；强大的组织 a very large and powerful organization 如 the multinational oil giants 跨

国大石油公司，e-commerce giant 电商巨头；an unusually large person, animal or plant 巨人；巨

兽；巨型植物。如 He's a giant of a man.他是个巨人。还可以指“卓越、伟大的人物”，literary giants.

文学巨匠。behemoth 超级公司(或机构)a very big and powerful company or organization 如 the

behemoth state oil company 超级石油公司

 denounce 谴责；指责；斥责 to strongly criticize sb/sth that you think is wrong, illegal, etc. publicly

denounce 公开谴责，be widely denounced 被广泛谴责，最近的美国黑人被跪死事件。denounce sb

for doing sth 因 sth 而斥责 sb，denounce him for quitting 斥责他的退出

 pernicious 有害的，恶性的(尤指潜移默化地)having a very harmful effect on sb/sth, especially in a

way that is gradual and not easily noticed。如 The pernicious effect of this advertising on children is

a problem that we ignore at our peril.这则广告将对孩子有潜移默化的坏影响，我们置之不理，风险将

由我们自己来承担。

 be likely to do sth 有可能做 sth。“可能做…”的表达有很多，如 threaten to do sth，risk doing sth。

The fighting is threatening to turn into full-scale war...这场战斗有可能会演变为全面的战争。

【复习-经

济学人超精读第一篇-Trough to Peak】

sth do more harm than good“某事的弊大于利”

sth risk doing more harm than good“某事可能弊大于利”

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 undermine 逐渐削弱(信心、权威等)；使逐步减少效力 ~ sth to make sth, especially sb's confidence

or authority, gradually weaker or less effective。如 Our confidence in the team has been seriously

undermined by their recent defeats. 他们最近的几次失败已严重动摇了我们对该队的信心。

【paragraph 3】

The microchip is an American invention. But the chipmaking business has gone global. These days the

dozen biggest semiconductor firms make only 27% of their sales in America. Just 20% of their plant is

physically based there. Huawei evaded the worst effects of America’s original blacklist by switching

suppliers and buying from non-American factories. The new measures focus on a bottleneck instead: a

cohort of American-based chip-equipment firms whose products lack substitutes.

虽然微芯片是美国的发明，但是现在芯片制造产业已遍布全球。如今十二家最大的半导体公司在美国的销

售额仅占其总销售额的 27%，仅有 20%的工厂坐落在美国本土。华为因更换了供应商并从非美国的工厂购

买产品才从美国最初的黑名单(2019 年 5 月的制裁)所产生的最坏影响中逃过一劫。美国新的管制措施继而

转向了华为的“瓶颈区”：一些建在美国本土的芯片制造公司，他们所生产的产片是独一无二不可替代的。

 dozen 表示“十二，一打”，或者“十来个”，那么这里翻译成 12 个

 semiconductor 半导体，其中 semi 表示“半”，如 semi-final 半决赛，semicircular 半圆

 plant 表示“植物”，还可以表示“工厂”，相当于 factory，如 a chemical plant 化工厂

 physically 表示“身体上，肉体上或者根本上”It's physically impossible to finish by the end of the week.

根本不可能在本周末之前完成。

 base 作为动词表示“以 … 为据点(或大本营等)；把(总部等)设在”如 They decided to base the new

company in York.他们决定将新成立的公司总部设在约克。

 evade 逃避，规避(尤指规避法律责任)，避开 ~ (doing) sth to escape from sb/sth or avoid meeting

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sb. 如 evade capture 逃避追捕，evade taxes 逃税(想到某冰)，evade responsibility 逃避责任，evade

issues 逃避问题

 【写作练习】面对困境，鼓起勇气面对而不是逃避问题，confront，evade，pluck up one’s courage

When you are confronted with difficulties, it’s better for you to pluck up your courage to settle it rather

than evading the problems 当你遇到困难时，最好是鼓起勇气去解决，而不是逃避问题

 blacklist 作为名词表示“黑名单”，作为动词“把某人放进黑名单中”。put/place sb on blacklist 把某人

拉黑，如 A blacklist of online porn, as in Denmark and Australia, risks banning innocent websites.把

网络色情内容加入黑名单会有可能关闭掉无害网站，比如说丹麦和澳大利亚【经济学人】

 switch (使)改变，转变，突变 to change or make sth change from one thing to another. switch between

A and B, 在 A 与 B 之间转变。switch jobs 掉换工作；开头段 switch/change tack 改变/转变思路/策略

/方法。

 bottleneck (尤指工商业发展的)瓶颈，阻碍，障碍 anything that delays development or progress,

particularly in business or industry

 cohort /'kohɔrt/(有共同特点或举止类同的)一群人，一批人 a group of people who share a common

feature or aspect of behaviour. 如 the 1999 birth cohort (= all those born in 1999)1999 年出生的同

龄人口；还可以表示“同伙；支持者”a member of a group of people who support another person.

如 Robinson and his cohorts were soon ejected from the hall.鲁滨逊及其同伙很快被赶出了大厅。

【复习】quarter，之前介绍过 quarter 表示“四分之一”，(尤指能提供帮助、信息或作出反应的)个

人，群体 a person or group of people, especially as a source of help, information or a reaction 如

The news was greeted with dismay in some quarters.有一部分人对这条消息感到泄气。

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【写作练习】黑人乔治·弗洛伊德被跪死事件，一部分人感到愤怒，quarters, strike a blow

George Floyd’s death sparked a storm of outrage in some quarters. They spontaneously run off rage

in an aggressive way of protests and struck a blow for the black people’s right 乔治·弗洛伊德的死在

一些群众中引发了暴风般的愤怒。他们自发地以一种激进地的抗议方式来发泄愤怒，为黑人的权益而

战。

 lack 缺乏，同样的表达有“absence of/scarcity of/dearth of”

【写作练习】缺乏，absence of，代替 lack

 In the absence of environmental awareness and social responsibility, adverse anthropogenic

interventions on nature have inflicted huge harm to surroundings, such as a dearth of water

resources, global warming and forest degradation 在缺乏环境意识和社会责任的情况下，对自然的不

良人为干预已对周围环境造成了巨大损害，例如水资源匮乏，全球变暖及森林退化

 Due to the absence of medical supplies, health-care staff once plunged into desperation 由于缺乏医

疗用品，医护人员一度陷入绝望

 substitute 代替者；代替物；代用品 a person or thing that you use or have instead of the one you

normally use or have；如 a meat substitute 肉食替代品；a substitute family 收养家庭

【paragraph 4】

Huawei has said its survival is at stake. Markets are more sanguine. The price of its bonds, which are

traded in Hong Kong, barely dipped. It has spent the past year beefing up its large cash buffers and

inventories. Now a hunt will begin for a new way to sidestep the rules. China’s long-term project to build

up its own chip industry, of which Huawei is a vital part, will be seen as more important than ever. On May

15th SMIC, which is China’s biggest chipmaker, said it had raised $2bn from state investors and planned

to increase its capacity in China six-fold.

华为表示，目前它的生存岌岌可危。然而市场则更为乐观。华为公司在香港交易的债券几乎没有下跌。在

过去的一年里，华为一直扩充其庞大的现金及产品库存。如近华为将要寻找新的方法来规避这些规则。在

中国建立其自己芯片产业的长期计划中，华为是至关重要的一环，这项计划比任何时候都更为重要。5 月

15 日，中芯国际作为中国最大的芯片制造商表示在这之前他们已从国家的投资者那儿筹集了 20 亿美元并

计划将中国的芯片产能提高 6 倍。

 at stake 成败难料；得失都可能；有风险；利害[生死]攸关 that can be won or lost, depending on the

success of a particular action；reputation at stake 声誉难保。stake 作为名词表示“股份”，如 a 20%

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stake in the business 那家公司 20% 的股份；take stake 入股；还可以指“重大利益，重大利害关系”，

如👇图。stake sth out/out sth 明确阐述自己的看法(或立场等) to state your opinion, position, etc. on

sth very clearly；如 The President staked out his position on the issue.总统明确阐述了他在这个问

题上的立场。

【写作练习】性命攸关，我们不能有闪失 at stake

We cannot afford to take risks when people's lives are at stake.

在人命攸关的问题上，不容我们有闪失

 这里的 stake 表示利害关系

 take on 较量

 over 作为介词，由于；关于 because of or concerning sth; about sth，相当于 about，concerning

 head-to-head 正面交锋，面对面的，a head-to-head clash 面对面的冲突

 economic powers，这里的 power 指强国，在 Chip Wars(1)中 A new escalation in the tech conflict

illustrates the limits of American power【复习-代指现象】

 downplay 对…轻描淡写；使轻视；贬低 to make people think that sth is less important than it really

is. downplay= not take threat seriously.

 sanguine /ˈsæŋɡwɪn/ 充满信心的；乐观的 ~ (about sth) (formal) cheerful and confident about the

future，相当于 optimistic，如 They are less sanguine about the company's long-term prospects.他

们对公司的远景不那么乐观。take a sanguine view of sth 对 sth 持有乐观的态度；overly sanguine

attitude 过度乐观的态度

 bond 公债，债券；还可以表示“保释金”a sum of money that is paid as bail. 如 He was released on

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$5 000 bond.他以 5 000 元取保释放。此外，和 mortgage 在一起 mortgage bond 表示“贷款，按揭

贷款”

 barely

1.几乎没有，几乎不，表示否定 in a way that almost does not happen or exist

There was barely any smell. 几乎没有什么气味。

2.仅仅；刚刚；勉强可能 in a way that is just possible but only with difficulty

She was barely able to stand. 她勉强能站立。

3.刚好；不超过(某个数量、年龄、时间等)，放在数字或者表示时间的词之前

They arrived barely a minute later. 过了不到一分钟他们就到了。

4.刚才；刚刚 only a very short time before

I had barely started speaking when he interrupted me.我刚刚开始讲话，他便打断了我。

【拓展】some 用作副词表示“(用于数词前，意同 approximately)大约，差不多”，放在数字前面 used

before numbers to mean ‘approximately’ 如 Some thirty people attended the funeral.大约有三十人

参加了葬礼。

 dip (使)下降，下沉 to go downwards or to a lower level; to make sth do this 如 Sales for this quarter

have dipped from 38.7 million to 33 million. 本季度销售额从 3 870 万下降到 3 300 万。【代替

drop/decrease】

 beef up 加强(增援，充实)；补充(人数， 兵力)等，如 As the threat grows, so does the case for beefing

up defences against disease.随着危机不断升级，对疾病的防御也应同样加强。beef up security 加强

安保；beef up 加强管控；beef up enforcement and penalties 加大执行和惩罚力度；beef up the

pension and health-care systems 加强养老和医疗保险系统的建立健全。

【写作练习】加大对娱乐圈的整治，偷税漏税，难以东山再起

【beef up, evade tax, stage a comeback, headline, hit】

The scandal of Fan Bingbing, a superstar in China, who is evading taxes for many years, has hit the

headlines for several days. The news caused a huge sensation and the related authorities

announced the enforcement of draconian control over her misconduct and beefed up penalties

aimed at tainted public figures. It is quite hard for once top celebrities to stage a comeback.

中国超级明星范冰冰多年来偷税漏税的丑闻几天来一直占据着媒体的头条。这一消息引发了巨大的轰

动，相关部门宣布将范冰冰的不当行为实行严格的管控，并加大对劣迹艺人的处罚。曾经的当红明星

若想要东山再起是相当困难的。

 buffer 作为名词时表示“a thing or person that reduces a shock or protects sb/sth against difficulties，

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如 Support from family and friends acts as a buffer against stress.家庭和朋友的支持有助于减缓压力

=cushion。a buffer state (= a small country between two powerful states that helps keep peace

between them)缓冲国(两敌对大国之间有助于维持和平的小国家)；a buffer zone (= an area of land

between two opposing armies or countries)缓冲区(两敌对军队或国家之间的地区)。

buffer 作为动词 1. ~ sth to reduce the harmful effects of sth 减少，减缓(伤害)(ease，alleviate)

to buffer the effects of stress on health 减少压力对健康的影响

2. ~ sb (against sth) to protect sb from sth 保护；使不受…的侵害 They tried to buffer themselves

against problems and uncertainties.(shelter)

 inventory [C] a written list of all the objects, furniture, etc. in a particular building (建筑物里的物品、

家具等的)清单；财产清单；an inventory of the museum's contents 博物馆馆藏清单；[U] (NAmE) all

the goods in a shop (商店的)存货，库存=stock=stockpile goods

 sidestep 回避，规避(问题等)to avoid answering a question or dealing with a problem，相当于前文

的 evade，词汇的丰富性。

 six-fold 其中的-fold 表示“几倍”，tenfold10 倍

【paragraph 5】

The episode will have broader consequences for the tech industry. China could retaliate by hobbling

American tech firms that make money on the mainland, including Apple. And as the decoupling of America

and China accelerates, tech firms that straddle the two are experimenting with ways to try to keep both

sides happy. On May 15th TSMC said it would build a $12bn chip plant in Arizona. Four days later

ByteDance, a Chinese social media giant, said that it had appointed Kevin Mayer, a Disney executive, to

run TikTok, its most popular app. Having an American in charge may ease worries in Washington about a

Chinese app that is installed on millions of American smartphones.

这一事件对于科技行业将会产生更为广泛的影响。中国可能会通过限制美国包括苹果在内的高科技公司在

大陆圈钱以示反击。随着中美脱钩的加速，那些夹在两国之间的科技公司都在尝试两全其美的方法让双方

满意。5 月 15 日台积电表示将在亚利桑那州投资 120 亿美元建立芯片工厂。四天之后，中国的社交媒体巨

头字节跳动表示已任命迪士尼高管凯文·梅耶接手旗下最火的抖音 app。安排一位美国人管理公司可能会缓

解美国关于这款安装在数百万美国人手机上的担忧。

 episode (人生的)一段经历；(小说的)片段，插曲；事件 an event, a situation, or a period of time in

sb's life, a novel, etc. that is important or interesting in some way

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 retaliate 报复；反击；复仇 to do sth harmful to sb because they have harmed you first，如 to retaliate

against an attack 对攻击进行还击；retaliate by doing sth/with sth，如 The boy hit his sister, who

retaliated by kicking him. 男孩打了他妹妹，妹妹则回敬了他一脚。

 hobble /'hɑbl/ 表示“蹒跚，跛行”，还可以表示“防止，阻碍” to make it more difficult for sb to do sth

or for sth to happen，相当于 hinder/hamper/impede/obstruct，如 Violence and a shortage of electricity

hobble manufacturing 暴乱与电力不足阻碍生产

受到阻碍的表达：be beset with/by，be hobbled/obstructed/hindered/impeded/hampered/plagued by

 decouple(使两事物)分离，隔断 ~ sth (from sth) (formal) to end the connection or relationship

between two things，可以翻译成“脱钩”。如 Decoupling from China would mean decoupling from

opportunities, from the future, and in a sense, even from the world. 与中国‘脱钩’，就是与机遇‘脱钩’，

就是与未来‘脱钩’，某种意义上也是与世界‘脱钩’。

 straddle /'strædl/ 骑；跨坐；分腿站立~ sth/sb to sit or stand with one of your legs on either side of

sb/sth；跨过，横跨(河流、道路或一片土地)~ sth to cross, or exist on both sides of, a river, a road or

an area of land 如 The mountains straddle the French-Swiss border.这座山脉横跨法国和瑞士边界。

横跨，同属(不同时期、活动或群体)；两栖于(不同活动)~ sth to exist within, or include, different periods

of time, activities or groups of people；如 a writer who straddles two cultures 横贯两种文化的作家；

还可以表示 take up or maintain an equivocal position with regard to a political issue，在政治问题上

保持模棱两可的立场

 experiment with 尝试；试用~ (on sb/sth) | ~ (with sth) to try or test new ideas, methods, etc. to find

out what effect they have

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 ByteDance 字节跳动，Tik Tok 抖音

 appoint 任命；委任 to choose sb for a job or position of responsibility

 ease (使)宽慰；减轻；缓解 to become or to make sth less unpleasant, painful, etc.

ease the pain 减轻疼痛；ease my mind=make me less worried 减少我的担忧；ease off/ease off sth

减轻，减缓(强度，交通压力等) 如 Ease off the training a few days before the race.比赛前几天要减

轻训练强度。alleviate, temper, assuage, mitigate, relieve 都有“减轻，缓解”的意思

【paragraph 6】

The tech war is guaranteed to make the chip industry less efficient. The big question is whether using

technological clout ends up undermining the very American dominance that gives rise to it. No one knows

how vital American chipmaking technology really is, because until now there has been no reason to find

out. Many governments are wary of China’s power. But they may chafe at American policies that tell their

firms who they are allowed to do business with. They may even conclude that wriggling out from under

such restrictions by shunning American suppliers is worth a try.

这场科技战势必会降低芯片产业的效能。然而最重要的问题在于，美国利用其科技影响力来遏制华为的做

法最终是否会削弱本就造就了美国的主导地位呢？没有人知道美国的芯片制造技术究究竟有多重要，因为

到目前为止还没有理由去证明。许多政府对中国的力量同样持警惕态度，然而他们可能受够了美国的政策，

这些政策规定对他们可以合作的对象加以限制。他们甚至可能决定通过规避美国的供应商来摆脱束缚，这

个方法非常值得一试。

 guarantee be guaranteed to do sth 肯定会；必定会 to be certain to have a particular result=be doom

to do=be bound to do

 clout (非正式)(尤指政治、商业的)影响；势力 influence or power, especially in politics or business，

如 I knew he carried a lot of clout.我知道他很有势力。political/financial clout 政治/经济势力

 wary (对待人或事物时)小心的，谨慎的，留神的，小心翼翼的，警惕的 careful when dealing with sb/sth

because you think that there may be a danger or problem，be wary of sth/doing sth。如 He was wary

of leaking out the secret.他小心翼翼以免泄漏秘密。

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 chafe [tʃeɪf] (尤指因受限制而)恼怒，烦恼，焦躁~ (at/under sth) (formal) to feel annoyed and impatient

about sth, especially because it limits what you can do。如 He soon chafed at the restrictions of his

situation.他很快便因为处处受到限制而感到恼火。

【写作练习】民众对长期的居家禁令感到恼火，chafe at，lasting，ordinace，stay-at-home

For the past five months of lasting lockdown, the masses may have chafed at the “stay-at-

home”ordinance.

在过去的五个月的封闭日子里，民众可能对居家令感到厌烦。

be stacked against/in favour of (情况)极可能不利于(有利于)，如 So, if you own a small business,

is the deck stacked against you? 所以，如果你拥有一个小企业，重重压力会成为你的障碍吗？

have/has deck stacked against sb 表示“某人拥有不利的条件”to have little chance of success due

to some existing circumstances, conditions, or obstacles that are likely to present difficulties.如

Tiffany wants to pursue a career in modeling, but she's only five feet tall, so she really has the deck

stacked against her.

 conclude (美，旧)决定 decide to do something，如 we found some bread, which we concluded to

eat.我们发现了一些面包，并决定吃掉。或者表示“得出结论”，两种翻译个人觉得都可以~

 wriggle (耍手段或施诡计以)摆脱(wriggle out of)avoid (something) by devious means。如 don't try

and wriggle out of your contract.别想耍诡计摆脱你的合约。

 shun /ʃʌn/ (因厌恶或谨慎)避免；避开；回避 persistently avoid, ignore, or reject (someone or

something) through antipathy or caution。如 an actor who shuns publicity 一个避免引起公众注意的

【复习】evade，sidestep，shun，wriggle out of 均表示“回避，规避”

演员。

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【paragraph 7】

This has, after all, happened before. The aerospace industry is another high-tech business that America

jealously guards. The hassle of complying with draconian export rules has proved a selling-point for

products that contain no American technology—“ITAR-free”, in the jargon. America’s hawks plainly think

that the chance to spike Huawei’s guns, and to slow China’s technological development, is worth that

long-term risk.

毕竟这种情况之前也发生过。航空业也是美国非常看重并严守的另一个高科技行业。遵守严格的出口规定

所带来的麻烦让“不含美国技术”的产品成为一大卖点，按照专业术语表述的话就是“免于国际武器贸易条例”。

美国的鹰派简单地认为只要有机会打乱华为的计划并减缓中国技术的发展，长期的冒险也是值得的。

 jealously 嫉妒地，很看重地，尽力地。如 a jealously guarded secret 严守的秘密

 hassle 麻烦，不方便，麻烦事 irritating inconvenience，如 travelling can be a hassle.旅行可能是件

麻烦事。legal hassles 法律程序的繁杂

 comply with 遵守，comply with the law 遵守法律。abide by 同样表示“遵守”

 draconian (法律或其执行)过于严厉的，残忍的，严酷的 (of laws or their application) excessively

harsh and severe。这个单词来自“德拉古”(公元前 7 世纪，雅典立法者，他编纂的雅典法典以严酷著

称，微不足道的罪行也会被判死刑)，还可以想到 dragon，龙在西方被视为一种残忍，凶猛的动物，

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代替 strict，如 draconian penalty 严厉的惩罚

 selling-point 商品吸引顾客之处；卖点 a feature of a product for sale that makes it attractive to

customers

 ITAR-free ITAR 国际武器贸易条例(International Traffic In Arms Regulations)，如 Starting in 1999,

the United States banned the export of satellites to China containing components covered under the

US International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR).从 1999 年开始，美国根据其国际武器运输条例

禁止对中国出售卫星及其部件

 jargon 行话；专业术语 special words or expressions used by a particular profession or group that

are difficult for others to understand.如 legal jargon.法律术语。parlance 表示“说法；用语；术语” in

American parlance 即“用美国的说法”；buzzword(非正式)(常指作为口号的)时髦词语，流行术语

 hawks “鹰派”，doves“鸽派”，前者偏激进，后者主打温和

 plainly 朴素地，简朴地 in a style that is simple and without decoration。如 the restaurant was plainly

furnished. 这家饭店装修很简朴；简单明了地；直截了当地 using simple words to say sth in a direct

and honest way，如 To put it plainly, he's a crook.实话实说吧，他是个骗子；清晰地；明显地；清楚

地，如 Plainly (= obviously) something was wrong.很显然什么地方出了问题。

 spike one’s guns 打乱对手的计划 to spoil the plans of an opponent；(报纸编辑)弃置新闻稿不用(of

a newspaper editor) reject (a story) by or as if by filing it on a spike，如 the editors deemed the article

in bad taste and spiked it.编辑们认为这篇文章品位低下，所以决定弃置不用。

感谢各位支持~

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b 站「燃燃要燃了」 「经济学精读 4-The life pressed out」 公众号「燃燃要燃了」

Obituary George Floyd 乔治·弗洛伊德的讣告(R.I.P)

The life pressed out 生命的终结

George Floyd, security guard and trucker, was asphyxiated by a Minneapolis

police officer on May 25th, aged 46. 乔治·弗洛伊德，一名保安兼货车司机，

于 5 月 25 日被明尼阿波利斯的一位警官跪到窒息而死，享年 46 岁。

公众号后台回复【0606】获得本期经济学人资料

视频完结后，有笔记的分享~

 obituary /o'bɪtʃuɛri/ 讣闻；讣告 an article about sb's life and achievements, that is printed in a

newspaper soon after they have died

 out 直至完成 so as to be finished or complete，如 I'll leave them to fight it out.我要让他们斗到底。

 asphyxiate /əs'fɪksɪet/ 使窒息；闷死 to make sb become unconscious or die by preventing them

from breathing；asphyxiating 可以作为形容词，表示“让人窒息的”

，如 the asphyxiating boredom

of the good-taste gardener. 那趣味高雅的园艺家令人感到的窒息的厌烦。

【paragraph 1】

Tuesdays were usually George Floyd’s night on security-guard duty at El Nuevo Rodeo club, the “hottest

venue” for Mexican music in Minneapolis. That was urban-music night, when blacks came crowding in to

hear R&B, soul, hip-hop and rap. Things could get rowdy sometimes, but he kept order with calm and a

big smile and the sheer presence of himself, six-feet-six and with bulging muscles under his coat. That

wasn’t the style of another guy there who had done the job for 17 years, an off-duty white police officer

with jittery eyes, who would reach for his pepper spray as soon as a fight broke out and fire it over everyone.

But few thought their paths had crossed, or that they ever would.

每周二通常是乔治·弗洛伊德在新罗迪奥酒吧担任保安的夜晚，那里是明尼阿波利斯最热门的墨西哥音乐

酒吧。是都市音乐之夜，黑人挤进来听 R&B，灵魂乐，嘻哈和说唱音乐。有时现场的状况会变得很混乱，

但有着六英尺六英寸身高、藏在外套下健壮的肌肉的弗洛伊德保持镇静、脸上挂着灿烂的笑容，气度非凡

地控制全场秩序。然而，以上的风格可不适用在另外一个人身上，他是一位并不在执勤期的有着 17 年工龄

的白人警官。他的眼睛里透露着紧张不安，一旦有冲突爆发的时候，他以最快速度拿出胡椒喷雾，对着人

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群狂喷。但是很少有人认为他们之间的人生轨迹交错在一起了，或是他们曾经交错在了一起。

 El Nuevo Rodeo 是明尼阿波利斯墨西哥音乐最热门的场地，一直以吸引全国的唱片艺术家而闻名，

其中包括著名的格莱美奖得主墨西哥和拉丁裔艺术家！一个令人难忘的舞会和喧闹的夜晚

 venue (尤指音乐会、会议、运动会等有组织活动的)举办地点；举办场所；会场 the place where

something happens, especially an organized event such as a concert, conference, or sports event.

如 Olympic venue 奥运会场馆；OK. And the venue is the school, isn't it? 好的，举行地点是在学校，

对吧？【雅思 11】

 R&B, soul, hip-hop, rap

R&B 蓝调音乐/节奏布鲁斯(Rhythm and Blues)发源于非裔美国人艺术家，是一种融合爵士乐、福音

音乐和电子布鲁斯音乐为一体的音乐风格。

soul 指一种黑人音乐，索尔亦称“灵歌”，由布鲁斯、摇滚乐与黑人福音歌混合而成的一种黑人流行音

乐，演唱时较少演奏乐器。

hip-hop 嬉蹦乐(源于美国黑人和拉美人的一种流行音乐，特点是伴有电子音乐的敲打)

rap 说唱(起源于美国黑人的一种流行音乐，常有电子乐器伴奏)

 rowdy /'raʊdi/ 吵闹的；惹是生非的；捣乱的 making a lot of noise or likely to cause trouble，如 a

rowdy crowd at the pub 酒吧里一群闹哄哄的家伙

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 sheer 十足的；纯粹的；完全的 [only before noun] complete and not mixed with anything else，表

示强调。如 The concert was sheer delight. 这场音乐会是一次十足的享受。

 presence 仪表，仪态；风度；气质 the impressive manner or appearance of a person，如 a man of

great presence 风度翩翩的男子

 foot 英尺，1 英尺=30.48 cm，1 英尺=12 英寸，six-feet-six 指 6 英尺 6 英寸≈1.98 m

 bulge /bʌldʒ/ 充满，塞满(某物)to be completely full (of sth)，如 a bulging briefcase 一个鼓鼓囊囊的

公文包。作为名词，可以表示“一时的激增；暴涨”a sudden temporary increase in the amount of

sth，如 After the war there was a bulge in the birth rate. 战后出生率激增。
【复习】spike, surge, soar,

skyrocket

 off-duty 休班 not at work，an off-duty policeman 休班警察，on-duty 值班

 jittery 紧张不安的； 心神不宁的 anxious and nervous

 spray 喷剂；喷雾的液体 a substance that is forced out of a container such as an aerosol, in very

small drops；pepper spray 胡椒喷雾

 break out 突然开始；爆发(of war, fighting or other unpleasant events ) to start suddenly，如 Fire

broke out during the night. 夜间突然发生了火灾。

 over 作为介词，在这里表示“遍及”如 They've travelled all over the world. 他们游遍了全世界。

【复

习，over 表示关于=about/concerning 如 an argument over money 为了钱的争吵】

【paragraph 2】

He liked being a bouncer. His regular stint was at the Conga Latin Bistro on East Hennepin, another

Mexican-Latino joint with dining and dancing. There he sometimes wore a blue boiler suit with “Security”

in large white letters, but also a navy jacket and black polo-neck that made him look a million dollars. At

the door he always beamed out his warm welcoming smile, and expected a hug in return from the regulars.

He would dance badly, just to make them laugh. (Jovanni Thunstrom, the owner, once tried to teach him

Bachata dance, but he was so tall he couldn’t turn him.) Some customers came early to eat the spicy

Mexican food with him. In return he did favours for them: drove them home if they were drunk, put their

things in his own closet if they didn’t bring spare change for the coat-check. At the end of business, he

helped clean down the bar. Mr Thunstrom (“Bossman”, as he kept calling him), was a friend, almost family,

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and rented him a duplex in St Louis Park, uptown. He liked his neighbours there, and would spend time

chatting over the fence to their little boy, teaching him the proper way to shoot hoops. He had been pretty

good at basketball, back in Texas.

他喜欢当保镖。他的固定工作时间是在东亨内平的康加拉丁小酒馆，这是另一家墨西哥-拉丁裔的餐馆，集

餐饮和跳舞类表演于一体。在那儿，他有时会穿一件蓝色连衫裤套装，上面有大大的白色字母“安全”字

样，有时也会穿一件海军夹克搭配黑色高领毛衣，这身打扮让他看起来像个百万富翁。在门口值班时，他

总是露出热情欢迎的微笑，期待着与常客们的拥抱。他跳舞跳得很糟糕，只是为了逗顾客们笑。(它的领头

乔万尼·汤斯特伦曾试图教他跳巴恰塔舞，但他个子太高，不方便转身)。有些顾客提早来和他一起吃辛辣的

墨西哥食物。作为回馈，他会帮顾客一些忙: 如果顾客们喝醉了，他就开车送他们回家；如果他们没有带零

钱付衣服寄托费，他就把他们的东西放进自己的衣橱里。每天的营业结束后，他会帮忙打扫酒吧。斯托姆

(乔治一直叫他博斯曼)是他的朋友，几乎可以说是家人，他在市郊的圣路易斯公园为弗洛伊德租了一套复式

公寓。他喜欢那里的邻居，经常隔着栅栏和邻居们的小男孩们聊天，教他们正确的投篮方法，他在德州时

篮球打得很好。

 bouncer (俱乐部、酒店等的)门卫

 stint 从事某项工作(或活动)的时间~ (as sth) a period of time that you spend working somewhere or

doing a particular activity 如 a two-year stint in the Navy 在海军服役两年；A six-month stint

volunteering as a nurse in a hospital in deprived inner-city Hamburg was an early influence.在贫困

的汉堡市中心内一家医院，为期六个月的护理志愿者经历对他产生了早期影响【经济学人】
。作为动词

时 stint 表示“节省；吝惜”(usually used in negative sentences) to provide or use only a small amount

of sth，如~ (on sth) She never stints on the food at her parties.她举办聚会吃的东西从不小气。~

yourself 如 We don't need to stint ourselves — have some more! 我们没必要节省，多吃点！

【stink，to the gill】

【口语/写作】世界上贫困地区的很多人都吃不上饭，有人说没必要节省，特别生气！

Well, you know, tens of thousands of people in impoverished area could not fill the belly not to

mention that they can stuff themselves to the gill with delicious and clean food. So when I hear

someone says:“We don’t need to stint ourselves, have some more! ”, I will get super angry

immediately！你知道的，在贫困地区成千上万的人不能填饱肚子，更不要说吃到美味干净的食物吃到

撑了，所以当我听到某个人说“我们没有必要节省，多吃点”
，我会立刻变得很生气~【我好暴躁，肝

火太旺了】

 Mexican-Latino 墨西哥拉丁裔的

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 joint 这里作为名词表示“(廉价的)娱乐场所”
，如 a hamburger joint 汉堡店。分享一个表达 out of

joint 可以表示“脱臼”
，也可以表示“杂乱无章，混乱，不正常”类似于 chaotic/rowdy

【out of joint，throw(使陷入)】
【写作练习】冠状肺炎这种“黑天鹅事件”让我们的生活陷入混乱，

Routine life during lockdown was thrown completely out of joint owing to “Black Swan” event of

pandemic.由于这次疫情的“黑天鹅”事件，在封闭期间的日常生活完全陷入了混乱的状态。

 boiler suit (英)(重体力劳动者穿的)连衫裤工作服 a one-piece suit worn as overalls for heavy

manual work；navy jacket 海军外套

 polo-neck (英)(尤指毛衣的)圆高领 a high, close-fitting, turned-over collar on a garment, typically a

sweater，如 Steve Jobs was famous for wearing the same outfit-black polo neck, jeans and

trainers-every day.史蒂夫·乔布斯以每天穿同样的衣服而闻名——黑色圆高翻领衫、牛仔裤和运动

鞋。
【经济学人】

 beam 这里为动词表示“笑容满面；眉开眼笑”to have a big happy smile on your face，如~ sth (at

sb) The barman beamed a warm smile at her. 酒吧侍者对她热情地微笑。beam at sb 对 sb 笑，如

He beamed at the journalists.他笑容满面地面对记者。作为名词，表示“光线/梁”

 regular 经常(做同一件事或去同一地方)的(人)(of a person) doing the same thing or going to the

same place frequently 如 a regular visitor.常客。

【复习-goer】a theatre-goer 剧院的常客。

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 bachata 巴恰塔(一种舞蹈)

 spare change 零钱

 coat-check 衣帽间，是一些公众场所受托代访客保管大衣、行李的地方，通常设于剧院、公园、溜

冰场、运动场、车站、超级市场、赌场等的正门入口，目的是方便顾客进场享用娱乐，不必为暂时不

用的衣帽行李所烦恼。这里应该是指寄存衣服的这种服务。

 duplex 复式公寓，占两层楼的公寓套房 a flat on two floors

 uptown 作为副词表示“离开市中心；在(或向)市郊”in or to the parts of a town or city that are away

from the centre, where people live，如 We walked uptown a couple of blocks until we found a cab.

我们向市郊走了好几条街才找到一辆出租车。此外 uptown 作为形容词，表示“富人区的”，如 uptown

prices 富人区的价格

 fence 表示“栅栏；篱笆；围栏”

sit on the fence 避免作选择(或决定)；做骑墙派；犹豫观望 avoid making a decision or choice，相当

于之前分享过的 straddle，
【复习 straddle】墙头草随风倒，有些人就骑在墙上，看风往哪边刮就往哪

边跑，指那些没主见的人。

 hoop (篮球)篮圈；篮框 the ring that the players throw the ball through in the game of basketball in

order to score points，如 Let's shoot some hoops.我们投几下篮吧。(Kobe R.I.P)

 back 这里作为副词，表示描述场所的转换在曾提到过的地方，如 Meanwhile, back in London, Palace

Pictures was collapsing...与此同时，伦敦的皇宫影业公司也正在分崩离析。

【paragraph 3】

Since coming to Minneapolis from Houston, several years ago, he had had no problem getting a job.

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Friends who had gone north before him had persuaded him to come, and they were right. There was no

shortage. He worked as a truck driver, revelling in taking big rigs on the Interstate, and found his two

security places. He also found a new girlfriend, Courtney Ross. And with that he seemed determined to

stay in Minnesota.

自从弗洛伊德在几年前从休斯顿来到明尼阿波利斯后，找工作对他来说并不是问题。先于他来到北方的朋

友们曾劝说他来北方，结果证明他的朋友们是正确的，北方的工作机会很多。他当过卡车司机，沉浸于在

州际间开着大卡车的生活，此外他还找到了两份安保的工作。他还找了个新的女朋友，考特尼·罗斯。因

为女友他似乎决定留在明尼苏达州生活了。

 revel 作为可数名词表示“(尤指饮酒和跳舞)狂欢、作乐、欢闹”
，如 The revels often last until dawn.

狂欢常常持续到黎明；revel in 表示 get great pleasure from (a situation or experience) 陶醉于，尽

情享受，沉湎于≈enjoy/indulge in，如 Bill said he was secretly revelling in his new-found fame.比尔

说他正暗自陶醉于新获得的声誉里。

 rig 铰链式卡车；作为动词表示“(以不正当的手段)操纵，控制(选举、工作任命或比赛等)” 如 the

results of the elections had been rigged. 选举结果受人操纵了。

 interstate 作为形容词表示“(尤指美国)州际的，州与州之间的”
，Interstate means between states,

especially the states of the United States，如 interstate highways 州际公路；作为名词表示“(美国)

，In the United States, an interstate is a major road linking states. 如 the southbound lane
州际公路”

of Interstate 75. 75 号州际公路的南向车道

 determine 决定;下决心;敲定；If you determine something, you decide it or settle it，如 He determined

to rescue his two countrymen. 他决意营救自己的两名同胞。

 Minnesota 明尼苏达州

【paragraph 4】

That was not the plan at first. H-Town was still home. He grew up there in the Third Ward, the old black

section of the city, full of shotgun shacks and run-down public housing as well as more notable buildings,

like the Jack Yates High School, which he attended, and Wheeler Avenue Baptist church, where Martin

Luther King preached. At Yates, with his height, more than six feet at 12 years old, he shone at sports: he

was recruited by South Florida State to play basketball, and was on the Yates football team that made the

final of the Texas state championship in 1992 in the Astrodome. The Houston music scene drew him, too;

he was “Big Floyd” in a group that backed DJ Screw, a legendary hip-hop DJ, inventor of a new remix

technique of slowing tracks down and playing the same track on different turntables (“chopped-and-

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screwed”, hence the “Screwed”). Best of all, he met attractive women, by several of whom he had children.

He was a good father while he was around.

定居在明尼苏达州并不是他最初的计划，休斯顿还是他心心念念的家乡。他在休斯顿的第三区长大，那里

是休斯顿的旧黑人区，布满排房、破旧的公共住房还有一些著名的建筑。比如他曾就读的杰克·耶茨高中，

以及马丁·路德·金布道的惠勒大道浸礼会教堂。在耶茨时，年仅 12 岁的弗洛伊德就有 6 英尺多高(约 183

cm)，他在体育方面表现出众，比如他被南佛罗里达州立大学招募去打篮球，并在 1992 年参加了在阿斯托

洛圆顶运动场举行的德克萨斯州立大学橄榄球锦标赛的决赛。休斯顿的音乐圈也吸引了他，他为 DJ Screw

。Screw 是一名家喻户晓的嘻哈 DJ，他开创了一种全新的混音

团队伴唱，是乐队中的“大块头弗洛伊德”

，因此称之为“Screwed”)。
技术，即放慢音轨并在不同的唱盘上播放相同的音轨(将其称之为“拆分及结合”

最幸运的是，弗洛伊德遇到很多有魅力的女人，他和其中的一些女人育有子女，弗洛伊德在孩子身边的时

候是一位好父亲。

 Third Ward 表示“第三区”

，分享一下关于 ward 的内容。ward 作为名词可以表示“病房、(行政)区”
，

isolation ward 隔离病房；此外-ward 可以构成复合词，表示“向某个特定的地点(或方向)”和第二段

中讲到 interstate 表示“州际公路”时出现的 northbound 类似，也放在方位词之后，如 northward 向

北的/地，一起记忆。

 section (主美)(城镇的)区域，地段 a particular district of a town

 shotgun 猎枪;火枪，a shotgun is a gun used for shooting birds and animals which fires a lot of small

metal balls at one time.

 shack 简陋木屋，棚屋 a roughly built hut or cabin；shed 也可以表示“(用于储存园艺工具等的)简

，如 a garden shed 园艺工艺棚【熟词僻义，shed 流眼泪】

易房，小棚屋，小屋”

 shotgun shack A "shotgun house" is a narrow rectangular domestic residence, usually no more

than about 12 feet (3.5 m) wide, with rooms arranged one behind the other and doors at each end

of the house. It was the most popular style of house in the Southern United States from the end of

the American Civil War (1861–65) through the 1920s. Alternate names include "shotgun shack",

"shotgun hut", "shotgun cottage"

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 run-down (建筑物、地区等)破旧不堪的，破败的，失修的，如 a run-down block of flats.破败的公

寓楼。shabby 也表示破旧的，shabby house 破败的房屋；one of the shabbiest and poorest areas of

London.伦敦最贫穷、最肮脏的地区之一

 public housing (由公共基金为低收入者提供的)公共住房

 notable 值 得 注 意 的 ; 显 著 的 ; 有 趣 的 ； Someone or something that is notable is important or

interesting，如 The proposed new structure is notable not only for its height, but for its shape. 拟建

的新建筑令人瞩目，不仅是因其高度，也因其外形；notable 还可以作为名词，表示“显要人物;有势

力的人”经常用作复数 Notables are important or powerful people，如 businessmen and local notables.

商界要人和当地名流。

 attend 去[学校、教堂等]; 上学；If you attend an institution such as a school, college, or church, you

go there regularly，如 They attended college together at the University of Pennsylvania. 他们一起

就读于宾夕法尼亚大学。

 Baptist 浸礼会教友(提倡只让成年信徒接受浸没洗礼的一新教教会成员，浸礼会是最大的新教团体之

一，遍布全世界，在美国盛行)，a Baptist church 浸礼教会

 preach (尤指在教堂聚众)布道；宣讲，如 he preached to a large congregation. 他在一场大型圣会上

【短语】practise what they preach 以身作则；身体力行；躬行己说；If you say that someone

布道。

practises what they preach, you mean that they behave in the way that they encourage other people

to behave in. 如 He ought to practise what he preaches.他应该以身作则。preach to the converted

向皈依者布道(对已经有信念者做宣传)advocate something to people who already share one's

convictions about its merits or importance

 shone 是 shine 的过去式及过去分词形式(也可以为 shined)，这里表示“(技巧或活动方面)出色，出

类拔萃，干的出色，大放光彩”，Someone who shines at a skill or activity does it extremely well；如

He has set a shining example with his model behaviour. 他以模范的行为给我们树立了一个好榜样。

再如 a boy who shone at nothing. 一个一无是处的男孩。

【短语】take the shine off 使黯然失色；使

失去兴奋，spoil the brilliance or excitement of，如 these concerns are taking the shine off Britain's

economic recovery. 这些忧虑使英国经济恢复黯淡起来。

 recruit 招收；招募；征召；If you recruit people for an organization, you select them and persuade

them to join it or work for it，如 The police are trying to recruit more black and Asian officers 警方正

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在试图招募更多黑人和亚裔警官。recruit 还可以作为名词，表示“新手；新兵；新成员”A recruit is

a person who has recently joined an organization or an army.

 Astrodome 阿斯托洛圆顶运动场 The Astrodome, also known as the Houston Astrodome, is a multi-

purpose, domed sports stadium, located in Houston, Texas.

 scene (活动)领域,圈子;界;坛 You can refer to an area of activity as a particular type of scene，如

political scene 政坛，music scene 音乐界/乐坛，club scene 夜店圈。

【复习】world (world of finance

金融界)，industry

 drew 是 draw 的过去式，这里表示“吸引”相当于 attract；If something such as a film or an event

draws a lot of people, it is so interesting or entertaining that a lot of people go to it. 如 The game is

currently drawing huge crowds. 这个游戏现在吸引了很多人。

 back 为…伴奏或伴唱；If a singer is backed by a band or by other singers, they provide the musical

background for the singer. 如 She was backed by acoustic guitar, bass and congas.原声吉他、贝斯

【拓展】back 还可以表示“支持；资助”If you back a person or a course of action,

和康茄鼓为她伴奏。

you support them, for example by voting for them or giving them money

A coalition of tech giants including Google, Facebook, Microsoft and Twitter have backed a five-fold

plan to “eradicate” child sexual abuse on the internet. 由 Google，Facebook，Microsoft 和 Twitter

等技术巨头公司组成的联盟支持一项五项计划，以“消除”互联网上的儿童性虐待现象。

 legendary 传奇般的；家喻户晓的；If you describe someone or something as legendary, you mean

that they are very famous and that many stories are told about them. 如 His political skill is legendary.

他的政治手腕高超是出了名的。

 DJ (尤指在电台或迪斯科舞厅)介绍和播放流行音乐唱片的主持人，全称为 Disco Jockey

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https://www.startribune.com/george-floyd-was-once-part-of-houston-hip-hop-legend-dj-screw-s-
crew/570845582/

George Floyd was once part of Houston hip-hop legend DJ Screw's crew

 remix (用调整安排不同音轨的方法)制作已录制音乐的修改版， 混音版音乐，重混乐 produce

重新合成，

a different version of (a musical recording) by altering the balance of the separate tracks

 track 指“音轨，轨道”
，

 turntable (唱机的)唱盘；A turntable is the flat, round part of a record player on which a record is put

when it is played.

 chopped-and-screwed 其中的 chop 是“剁，砍，切”的意思；screw 是“螺丝钉，用螺丝钉固定，

拧紧，拧成一团”的意思。chopped-and-screwed 我个人认为是：把音轨分段，然后重新组合，不太

确定哟~有知道的小伙伴欢迎发弹幕~

【paragraph 5】

Yet Houston was tough, too, especially in the Third Ward. He lived in Cuney Homes, otherwise known as

“The Bricks”, a project overrun with drugs, gangs and guns. In 1997 the place was modernised and even

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won an award, but its reputation did not change much. And as a “brickboy” he did not escape it. In his

early 20s he did jail time for theft with a firearm. After that came various arrests for possession of cocaine.

He was not made for crime; he admitted in a video later that “bustin’ a gun” was crazy and made his knees

shake. But he seemed to drift into these things because there was no line of work or life he was especially

good at. His friend Stephen Jackson had become a player for the NBA, in the San Antonio Spurs, and he

liked to call Stephen his “twin”, excited by his successes as if they were his own. But he, Big Floyd, was

famous mostly for his size—a size that made people think he was not gentle or calm, but a fighting person.

，或称为“砖块”(从下面 Cuney
然而在休斯顿的生活也很艰难，尤其是在第三区。他曾住在“库尼之家”

Homes 的图中，可以看出墙体都是砖头堆砌的，可能是这个原因才被称为“砖块”)，这个地方毒品、帮派

和枪支泛滥成灾。1997 年这个地方被改的更为现代化了甚至还得了个奖，然而它的名声并没有多大改善。

而他作为一名“砖块男孩”他并没有出泥而不染(或翻译为逃出周围环境所造成的命运)。在他 20 多岁的时

候因为非法持有枪械进了牢房。之后又因为持有可卡因多次被捕。他并非生而就是罪犯，弗洛伊德曾在一

段视频中承认过每天带着枪疯狂的打打杀杀让他也很怂，膝盖忍不住颤抖。但他似乎自然而然地就卷入到

这些冲突中，他很迷茫，因为没有什么工作和生活是他特别擅长的。他的朋友史蒂芬·杰克逊入选了 NBA

圣安东尼奥马刺队，弗洛伊德喜欢称呼他为“双胞胎兄弟”
，为杰克逊的成就感到激动，就好像是他自己取

得的一样。然而，大块头弗罗伊德他自己多半是因为体格的庞大才有些许的名气，他的外形让大家想当然

地把他视为一个爱惹事的家伙而并非温柔且冷静的人。

 Cuney Homes Homes Quality, affordability and a friendly atmosphere – that is what you’ll find at

Cuney Homes. Our pet-friendly apartment homes are located in the heart of Houston’s historic Third

Ward community directly across from Texas Southern University. With lovely one, two, three and

four-bedroom options available, Cuney Homes caters to individuals and families. Call or come by

today for a personal tour and see why Cuney Homes is the perfect place to call home. “The Bricks”

is the nickname of Cuney Homes

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 otherwise 这里作为副词，表示“或；另外”as an alternative，相当于 or，如 the Cosa Nostra, otherwise

known as the Brotherhood.“我们的事业”

，或称“兄弟会”。

 overrun 横行的；泛滥的；肆虐的；If you say that a place is overrun with things that you consider

undesirable, you mean that there are a large number of them there，如 Padua and Vicenza are

prosperous, well-preserved cities, not overrun by tourists.帕多瓦和维琴察两市商业繁荣，建筑古迹

保存良好，也没有蜂拥而至的游客。

我们在【BBC 世界新闻头条精听精读 3】中分享过 runway 中提到过 overrun/overshot，表示超出跑道

【复习】be plagued by 被…困扰=be beset by/be afflicted by

这里表示超支，

【写作练习】早高峰，车辆很多，对行人尤其是弱势群体的安全造成威胁

【overrun，puny colony(chip war)，pose threat】

In the morning rush hour, the road is overrun with all kinds of cars, which poses a great threat to the safety

of pedestrians especially the urban puny colony such as children and the elderly. 早高峰时段，道路上到

处都是各种类型的汽车，这对行人的安全造成了极大的威胁，尤其是像儿童和老人这样的弱势群体。

 gang (犯罪分子有组织的)一帮，一伙 an organized group of criminals，如 a gang of masked robbers

一帮蒙面劫匪；还可以表示“一群，一队，一组一起干体力活的人”A gang is a group of workers who

do physical work together，如 a government road gang 一队政府派出的筑路工人。

 jail 监狱 a place for the confinement of people accused or convicted of a crime，如 he spent 15

years in jail 他在监狱里蹲了 15 年。送进监狱可以用 put into/in

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 theft 偷窃;盗窃罪，Theft is the crime of stealing，如 he was convicted of theft 他被判犯有盗窃罪。

 firearm 火器;枪支；Firearms are guns，如 He was jailed for firearms offences 他因违犯枪支管理法

而被判监禁。

 possession (非正式)私藏毒品，(informal)the state of possessing an illegal drug，如 They're charged

with possession 他们因私藏毒品而被指控。

 bustin’ 首 先 分 享 下 bust ， 作 为 动 词 可 以 表 示 “ 打 ( 炸 ) 破 ， 破 开 ” break, split, or burst

(something)(figurative)(喻)，如 they bust the tunnel wide open.他们把隧道炸开。the film busts every

box office record 这部电影打破了所有票房纪录。bust out of the prison 表示越狱；作为名词可以表示

，如 the boom was followed by the present bust 经济繁荣后是当前的萧

“经济萧条不景气的时期”

条，boom and bust 繁荣与萧条，

【复习】peak and trough 高峰和低谷。还可以表示“破产”
，如 firms

will go bust 公司将要破产。busting 可以用于复合词，如 drug-busting 打击毒品；inflation-busting 抑

制通货膨胀；crime-busting 打击犯罪；union-busting 打击工会。busting 可以简化为 bustin’，可以有

很多种意思，结合上下语境。这里的 bustin’ a gun 表示开枪

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 drift into (不知不觉的)陷入，如 drift into war 卷入战争的漩涡；drift into habit of…逐渐养成…的习

惯；drift into conventional pattern 落入俗套。如 The government is trying to prevent a drift into long-

term unemployment 政府在试图阻止失业的长期发展趋势。

 line 行业；行当；Your line of business or work is the kind of work that you do. 如 In my line of work

I often get home too late for dinner 干我们这一行的，经常回家太迟都吃不上晚饭。再如 the stresses

unique to their line of work.他们这一行业所特有的压力。

【paragraph 6】

So it could turn out. In 2007 he and five other men forced their way into a woman’s house. He held a gun

to her stomach and then searched through the rooms and cabinets, looking for money and drugs. This

aggravated robbery earned the “large suspect” five years in prison. When he emerged, he pledged himself

to a new life. He became active in his church, Resurrection Houston, organising not only barbecues and

basketball games but Bible studies and open-air baptisms, pushing the big tub right into Cuney Homes to

evangelise the hardest part of town. It was a Christian work programme that drew him to Minnesota, and

he felt ready for that challenge, too. There he could make a completely fresh start, perhaps earn enough

money to be a better father. His calls to his friends bubbled with hope for the future.

然而大家对他的这种印象成为了现实。2007 年，他和其他五名男子闯入一名妇女的家中。他拿枪指着她的

肚子，翻箱倒柜，索要钱财和毒品。这桩情节恶劣的抢劫案让“大个儿疑犯”吃了五年牢饭。当他熬到出

狱后，发誓改过自新，重新开启新的生活。他的身影开始频繁的出现在休斯顿复活教会中，不仅组织一些

烧烤活动和篮球比赛，此外还组织圣经的学习和露天的洗礼活动，他推着大浴缸径直地进入到库尼社区里，

把福音带到这个镇里最难传教的地方。是一个基督教的工作项目将他吸引到了明尼苏达州，他认为自己已

经准备好迎接这个挑战了，在那里他可以重新开始，可能挣到足够多的钱，成为一名更好的父亲。他给他

朋友打电话的时候，滔滔不绝的话语中都充满着对未来全新生活的希冀。

 force 强行通过(或闯入)，强行打开 make a way through or into by physical strength; break open by

force

 cabinet 储藏柜;陈列柜 A cabinet is a cupboard used for storing things such as medicine or alcoholic

drinks or for displaying decorative things in，如 a cocktail cabinet 一个鸡尾酒具橱柜。

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 aggravated 罪行加重的，严重的；Aggravated is used to describe a serious crime which involves

violence，如 He was jailed for aggravated assault 他因犯严重伤害罪而被判入狱。其动词为 aggravate

加重；使恶化；加剧；If someone or something aggravates a situation, they make it worse，如 Stress

and lack of sleep can aggravate the situation 压力和睡眠不足会使情况恶化。【记忆】gravity，

gravid[grav-]；
【单词辨析】aggregate 合计，总计，汇集；集合体，事物的集合【记忆】congregation

集会，集合/gregarious 群居的，合群的[greg-]

 earn 获得，博得，赢得；招致，惹起 gain or incur deservedly in return for one's behaviour or

achievements，如 Through the years she has earned affection and esteem 经过这么多年，她赢得

【短语】earn a crust (尤指通过做不愿意做的工作)谋生；If you earn a crust, you

了人们的尊敬和爱戴。

earn enough money to live on, especially by doing work you would prefer not to do 如 In his early

days, he would do almost anything to earn a crust from the sport 早年为了能在体育界混口饭吃，他

几乎什么都做。

 emerge 从困境或不好的经历中摆脱出来，熬出来；If you emerge from a difficult or bad experience,

you come to the end of it，如 There is growing evidence that the economy is at last emerging from

recession 有越来越多的证据表明经济终于开始摆脱萧条。

 pledge 声明，保证 formally declare or promise that something is or will be the case，如 they pledged

to continue the campaign for funding 他们承诺要将筹集资金的活动进行下去。

 resurrection (基督教中的)耶稣复活；In Christian belief, the Resurrection is the event in which Jesus

Christ came back to life after he had been killed

 open-air 露天的；户外的；室外的 An open-air place or event is outside rather than in a building，

如 an open air concert in brilliant sunshine 沐浴在明媚阳光中的露天音乐会

 baptism (基督教用语)浸礼，洗礼(用水撒前额或将人浸入水中，以涤罪或再生，并表示入教。在许多

教会，幼儿洗礼与取名同时进行)

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 tub 大小不一的桶,盆,缸,盆；A tub is a deep container of any size，如 She lay back in the tub 她向

后靠着躺在浴缸里。

 evangelise〈主英〉传福音，使信基督教，传福音是指传播基督信仰的行为，亦称传道、讲道、传教、

宣教、布道(新教使用较多)

 Christian 基督教的;基督徒的；Christian means relating to Christianity or Christians，如 the Christian

faith 基督教信仰

 fresh 在本文表示“全新的”
，a fresh start 一个全新的开始。
【拓展】(河流、湖泊等的水)淡的；Fresh

water is water that is not salty, for example the water from rivers or lakes ||刚从…来的;刚经历过…

的；If you are fresh from a particular place or experience, you have just come from that place or you

have just had that experience. You can also say that someone is fresh out of a place，如 I returned

to the office, fresh from Heathrow 我刚从希思罗机场回到办公室。再如 Fresh from their semi-final

win over Germany, Britain took a promising early lead 刚刚在半决赛中战胜德国队的英国队开场便取

得了领先，形势一片大好。||【短语】fresh out of sth 刚用完…的;一点儿不剩的；If you are fresh out

of something, you have recently used the last of it and have none left，如 When I needed a tape to

record an interview on I found I was fresh out of cassettes 我想找一盘带子为访谈录音时发现磁带刚

刚都用完了。|| (与过去分词连用构成形容词)表示“新近…的”，“刚刚…的”，如 fresh-baked bread 刚

烤好的面包，fresh-cut grass 才割的草。

 bubble with 滔滔不绝地说；洋溢着某种感情；Someone who is bubbling with a good feeling is so

full of it that they keep expressing the way they feel to everyone around them，如 She came to the

phone bubbling with excitement 她走到电话旁，兴奋地说个不停。

【paragraph 7】

By the end of May the picture was cloudier. He had been laid off from his security jobs when covid-19 had

closed the restaurants. The rent-money for Mr Thunstrom was scraped together somehow, but it was not

clear when work would return. He made many calls to friends asking for advice. Meanwhile, the old life

brushed him again. On the evening of the 25th he went with two acquaintances to buy cigarettes at Cup

Foods on 38th and Chicago, where he was a regular. He tried to pay with a $20 bill which the store clerk

thought looked counterfeit, then would not return the cigarettes. The clerk, thoroughly frightened, called

911 and identified the “tall guy” as the man to blame.

今年五月底的时候，就业及生活前景变得黯淡了些。因为新冠肺炎的流行，很多餐厅都关门了，他也因此

失去了安保的工作。他东拼西凑才勉强交上了汤斯特伦的租金，但是什么时候可以复工还是未知数。他给

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朋友们打了很多电话寻求建议。与此同时，那些不堪的过往再次向他袭来(或者翻译成，他的老毛病又犯了)。

在 25 日晚上，他和两位熟人去他经常光顾的位于 38 号大街和芝加哥大道交界处的“杯子食品”杂货铺买

几包香烟。他试着用 20 美元的钞票付钱，但是店员认为是假钞，然而弗罗伊德拒绝归还香烟。店员吓得不

轻，打了报警电话，并指认“大个子的家伙”是带头造事儿的人。

 picture (喻)情况，局面，事态；心目中的形象，印象，概念 (figurative)an impression of something

formed from an account or description，如 a full picture of the disaster had not yet emerged 该灾难

的整体情况尚不得而知。作为动词可以表示“想像，构想”form a mental image of

 cloudier 是 cloudy 的比较级，分别为 cloudier 和 cloudiest，表示“不确定的；不清楚的，模糊的，

uncertain/unclear，如 The issue becomes more cloudy 问题变得越来越不确定了。

【写作练习】北京此次新的一轮疫情的严重性目前还未可预测【cloudy，picture，in this case】

The full picture of Beijing’s second round infections is still cloudy as yet, and in this case residents

should not ever let down/lower their guard/relax their vigilance 截止到目前为止，北京第二轮感染的

整体情况还未可知，在这种情况下，居民不应放松警惕。

 laid off 原型为 lay off 通常指因工作岗位不足而辞退，解雇，使下岗。表示解雇的很多，

【复习】shed，

fire，sack，discharge，cut 等都有裁员的意思

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 scrape (艰难地)凑集，积累，积攒 (scrape something together/up)collect or accumulate something

with difficulty，如 They could hardly scrape up enough money for one ticket, let alone two 他们连一

张票的钱都攒不够，别说两张了。

 somehow 副词，不知怎样;用某种方法;不知什么缘故;不知怎的；You use somehow to say that you

do not know or cannot say how something was done or will be done，如 He looked different somehow

不知为什么他看起来不一样。

 clear 清晰的，清楚的，明白的 easy to perceive, understand, or interpret；

【拓展】clear 还可以作为

副词，表示“让开，离开”so as to be out of the way of or away from，如 Stand clear, I'll start the

plane up 站远点，我要发动飞机了。
【雅思】在雅思考试中出现过 clear 副词的用法，具体记不住了。

 brush 轻拂，轻抹，轻擦 a slight and fleeting touch，如 The lightest brush of his lips against her

cheek 他在她的面颊上轻柔地吻了一下。

 acquaintance 熟人(只相识但非密友)a person one knows slightly, but who is not a close friend，如

a wide circle of friends and acquaintances 一大圈朋友和熟人。

 counterfeit (钱、货物或文件)仿造的，假冒的；Counterfeit money, goods, or documents are not

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genuine, but have been made to look exactly like genuine ones in order to deceive people，如 He

admitted possessing and delivering counterfeit currency 他供认持有并散播假币。伪造物；赝品 a

fraudulent imitation of something else; a forgery，如 He knew the tapes to be counterfeits.他知道这

些磁带都是仿冒品。counterfeiting 假冒伪造行业，如 The business of counterfeiting appears to be

expanding 假冒伪造业似乎正日益膨胀。

【写作练习】加强对假冒伪造行业的监管力度

【beef up，counterfeiting，police】

The authorities, which represents conscience and justice, should beef up policing of counterfeiting

with draconian measures, such as imposing fines, revoking licenses or even sentencing to short-

term jail to show deterrent effect 代表良知及公正的政府当局应采取严厉的手段加强对假冒伪造行业

的监管，比如罚款、吊销营业执照，甚至是可以判处短期的刑罚来起到震慑作用。

 thoroughly adv 彻底地;认真仔细地，如 Each new volume is thoroughly referenced 每本新书都有详

细的附注

 identify 确认;指认;验明；If you identify someone or something, you name them or say who or what

they are，如 The judge ordered that the girl should not be identified 法官下令那女孩不得被指认

 blame 这里是“责备，怪罪”的意思，
【拓展】还有“把…归咎于”的意思(blame something on)assign

the responsibility for something bad to (someone or something)，如 They blame youth crime on

unemployment 他们把青年犯罪归咎于失业。put blame on sth 把…归咎于…上/ pin blame for sth on

sb 把 sth 的责任推脱到 sb 身上【经济学人-gig economy】

【写作练习】青少年犯罪，归咎于父母较少的陪伴与爱

【blame，juvenile delinquency，affection】

Some experts argued that the rise in juvenile delinquency should be put blame mostly on lacking

company and affection from parents / Some experts pin blame for the rise in juvenile delinquency

mostly on lacking company and affection from parents 一些专家将青少年犯罪上升的主要原因归咎

于缺少父母的陪伴和关爱

【paragraph 8】

When the police arrived he struggled at first, but calmed down once the cuffs were on. Then he refused

to get into the squad car. An officer dragged him aside, threw him to the ground helpless and then, for

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almost nine minutes, knelt on his neck, pressing, pressing, as he cried out for his mother and his breath

and his life. He possibly never knew that this was the same white guy with jittery eyes who had worked at

El Nuevo Rodeo, the one so ready with the pepper spray to keep the blacks in line.

警察来了以后，弗罗伊德起初奋力挣扎，但他被戴上手铐的那一刻就冷静了下来。接着，他拒绝上警车。

一位警官把他拉到了一旁，随后将他按在地上长达九分钟的时间，在这段时间里，这名警官用膝盖不断地

按压他的脖子，弗洛伊德哭着喊妈妈、说他无法呼吸、不断的呼救。他可能永远都不会知道，压在他脖子

上的这位警官就是曾在新罗迪奥酒吧工作的那位目光焦灼的白人，那个动不动就准备用胡椒喷雾让黑人们

乖乖排好队的白人。

 cuff (非正式)手铐(cuffs)(informal)handcuffs；作为动词时表示“给…铐手铐”
，如 The man's hands

were cuffed behind his back 这个人的手被铐在后面。此外，cuff 还可以指“袖口”

，如 a pale blue

shirt with white collar and cuffs 有白色衣领和袖口的浅蓝色衬衫

 squad (警方)专案组 a division of a police force dealing with a particular crime or type of crime，如

The regional crime squad 对付地区犯罪的专案组。还可以指“(特种)小分队，小组”a small group of

people having a particular task，如 an assassination squad(特种)小分队，小组

 drag 生拉;硬拽；If someone drags you somewhere, they pull you there, or force you to go there by

physically threatening you，如 The vigilantes dragged the men out of the vehicles 治安人员硬把那

些人拉下车。

 aside 副词，把…带或拉到一边；If you take or draw someone aside, you take them a little way away

from a group of people in order to talk to them in private，如 Will put his arm around her shoulders

and drew her aside 威尔一只胳膊搂着她的肩膀，把她拉到了一边。

 knelt 是 kneel 的过去式和过去分词，表示“跪下；跪着”When you kneel, you bend your legs so

that your knees are touching the ground，如 She knelt by the bed and prayed 她跪在床边祈祷。

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India and China 印度和中国

Elephant v dragon 龙象之争

A border clash between the world’s two most populous 世界上人口最多的两个国家之间的边境冲突
countries is insanely risky. Time to swap maps 是极其危险的。是时候该界定两国的分界了
文章观点不代表个人观点
公众号后台回复【0620】获取本期经济学人 PDF 资料，笔记分享链接详见评论~

 clash 发生冲突;打斗;争论;意见不合 When people clash, they fight, argue, or disagree with each

other，如 There have been minor clashes with security forces 与治安部队发生了小规模冲突。

 populous 人口众多的；人口稠密的 A populous country or area has a lot of people living in it，如

China is one of the populous countries 中国是人口稠密的国家之一。

 insanely 首先看一下 insane，精神错乱的；有严重精神病的，发疯的 in a state of mind which prevents

normal perception, behaviour, or social interaction; seriously mentally ill，如 He had gone insane 他

发疯了。还可以表示“(行为，政策)极其愚蠢的；不合理的”(of an action or policy) extremely foolish;

irrational or illogical，如 took insane risks behind the wheel 在车辆后面极蠢地冒险。insanely 为副

词，表示后面修饰的形容词的程度，insanely risky 极其危险的

 risky 危险的;有风险的 If an activity or action is risky, it is dangerous or likely to fail，如 Investing in

airlines is a very risky business 投资航空业风险很大。

 swap 交换；If you swap something with someone, you give it to them and receive a different thing

in exchange，如 I'd gladly swap places with mummy any day 什么时候让我和妈妈交换角色我都愿

意。

【paragraph 1】

IN THE ANCIENT Chinese game of Go, clever players ignore little battles in favour of strategic plays.

Leaving local disputes unresolved means that later, when the game tightens and the enemy is off-guard,

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you can snatch prizes at lower cost. In the 69 years since China truly became India’s neighbour by

grabbing Tibet, the world’s two most populous countries have played a similar game. Even as their leaders

summited and trade thrived, the Asian giants left a mess of territorial disputes to fester

在古老的中国围棋游戏中，聪明的棋手都不会太在意局部小规模的对抗，反而更倾向于全局的战略博弈。

搁置区域争端意味着，当局势变得吃紧，敌人没有防备时，你便能以更低的代价攫取胜利的果实。69 年前，

自中国解放西藏后，中印两国真正地成为了邻国，这两个世界上人口最多的国家间的相处之道就像下围棋

一样。即使两国的领导人举行过峰会、双方也有过频繁的贸易往来，但这两个亚洲大国间留存了大量持续

恶化的领土争端问题。

 Go 围棋，如 Lee Sedol, a Go champion, who in 2016 lost a celebrated match against AlphaGo, an

artificial-intelligence program, announced his retirement 围棋冠军李世石(Lee Sedol)宣布退役。2016

年，他在与人工智能程序 AlphaGo 的著名比赛中失利【经济学人】

 strategic 战略(上)的 relating to the identification of long-term or overall aims and interests and the

means of achieving them，如 Strategic planning for the organization is the responsibility of top

management 为该组织进行战略规划是最高管理层的职责

 dispute 意见不同；争辩；辩论 a disagreement, argument, or debate，如 a territorial dispute between

the two countries 两国之间的领土之争。

 unresolved (难题，疑问，争论)未解决的；未解答的；意见未统一的 (of a problem, question, or dispute)

not resolved，如 a number of issues remain unresolved 多个问题悬而未决。

 tighten (使)变紧；(使)绷紧；(使)变得更严格 make or become tight or tighter，game tighten 局势紧

绷，如 central government has tightened control over local authority spending 中央政府已经加强了

对地方当局支出的控制。

【写作练习】经过此次疫情，国家将加强医疗体系的建立健全【outbreak，tighten，medical system】

After the outbreak, the central government should tighten the establishment and improvement of the

medical system

 off-guard 措手不及的;没有提防的；无思想准备的；If someone is caught off-guard, they are not

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expecting a surprise or danger that suddenly occurs，如 The question caught her completely off-

guard 这个问题令她猝不及防。
【短语】catch / take sb off-guard to surprise someone by happening

when they are not expecting something or prepared for it 使某人措手不及，让某人猝不及防

【写作练习】这次突然爆发的疫情让没有过防疫经验的国家猝不及防【raging(onrushing)，pandemic，

catch sb off guard】

The raging pandemic of Covid-19 caught some European countries without experience in epidemic

prevention off guard, for example, Italy, Spain and France etc. 肆虐的新冠肺炎疫情，让一些缺乏疫

情防控经验的欧洲国家措手不及，比如意大利、西班牙、法国等。

 snatch 一把抓住;迅速地夺取 If you snatch something or snatch at something, you take it or pull it

away quickly，如 she snatched a biscuit from the plate 她从盘子里一下子抓走了一块饼干；snatch

a purse 抢钱包；还可以表示“抓住机会”quickly secure or obtain (something) when a chance presents

itself，如 snatching a few hours' sleep 抓紧时间睡几个小时；还可以表示“侥幸获得(胜利);险胜”If

you snatch victory in a competition, you defeat your opponent by a small amount or just before the

end of the contest，如 The American came from behind to snatch victory by a mere eight seconds

美国人后来居上，仅以 8 秒钟的优势赢得了胜利。
【短语】snatches victory from the jaws of defeat

反败为胜，snatches defeat from the jaws of victory 反胜为败

【写作练习】武汉疫情开始时，医疗系统一度陷入瘫痪，医生们只能抽出时间睡觉、吃饭，非常辛苦

【plunge into，snatch，in this case，drag，strain every nerve 】

At the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in Wuhan, the medical systems once plunged into paralysis

and in this case medical staffs can only snatch a few hours to sleep and then drag their tired bodies

to strain every nerve to fight against the virus 在武汉大流行初期，医疗系统一度瘫痪，医务人员只

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能抓紧几个小时的睡眠时间，然后拖着疲惫的身体竭尽全力对抗病毒

 truly 真正地;完全地；You use truly to emphasize that something has all the features or qualities of

a particular thing, or is the case to the fullest possible extent，如 a truly democratic system 真正民

主的制度

 grab 试图抓住,夺取；If you grab at something, you try to grab it，如 she grabbed him by the shirt

collar 她抓住他的衣领。

 Tibet 西藏(位于喜马拉雅山北侧、中国境内的一个多山地区，1965 起成为中国西部的一个自治区)

 summit 动词表示“攀登到顶峰”Reach the summit of (a mountain or hill)，还可以表示“参加最高

，如 He kept Stalin company to summit during the World WarⅡ在

会谈，参加峰会，参加首脑会晤”

第二次世界大战期间他曾陪斯大林参加过最高首脑会晤。

 thrive 欣欣向荣;茁壮成长;兴旺发达；If someone or something thrives, they do well and are

successful, healthy, or strong，如 a thriving economy 欣欣向荣的经济。failure to thrive (medical) 未

能康复，如 concerned about their baby daughter’s failure to thrive 为他们的小女儿未能康复而担心

 territorial 领土的;领海的；Territorial means concerned with the ownership of a particular area of

land or water，如 It is the only republic which has no territorial disputes with the others 它是唯一和

其他国家没有领土争端的共和国

 mess (北美，非正式)大量的 (a mess of)(N. Amer. informal)a large amount or quantity of，如 a mess

of fresh fish 很多新鲜的鱼

 fester (局势、问题或情感)恶化，激化，加剧，愈演愈烈的 become worse or more intense, especially

through long-term neglect or indifference ， 如 a festering controversy 愈 演 愈 烈 的 争论 。 再 如

resentments are start to fester 怨恨开始加剧。

【paragraph 2】

Mostly these claims, over some 130,000 square kilometres on either side of their 3,488km-long border,

have not mattered much. Despite a Chinese “lesson-teaching” invasion in 1962, rare armed skirmishes

and less rare fisticuffs between patrols, the border zone has remained relatively calm. Much of it is too

rugged and empty to fight over. So long as neither side shifts the status quo, what difference does it make

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if there are no proper markers on long stretches of border, but instead just a fuzzy “Line of Actual Control”?

中印两国的边界线长达 3488 公里，边境地区大概有 13 万平方公里的土地面积，大多数针对边境地区的声

明都起不到什么作用。尽管中国在 1962 年开始了“教训式”的入侵，但双方的巡逻人员很少发生斗殴，武装

冲突则更为罕见，因此边境地区一直处于相对和平的状态。大部分的边境地区地势崎岖、荒无人烟，双方

无法爆发冲突。只要双方维持现有的状态，即使在较长的边界线上不做适当的标记，而只是存在模糊的“实

际控制线”
，那又有什么不同呢？(换言之就是只要是双方维持现有状态，有没有明确的边界线都没差)

 over 关于 about a particular subject, person or thing，相当于 concerning 和 about，如 debate over

money 关于钱的争论

 some 放在数字面前表示“大概，大约”
，相当于 approximately，如 She gained some 25 pounds in

weight during pregnancy.她在怀孕期间体重差不多增加了 25 磅

 rare 稀有的，罕见的; 不常发生的 not seen or found very often, or not happening very often，如

Heart attacks were extremely rare in babies 婴儿极少有心脏病发作的情况

 armed 武装的; 持枪的 carrying weapons, especially a gun，如 armed police 武装警察

 skirmish 小规模战斗，小冲突(用于新闻报道)，如 The young soldier was killed in a skirmish with

government troops 这名年轻士兵在和政府军的一次小冲突中被打死了。

 fistcuffs 拳斗;斗殴 Fighting with the fists，如 group fisticuffs 群殴

 patrol /pə'trol/巡逻队；巡逻车队 a group of soldiers, vehicles, etc，如 a naval/police patrol 海军/警

，如 Troops patrolled the border day and night 军队日夜在边境地区

察巡逻队。作为动词表示“巡逻”

巡逻。

 rugged 崎岖不平的;高低起伏的;多岩石的 A rugged area of land is uneven and covered with rocks,

with few trees or plants，如 a rugged coastline 崎岖不平的海岸线

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 so long as 等同于 as long as，相当于 only if “只要”

，如 So long as there is a demand for these

drugs, the financial incentive for drug dealers will be there 只要对这些毒品有需求，就会有对贩毒者

的经济诱因。

 status quo 现状 The existing state of affairs, especially regarding social or political issues, 如

maintain / preserve / defend the status quo ( = not make any changes )维持/保持现状，如 They

wanted a return to the status quo before the war 他们想回到战前的状况。

 stretch 作为名词可以表示“一片，一泓，一段” stretch (of sth) an area of land or water, especially

a long one，如 a particularly dangerous stretch of road 特别危险的路段；an unspoilt stretch of

coastline 一段未破坏原貌的海岸线。long stretches of border 很长的几段边界线。

 fuzzy 不明确的;含混的 You describe something as fuzzy when it is vague and not clearly defined，

如 The border between science fact and science fiction gets a bit fuzzy 科学事实和科幻小说之间的

界限变得有点儿模糊了。相当于 vague，区别 vogue；

【短语】warm and fuzzy，温暖的，温馨的，如

Yet Mr Cameron's appeal to warm and fuzzy Anglicanism is politically astute 不过卡梅伦对于英国国

教热情而暧昧的呼吁不失为一种政治上的明智之举。
【经济学人】

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【paragraph 3】

A brutal clash on June 15th provided a loud and ugly answer (see Asia section). Details remain sketchy.

At least 20 Indian soldiers died, many after tumbling into an icy river. India says the Chinese also suffered

casualties. China says little (see Chaguan). The death toll is the worst in any clash between the two since

1967, and the first loss of life since 1975.

6 月 15 日一场激烈的冲突给中印双方一记响亮又打脸的答案(详情请见亚洲部分)。冲突的具体细节仍然无

法获知。目前了解到的情况是至少有 20 名印度士兵死亡，很多都是跌入冰冷的河水后死去的。印方声称中

方同样有人员伤亡，中方声称死亡人数很少。本次冲突造成的死亡人数是自 1967 年历次冲突中最多的一

次，也是自 1975 年以来首次报告有人员伤亡。

 brutal 无情的，残酷的，野蛮的，凶残的 very cruel and violent，如 He was the victim of a very brutal

murder 他是一桩恶性谋杀案的受害者。

 sketchy 不完全的，粗略的，简略的 not thorough or complete, and not having enough details to be

useful，如 Details of the accident are still sketchy 事故的详细情况依然不完全

 tumble 滚下;摔倒;跌落;翻滚而下 If someone or something tumbles somewhere, they fall there with

a rolling or bouncing movement，如 tumbling into the ditch 掉沟里了；此外，还可以表示“(价格或

数字)的猛跌、暴跌”if prices or figures tumble, they go down suddenly and by a large amount，如

Oil prices have tumbled.石油价格猛跌。作为名词，take a tumble 暴跌【复习】crash、drop、plunge、

plummet 等

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 icy 极冷的 extremely cold，如 The bath water was icy cold 洗澡水是冰冷的

 casualty (事故或战争中的)伤者; 死者 casualties someone who is hurt or killed in an accident or war，

如 The rebels have inflicted heavy casualties 叛乱者造成了大量的伤亡

 toll (事故、疾病等造成的) 伤亡人数，如 The death toll has risen to 83 死亡人数已上升到 83 人。

【短语】take its toll (or take a heavy toll)造成不良影响，承受损失 Have an adverse effect，如 The

recession is taking its toll 经济衰退正造成重大损失。

【写作练习】专家提示，疫情在家，玩手机、电脑对孩子的视力造成不良影响【take a heavy toll on】

Experts warned that excessive using of digital devices such as computers and smartphones can

take a heavy toll on children’s vision during lockdown 专家警告说，在居家封闭期间，过度使用电脑

和智能手机等数字设备会严重损害儿童的视力。

【paragraph 4】

Even worse, the skirmish cannot be explained away as an isolated incident. This spring China deployed

far heavier forces than usual. It has pushed them forward not at one point but at many, say Indian sources,

in effect seizing as much as 60 square kilometres of land that India views as lying on its own side of the

line. A particular concern is China’s westward extension along the Galwan river, threatening a strategic

road that runs parallel to the border and forms the main link to India’s northernmost out posts. Not

surprisingly, this is where the deadly clash erupted.

更糟糕的是，这场小冲突无法解释为一个孤立的事件。今年春天，中国部署了比以往规模更大的兵力。据

印度消息人士称，中方从多方面而非单方面促使了本次的冲突。实际上，印方认为中方占据了他们边界线

内多达 60 万平方公里的土地。尤其令人担忧的是，中方沿着加勒万河的向西延伸，威胁到印方一条与边界

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线平行的且具有战略意义的公路，这条公路是连接印度最北端哨所的重要纽带。毫不奇怪，正是这个问题

成为了这次致命冲突的导火索。

 deploy 部署，调度(士兵、军事装备等)to organize or move soldiers, military equipment etc so that

they are in the right place and ready to be used，如 deploy forces / troops / weapons 部署军队/军事

装备。再如 The president said he had no intention of deploying ground troops 总统称并不打算部署

地面部队。

 source 提供消息者; 资料来源 a person, book, or document that supplies you with information，如

Military sources say the boat was heading south at high speed 军方称这艘船当时正高速向南行进。

 in effect 实际上；事实上 used when you are stating what the facts of a situation are，如 In effect,

the two systems are identical 实际上，这两种系统完全一样。

 seize (用武力)夺取，占领，抢取 to take control of a place suddenly and quickly, using military force，

如 The rebels have seized power 叛乱分子夺取了政权，相当于前文出现的 grab；seize 还可以表示

“缴获(毒品、武器等)”
、 ，如 The gunmen were seized at 1 a.m.这几名持枪歹徒在凌
“抓捕，逮捕”

晨一点被抓获

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 westward 再来复习一下，BBC 世界新闻头条讲解例句时出现了 eastbound；-ward 和-bound 都可以

，westbound=westward 向西的，如 Westbound traffic is moving very

用在复合词中表示“方向的朝向”

slowly 西行车流移动非常缓慢。

 parallel 平行的；并列的 If two lines, two objects, or two lines of movement are parallel, they are the

same distance apart along their whole length，如 This trail was roughly parallel to the border 这条小

路与边境线大致平行。

 northernmost 最北端的，极北的 furthest north，如 the northernmost tip of the island 岛屿的最北端

 post 岗位；哨位 You can use post to refer to the place where a soldier, guard, or other person has

been told to remain and to do his or her job，如 Quick men, back to your post! 迅速返回各自岗位！

 deadly 非常危险的；致命的 likely to cause death，如 deadly disease / virus 致命疾病/病毒。deadly

enemy 不共戴天的敌人，死敌，如 The two rapidly became deadly enemies 两个人很快就成了不共

戴天的仇敌。

【paragraph 5】

Why would China change the status quo, angering a big nuclear-armed trading partner? Because, say

Indian cynics, India is distracted just now by a swelling pandemic and shrinking economy, and saddled

with a government better at chest-thumping than at strengthening its army or building alliances. Nonsense,

say India’s critics. It is India that has changed the status quo, quietly expanding infrastructure in contested

regions even as, after stripping its part of Kashmir of statehood last August, its leaders boasted of soon

“regaining” other parts, including a chunk that Pakistan gave to China in 1963

为什么中国要一反常态去激怒一个拥有核武器的贸易伙伴呢？印度那些愤青给出了答案：他们现在正被一

场不断蔓延的疫情和萎缩下行的经济搞得心烦意乱，且印方政府在这种情况下不思强军(不加强军事)、合纵

连横(建立联盟)，反而更善于夸夸其谈，纸上谈兵。印度批评人士称，这完全是无稽之谈。反而是印度打破

了昔日常态，在有争议的地区悄然地扩张了军事基地。就在去年八月印方才废除了部分克什米尔的邦地位

(独立国家的地位)，其领导人就吹嘘着他们很快就会“收复”其它争议地区，其中包括 1963 年巴基斯坦转

让给中国的一片地区。

 nuclear-armed 其中-armd(和形容词或名词连用，构成形容词)表示“配备…武器的”，“持有…武器

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，如 nuclear-armed navy vessels 装备核武器的海军舰只

的”

 trading 贸易，经商，营业，交易 the activity of buying and selling goods or services，如 Sunday

trading BrE ( = shops being open on Sunday )星期日营业；heavy, hectic, intensive+trading 繁忙的

交易，如 In heavy trading, the 100-share index closed down 38 points 今天交易频繁，金融时报指

数在收盘时下跌了 38 点。

 cynic 愤世嫉俗的人; 讽世者 someone who is not willing to believe that people have good, honest,

or sincere reasons for doing something，如 I have come to be very much of a cynic in these matters

在这些事上我变得相当愤世嫉俗。

 swell (数量)逐渐增加，(使)增多，增大 to increase in amount or number，如 The crowd swelled to

around 10,000 人群扩大到 10,000 人左右；

【短语】swell with sth，如 swell with pride / anger etc to

feel very proud, angry etc 洋洋得意/怒气冲冲等，如 His heart swelled with pride as he watched his

daughter collect her prize 他看着女儿领奖，心中充满了自豪。

【写作练习】疫苗研发，好消息，心中充满骄傲【vaccine R&D，swell with pride，source】

Whenever authority sources report that China has made new breakthroughs in research and

development of vaccines, my heart swells with pride thoroughly 每当权威人士报道中国在疫苗研发

方面取得新突破时，我的心中油然而生满满的自豪感。

 shrink (数量、体积或价值)变小，减少，缩小 to become or to make something smaller in amount,

size, or value，如 We want to expand the business, not shrink it.我们要扩大业务，而不是缩小。

【短

语】shrink from sth 避免做，不愿做(困难或不愉快的事) to avoid doing something difficult or

unpleasant，如 The leadership too often shrinks from hard decisions 领导层常常回避作困难的决定；

shrink from doing sth，如 We will not shrink from making the necessary changes in policy 我们不会

回避对政策作出必要的修改。

【写作练习】人都喜欢呆在舒适圈里，避免困难的事情是人的天性，我们要鼓起勇气去迎难而上，

【comfort zone，shrink from sth，in this case，pluck courage to do sth，confront】

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Shrinking from difficulties seems to be the nature of human beings and everybody wants to stay in

their comfort zone. In this case, what we should do is to pluck our courage to confront them rather

than escaping from them 逃避困难的问题似乎是人类的天性，每个人都想呆在自己舒适圈内。在这

种情况下，我们应该鼓起勇气迎难而上而不是逃避。

 saddle 作为名词，表示“马鞍/车座”
，作为动词表示“给装上马鞍”
，【短语】saddle sb with sth 使承

担(苦差事)to make someone have a job or problem that is difficult or boring and that they do not

want，如 The war devastated the economy and saddled the country with a huge foreign debt 战争

【短语】in the saddle 在位，掌权 If you are in the saddle, you

拖垮了经济，使该国欠下了巨额外债。

are in power or in control of a situation，如 The armed forces and the hardliners are now going to be

in the saddle 武装部队和奉行强硬路线的人即将掌权。

 chest-thumping 原意指“拍胸脯”，可引申为“自夸、夸夸其谈、无头脑的虚张声势、空头许诺”，

如 After a spike in tension that has stoked nationalist Chinese calls for a hard shove back against U.

S. influence, some PLA officers are also trying to discourage chest-thumping 中美之间的矛盾尖锐化

后，中国的国家主义者要求政府削弱美国的影响力，但有些解放军的军官认为中国不应该过于骄傲”
。

 alliance 联盟，结盟 an arrangement in which two or more countries, groups etc agree to work

together to try to change or achieve something，如 Britain's military alliance with her NATO partners

英国和它北约伙伴的军事联盟；【搭配】make / enter into / form / forge an alliance ( = agree to work

together )结成联盟。【短语】in alliance (with sb / sth) (与某人/某物)联盟(联手)，如 The Social

Democrats are now in alliance with the Greens 社会民主党现在与绿党结成联盟。

【写作练习】各国应摒除嫌隙，结成联盟，抗击疫情【raging，power，set aside prejudice，forge an

alliance】

Under the circumstance of raging pandemic, it is wise to set aside deep-rooted prejudices amid

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powers and forge a firm alliance to battle against the outbreak 在大流行病肆虐的情况下，摒弃大国

间根深蒂固的偏见，结成坚定的联盟抗击疫情，是明智之举。

 nonsense 荒谬的想法(看法); 胡说，废话 ideas, opinions, statements etc that are not true or that

seem very stupid，如 all this nonsense about health foods 有关保健食品的一派胡言

 critic 评论家，批评家 someone who criticizes a person, organization, or idea，如 an outspoken critic

of the government 一名对政府直言不讳的批评者

 infrastructure【军事】永久性军事设施，永久性基地

 contest 竞争，争论等，还可以表示“对…存在质疑”
，如 They contested his right to speak 他们对

本段中出现的 contested region 表示

他的发言权提出了质疑， “存在争议的地区”
，如 India and Pakistan

have agreed to stop trading artillery fire in the contested Kashmir region 在备受争议的克什米尔地

区，印巴同意停火。contested case 有争议的案子

【写作练习】美国试图将冠状病毒的传播甩锅给中国，专家表明病毒的起源还存在争议【source，origin，

contest，pin blame for Covid-19 on】

American sources try to pin blame for the raging spread of Covid19 virus on China, however, some

experts argued that the origin of coronavirus is still contested 美国方面试图将 Covid-19 病毒的肆虐

归咎于中国，但一些专家认为，冠状病毒的起源仍有争议。

 even as 恰恰在…的时候；正当…；与此同时…，如 Even as he shouted the warning the car skidded.

他正在高喊注意时，汽车就打滑了。

 strip 剥夺(头衔、财产或权力)to take away something important from someone as a punishment, for

example their title, property, or power，如 Captain Evans was found guilty and stripped of his rank

上尉埃文斯被判有罪，被剥夺了军衔。

 Kashmir 克什米尔(南亚印度和巴基斯坦交界处)，a majority-Muslim region in the northernmost part

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of India 是印度最北部穆斯林占多数的地区。印巴冲突: 克什米尔情况很特殊，它处于印度与巴基斯坦

“地理因素”的考虑在这里不起作用。而克什米尔的王公是印度教徒，但居民中将近 80%却是
之间，

穆斯林。按照分治方案中多数决定原则，应该归入巴基斯坦；但按照土邦的王公决定原则，显然印度

会被优先考虑。因此印巴分治时，克什米尔的归属问题未能得到解决。

 statehood 独立国家的地位 the condition of being an independent nation，

【美国】州的地位；
【印

度】邦的地位。

 boast 夸口，夸耀，吹嘘 to talk too proudly about your abilities, achievements, or possessions，如

The company is inclined to boast of its success.这家公司喜欢炫耀自己的成就。

 chunk 大量; 大部分 a large part or amount of something，如 The rent takes a large chunk out of

my monthly salary 房租占去我月薪的一大部分。a huge chunk of audience 一大群观众；a chunk of

change 一大笔钱。

a huge chunk of glacier 巨大的冰川

extreme weather 极端天气
never-before-seen 前所未见
footage 影片片段
calving 裂冰作用
collapse 崩塌，瓦解
out-of-control 脱离控制的
wildfire 野火、大火灾
tornado-whipped 龙卷风席卷过的

【paragraph 6】

China may also see an interest in teaching India that, should it continue to flirt with closer ties to America,

it will pay a price. To their credit, officials on both sides have avoided whipping up popular anger, stressing

instead the importance of implementing an earlier deal to pull forces back. Such gentlemen’s agreements

have calmed tempers in previous clashes.

中方可能在“管教”印度方面很有兴趣，如果印方继续冒险与美方有密切的交往的话，印方将为此付出代

价。值得赞扬的是，双方官员都尽量避免激起民愤，反而强调尽早达成撤兵协议的重要性。如此绅士的协

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议在以前发生的冲突中平息了双方的怒气。

 should 可能性(用于表示某事可能会发生或是真实的)，如果 used to talk about something that may

possibly happen or be true，如 Should you need any help(=if you need any help) , you can always

phone me at the office 如果你需要什么帮助，可以打我办公室的电话。

 flirt 调情，打情骂俏 to behave towards someone in a way that shows that you are sexually attracted

to them, although you do not really want a relationship with them，如 She accused him of flirting

with other women.她指责他与别的女人调情。

【短语】 flirt with sth 不认真地考虑(做)某事 to consider

doing something, but not be very serious about it，如 He had flirted with the idea of emigrating 他曾

经有过移民的念头；冒险做某事 to do something that is dangerous or could cause problems for you，

如 Climbers enjoy flirting with danger 登山者喜欢冒险

 tie (人、团体或国家之间的)关系，联系。
【搭配】close / strong ties 亲密的关系，如 the importance

of strong family ties 家庭关系密切的重要性；[+ between / with ] close ties between the two countries

两国间的密切关系；economic / diplomatic / personal ties 经济/外交/个人关系，如 Japan's strong

economic ties with US 日本和美国之间牢固的经济关系；the ties of marriage / friendship / love 婚姻

/友谊/爱等的纽带

 pay a price 付出代价，如 Someone did something wrong and now must pay a price 做错事的人最

终要付出代价。

 credit 赊购; 信贷，如 Most new cars are bought on credit.大多数新汽车都是贷款购买的。【短语】

to sb's credit ( = used to say that someone has done something good )某人值得赞扬(钦佩)，如 To

Jamie's credit, he remained calm 杰米保持了冷静，值得钦佩。

 whip 鞭打，抽 to hit someone or something with a whip，如 He whipped the horse into a canter.他

【短语】whip sth/sb up | whip up sb/sth 鼓动，激起。

用鞭子抽马，让马小跑起来。 【搭配】whip up

interest / opposition / support，如 an attempt to whip up the masses 把民众鼓动起来的努力

 popular (政治活动)民众的，人民的 Popular is used to describe political activities which involve the

ordinary people of a country, and not just members of political parties ，如 The late President

Ferdinand Marcos was overthrown by a popular uprising in 1986 已故总统费迪南德·马科斯于 1986

年被民众起义赶下了台。popular anger 民众的愤怒

 stress 强调，着重 to emphasize a statement, fact, or idea，如 She stressed the importance of a

balanced diet 她强调了均衡饮食的重要性

 instead 作为副词，反而；却，如 If Jo can't attend the meeting, I could go instead 如果乔不能去开

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会，我可以代他去

 implement 执行; 贯彻; 实施 to take action or make changes that you have officially decided should

happen.【搭配】implement a policy / plan / decision 执行一项政策/计划/决策

 deal (尤指生意或政治方面的)协议，如 close / clinch a deal ( = successfully complete a deal )达成协

 pull 拉，如 Mom! Davey's pulling my hair! 妈妈! 戴维在拽我的头发！

【短语】pull sth/sb back(使)撤

退，(使)撤离 to get out of a bad situation or dangerous place, or to make someone else do this，如

They are preparing to pull back their forces.他们正准备撤兵。

 calm (使)平静(下来)，(使)镇定 to become quiet and relaxed after you have been angry, excited,

nervous, or upset, or to make someone become quiet and relaxed，如 We tried to calm people's

fears .我们试图安抚人们的恐惧心理。

【paragraph 7】

Yet whatever the efficacy of generals meeting in windblown tents, it is a reckless way to fix problems

between two rising nuclear powers that are home to a third of humanity. India has previously suggested

that, as a second-best to a formal agreement over where the border lies, the two sides should at least

present maps showing their view of where the line of control runs in practice. China, perhaps thinking

itself the more astute Go player, has always refused to do so. This allows it to claim that any Indian move

is a violation of its own understanding

然而不管在吹的东倒西歪的帐篷里的将军们开会讨论的结果的有效性如何，任何解决两个拥有全球 1/3 人

口且正在崛起的核大国之间的问题的方式都是鲁莽的。印度此前曾建议，作为正式协议边界位置的次优选

择，双方至少应该拿出地图，注明实际控制线的位置。中方可能认为自己是更为精明的围棋选手，一直拒

绝印方的要求。这样做，中方就可以声称印度的任何举动都违反了自己的理解。

 efficacy 有效性; 功效 the ability of something to produce the right result，如 Recent medical studies

confirm the efficacy of a healthier lifestyle 最新医学研究证实了较为健康的生活方式的好处。

 general (陆军或空军的)上将，将军 an officer of very high rank in the army or air force，文中用的复

【注意:辨析】general meeting 全体会议，大会，如 Boeing's annual general meeting was also a

数。

testy affair 波音的年度股东大会也相当棘手。

 windblown (头发等)被风吹乱的，如 If something such as someone's hair is wind-blown, it is untidy

because it has been blown about by the wind。

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 reckless 轻率的; 鲁莽的; 不顾后果的 not caring or worrying about the possible bad or dangerous

results of your actions，如 He was accused of causing death by reckless driving 他被控鲁莽驾驶而

致人死亡

 humanity 人，人类(总称) people in general，如 We want a clean healthy environment for all

humanity .我们希望全人类拥有一个干净健康的生存环境。

 second-best 仅次于最好的；居第二位的 not quite as good as the best one，如 He refused to settle

for anything that was second best 他拒绝退而求其次。

【短语】come off second best ( = lose a game

or competition, or not be as successful as someone else )输了比赛，败于对手

 astute 精明的，敏锐的，机敏的 able to understand situations or behaviour very well and very quickly,

especially so that you can get an advantage for yourself，如 an astute politician 机敏的政治家，

astute investments 精明的投资。

【写作练习】中国面对疫情做出的举国上下的居家隔离的反应是明智的决定【nationwide，astute，

contain，call/decision】

China’s nationwide “stay-at-home” measure has proved to be an astute decision/call to contain the

spread of pandemic 事实证明，中国在全国范围内采取的“呆在家”措施是遏制疫情蔓延的明智之举。

 violation(对法律、协议、原则等的)违背，违反 an action that breaks a law, agreement, principle etc，

如 a violation of international law 违反国际法

【paragraph 8】

It is time to stop playing games. China looks stronger just now but India, if pushed, will find ways to cause

it pain. And the last thing the wider world needs is an escalating slugfest between a dragon and an

elephant over a lofty patch of frozen earth.

是时候该叫停中印间的游戏了。中国现在看起来更强大了，但是印度在被逼迫的条件下也会找到报复中国

的办法。在这个大千世界上最不希望看到的就是中印双方在一块高高的冰冻土地上展开不断升级的争斗。

 the last thing 最不愿意的事；最不适宜的事；最不可能的事；最意想不到的事，如 The last thing he

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expected from his bank - was career coaching 他根本没有想到银行会提供职业培训。

 escalate (使)〔战斗、暴力或不好的情况〕升级; (使)恶化 if fighting, violence, or a bad situation

escalates, or if someone escalates it, it becomes much worse，和前文的 fester 类似，避免词汇的重

复。如 The fighting on the border is escalating 边境地区的战斗在不断升级

 slugfest 激烈的争斗(或比赛)，激烈的打斗；对手猛烈击打的拳击比赛 a situation in which people are

arguing or fighting in a rude or angry way，如 Their company and our company are the largest

packaged food makers, and we both decided to come out with the same product next year. Looks

like there will be a slugfest between us 他们公司跟我们公司是最大的包装食品公司，而我们又决定

明年推出一样的产品，看来是免不了一场割喉战了。

 lofty(山、建筑物等)巍峨的，高耸的 lofty mountains, buildings etc are very high and impressive，如

lofty ceilings/rooms/towers 高高的顶棚；屋顶高的房间；高耸的塔楼

 patch (与周围部分不同的)斑，小块，a small area of something that is different from the area around

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it. 如 Look out for icy patches on the road 小心路上结冰的地方

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Banyan
Sudden onsen 中日关系的骤然回暖
The supposed new era in relations between Japan and China is already fading

所谓的日中关系的新时代已经开始褪色

本文观点不代表个人观点

公众号后台回复【0627】获得经济学人期刊 PDF，文章完结后，链接见评论。

 onsen (在日本)温泉或围绕温泉发展的度假胜地 (in Japan) a hot spring, or a resort that

has developed around a hot spring • indoor onsen 室内温泉

 supposed 所谓的(You can use supposed to suggest that something that

people talk about or believe in may not in fact exist, happen, or be as it is described)

• This is the opinion of the supposed experts 这是所谓专家的看法。

 fade 逐渐消失 (to gradually disappear)• Hopes of a peace settlement are beginning to

fade 和平解决的希望开始逐渐在消失。

【paragraph 1】

BACK IN FEBRUARY, when covid-19 was raging in China, a young girl in Japan took Chinese

social media by storm. Dressed in a traditional Chinese cheongsam, she stood on the streets

of her hometown bowing to passers-by to solicit donations

for the afflicted. Calligraphers, too, knelt in Tokyo, inkbrush in

hand, writing prayers for the people of Wuhan.

Consignments of face masks made their way from Japan to

China with poems on the box: “Though separated by mountains and waters, we look at the

same sky.”

今年 2 月，新冠疫情正在中国肆虐，一名日本东京的小女孩儿在中国社交媒体上掀起了一场

热潮。她站在街头，身穿中国传统旗袍，向路人鞠躬致敬，为疫区受难者募捐。一些书法家

们也跪在地上，手里拿着墨笔，为武汉人祈祷。从日本运到中国的口罩上也写着诗句: “山川

异域、日月同天”。

 raging (尤指坏事)严重的，激烈的，(自然力量)猛烈的 (Raging is used to describe

things, especially bad things, that are very intense)【搭配】raging inflation 严重的通

货膨胀；raging fire 熊熊烈火；raging fever 高烧；raging debate 激烈的讨论；raging

sea 汹涌的大海；raging thirst 口渴难忍。

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 rage noun 表示“盛怒，狂怒”(a strong feeling of uncontrollable anger)【搭配】red with

rage 气的满脸通红 • His face was red with rage 他气得满脸通红。【短语】rage for

sth/all the rage 某事物的流行 • the rage for mobile phones 移动电话的流行 • The

1950s look is all the rage at the moment 目前，20 世纪 50 年代的装扮正流行。verb 表

示“(火灾、疾病)迅速蔓延，快速扩散，肆虐” (if a fire or illness rages, it spreads fast and is

hard to control) • A great cholera epidemic raged across Europe in 1831 1831 年霍乱大爆

发，肆虐欧洲。

 take something by storm 掀起热潮 (Have great and rapid success in a particular

place or with a particular group of people) • And they're taking the internet by storm 它

们正在互联网上掀起热潮。

随着 COVID-19 大流行逐渐成为新常态，音乐
行 业也将尝试自己的复兴。韩国流行音乐超级组合
blackpink 今 天 发 布 了 一 首 全 新 的 宣 传 单 曲
《How You Like That》
。不出所料，这首歌风靡
全球。

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【写作练习】

【主题】中国美食博主李子柒的乡间生活的视频风靡全球

【关键词】food vlogger, breathtakingly, grab a hit, take something by storm

Li Ziqi, known as one of the most popular food vloggers worldwide, whose breathtakingly

captivating videos offer viewers a glimpse at the serene rural life in China, has grabbed an

instant hit on social media. With millions of subscribers, this “country angel” takes culinary

and online world by storm.

李子柒是世界上最受欢迎的美食博主之一，她极具吸引力的视频让观众们得以一窥中国宁静

的乡村生活，并在社交媒体上迅速走红。拥有数百万订阅者的这位“乡村天使”在烹饪界及

网络世界掀起了一股热潮。

 dressed in 这里表示“穿着…衣服”的状态。再分享一个类似的【短语】clad in • Lysa

was waiting alone in her solar, still clad in her bed robes 莱莎独自在书房里等她，身上

披着睡袍。

 cheongsam ['tʃɔ:ŋ'sæm] 旗袍(The cheongsam is a body-hugging one-piece Chinese

dress for women, also known in Mandarin Chinese as qípáo) • Cheongsam, it is the

most typical traditional dress of Chinese female 旗袍是中华女性最具代表性的传统服

装。【复习-乔治弗洛伊德的讣告】boiler suite, polo-neck, navy jacket

 bow 鞠躬 (to bend the top part of your body) • The servant bowed low and handed

his master the sealed note 仆人深深地鞠了躬，把那个封好的短笺递给了主人。

【搭配】

bow before/to someone 向某人鞠躬。

【短语】bow to sb/sth 向…让步，屈服于 •

Congress may bow to public pressure and lift the arms embargo 国会也许会屈服于公

【短语】bow to the inevitable(为形势所迫)低头，屈服 • He

众的压力，解除武器禁运。

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bowed to the inevitable and announced that he was willing to resume diplomatic

relations 迫于形势他只好宣称愿意恢复外交关系。

【写作练习】

【主题】钟南山院士迫于现在的疫情形势，只好建议大学生暂不开学

【关键词】academician, bow to the inevitable, “stay-at-home”, ordinance

For fear of the raging pandemic, Zhong Nanshan, an amiable and sprightly academician,

who bowed to the inevitable suggested that students of higher education are better to obey

“stay-at-home” ordinance and not return to school temporarily.

由于担心肆虐的疫情，和蔼可亲、精神矍铄的钟南山院士也不得不对现在的情势低头，建议

高等院校学生最好遵守 “居家隔离 ”条例 暂缓返校。

 passer-by (过)路人(someone who is walking past a place by chance)，复数是 passers-

by。【同义词】bystander，looker-on

 solicit [sə'lisit] 请求; 恳求; 乞求 (to ask someone for money, help, or information)，

本段的 solicit donation 表示“募捐，募集捐款”。【搭配】solicit something from

somebody 向某人请求某物 • The governor sent two officials to Mexico City to solicit

aid from the President 州长派出两名官员去墨西哥城向总统求助。

 the afflicted 表示“受灾的人；染病的人”，the+adj=一类人 • For years I pretended to

love the poor, the afflicted 多年来我装作关爱穷苦人染病的人。the most severely-

afflicted counties 极重灾区。afflict 表示“使受痛苦，折磨”(to affect someone or

something in an unpleasant way, and make them suffer)，【搭配】be afflicted by

something 饱受…之苦，备受…折磨 • a country afflicted by famine 一个饱受饥荒之

【同义】be beset by, be plagued by

苦的国家。

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 calligrapher 书法家

 knelt 原型为 kneel 表示“跪着，跪下”(to be in or move into a position where your body

is resting on your knees) • Tom knelt down and patted the dog 汤姆跪下来拍了拍那只

 inkbrush 毛笔，inkbrush painting 水墨画

 prayer 祈祷文，祷辞(words that you say when praying to God or gods) • a prayer for

the dead 为死者的祈祷

 consignment 发送的货物，运送物(a quantity of goods that are sent somewhere,

especially in order to be sold) • a large consignment of clothes 发送的一大批衣物 •

The first consignment of food has already left Bologna 运送的第一批食品已经离开了

博洛尼亚。

 make one’s way (Travel or proceed in an intended direction or to a certain place) • I

made my way to the hotel 我去了旅馆

 “Though separated by mountains and waters, we look at the same sky.” “山川异域、

日月同天”，我们不在同一个地方，未享同一片山川。但当我们抬头时，看到的是同一

轮明月。我们不见彼此，但我们心意相通。

【paragraph 2】

To any scholar of East Asia’s classical history, such acts have context. Japan and China

share an extraordinarily long interaction. The Japanese language had no written form until

Chinese characters were imported over 1,500 years ago. Kyoto, Japan’s cultural heart,

was laid out in emulation of the Tang dynasty capital of Chang’an (modern-day Xi’an).

Japanese monks and scholars helped bring from China three religions that played a big

part in shaping Japanese culture: Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.

对于任何研究东亚古典史的学者来说，这样的举动都是有历史背景的，中日两国历史源远流

长。在 1500 多年前汉字输入日本之前，日语是没有书写形式的。京都是日本的文化中心，

它是仿效唐朝都城长安(今西安)而设计建造的。日本僧侣和学者从中国带回了三种宗教:儒家、

道教和佛教，这三种宗教对日本文化的形成起到了重要作用。
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 scholar 学 者 ( 尤 指 精 于 一 门 文 科 学 问 的 人 )(someone who knows a lot about a

particular subject, especially one that is not a science subject) •a Shakespearean

scholar 研究莎士比亚的学者

 context 场合; 环境; 周围情况; 背景(the situation, events, or information that are

related to something and that help you to understand it)【搭配】political / social /

historical context •the political context of the election 此次选举的政治背景

 character (书写、印刷或计算机上的)字，字体，符号(a letter, mark, or sign used in

writing, printing, or on a computer) •the Chinese character for horse 汉字中的“马”

 Kyoto 京都(日本本州岛中西部城市)

 lay out (按计划)安排；布置；设计(版面或建筑物等)(To lay out an area of land or a

building means to plan and design how its different parts should be arranged) •When

we laid out the car parks, we reckoned on one car per four families 规划停车场时，我

们预计的是每 4 个家庭有一辆车。

 layout (城镇、花园或建筑物的)布局，设计(the way in which something such as a town,

garden, or building is arranged) •the layout of the park 公园的布局

 emulation 仿效，动词 emulate(尤因仰慕而)效仿，模仿(to do something or behave in

the same way as someone else, especially because you admire them) •He hoped to

emulate the success of Wilder 他希望效仿怀尔德的成功 •a role model worthy of

emulation 值得仿效的楷模。

【写作练习】

【主题】和蔼可亲、精神矍铄的钟南山院士，非典，Covid-19 疫情，中坚力量，效仿楷模

【关键词】amiable, sprightly, SARS, Covid-19, backbone, rage, emulation

Compared with popular stars, it is Zhong Nanshan, an amiable and sprightly academician,

who is the backbone in the prevention and control of SARS and Coivd-19 respectively

raged in 2003 and 2020 that is the true role model for our times worthy of emulation.

与当红的明星相比，
和蔼可亲、精神矍铄的钟南山院士在 2003 年和 2020 年 SARS 及 Covid-

19 疫情防控中扮演了中坚力量，他才是真正值得效仿的时代楷模。

 modern-day 现代的，当代的(existing in the present time) •The modern-day diet has

too little fiber in it 现代人的饮食含纤维太少。

【同义词】present-day, contemporary

 religion 单数前面不加冠词，是“宗教”的泛称。表示一种具体的宗教，要按定指或不

定指而在前面加上定冠词或不定冠词。只有具体的一个个的宗教才可以用复数 religions

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表示。The school placed strong emphasis on religion 该校十分强调宗教。/ a new

religion 一个新的宗教 / the Christian religion 基督教 / the major religions in the world

【短语】sth is (like) a religion 某事物简直就是一种宗教信仰

世界上各个主要的宗教。

(用于表示某事物对某人很重要，并使其很感兴趣) •Football was a religion in my family

足球是我们一家人狂热的爱好。

【写作练习】

【主题】科比，曼巴精神，对很多青年起到深远的影响

【关键词】Kobe, Black Mamba spirit, generation, religion

“I know the appearance of Los Angeles at 4 am every day!”. Kobe’s ‘Black Mamba’

spirit has taken deep influence on youngsters from generation to generation and for

them basketball is a religion.

我知道洛杉矶每天凌晨 4 点的样子!。科比的黑曼巴精神深深地影响了一代又一代的年

轻人，对他们来说篮球就是一种信仰。

 shape 形成(某种信仰、看法等)，决定(某事物的发展等)(to influence something such

as a belief, opinion etc and make it develop in a particular way) •People's political

beliefs are shaped by what they see in the papers 人们的政治观点受报纸的影响【搭

配】in good / bad / poor shape 情况/健康情况良好/不佳/很糟，out of shape 情况不

【短语】the shape of things to come 未来事物的发展趋势 •Many profess to know

好。

the shape of things to come, but no one truly knows the future 许多人自称知道即将发

生的事儿，但没人真正知道未来是怎样的；come in all shapes and sizes (人、事物)

形形色色，各种各样

 Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism 分别表示“孔子学说，儒学，儒教”、

“(中国的)道

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教；道教的学说”、“佛教教义”
。

【paragraph 3】

Yet to a student of the two countries’ more recent relations, the Japanese gestures of

sympathy amid the outbreak and their warm reception in China might be surprising. Anti-

Japanese riots broke out in China only eight years ago, as a bellicose leadership issued

threats over Japan’s Senkaku islands, which China claimsThen, in 2015, China belaboured

Japan’s wartime guilt, to mark the 70th anniversary of the end of the second world war.

President Xi Jinping snubbed Japan’s prime minister, Abe Shinzo, after coming to power

in 2012. Mr Abe, for his part, saw China as an existential threat, eating Japan’s lunch in

economic terms and challenging its security.

然而，对于处于最近两国关系的学生而言，日本在疫情爆发期间所表现出的同情姿态以及他

们在中国受到的热情接待可能令人惊讶。仅在 8 年前，中国还爆发了反日暴动，因为好战的

领导人….在之后的 2015 年，中国反复痛斥日本的战争罪行，以纪念二战结束 70 周年。习

近平主席在 2012 年上台后，与日本首相安倍晋三的关系比较疏远。就安倍自身而言，他将

中国视为生存上的威胁，中国不仅在经济方面超过了日本，并对日本的安全发起了挑战。略

 yet 此处为连词，表示“但是，可是，然而”(连接句子，表示含惊讶之意的转折)(used

to introduce a fact, situation, or quality that is surprising after what you have just said)

•a story that is strange yet true 一个奇怪但却是真实的故事

 gesture 表示，姿态(something that you say or do, often something small, to show

how you feel about someone or something) •As a gesture of goodwill，we have

decided to waive the charges on this occasion 这次我们已经决定撤诉，以示友好【短

语】make a gesture (towards sb / sth) (do something to show that you have some

respect for someone or somthing)(向某人/某物)作出尊重的姿态 •He made a rude

gesture at the driver of the other car 他向另外那辆汽车的司机做了个粗野的手势。

 amid 在…当中，在…之中，在其中；在…中间[多跟单数名词]【辨析】amid 和 among，

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among 后面的名词是复数可数名词或是集合名词，【例如】among my friends/among

the audience。amid 后面则是单数的抽象名词，【例如】amid the wreckage/amid the

confusion。有些抽象名词，用于具体事件的场合，常常以复数形式出现，也可以用 amid。

【例如】Amid worries over rising fuel costs, congressional Republicans are pressing

for a vote as early as this week to roll back a moratorium on oil and gas exploration

off the nation's coasts.(Newsweek, Oct. 10, 2006, p. 8) 在人们对燃料价格上涨忧虑重

重之际，国会里的共和党人正在催促尽快在本周进行表决，取消对全国沿岸海域勘探油

气的暂停令。但是，可以说：Among the news was an obscure item about the abdication.

新闻当中有一条有关退位的不显眼的消息。这是因为 news 在这里是集合名词，不是抽

象名词。

 reception【搭配】receive/meet with a hostile/cool/frosty reception 遭到强烈反对

•His ideas met with a hostile reception 他的观点遭到强烈反对；a warm reception 热

烈的欢迎(或接待)

 Anti-Japanese 抗 日 ，【 搭 配 】 anti-Japanese war 抗 日 战 争 ， anti-Japanese

sentiment 抗日情绪。anti-反对•anti-American 反美的

 riot 骚乱，暴乱，暴动(a situation in which a large crowd of people are behaving in a

violent and uncontrolled way, especially when they are protesting about something)

【搭配】riot gear 防爆装备，urban riot 城市暴动，prison riot 监狱暴乱【短语】run

riot 狂暴，无法无天(if people run riot, they behave in a violent, noisy, and uncontrolled

way)•Some people let their children run riot.有些人听任孩子胡作非为。

 bellicose 好争吵的，好斗的(behaving in a way that is likely to start an argument or

fight) •He expressed alarm about the government's increasingly bellicose statements

他对政府越来越具挑衅性的声明表示担忧。bell-和战争相关，如 antebellum 战前的，

postbellum 战后的。

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 belabour 反复强调; 唠叨(to keep emphasizing a fact or idea in a way that is annoying)

•I won't belabour the point, for this is a familiar story 因为这点已经是众所周知了，我

就不再啰唆了。

 wartime 战时(the period of time when a country is fighting a war)【搭配】in / during

wartime •Even in wartime some people held concerts.即使是在战争时期也有人举行

音乐会。注意 wartime 前不加 the

 mark 作为 noun 【短语】be a mark of sth 是真正的某物; 表现出某人的品质•The

ability to perform well under pressure is the mark of a true champion 在巨大压力下仍

能表现良好是真正冠军的品质【短语】leave / make its mark on sb / sth 对某人/某事

产生持久(显著)的影响，留下印记 •Growing up during the war had left its mark on her

战争中的成长经历在她身上留下了烙印。mark 作为 verb 表示“庆祝，纪念(重要事件)”

(to celebrate an important event) •Hundreds of thousands of people took to the

streets to mark the occasion 数十万人走上街头庆祝这一时刻。

 snub 冷落，怠慢，对…不予理睬(to treat someone rudely, especially by ignoring them

when you meet) •They snubbed his invitation to a meeting of foreign ministers at the

UN 他们没有理睬他发出的出席联合国外交部长会议的邀请。snub-nosed 鼻子扁平的

 Abe Shinzo 安倍晋三(日本第 90 任首相)

 power 权力，权势，势力(the ability or right to control people or events)【搭配】come

/ rise to power (= start having political control)上台；size power 夺取政权

 for his/her part 相当于 As far as I am (or he, she, etc., is) concerned 就我(或他、他

们等)而言 •Mahathir, for his part, expressed warm welcome for Premier Wen's visit

and said the visit is of vital importance to boosting bilateral ties 马哈蒂尔热烈欢迎温

家宝访问马来西亚，表示此访对推动两国关系发展具有重要意义。

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 existential 有关(生死)存在的 (You use existential to describe fear, anxiety, and other

feelings that are caused by thinking about human existence and death)【搭配】an

existential crisis 生存危机，an existential threat 生存的威胁 •And climate change

is an existential threat 气候变化是对生存的威胁。

 eat somebody’s lunch 相当于 defeat 打败(to defeat, outwit, or win against someone)

•I've been practicing really hard because I refuse to let my nemesis eat my lunch again

我一直很努力地练习，因为我不能再次接受被对手打败。

 term 用在 in…term of(used to show that you are describing or considering a subject

in a particular way or from a particular point of view)【搭配】in general / practical /

financial etc terms 笼统地讲/从实际意义上来讲/从财政方面等来讲；in sb's terms 从

某人的角度来讲；in real / absolute terms 实际上 •Rail fares have fallen 17 percent

in real terms 火车票价实际上降低了 17%；in relative terms 相对来说 •Students have

less money in relative terms, but spend more on books 相对来说，学生手里的钱较少，

但买书花的钱却较多。

【paragraph 4】

If anything changed, it was the election of Donald Trump as America’s president. His

mercurial approach unsettled not only China, which got lambasted over trade and more,

but also Japan: Mr Trump’s disdain for alliances undermined the basis of its security. As

an adviser to Mr Abe put it at the time, China and Japan both recognised they could not

fight a war on two fronts—the Trump front was quite enough. A rapprochement was

inevitable. Besides, China wanted Japanese investment, while Japan’s hopes for an

economic revival included more tourists from China.

如果有什么改变的话，那就是唐纳德·特朗普当选了美国总统。他不按常理的处理问题的方

法不仅让贸易及其它方面备受抨击的中国感到不安，同样让日本感到不安，因为特朗普对联

盟的蔑视破坏了其安全的根基。正如安倍晋三当时的顾问所说，中国和日本都认识到他们无

法在两个战线上打仗，应付特朗普的战线就已经足够了。中日外交关系的和解是不可避免的。

此外，中国需要日本的投资，日本也需要更多中国的游客来帮助他们复兴经济。
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 mercurial (情绪)变化无常的，多变的(having feelings that change suddenly and

without warning) •an actor noted for his mercurial temperament 以性情变化无常而出

名的一名男演员【同义词】capricious

 approach (处理问题、完成任务的、待人处事的)方法，方式(way of dealing with sb/sth)

 unsettle 使心绪不宁; 使担忧(to make someone feel slightly nervous, worried, or

upset) •The presence of the two policemen unsettled her 两名警察的出现让她感到不

安。

 lambaste (尤指公开地)猛烈抨击，狠狠批评(to attack or criticize sb/sth very severely,

especially in public) •They lambasted the report as a gross distortion of the truth 他们

激烈批评该报告是严重歪曲事实。

 disdain 鄙视，轻视，藐视(The feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one's

consideration or respect) •Childcare was seen as women's work, and men disdained

it.照看儿童被看成是妇女的工作，男人对此很不屑。
【搭配】disdain to do sth 不屑做

某事 •Butler disdained to reply 巴特勒不屑于回答；a disdain for the law 对法律的藐

视。

 undermine 逐渐削弱(损害)(to gradually make someone or something less strong or

effective)【搭配】undermine sb's confidence / authority / position / credibility 削

弱某人的自信/权威/地位/可靠性 •The constant criticism was beginning to undermine

her confidence.不断的批评开始削弱她的信心了。

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 basis 基础; 根据; 基点(the facts, ideas, or things from which something can be

developed) •Their claim had no basis in fact (=it was not true) .他们的说法没有事实

根 据 。【 搭 配 】 on the basis of sth 在 某 事 的 基 础 上 ; 根 据 某 事 ； 某 方 面 的 •

discrimination on the basis of sex 性别歧视。on a... basis 这个词组在英语是十分惯

【例如】on
用的，一般相当于将填入的形容词化为副词，已经没有什么“基础”的意思了。

a temporary basis 暂时地 / on a regular basis 正规地 •I'm saving money on a

regular basis 我经常存点钱。

【例如】on a voluntary / part-time / temporary etc basis

自愿性质/以兼职的形式/临时性地等 •Nurses are employed on a full-time basis 护士

是全职的。

 to [表示归属]属于…的 •the key to the classroom 教室的钥匙

 put 说，表达(to say or write something using words in a particular way) •When women

joined the organization, it 'took on a new look,' as news reports put it 女性加入以后，

那个机构“面貌焕然一新”，新闻报道如此描述 •He's not very musical, to put it mildly 说

得婉转点儿，他不是很有音乐天赋。

 at the time 在那个时候；(当…)的时候 •The spectacle greatly excited us at the time

当时那场面令我们十分激动。

 front 阵线(used in the name of a political party or unofficial military organization) •

the People's Liberation Front 人民解放阵线【搭配】on a/the … front 在…活动领域

(in a particular area of activity) •on the economic / political etc front 在经济/政治领域

•On the technical front, there have been a number of important developments 技术领

域有了一系列重大进步。

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【写作练习】

【主题】疫苗研发有好消息，在技术领域有了突破

【关键词】vaccine, research and development, on the technical front, breakthrough

According to authoritative sources, research and development of vaccine have made

a dramatic breakthrough on the technical front 据权威消息，疫苗的研发已经在技术层

面取得了重大的突破。

 rapprochement [,rɑ:prɔʃ'mɔŋ] ( 新 闻 英 语 中 的 外 来 词 ) 友 好 关 系 的 重 建 (the

establishment of a good relationship between two countries or groups of people, after

a period of unfriendly relations) • I hope for a rapprochement between our two

countries 我希望我们两国能恢复友好关系。

 revival 复兴; 复苏(a process in which something becomes active or strong again)【搭

配】stage revival 出现复苏 •The economy has staged something of a revival in the

last year 去年经济出现了复苏迹象。

【paragraph 5】

Last year nearly 10m Chinese flocked to Ginza’s swanky shops and to the snows and

onsen (hot springs) of Hokkaido. A modern pilgrimage route leads young Chinese to the

locations that feature in their favourite anime films. Admittedly, Japanese hold their noses

at breaches of etiquette—not least, flatulence in the onsen. But Chinese views of Japan

have been transformed. An opinion poll in September by the Genron npo, a Japanese

think-tank, found 46% of Chinese had a favourable opinion of Japan. That is up from 5%

in 2013.

去年，近 1000 万中国人涌向银座时髦的商店和北海道的雪景和温泉。这是一条现代的旅游

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热门之路，带领着中国的年轻人带去到他们最喜欢的动漫电影中出现过的地方。诚然，日本

人对违反礼仪的行为嗤之以鼻，尤其是在温泉里放屁。然而中国对日本的看法已经转变。9

月，日本智囊机构 Genron npo 进行的民意调查发现，有 46％的中国人对日本的看法持肯

定态度，而这一数字在 2013 年仅为 5%。

 flock verb 成群结队; 蜂拥而至(if people flock to a place, they go there in large

numbers because something interesting or exciting is happening there) •Tourists

flock to see the town's medieval churches and buildings 游客蜂拥而至，参观该镇中世

纪的教堂和建筑。noun 一大群人(a large group of people) •a flock of children 一大群

【高级代低级】a flock of people 代替 many people

孩子。

 Hokkaido 北海道(位于日本北部一岛)

 Ginza 银座(东京一繁华街道)

 swanky 非常时髦的; 奢华的(Stylishly luxurious and expensive) •eating meals at

swanky hotels 在豪华酒店吃饭。

 pilgrimage (去与名人或有名之物有关的地方)旅行(a journey to a place connected with

someone or something famous) •Presley's home has become a place of pilgrimage

“猫王”的家乡已成了旅游胜地。

 route 路线(a way from one place to another) •the most direct route home 最直接的回

家路线

 feature 以…为特色，是…的特征; 起重要作用 •a cruise ship featuring extensive spa

facilities 以大量水疗设施为特色的游轮

 anime 日本卡通片(计算机动画)(Japanese cartoons and computer animation)

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 admittedly 诚然，确实地; 不可否认地(used when you are admitting that something

is true) •This has led to financial losses, though admittedly on a fairly small scale.这

已造成了经济损失，尽管损失确实比较小。

 hold one’s nose 尽管某事是让你不爽或违法的，但是你还是不得不去做这件事情(不

情愿的，有点类似于 reluctantly do sth)(to do something in spite of its unpleasant or

illicit nature) •I don't want to get fired, so I guess I'll just have to hold my nose and do

what he asks 我不想被炒鱿鱼，

所以我想我还是会做他让我做的事情(虽然不是很情愿)。

捏着鼻子，防止闻到不好的味道(To pinch one's nose between the thumb and finger,

so as to avoiding smelling or tasting something) •That kale smoothie you made was

so gross that I had to hold my nose to drink it! 你做的羽衣甘蓝冰沙太恶心了，我只能

捏住鼻子喝下去！

 breach 违背，违反(an action that breaks a law, rule, or agreement)【搭配】breach

contract 违反合同，breach law 违反法律，a breach of security 破坏治安，a breach

of the peace 扰乱治安

 etiquette 礼仪，礼节(the formal rules for polite behaviour in society or in a

particular group) 【搭配】social etiquette 社交礼仪，breach etiquette 违反礼节。

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 not least 相当于 especially，表示“尤其，非常重要的是” •The documentary caused a

lot of bad feeling, not least among the workers whose lives it described 那部纪录片引

起了许多人的反感，尤其是在片中描写到其生活的工人 •Last but not least, we should

call on citizens to take the bus instead of driving a car as much as possible 最后但同

样重要的是，我们应该呼吁市民尽可能选择搭乘公交而非驾车出行。【写作推荐】

 flatulence 肠胃胀气(the condition of having too much gas in the stomach)

 transform 使改观，使变形，使转化(to completely change the appearance, form, or

character of something or someone, especially in a way that improves it) •The riots

radically transformed the situation 暴乱彻底转变了局势。

 poll 民意调查，民意测验; 民意调查的结果(the process of finding out what people

think about something by asking many people the same question, or the record of the

result)【同义词】opinion poll/survey •Labour is ahead in the opinion polls 工党在民

【搭配】conduct / carry out / do a poll 开展民意调查

意调查中处于领先地位。

 Genron npo Genron NPO 是总部位于日本的非营利性独立智囊团，

成立于 2001 年，

是日本唯一负责任的，面向未来的辩论场所，它一直致力于加强日本的民主，促进东北

亚的和平与稳定以及为解决紧迫的全球问题制定解决方案。

 think-tank 智囊团(就某方面问题出谋划策的专家小组)

 favourable 赞许的，称赞的，肯定的(you think that someone or something is good or

that you agree with them) •The response has been overwhelmingly favourable 回应

是一边倒的肯定。

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【paragraph 6】

Mr Xi defined it as a “new era” in relations. He was to have come on a state visit in April

(the first by a Chinese leader since 2008), to be greeted by the new emperor, Naruhito.

Partly to ensure it went well, the Japanese government was still welcoming Chinese

tourists in late January, even as the virus raged in Wu han. That seeded an outbreak on

Hokkaido, hastening the spread of covid-19 throughout Japan. When the pandemic forced

Mr Xi’s visit to be postponed, Mr Abe’s advisers breathed a sigh of relief. The prime minister

was getting flak from his right wing for hosting a dictator.

。习大大本应于 4 月对日本进行国事访问(自
习近平总书记将此定义为中日关系的“新纪元”

2008 年以来首次中国领导人来访)并受到刚刚上任的德仁天皇的接待。为了确保一切顺利，

尽管 1 月下旬时冠状病毒已在武汉肆虐，日本政府仍欢迎中国游客的到来。这种情况为北海

道的疫情爆发埋下了种子，加速了冠状病毒在日本的传播。当疫情迫使习大大的到访不得不

延期时，安倍晋三的顾问松了一口气。略

 state visit 国事访问

 Naruhito 德仁

 seed noun 表示“种子、籽”

【搭配】seeds of sth 某物的起因(根源)，seeds of change

/ victory 变化/胜利的种子•The seeds of change in Eastern Europe were beginning to

emerge 东欧巨变的种子开始萌芽。seeds of doubt / disaster / destruction 怀疑/灾

难/毁灭的种子 •Something Lucy said began to sow seeds of doubt in his mind 露西

说的一些话在他心里播下了怀疑的种子。go/run to seed (人)衰老，失去活；(事物)衰

败，破落 •The old central bus station is going to seed 这座老中央公共汽车站日益破

败。verb 表示“播下种子”

 hasten 加速，加紧(to make something happen faster or sooner)【搭配】hasten to

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do sth 加紧做 sth •The treatment she received may, in fact, have hastened her death

实际上，她所接受的治疗可能加快了她的死亡。

 throughout 遍及; 在…各处(in every part of a particular area, place etc)•The disease

spread rapidly throughout Europe.疾病迅速在整个欧洲蔓延开来。

【注意】throughout

含有“全部、整个”等意思，所以用了它便不该再用 entire，whole 等词 •He was with

us throughout the whole week 这句话是错误的，应该把 whole 去掉

 postpone 使(事件、行动等)延期，延迟(to change the date or time of a planned event

or action to a later one)【同义词】put back【用法】postpone doing sth •They've

decided to postpone having a family for a while.他们决定推迟一段时间要孩子。

 sigh 叹气，叹息(声)(an act or sound of sighing) •We all breathed a sigh of relief when

we heard they were safe.听到他们平安无事，我们都松了一口气。文中的 breath a sign

of a relief 表示“松一口气”

 prime adjective 最重要的，首要的(most important)【搭配】prime cause 首要的原因，

prime concern 头等大事，最关心的事情，prime suspect 首要的怀疑对象。还可以表

示“质量最好的”(of the very best quality or kind) •prime agricultural land 肥沃的农田

•prime rib of beef 上等牛肋排，prime location 绝佳的地理位置。be a prime candidate

/ target (for sth) 是(某事物)的首选目标 •Old people are a prime target for thieves.老

年人是窃贼的首选目标。noun 盛年，壮年时期(the time in your life when you are

strongest and most active)【搭配】in your prime 在你风华正茂/壮年的时期 •a young

singer who was tragically cut off in her prime (=died while she was in her prime )英年

早逝的女歌唱演员

【写作练习】

【主题】2020 年的高考注定不平凡，是每个考生家庭的头等大事

【关键词】prime concern, raging, clad in, cheongsam, leave one’s mark on

The annual college entrance examination is the prime concern for the candidates’ whole

family, and 2020 is destined to be written into history owing to this years’ all kinds of raging

disasters. Some parents, cladding in cheongsam, which symbolizes victory, are eagerly

awaiting children’s success outside the classroom. One of the parents, eyes watered, says:

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“She is deeply moved for her child’s efforts and highly proud of her son”. What a tough

year! I firmly believe these unforgettable experiences will definitely leave their mark on this

generation. Best wishes for every flower of our great motherland! 一年一度的高考是整个

家庭的头等大事，而 2020 年的高考因为这一年的各种肆虐的灾难注定要被写进历史。一些

穿着象征“胜利”之意的旗袍的家长正在教室外热切地等待孩子们的成功。其中一位家长泪

眼婆娑，她说：
“她为孩子的努力而感动，为自己的儿子感到非常骄傲”
。多么艰难的一年！

我坚信这些难忘的经历一定会在这一代人身上留下印记。为我们伟大祖国的每一位花朵献上

最真挚的祝福！

 minister noun(英国及其他一些国家的)部长，大臣 •the Minister of Agriculture 农业部

长。prime minister 对于我们国家来说翻译成“总理”

。【注意】prime minister 是内阁制

的政府首脑，但中文翻译时要看每个国家是君主制还是共和制。如果是共和制，就译成

“总理” 【搭配】deputy prime minister 副总理。verb

，如果是君主制，就译成“首相”

表示“照顾”【用法】minister to sb / sth 照顾，服侍，帮助(尤指病人或老人) •She

spent much time ministering to the sick.她花了很多时间照顾病人。

【熟词僻义】

 flak 严厉批评；抨击(severe criticism)•He's taken a lot of flak for his left-wing views 他

的左倾观点受到了广泛指责。【同义词】criticize, lambaste, flak

 from 因为，由于(used to state the cause of something)•mothers who are exhausted

from all the sleepless nights 因晚上缺觉而精疲力竭的妈妈们

 right-wing 右翼的(a right-wing person or group supports the ideas and beliefs of

capitalism)，right-winger 右翼人士，对应着 left-wing 左翼

 host 主办，做…的东道主(to provide the place and everything that is needed for an

organized event)•Which country is going to host the next World Cup?哪个国家将主办

下一届世界杯？

 dictator 独裁者(a ruler who has complete power over a country, especially one whose

power has been gained by force)•the downfall of the hated dictator 令人憎恨的独裁者

的垮台

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【paragraph 7】

The new era has since been losing its shine. Since April Chinese coastguard vessels have

sharply increased operations around the Senkakus, with near daily visits. And now Hong

Kong has become a thorn in the relationship. In its strongest language against Japan in

years, China lashed out at criticism of its plan to impose a draconian security law in the

territory (see China section), even though Mr Abe had walked a delicate line by declining

to join Australia, Britain, Canada and the United States in an admonitory joint statement.

中日关系的新纪元自此开始逐渐失去光彩。自从四月中方的海岸警卫队船只大幅度地增加了

在钓鱼岛海岸的巡逻，几乎是每天一次。而且目前香港成为了双方关系中的一根锐刺。略

 shine 光泽; 光亮；光彩(the brightness that something has when light shines on it)

•Lucy's dark hair seemed to have lost its shine 露西的黑发好像失去了光泽。

【搭配】

shining example 杰出典范; 光辉榜样=role mole •The house is a shining example

of Art Deco architecture 这幢房子是艺术装饰派建筑的杰出典范。

 coastguard 海岸警卫队•Contact the Coastguard immediately if you see a boat in

trouble 如看到船只遇险，请立即与海岸警卫队联系。

 vessel 船; 舰(a ship or large boat)•a fishing vessel 渔船；还可以表示“血管”(a vein

in your body)血管•a burst blood vessel 破裂的血管【搭配】wrecked vessel 受损的

船只

 thorn (植物茎上的)刺(a sharp point that grows on the stem of a plant such as a rose)

【搭配】a thorn in sb's side/flesh 某人的眼中钉，肉中刺(指长时间让你心烦或给你

惹麻烦的人或事)•He's been a thorn in the side of the party leadership for years.他多

年来一直是该党领导人心头的一根刺【拓展】thorny 棘手的，如 a thorny question /

problem / issue 棘手的问题 •the thorny question of immigration policy 移民政策这个

棘手的问题

 lash 抨击(尤用于报纸)(to criticize someone angrily – used especially in newspapers)

•Democrats lashed Republican plans, calling them extreme 民主党猛烈抨击共和党的

计划，说是太极端了。lash out 猛烈抨击，痛斥(to suddenly speak angrily to someone

or criticize someone angrily) •Olson lashed out at the media 奥尔森痛斥媒体。

【同义

词】criticize，lambaste，flak(noun)，lash out

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 draconian 严厉的，严酷的(very strict and cruel)【搭配】draconian measures /

controls / penalties 严 格 的 措 施 / 控 制 / 处 罚 • draconian measures to control

population growth 控制人口增长的严厉措施

 delicate 微妙的，需要谨慎处理的(needing to be dealt with carefully or sensitively in

order to avoid problems or failure)•There's something I have to speak to you about –

it's a delicate matter 我有话要跟你讲，这事需要谨慎处理。

 line (尤指公开表明并影响本人行为的 )态度，方针，路线(an opinion or attitude,

especially one that someone states publicly and that influences their actions)【搭配】

take a tough / firm / hard line on sth •The school takes a very tough line on drugs

该学校在毒品问题上采取非常强硬的态度。

 admonitory 劝 告 的 ， 警 告 的 【 搭 配 】 admonitory decision 警 告 性 判 决 ， an

admonitory gesture 警告的姿势，admonitory message 警告性的消息

 joint 联合的，共同的，共有的(involving two or more people or groups, or owned or

shared by them) •The two ministers have issued a joint statement 两位部长发布了一

【搭配】joint resolution 共同决议，joint venture 合营企业/合资企业

项联合声明。

【paragraph 8】

Some 1,400 Japanese companies and 26,000 Japanese make Hong Kong their home. But
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Japan’s greater concern is what China might do to Taiwan, its democratic neighbour and

friend. It all means, for Mr Abe, that domestic political constraints will grow, too. Already,

ordinary folk increasingly fault China for Japan’s epidemic. And, crucially, they remain

suspicious of China’s intentions. The same Genron npo poll found that the proportion of

Japanese with an unfavourable opinion of China had remained at 85%. Bet on Mr Xi’s state

visit never happening. Don’t count on the new era lasting either.

这段的翻译略，以后选文章的时候注意一些，避免**问题。

 some 放在数字前面表示“大约”相当于 approximately

 domestic 国内的，本国的【搭配】domestic market / economy / demand 国内市场

/经济/需求 •our nation's domestic affairs 我国的内政。还可以表示“家庭的”

【搭配】

domestic tasks / chores / responsibilities 家 庭 的 任 务 /家 务 活 /家 庭 的 责 任 •

Nowadays there is more sharing of domestic chores 如今分担家务已变得更为常见了。

 constraint 限制; 束缚; 约束力(something that limits your freedom to do what you

want)【搭配】financial / environmental / political etc constraints 经济/环境/政治等

方面的限制•There have been financial and political constraints on development 发展

受到了经济和政治上的限制。impose / place constraints on sb / sth 对 sb/sth 加以

限制 •constraints imposed on teachers by large class sizes 班级人数多使教师受到的

限制

 folk 人们 •Thanks to the folks at NBC 感谢全国广播公司的工作人员。还可以表示“家

人，亲属”(your parents and family) •Is it OK if I call my folks?我打电话给家人可以

吗？【搭配】country / farming etc folk 乡下人/农民等；folk music 民间音乐; 民谣；

ordinary folk 普通人

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 fault 找…的缺点，挑剔，指责(to criticize someone or something for a mistake)【搭

配】be sb's fault for doing sth •It's my fault for not making your new job clearer 没

【复习】pin blame for sth on sb 指责 sth 的原因

把你的新工作解释清楚是我的责任。

由 sb 造成，让 sb 背黑锅。

【写作练习】

【主题】面对问题是，从自身找原因，不要去责备他人，这是无能的/不称职的表现

【关键词】confront，pin blame for sth on sb/fault sb for sth，thorny

When we are confronted with depressing situations, the first thing to do is to seek the

reasons from yourself rather than pin blame for thorny problems on others 当你面对令人

沮丧的情况时，第一件事就是从自己身上发现原因，而不是将棘手的问题归咎于别人

When we are confronted with depressing situations, your first choice is to examine yourself

to identify the causes of those thorny problems and work out ways to resolve them rather

than fault problems for others, which is a sign of incompetence 当面对令人沮丧的情况时，

你的第一选择是反省自己，找出那些棘手问题的原因及解决问题的方法，而不是把问题归咎

给别人，这是无能的表现

 crucially 至关重要地;关键地 •The work of the intelligence services was crucially

important to victory in the war 情报机构的工作对能否在这场战争中获得胜利至关重要。

【高级代低级】crucially important 代替 very important

 suspicious 怀疑的，猜疑的(thinking that someone might be guilty of doing something

wrong or dishonest) •Some of his colleagues at work became suspicious of his

behaviour 他的一些同事开始怀疑他的行为。

 intention 意图，目的，打算(a plan or desire to do something)【搭配】have no / every

intention of doing sth 没有打算做 sth；with the intention of doing something 带

着目的做 sth【注意】不能说 have no intention to do sth 而是 have no intention of doing

sth；不能说 with the intention to do sth 而是 with the intention of doing sth •He had

no intention of paying me the money 他不打算付钱给我 •He left Manchester with the

intention of finding a job in London.他离开曼彻斯特，打算在伦敦找一份工作。

 unfavourable 和前文中的 favourable 是反义词，表示“不赞同的，不认可的，负面的，

【搭配】unfavourable reviews 否定的评论，unfavourable publicity 负面

不喜欢的”

的宣传，unfavourable impression 负面的印象。还可以表示“不利的”unfavourable

impact 不利的影响，unfavourable circumstances 不利的情况

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 bet 下赌注; 与…打赌(to risk money on the result of a race, game, competition, or

other future event) •I wouldn't bet on them winning the next election 下一次选举我不

会赌他们赢。

 count on 指望(某人做某事)；确信(某事会发生) •I'm counting on you to persuade her

我指望你能说服她。

 lasting 持久的，耐久的(strong enough, well enough planned etc to continue for a very

long time) •The reforms will bring lasting benefits. 改革将带来长久的利益。

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Floods 洪灾

A deluge of doubts 大量的疑问

K A I S H A I S L A N D , N A N TO N G

Surging waters in central and southern China may suggest a troubling change

中国中部及南部汹涌的河水可能预示着令人不安的变化

公众号后台回复【0718】获得本期经济学人 PDF，回复【0718 笔记】获取笔记。

 deluge 洪水; 暴雨期 (a large flood, or period when there is a lot of rain) 【同义词】

flood • Officials say it's the heaviest deluge the city has experienced in more than a decade

有关官员表示，这是十多年来该市经历的最严重的洪涝灾害；蜂拥而至的事物(如信件、

问题等) (a large amount of something such as letters or questions that someone gets at

the same time) • a deluge of calls/complaints/letters 接连不断的电话；没完没了的投诉；

纷至沓来的信件。• a deluge of thanks and appreciation for the returning troops

【paragraph 1】

ON A RECENT rainy afternoon the owner of a small riverfront fish restaurant on sleepy

Kaisha island, in the middle of the Yangzi river, was worried and bemused by the steadily

rising waters. On a spit of land near the riverbank stood a cluster of trees, their trunks half-

submerged. A wooden boardwalk leading out to a fishing pier remained only just above the

murky water. “There is usually a metre of clearance under the walkway,” she said. “Yes, I

have seen the water this high before, but never this early in the rainy season.”

在最近的一个下雨的下午，在位于长江中游的寂静的开沙岛上，一家河边小鱼店的老板对持

续上涨的水位充满担忧和困惑。河岸附近的一片土地上，长着一片树，树干都被淹没了一半。

一条通往钓鱼码头的木板路仅高出浑浊河水一点点。鱼店老板说：
“以往路面与水面的距离

能达到一米。虽然我之前见过这么高的水位，但在雨季初期可未曾有过如此场景”
。

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 riverfront (城市的)滨江地区，河边地带

 sleepy (城镇或地区)寂静的，冷清(a sleepy town or area is very quiet, and not much

happens there) •a sleepy little fishing village 寂静的小渔村

 Kaisha island 开沙岛，是长江下游的一个江中小岛，位于江苏省南通市通州区五接镇

境内。开沙岛旅游度假区获评长三角最具魅力旅游度假康养目的地，也是南通唯一入选

单位。开沙岛成陆近百年来，多次筑堤围垦，护坡护坎，具备了相当的防潮防汛能力。

 Yangzi river 长江 •Four fifths of China's water is in the south, notably the Yangzi river

basin 中国五分之四的水资源位于南方，尤其是长江流域。in the middle of Yangzi river

在长江中游，或者可以说 in midstream of Yangzi river；上游 upstream；下游 downstream。

Yellow river 黄河

 bemuse 使糊涂；使麻木；使呆若木鸡，使痴呆，使茫然；使困惑 •She was bemused

by all the questions 她被所有这些问题难住了。

【同义词】bewilder， befuddle，befog，

baffle，confuse。bemused 茫然的; 发呆的; 困惑的(looking as if you are confused)

•a bemused expression 茫然的神情 •Perhaps this explains Mona Lisa's bemused

smile 或许，这样的世界能解释蒙娜丽莎神秘的微笑。
【同义词】bewildered，confused

 spit 作为名词可以表示“吐沫”•No spitting! 禁止吐痰! 本文表示“沙嘴；岬”(a spit

of land is a long, flat, narrow piece of land that sticks out into the sea)

 riverbank 河岸；河堤(the ground at the side of a river)

 cluster 串，束，簇; 群，组(a group of things of the same kind that are very close

together) • a dense cluster of buildings 一群密集的建筑物。

【打包记忆】a cluster of/a

flock of/a deluge of

 【语法】
“On a spit of land near the riverbank stood a cluster of trees”此句状语前置，

引起句子倒装，正常的语序为“A cluster of trees stood on a spit of land near the

riverbank”

 trunk 树干(the thick central woody stem of a tree) •the trunk of an old oak tree 老橡

树的树干。此外 trunk 还可以表示“象鼻”；swimming trunks 表示“男士泳裤”

 submerge 使浸没; 淹没(to cover something completely with water or another liquid)

•The tunnel entrance was submerged by rising sea water 隧道入口被涨起的海水淹没。

half-submerged 表示“半淹没的” •Sirens live in or near bodies of water, often on

islands or half-submerged rocks 海妖生活在水里，或水域附近，通常是在岛上或半淹

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【短语】 submerge yourself in something 埋头于某事 •Alice submerged

没的礁石上。

herself in work to try and forget about Tom 艾丽 斯 埋 头 工 作， 试 图 忘记 汤 姆 。

submerged 作为形容词，表示“水下的” •submerged rocks 水下的岩石。

 boardwalk (海滨的)木板路，木板铺成的小道(a raised path made of wood, usually built

next to the sea)

 lead out 带…出去；引出；领出 •He rushed into the burning building and led the people

out to safety 他冲进着火的大楼，把人们带出到安全的地方。

 pier (伸向海中的)突堤码头，凸式码头(a structure that is built over and into the water

so that boats can stop next to it or people can walk along it) •The pier has cafes and

restaurants 码头上有咖啡馆和饭馆。

 murky 阴暗的，黑暗的; 蒙眬的(dark and difficult to see through) •murky water 浑

浊的水; 复杂的; 难以理解的(complicated and difficult to understand) •The laws on

intellectual property are murky 知识产权法复杂难懂。

【同义词】obscure

 clearance 【建筑学】间距，间隙，净空(the amount of space around one object that

is needed for it to avoid touching another object) •There wasn’t enough clearance

between the bus and the top of the bridge 公共汽车和桥顶之间没有足够的空隙。

【航空学】飞机许可(飞机在起降、通过上空时必须得到飞行管理官员的许可) • 【雅

思】ATC clearance(Air Traffic Control)航空交通管制许可 •The pilot requested

clearance for an emergency landing 驾驶员请求准许紧急降落。许可，批准(the

process of getting official permission or approval for something)【搭配】medical

clearance 医疗许可/证明，security clearance 忠诚/安全调查，entry clearance 入境

许可，custom clearance 海关审查许可【同义词】permission，license

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 walkway (连接建筑物两部分或两座建筑间的)人行通道，连廊(an outdoor path built for

people to walk along, often above the ground) •The hotel was connected with the

station by a walkway 人行道把旅馆和车站连接起来。

【paragraph 2】

Residents of the island, 160km upstream from Shanghai, where the river pours into the

sea, worry about possible disaster. Upstream and along dozens of other river systems

across central and southern China trouble has already come. In the face of the worst

flooding in decades, China raised the national-emergency response to its second-highest

level on July 12th. Two days it later issued an alert after forecasts of 200mm of rainfall a

day (nearly eight inches) in many areas and, in some spots, as much as 60mm an hour.

开沙岛位于上海上流 160 公里处，它的河水汇入大海，岛上的居民担心发生洪灾。中国中部

及南部上游及很多其它流经的数十条河流系统实际上已经出现了端倪。面对着数十年来最严

重的洪水，7 月 12 日中国将全国紧急响应状态提高到了第二高的水平。两天后，在预报很

多区域的日降水量达到 200 毫米(将近 8 英寸)，局部地区时降水量多达 60 毫米后，中国发

布了洪灾预警。

 upstream 上游; 逆流(地)(along a river, in the opposite direction from the way the

water is flowing)•Fish instinctively fight their way upstream against the current.鱼本能

地奋力逆流向上游游动。还可以作形容词表示“上游的”
，名词表示“上游部门”

 pour 灌，注，倒(to make a liquid or other substance flow out of or into a container

by holding it at an angle)•Pour the oil into a frying pan and heat 把油倒入煎锅内加热。

涌进; 涌出(if a lot of people or things pour into or out of a place, a lot of them arrive

or leave at the same time)【搭配】pour+ into / out of / from •Offers of help poured

into from all over the country 全国各地纷纷伸出援助之手。大量生产；大量提供(if

people pour money into something, they provide a lot of money for it over a period of

time, in order to make it successful)【搭配】pour sth into sth 大量投入(金钱)于(某

事物) •Investors poured a large sum of money into a new company 投资者向一家新

公司注入了大量的资金。

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 dozen 许多(a lot of)【搭配】 dozens of/a dozen of 许多 •She's had dozens of/a

dozen of boyfriends 她交过几打男朋友。

【打包记忆】a deluge of/a flock of/a cluster

of/a dozen of

 in face of 面临，面对•In face of failure, it is the most important to keep up a good

state of mind 面对失败，最重要的是保持良好的心。不顾；纵然 •Chinese Foreign

Ministry says the country will not suspend civil flights in face of the coronavirus

outbreak 中国外交部表示，中国不会因为冠状病毒疫情而暂停民用航班。

 national emergency 全国紧急状态 •So earlier this month, the president declared a

national emergency 因此，本月早些时候，总统宣布全国进入紧急状态。

 issue 发表(声明); 颁布，发出(命令、警告等) (to officially make a statement, give an

order, warning) •Silva issued a statement denying all knowledge of the affair.西尔瓦

发表声明，宣称对此事一无所知。

 alert 警报(a warning to be ready for possible danger) •a full-scale flood alert 最高级

别的防洪警报【搭配】on high/full alert 全面戒备

 spot noun(尤指休闲的)地点，处所(a particular place or area, especially a pleasant

place where you spend time) •a nice quiet spot on the beach 海滩上一个安静的好地

方【搭配】on the spot 立刻，马上 •He had to make a decision on the spot 他得马

上作出决定。在现场 •We ought to find out the views of the people on the spot 我们

【搭配】 weak spot 弱点，不足之处，死穴，

应当了解一下在现场的那些人的看法。

相当于 weekness；(对某物的)特别喜爱，偏爱 •I've always had a weak spot for

chocolate 我一向爱吃巧克力。verb 发现; 注意到; 看出，认出 【用法】spot somebody

doing something 看到某人做某事/spot that 看到… •Meg spotted someone coming out

of the building 梅格看到有个人从大楼里出来 •One of the station staff spotted that I

was in difficulty, and came to help 一位车站工作人员看到我有困难，就过来帮忙。

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 as much as

1) 多达… •You can lose as much as four pounds in one week 你可以一周之内减轻体重

四磅之多。

2) 像…一样多 •The cats eats almost as much as the dogs 猫吃得几乎同狗一样多。

3) 尽管 •As much as I hate to do it, I must stay home and finish my paper 尽管我讨厌这

样做，但我还是必须呆在家里，把论文写出来。

4) 无异于，简直就是 •He as much as admitted it 他实际上承认了这一点。

5) as much as + 主语 + can do 所能做到的差不多都做了、几乎技穷、险些做不到 •It

was as much as I could do to keep a straight face. 我几乎无法一直把脸绷着。

6) 最末的 as 往后移，成为 as much... as...，有“与…的程度相当”或“既…又…”的意

思 •I'm as much a patriot as any of you. 我之爱国，不亚于你们当中的任何人。

【paragraph 3】

Flooding in dozens of provinces has already caused the death or disappearance of 141

people, the displacement of millions, the loss of 28,000 homes and 82bn yuan ($11.7bn)

in damage. Soldiers have been dispatched to help with relief. President Xi Jinping said

China had entered “a crucial period of flood control”.

多个省份的洪涝灾害已经造成了 141 人的死亡和失踪，数百万人流离失所，损失了 28,000

个家庭及 820 亿人民币(相当于 117 亿美元)。士兵们被派遣到灾区开展救援工作。习近平总

书记表示：
“中国已经进入了抗洪的关键阶段”
。

 displacement (人或动物群体的)被迫迁徙(when a group of people or animals are

forced to leave the place where they usually live) •the largest displacement of civilian

population since World War Two 自第二次世界大战以来最大规模的平民迁移 •

displaced person 被迫离开家园的人们。displace (尤指)迫使(某人)离开家园(或祖国)，

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使离乡背井；使搬迁 •Many people were forcibly displaced by the flood 许多人被洪水

逼得背井离乡。displace 可以表示“把…免职，撤…职位” •The mayor displaced

the police chief 市长撤换了警察局长。

 loss 失去，丧失(the fact of no longer having something, or of having less of it than

you used to have, or the process by which this happens) •loss of appetite 失去胃口

•loss of confidence 失去信心 •loss of home 失去家园

 dispatch (常指为了特殊原因或执行特殊任务而迅速地)派遣，派出，调遣(使者或部队

等)(to send sb/sth somewhere, especially for a special purpose) •Troops have been

dispatched to the area 部队已派往那个地区。

 relief (因恐惧、忧虑或痛苦的消除而感到的宽慰)，宽心，轻松(a feeling of comfort

when something frightening, worrying, or painful has ended or has not happened) •

He watched with relief as the girl nodded 他看到女孩点头，就放心了。

【搭配】relief

work 救济工作，relief worker 救灾工作人员 •Many badly hit areas remain cut off,

hampering relief workers 重灾区现在依然与外界隔绝，这阻碍了救援人员的工作 •

Over 3000 soldiers and rescue workers have been dispatched to the affected areas

for relief work. 还可以表示“救济品”(money, food, clothes etc given to people who

are poor or hungry)【搭配】disaster / famine / flood relief 灾祸/饥荒/洪水救济品 •

famine relief for victims of the drought 为旱灾灾民提供的饥荒救济品。【熟词僻义】

【paragraph 4】

Kaisha island sits in the shadow of the Yangzi’s latest engineering marvel, a gleaming new

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rail-and-road suspension bridge linking the cities of Suzhou, Nantong and other parts of

Greater Shanghai. There are no reports of risk to it, but six days after it came into service

on July 1st, an ancient bridge 300km away was washed away by a roaring river flood. The

seven-arched structure was a cherished landmark in the city of Huangshan.

开沙岛坐落在长江最新工程奇迹的旁边，这项奇迹是一座崭新的铁路-公路吊桥，连接着苏

州、南通和大上海的其他地区。没有关于它的风险报告，但是在 7 月 1 日投入使用 6 天后，

300 公里外的一座古桥被汹涌的河水冲走了，其七拱结构是黄山的珍贵地标建筑。

 sit 位于，坐落在(某位置); 处于(某状况)(to be in a particular position or condition) •

The parliament building sits in a large square 议会大厦位于一个大广场上。

【同义词】

locate

 in the shadow of 在…近旁(very close to) •The new market is in the shadow of the

City Hall 新建的市场紧挨着市政厅。

 marvel 令人惊奇的事物，奇迹(something or someone that is extremely useful or

skilful) •an engineering marvel 工程上的一个奇迹【同义词】wonder，miracle

 gleaming 闪耀的；明亮的(shining brightly) •gleaming white teeth 皓齿。gleam 表示

“发微光，闪烁”(to shine softly) •We saw the lights of the little town gleaming in the

distance 我们看到远处小镇的灯光在闪烁。【搭配】a gleam of light 一道光

 rail-and-road 公路和铁路

 suspension bridge 悬索桥，吊桥

 come into 开始…(to begin to apply)come into effect/force 开始生效，come into use

开始使用，come into service 投入使用，开始启用。

 service (设备、车辆等的)使用，使用状况(being used) •These trains have been in

service for many years.这些火车已经使用很多年了 检修，保养(an examination and

repair of a machine or car to keep it working properly) •I'm getting the bus home – my

car's in for a service 我要坐公共汽车回家—我的汽车送去检修了。4S 代表“整车销售”

(Sale)、
“零配件”(Spare part)、
“售后服务”(Service)、
“信息反馈”(Survey)。
【熟词

僻义】

 away (空间上)离开，相距(used to say how far it is to a place or thing) •There's another

hotel not far away.不远的地方还有一家酒店。

 wash away 冲坏，冲走，冲掉 •Hundreds of houses have been washed away by

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floods 数百间房屋被洪水冲走了。

 roaring 吼叫的，咆哮的，呼啸的，汹涌澎湃的(making a deep, very loud, continuous

noise) •the roaring wind and waves 咆哮的风浪

 arch 拱(支撑桥梁或建筑的弧形结构)(a structure with a curved top and straight sides

that supports the weight of a bridge or building)，seven-arched 七拱。arch-用作前缀，

表示“最高等级的; 主要的”(belonging to the highest class or rank)•archbishop 大主

教 •archenemy/arch-enemy 头号敌人 •arch rival/arch-rival 主要竞争对手

 cherish 重视，珍视(if you cherish something, it is very important to you) •I cherish

the memory of that day 我珍藏着那一天的记忆。

 landmark 地标，陆标(something that is easy to recognize, such as a tall tree or

building, and that helps you know where you are) 里程碑; 重大转折(one of the most

important events, changes, or discoveries that influences someone or something) •

The discovery of penicillin was a landmark in the history of medicine 青霉素的发现是

【同义】milestone, turning point, watershed

医药史上的里程碑。

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【paragraph 5】

But the fate of the nearly 500m people of the Yangzi basin ultimately depends on another

engineering marvel far upstream, the massive Three Gorges Dam. Completed in 2006 at

vast expense (and in the face of fervid opposition), it was touted as a multi-function boon.

It would generate power, boost irrigation, improve river navigability and, perhaps most

important, give China the upper hand in its millennia-old struggle against devastating floods.

But its failure to do so this year is proof, say the dam’s critics, that its merits were oversold.

Some even question the dam’s durability, and warn of a possible calamity—a risk that

Chinese officials angrily dismiss.

长江流域接近 5 亿人口的命运最终取决于上游的另一项工程奇迹—庞大的三峡大坝。
然而，

中国斥巨资(且面临着强烈的反对)修建三峡大坝，并于 2006 年竣工，其被吹捧为多功能的

利民设施。它能够发电，提高农田灌溉能力，改善河道的通航能力。此外，三峡大坝最重要

的功能也许是让中国在千年以来与破坏力极强的洪水的斗争中占据上风。然而，大坝的批评

者称：
“今年的失利证明了三峡大坝的优势被过分夸大了”。有些人甚至质疑大坝的持久性并

警告可能出现的灾难，然而中国官员愤怒地否定了这一风险。

 basin 流域; 低洼地(an area of land that is lower at the centre than at the edges,

especially one from which water runs down into a river)

 Three Gorges Dam 三峡大坝

 gorge noun 峡谷(a deep narrow valley with steep sides) verb 拼命地吃(某物)，饱食

(某物)，狼吞虎咽(to eat until you are too full to eat any more)【搭配】gorge yourself

(on sth)= stuff yourself •We gorged ourselves on ripe plums 我们没命地吃成熟的李

子。

 dam 水坝，水堤，堤坝

 vast 巨大的，广大的，广阔的，巨额的(extremely large) •The government will have

to borrow vast amounts of money 政府将不得不借用巨额资金。

 fervid 过分热烈的; 过度激烈的; 太热情的(believing or feeling something too strongly)

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•He was a ready scholar as you are, but more fervid and impatient 他是一个聪明的学

者，跟你一样，不过更加热情而缺乏耐心。

 tout 赞扬; 吹捧(to praise something or someone in order to persuade people that

they are important or worth a lot)•Nell is being touted as the next big thing in Hollywood

【搭配】ticket tout 票贩子，黄牛

内尔被捧为好莱坞的明日之星。

 boon 裨益; 为生活带来方便的东西; 有用之物(something that is very useful and

makes your life a lot easier or better) •The bus service is a real boon to people in the

village 公共汽车服务对村里的人来说是一大方便。

 irrigation 灌溉【搭配】large-scale, small-scale irrigation 大规模/小规模灌溉

 navigability 适航性，耐航性【搭配】flight-test for navigability 适航试飞

 upper hand 优势，上风；支配地位；有利地位【搭配】get/gain the upper hand 处

于有利地位，占上风

 millennia 一 千 年 【 搭 配 】 millennial generation 千 禧 一 代 • For two millennia,

exogamy was a major transgression for Jews 两千年来，异族通婚一直是犹太人的一

大禁忌 •millennia-old tradition and culture 几千年古老传统和文化

 devastating 毁灭性的，破坏力极强的(badly damaging or destroying something)【搭

配】devastating effect / impact 毁灭性的影响，a devastating blow 毁灭性的打击

 merit 长 处 ， 优 点 (an advantage or good feature of something) • Each of these

approaches to teaching has its merits .这些教学方法每一种都有其优点。

 oversell 对(某人或某事)赞扬过多; 过分吹嘘(to praise someone or something too

much) •Tourism on the island is oversold 这个岛上的旅游业被吹嘘得过头了 向…

销售过多(而无法交货)，空头销售

 durability 耐久性；坚固；耐用年限 •Another problem of cigarettes as money is their

lack of durability 香烟作为货币的另一个问题是它缺少耐久性。

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 calamity 灾难，祸患(a terrible and unexpected event that causes a lot of damage or

suffering) •It will be a calamity for farmers if the crops failed again 如果再歉收的话，

将会给农民带来灾难。【同义词】disaster

 dismiss 拒绝考虑，否定(to refuse to consider someone's idea, opinion etc, because

you think it is not serious, true, or important)•The government has dismissed criticisms

that the country's health policy is a mess 有人认为国家医疗政策一塌糊涂，政府对这

种批评持否认态度。dismiss 还可以表示“解雇，开除”(to remove someone from

their job) •Bryant was unfairly dismissed from his post.布赖恩特被不公正地免职了。

【同义词】sack，fire，displace，shed，discharge

【paragraph 6】

Climate change may have caused extreme weather unusually early in the year, producing

more rain than hydro-engineering can handle. Zhang Junjie of Duke Kun-shan University

says most Chinese experts agree that climate change is making the region’s weather more

volatile and will reduce farming and industrial output. “In the past, China focused on the

engineering approach, building more dams, more dykes and higher banks. But the

government has realised this is like an arms race with nature that we can’t really win,” he

says. In December, legislators began deliberating a new draft law on protecting the entire

Yangzi river basin, including the restoration of riverside ecosystems that may help to

reduce flooding. This, says Mr Zhang hopefully, is “giant progress”.

气候变化可能导致了今年极端天气现象发生异常地早，产生的降雨超过了水利工程的承受能

力。杜克昆山大学的张俊杰说：“大多数中国专家一致认为，气候变化使该地区的天气更加

不稳定，并将减少农业和工业产出。过去，中国把重点放在工程上，修建更多的水坝、堤坝

和更高的堤岸”。他还表示：
“政府已经意识到，这就像一场与自然的军备竞赛，我们不可能

。去年 12 月，立法委员开始审议新的针对保护整个长江流域的法案，包括能够帮
真正获胜”

助降低洪涝灾害发生的河岸生态系统的修复。张先生充满希望地说道：
“这是一个大的进步”。

 unusually 异常地(used before adjectives to emphasize that a particular quality is

greater than normal) •unusually high levels of pollution 异常严重的污染程度

 hydro-engineering 水利工程，hydro-水的; 使用水的 •hydroelectricity (=produced

by water power)水力发电; 水电 •hydrotherapy (=treatment of disease using water)水

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疗法

 volatile 易变的，动荡不定的(a volatile situation is likely to change suddenly and

without warning) •the highly volatile stock and bond markets 相当不稳定的股票和债

券市场【同义词】turbulent，unsteady，unsettled，unstable 性情多变的，易怒

的(someone who is volatile can suddenly become angry or violent)【同义词】mercurial，

capricious 易挥发的(a volatile liquid or substance changes easily into a gas) •a

highly volatile liquid 一种极易挥发的液体

 output 产量；产品(the amount of goods or work produced by a person, machine,

factory) •agricultural output 农业产量

 dyke 堰；堤；坝(a long thick wall that is built to stop water flooding onto a low area

of land, especially from the sea)

 bank 岸，堤(land along the side of a river or lake) •the river bank 河岸

 arm race 军备竞赛(the competition between different countries to have a larger

number of powerful weapons) •the nuclear arms race 核军备竞赛

 legislator 立法委员(a member of a group of people that has the power to make laws)

•Demonstrators breached the barricades, terrifying legislators 示威者冲破路障，令议

员感到震惊

 deliberate verb 仔细考虑，反复思考(to think about something very carefully) •The

jury deliberated for four days before acquitting him 陪审团斟酌了四天之后宣判他无罪。

adj 故意的，有意的，蓄意的(intended or planned) •The attack on him was quite

deliberate 对他的袭击完全是有预谋的。
【同义词】intentional (讲话、思想或行动)沉

着的，从容不迫的 •He approached her with slow, deliberate steps.他迈着缓慢、从容

的步子向她走去。【同义词】measured，ponderous

 draft 草稿; 草图; 草案(a piece of writing or a plan that is not yet in its finished form)•

the rough draft of his new novel 他新小说的初稿。【搭配】draft law 草案

 restoration (旧建筑、家具的)修复，整修(when you repair something such as an old

building or a piece of furniture, so that it looks the same as when it was first built or

made) •Major restoration work will begin in May 重大的修复工作将在 5 月开始。【搭

配】the restoration of diplomatic relations 外交关系的恢复

 riverside 河边，河畔(the land along the sides of a river) •We had a picnic by the

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riverside 我们在河边野餐。

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TikTok 抖音短视频

Sixty seconds of fame 成名 60 秒

As America threatens to ban or seize TikTok, its Chinese parent

is scrambling for a way to hang on to its hit app

随着美国扬言禁止或下架抖音短视频(国际版)，其中国母公司正在寻找

留住这款热门应用的方法

公众号后台回复【0725】获得本期经济学人 PDF，回复【0725 笔记】获取笔记。

 threaten to do something 威胁/扬言做某事 •He threatened to take them to court

他扬言要把他们告上法庭。可能做某事，有…风险 •This dispute threatens to split the

party 这一分歧可能会造成党的分裂。
【同义】risk doing something

 parent 母公司(a company which owns a smaller company or organization)

 scramble (迅速而吃力地)爬，攀登(to climb up, down, or over something quickly and

with difficulty, especially using your hands to help you) •They tried to scramble up the

cliff 他们想爬上悬崖。争夺，抢夺(to struggle or compete with other people to get or

reach something)后面加介词 for •Thousands of people will be scrambling for tickets

将有数千人抢购门票。

 hang on to 保留，保存(to keep something) •I think I'll hang on to the documents for

a bit longer 我想我会把这些材料再保存一段时间。

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【paragraph 1】

IN MAY BYTEDANCE, the world’s most valuable startup, leapt further ahead of other

technology “unicorns”. It was valued at $140bn on the secondary market, up by nearly half

from a funding round in the spring. The reason? TikTok, a short-video app that has been

downloaded 2bn times. The “last sunny corner” of the internet, as it is known thanks to jolly

user-generated content, is China’s first worldwide internet sensation. For ByteDance’s 37-

year-old founder, Zhang Yiming, it is part of an ambition to build a global software giant.

今年五月，世界上最具价值的初创公司字节跳动(Bytedance)猛的一跃，跻身到其他科技公

司“独角兽”的前列。其在二级市场中估值达到 1400 亿美元，较今年春季一轮融资高出了

一半。这巨大提升背后的原因在于什么呢？因为，其旗下一款被下载了 20 亿次的短视频应

用-抖音(国际版)。它被誉为互联网“最后一个令人愉悦的角落”，由于其用户生成的欢乐内

容而广为人知。得益于这款软件，中国首次在全球互联网范围内引起了轰动。对于字节跳动

37 岁的创始人张一鸣来说，抖音是其实现成为全球软件巨头公司雄心规划中的一部分。

 Bytedance 字节跳动，成立于 2012 年 3 月，是最早将人工智能应用于移动互联网场

景的科技企业之一，“技术出海”是字节跳动全球化发展的核心战略。旗下的热门应用

主要有:今日头条，西瓜视频，抖音。

 startup noun(尤指从事计算机或网络的小型的)新兴公司，新开张企业，也可以写作

start-up •an Internet startup 一家新兴网络公司。adj 表示“创办时的，起始阶段的”

•start-up costs 启动费用。

我们在【第二篇 Say cheese】中遇到过 teething，表示“发展初期的”原文写道：

“The

British Dental Association (BDA), a trade union, says the new urgent care system has

faced teething problems, with a lack of the protective kit needed for “aerosol-

generating procedures” (ie, ones where spit or blood will be flying around)” 英国牙

科协会(BDA)表示，新的紧急护理系统遇到很多小问题，缺少“气溶胶产生操作”(即唾液

或血液会飞溅)所需的防护设备。

 leap verb 跳，跳跃(to jump high into the air or to jump in order to land in a different

place) •She leapt over the fence 她跳过篱笆。文中的 leap ahead of other…超越其它

的….,过去式及过去分词是 leapt【搭配】leap at the chance / opportunity 急忙抓住

机会=snatch/grab opportunity【第五篇 Elephant v dragon】 •I leapt at the chance

of studying abroad 我赶紧抓住了出国留学的机会。noun 剧增，猛增，激变 【搭配】

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quantum / great / huge leap •a quantum leap in population levels 人口数量的猛增；

by / in leaps and bounds 迅速地，突飞猛进地 •Lifeboat technology has advanced

by leaps and bounds 救生艇技术突飞猛进。

【写作推荐】As biotechnology develops

by leaps and bounds 随着生物技术的飞跃发展，来代替 With the rapid development

of biotechnology

 unicorn 独角兽(an animal like a white horse with a long straight horn on its head) ；

在商业中 unicorn 是指估值超过 10 亿美元的初创公司(a start-up that is valued at one

billion dollars or more)

 value 给… 估价，给…估值 (to decide how much money something is worth, by

comparing it with similar things)后面搭配介词 at •Paintings valued at over $200,000

were stolen from her home 几幅估价为二十多万美元的画从她家里被盗走了。

 by 在，向(更高水平或更多数量)(at or towards a higher level or a greater amount) •

Inflation is up by 2%.通货膨胀率上升了 2%。•Violent crime went up by 9% last year.

去年暴力犯罪增长了 9%。

 secondary market [贸易]二级市场

 founding round 融资 •Reminder that Facebook’s last funding round pegged the

company’s value at $50 billion, which means investors believe it will eventually be

worth much more. facebook 的最后一轮融资将公司的价值抬升到 500 亿美元。 这意

味着投资者认为它最终将会有更高的价值。

 TikTok 抖音短视频国际版

 short-video 短视频 Shanley says short video products will dominate the future news

industry 尚利说，短视频产品将主导未来的新闻行业。

 sunny 兴高采烈的，快乐的(happy and friendly) •a sunny smile 愉悦的微笑

 jolly 令人愉快的(very pleasant and enjoyable) •We had a jolly time with the family.我

们和家人在一起过得很愉快。

 user-generated 用户产生的 •user-generated video clips 用户自制的视频片段 •

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User-generated video 用户生成的视频

 sensation 轰动，激动; 引起轰动的人(事)【搭配】cause / create a sensation 引起

了轰动；pop / fashion / media sensation 引起轰动的流行音乐、时尚、媒体 •The

latest song from Blackpink caused a sensation. Blackpink 最新歌曲引起了轰动。(感

官的)感觉;(尤指)触觉(a feeling that you get from one of your five senses, especially

the sense of touch) •a sensation of heat 一种炎热的感觉。

 giant 大公司(a very large successful company) •multinational giant 大型跨国公司

【同义词】behemoth •a trade behemoth that shipped abroad $800 billion worth of

goods 向国外运输了价值 8000 亿美元货物的贸易巨头。titan

【paragraph 2】

Now that ambition is in jeopardy. On June 29th India banned TikTok and 58 other Chinese

apps, after deadly clashes between Indian and Chinese soldiers in the Himalayas. The

same month ByteDance’s American lawyers told it that President Donald Trump’s

administration has concerns over TikTok’s Chinese ownership. America is now threatening

to ban the app altogether.

然而，张一鸣的远大抱负正处于危险之中。在中印士兵在喜马拉雅地区发生致命冲突后，印

度于 6 月 29 日禁止了抖音及其它 58 款中国应用。同月，字节跳动的美国律师们告知总统

特朗普的政府团队对抖音的中国所有权表示担忧。美国当前有可能完全禁止此款应用。

 jeopardy 在 危 险 中 ( 指 会 失 去 或 受 到 危 害 )(in danger of being lost or harmed) •

Thousands of jobs are in jeopardy.数千份工作受到威胁。

 deadly 致命的(likely to cause death) •a deadly weapon 致命武器【同义词】lethal

【搭配】deadly enemy 死敌=arch enemy

 Himalayas 喜马拉雅

 administration(某一时期的)政府 •the Kennedy Administration 肯尼迪政府

 ownership 所有权(the fact of owning something) •a dispute over the ownership of

the land 关于土地所有权的纠纷。【搭配】to be in joint/private/public ownership 共

有/私有/公有产权

 threaten to do sth 这里表示“可能做某事”=be likely to do=risk doing something

 altogether 完全，全部(用于强调完成或结束)(used to emphasize that something has

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been done completely or has finished completely) • Congress could ban the

procession altogether.国会可以完全禁止这次游行 •an old custom that has vanished

altogether 一个完全消失了的古老习俗。

【paragraph 3】

Official unease about TikTok has risen with its popularity. It has an estimated 70m American

users, in the same league as Snapchat. In the first quarter it was downloaded 315m times

globally, more than any app ever in three months, according to Sensor Tower, a research

firm (see chart 1). In America and Britain it rivals YouTube for user attention—and not just

among teenagers, who first took to it. “TikTok is a place for everyone now,” says Vanessa

Pappas, the app’s general manager for America.

官方对抖音的不安随着其受欢迎程度而不断增加。据估计抖音拥有 7000 万美国用户，与

Snapchat 处于同一水平。根据研究公司 Sensor Tower 调查数据显示：

“今年第一季度，抖

音在全球的下载量多达 3.15 亿次，比三个月来任何应用程序的下载量都要多(见图 1)”。在

美国和英国，抖音可以媲美 YouTube 的用户关注度，而且其热度不仅限于最初就很喜欢抖

音的青少年们。该应用程序的美区总经理凡妮莎·帕帕斯说道：“现在，抖音是人人都知道

的软件”
。

 unease 不自在; 忧虑，不安(a feeling of worry or slight fear about something)【搭配】

sense / feeling of unease •public unease about defence policy 民众对国防政策的忧

 popularity 流 行 ， 普 及 ， 受 欢 迎 ; 声 望 (when something or someone is liked or

supported by a lot of people) •The president's popularity has declined considerably.

【搭配】gain / grow / increase in popularity ( = start to be

总统的支持率大大下降了。

liked by many people )开始流行 •Organic produce appears to be gaining in popularity.

有机农产品似乎越来越受欢迎。

 league 联盟，同盟(a group of people or countries who have joined together because

they have similar aims, political beliefs)•the National Socialist League 国家社会主义

联盟【搭配】not be in the same league (as sb / sth) 和某人/某物)不在同一档次(级

别)上 •They're not in the same league as the French at making wine.他们酿葡萄酒的

水平远比不上法国人。out of sb’s league 不在某人能力范围内 •A house like that is

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way out of our league (= too expensive for us)那样的房子我们远远负担不起。

 Snapchat 是一款由斯坦福大学学生开发的图片分享软件应用。利用该应用进程，用户

可以拍照、录制影片、写文本和图画，并发送到自己在该应用上的好友列表。这些照片

及影片被称为“快照”("Snaps")。 用户在向好友发送“快照”时，可以设定一个限制好友访

问“快照”的时间(截止 2013 年 11 月，用户可选择的时限是 1 秒至 10 秒之间),在这之

后，这些“快照”会彻底的从好友的设备上和 snapchat 上的服务器删除。

 rival noun 对手，竞争者(a person, group, or organization that you compete with in

sport, business, a fight)•his chief rival for the job 和他竞争这份工作的主要对手。verb

与…匹敌，与…媲美(to be as good or important as someone or something else)•The

college's facilities rival those of Harvard and Yale.这所学院的设施比得上哈佛和耶鲁。

 take to 喜欢上…，对…产生好感 •He took to photography 他开始喜欢上摄影。

 general manager 总经理

【paragraph 4】

ByteDance keeps its numbers close to its chest but its investors say it is on track to bring

in $30bn of revenue in 2020, up from $15bn-20bn in 2019. Net profit could more than

double, to $7bn. Most of that comes from its Chinese businesses, Douyin, a version of

TikTok, and Toutiao, a news app. TikTok is not yet making money, but ByteDance reckons

it may in time eclipse all its Chinese properties put together, by tapping into America’s vast

ad market. It has been rolling out tools to advertisers. ByteDance’s mainly American

venture-capital backers believe this, plus growth in China, could lift its valuation to $500bn.

字节跳动公司对其数据三缄其口，但该公司的投资者表示 2020 年其盈利有望从 2019 年的

150-200 亿美元增加至 300 亿美元。净利润可能增加两倍多，达到 70 亿美元。其中，收入

的大部分都来自于中国业务中另一个版本的 TikTok(抖音国际版)——抖音，以及一款新闻应

用程序—头条。TikTok 到现在还没有赚钱，但是字节跳动认为，通过打入美国巨大的广告市

场，其盈利超过中国资产的总和是迟早的事。TikTok 一直在向广告商们推送工具。字节跳动

的主要美国风险投资支持者相信，加之其在中国的增长，其市值可能会增加到 5000 亿美元。

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 chest 胸部，胸膛(the front part of your body between your neck and your stomach)

•He collapsed with severe chest pains.他胸口剧痛昏倒在地。文中的 keep its numbers

close to its chest 是指字节跳动公司把其数据深深地藏在心中，表示“严格的保密”。

【拓展】play one’s cards close to one’s chest 把某事藏在心中，对某事保守秘密；

对…小心谨慎(To keep one's plans, intentions, or tactics secret from other people.

Refers to holding one's playing cards close to one's chest in a card game, so as not

to allow other players to see one's hand) •We're all curious about what the boss has

been discussing in those meetings with the lawyers, but she's playing her cards close

to her chest.我们都对老板和律师们开会讨论的内容好奇，但是老板对此事深谙不谈。

 be on track 步入正轨；做法对头；有望…(Progressing or developing as planned,

scheduled, or expected) •Everyone in our entire department is on track to meet their

sales quotas for the year.我们整个部门的每个人都有望完成今年的销售额。【拓展】

back on track 重回正轨 •The economy is back on track 经济重回正轨。

 revenue (公司、机构的)收益，收入(money that a business or organization receives

over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services) •advertising revenue

广告收入。(政府的)税收(money that the government receives from tax) •an increase

in tax revenues of 8.4%. 8.4%的税收增长

 net profit 净利，纯收益。net (钱)净得的(the net amount is the final amount that

remains after all the other amounts have been taken away)【搭配】net result 最终的

结果 •The net result will be higher costs to the consumer.最后的结果是消费者将支付

更高的费用。net weight 净重

 not yet 尚末，还没有 •The theory is not yet scientifically established 这个理论尚未

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被科学地证实。【拓展】as yet 到目前为止，迄今为止 •There is as yet no known

remedy for cancer.尚无治愈癌症的办法。

 in time 迟早 •The thief is certain to be caught in time.小偷迟早会被抓到的。

 eclipse verb 使失色，盖过，超越，凌驾于…之上(to become more important, powerful,

famous etc than someone or something else, so that they are no longer noticed) •

The economy had eclipsed the environment as an election issue.经济作为竞选话题已

【同义词】surpass, exceed, excel, outdo, outshine, overshadow.

经盖过环境问题。

noun 表示“(名声、名誉、声誉、地位等的)黯然失色”

 tap into 利用; 发掘，开发(能源、资金来源等) •helping people tap into training

opportunities 帮助人们利用培训机会。
【高级代低级】tap into 代替 take advantage of

 roll out 正式推出(新产品) •The new model is to be rolled out in July.这种新型号将在

七月份推出市场 •The social media company started rolling out a tool for this Monday.

这家社交媒体公司周一开始推出一款工具。

 venture-capital 风险资本(投入新公司的资金，风险很大) •Venture capital is a high

risk investment 风险投资是一种具有高风险的投资行为。

 backer 支 持 者 ; 赞 助 者 ， 资 助 者 (someone who supports a plan, especially by

providing money) • We're still trying to find backers for the housing development

scheme.我们还在努力为住房开发计划寻找赞助商。
【同义】sponsor, benefactor

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 plus conj 在文中为连词，表示“并且，而且，和，又”(used to add more information)

•He's been studying hard for exams. Plus he's been working in a bar at night.他最近

在用功复习迎考，而且晚上还在一家酒吧里工作。adj 有利的，好的(used to talk about

an advantage or good feature of a thing or situation) 【搭配】plus points 优点

=advantage, merit；放在数字后面表示“多，余”
•an income of $50,000 plus50,000

多美元的收入；plus and minus 左右，大约(used to say that a number may be more

or less by a certain amount)•There may be a variation of plus or minus 5% in the

prices that are quoted.报价可能会有 5% 左右的变动。

 lift 增加，提高(价格、利润等)(to make prices, profit etc increase) •The U.S. may use

tax cuts to lift the economy.美国可能会用减税的方法来促进经济。

【复习】lift lockdown

解除封锁

【paragraph 5】

To TikTok’s users the idea of Uncle Sam cracking down on videos of baby hedgehogs is

as silly as grandpas learning to shuffle. Officials have two concerns. The first is over

censorship and propaganda.(省略一句话)The second worry is that as a Chinese firm,

ByteDance is subject to laws that require it to work with China’s authorities.

对于 TikTok 的用户而言，山姆大叔打击抖音视频(小刺猬)的想法像爷爷学洗牌一样可笑。官

方有两方面担忧，首先是审查制度及宣传方式，(省略一句话)。第二点担忧在于，作为一个

中国公司，字节跳动必须遵守约定的法律，即与中国当局合作。

 Uncle Sam 指美国(Uncle Sam)，在【Uncle Sam v Huawei】中分享过

 crack down on 竭力取缔；严厉打击；镇压 •Police are cracking down on drug dealers

警方正在严厉打击毒品贩子。
【拓展】crackdown 作为名词，也表示“镇压，制裁，取

缔”，后面的介词为 on/against •the government's crackdown against drugs 政府对毒

品的严厉打击

 hedgehog 刺猬

 silly 愚蠢的，没头脑的，傻的，可笑的，荒唐的(not sensible, or showing bad judgment)

•You made a lot of silly mistakes .你犯了许多愚蠢的错误。

 shuffle 洗(牌)(to mix playing cards into a different order before playing a game with

them) •Just shuffle the cards.请洗牌吧。

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 censorship 审查(制度)，检查(体制)(the practice or system of censoring something)

•censorship of books 书籍的审查

 propaganda (政府或政党为了影响民意的)宣传(information which is false or which

emphasizes just one part of a situation, used by a government or political group to

make people agree with them)【搭配】propaganda exercise / campaign 宣传活动/

运动

 mute 减弱，缓和(批评、抗议、讨论等的强度) (to reduce the level of criticism, protest,

discussion etc that is happening) •She thought it better to mute her criticism 她觉得

还是婉转地提出批评比较好。

 repression 镇 压 (cruel and severe control of a large group of people) • brutal

repression of members of the Communist party 对共产党员的残酷镇压。【同义词】

crackdown，crack down，suppression，oppression

 be subject to 受制于，必须遵守…(if you are subject to a rule, law, penalty etc, you

must obey the rule or pay an amount of money) •Violators are subject to a $100 fine.

违者须被罚款 100 美元。

【搭配】be subject to a rule / law / penalty / tax 必须遵守

规则/法律/处罚/缴纳税款等。

【paragraph 6】

TikTok says that it has never received any formal requests for data from China, and would

refuse to hand over information on non-Chinese users. But Alex Stamos, former chief

security officer at Facebook who now advises Zoom, a video conferencing service with

operations in China, says that even if TikTok could resist government requests, “the

question is what extralegal means exist to get data out”. If Beijing based engineers have

access to TikTok’s servers anywhere in the world, he says, their government could force

them to hand over data stored there. TikTok says it collects less data than many social

networks, but automatically records users’ GPS location, internet address, and browsing

and search history on the app. Users can also opt in to share their contacts.

TikTok 表示，它从未收到过来自中国的任何正式数据要求，并将拒绝移交非中国用户的信

息。但是，Facebook 前首席安全官，现为在中国开展业务的视频会议服务 Zoom 提供咨询

“即使 TikTok 可以抵制政府的要求，问题在于，存在什么

服务的亚历克斯·斯塔莫斯表示：

法律管辖范围以外的手段可以获取数据”。他还表示：
“如果在北京的工程师可以在世界的任

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何地方访问 TikTok 的服务器，中国政府可能强迫他们交出储存的数据”。TikTok 方称他们比

许多社交网络收集的数据要少，但会自动地记录用户的 GPS 位置、网址、在应用上浏览和

搜索的历史记录。用户也可以自行地选择共享他们的联系人。

 hand over 把某物送交; 交出某物(to give something to someone with your hand,

especially because they have asked for it or should have it)•The soldiers were ordered

to hand over their guns.士兵们被命令交出枪支。

 on 关于…，有关…(about a particular subject) •an international conference on global

warming 有关全球气候变暖的国际会议

 extralegal 法律管辖(或权力)以外的，不受法律制裁的

 based 办公地点在…的; 以…为总部的(if you are based somewhere, that is the place

where you work or where your main business is) •a London-based firm of accountants

总部设在伦敦的一家会计师事务所

 server (计算机网络中的)服务器(one of the computers on a network that provides a

special service) •All data is stored on a central file server.所有数据资料都储存在中央

文件服务器里。

 GPS 全球(卫星)定位系统 Global Positioning System(a system that uses radio signals

from satellites to show your exact position on the Earth on a special piece of equipment)

 browse (在计算机或因特网上)浏览(信息)(to search for information on a computer or

on the Internet) •to browse the Internet 浏览网页

 opt in 决定加入，选择参加(团体或制度)(to decide to join a group or system) •

Employees have the choice to opt in to the scheme.员工有权选择加入该计划。

【paragraph 7】

ByteDance has tried to head off these concerns. As TikTok’s user base exploded in the

West, it took steps to Americanise its operations and management. After a covid-related

delay its “transparency centre” in Los Angeles, where experts can examine its code, should

open this summer. TikTok has hired a high-profile new chief executive, Kevin Mayer, from

Disney.

字节跳动尝试避免这些忧虑的发生。随着 TikTok 的用户基础在西方呈爆发式的增长，它采

取了措施使其在运营及管理方面变得更加美国化。在因疫情相关的造成延误后，其位于洛杉

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矶的“透明中心”应于今年夏天开业，在那里专家可以对其代码进行检查。此外，TikTok 还

从迪士尼新雇佣了一位受人瞩目的首席执行官—凯文·梅耶。

 head off 阻止某事，防止某事发生(to prevent something from happening, especially

something bad) •The President intervened to head off the conflict.总统出面阻止冲突

发生。(在前面)拦截某人，拦挡某人(to stop someone going somewhere by moving

in front of them) •Soldiers headed them off at the border.士兵在边境上将他们拦截住

了。

 base (人、经济、集团等的)基础，支柱(the people, money, groups etc that form the

main part of something)【搭配】power base 权力基础，customer base 客户基础。

文中的 user base 是指用户基础

 explode 急剧增长(to suddenly increase greatly in number, amount, or degree) •

Florida's population exploded after World War II.第二次世界大战后，佛罗里达州的人

口急剧增长。
【复习】surge，skyrocket，spike，explode 猛增

 take steps 采取行动(或措施) •Americans should take steps to protect their digital

privacy 美国人应该采取措施保护他们的数据隐私。

 Americanise 使美国化(to change a society, language, system etc so that it becomes

more American in character)

 transparency 透明；透明性(the quality of sth, such as glass, that allows you to see

through it) •The police reforms will ensure greater transparency and accountability.

警察机构的改革将确保更大程度的透明度和问责性。

 high-profile (常指刻意地)引人注目的，高调的，广受瞩目的•a high-profile public figure

一位引人注目的公众人物【反义词】low-profile 低调的•I advised her to keep a low

profile for the next few days 我建议她在未来的几天保持低调。profile 人物简介，传

略;(某地方的)概况 •a job profile 工作简介；还可以表示“侧脸，侧面像”

【paragraph 8】

In March ByteDance also came up with a more radical plan. It could take all its non-Chinese

businesses, including TikTok, and give them a global headquarters in London, plus a back-

office in Ireland (where Europe’s strict data-protection rules are in force). Operationally, the

firm would bifurcate into “ByteDance China” and “Byte Dance Global”. It talked to the British

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government about the idea in February.

三月份，字节跳动还提出了一个更为激进的计划。它可能接管包括 TikTok 在内的所有非中

国业务，并在伦敦设立全球总部在爱尔兰设立后勤部(在爱尔兰欧洲严格的数据保护规则是

生效的)。在运营上，该公司将分为“中国字节跳动”和“全球字节跳动”两个分支。它在二

月份与英国政府讨论了这个想法。

 come up with 提出，提议 •We weren't able to come up with any new suggestions

我们提不出任何新建议。

 radical 激进的; 前卫的(radical ideas are very new and different, and are against what

most people think or believe) •a radical approach to education 有创见的教育方法【反

义词】conservative 保守的

 headquarter 总部，总公司，总办事处(the main building or offices used by a large

company or organization) •the headquarters of the United Nations 联合国总部

 back-office (银行等金融机构的)后勤部门

 Ireland 爱尔兰(岛)

 in force 已生效；在实施中 •The new regulations are now in force.新规章已生效。

大量，众多 •Protesters turned out in force.有很多抗议者出席。

 operationally (公司、政府等)运作地，操作上地，经营上地

 bifurcate (道路、河流等)分为两支，分叉(if a road, river etc bifurcates, it divides into

two separate parts) •I need you to bifurcate the firm into two entities, and I need you

to do it now.我需要你把律所分割成两个实体 我需要你现在就去弄。

【paragraph 9】

These discussions stopped once the White House raised the prospect of banning TikTok.

Some people involved now reckon the likelihood of such a ban is pretty high. ByteDance’s

priority is to avoid this outcome, while hanging on to a meaningful chunk of TikTok’s

economic value.

一旦白宫提高了禁用 TikTok 的可能性，这些讨论就会停止了。现在一些参与其中的人认为

禁用的可能性很高。字节跳动的当务之急是避免这样的结果，同时保有 TikTok 巨大且具有

重要意义的经济价值。

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 prospect 可能性; 机会; 希望(the possibility that something will happen) •There are

good prospects for growth in the retail sector.零售行业有很好的发展前景。【搭配】job

/ career prospects 工作前景

 likelihood 可能(性)(the degree to which something can reasonably be expected to

happen)【搭配】little / lower / high / greater likelihood 几乎没有/低/高/很大的可能

性；in all likelihood 几乎肯定地，极可能地 •If I refused, it would in all likelihood mean

I'd lose my job.如果我拒绝，那我十有八九会丢掉工作

 priority 优先处理的事，当务之急【搭配】first / top / main priority 头等大事、当务

之急 •The children are our first priority.孩子是我们的头等大事。

 outcome (会议、讨论、战争等预先不知道的)结果，后果(the final result of a meeting,

discussion, war etc – used especially when no one knows what it will be until it actually

happens)•It was impossible to predict the outcome of the election.无法预测这次选举

的结果。

 hang on to 坚持；保留，保有•You should hang on to those bonds, they'll appreciate

considerably.你切勿卖掉这些债券，它们会很快大幅度上涨的。

 chunk 大量; 大部分(a large part or amount of something)•a chunk of change 一大笔

钱 •a chunk of audience 一大批观众【复习】a flock of, a deluge of, a cluster of, a

chunk of

【paragraph 10】

The company’s preferred option is the “ByteDance Global” plan. It is ready to change its

capital structure and spin off the global arm, keeping a stake of between 35% and 49%.

Mr Zhang would appoint a minority of board members. ByteDance Global could in turn spin

out TikTok’s American arm to distance it further from China. Another option on the table is

reportedly for ByteDance’s existing investors to buy a majority stake in TikTok, maybe

letting ByteDance keep a small shareholding. Whether this would placate the Trump

administration is unclear.

该公司更倾向的选择是“全球字节跳动”的计划，它已经准备改变其资产结构并将全球部门

剥离出去，并保留 35%-49%的股份。张先生将会委任少数的董事会成员。全球字节跳动可

能反过来尽可能的拖延 TikTok 美国部门来与中国保持更远的距离。字节跳动另外一个正在

被讨论的选择是其现存的投资商买入大量 TikTok 的股票，让字节跳动保有少量的股份。这

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样的做法是否能安抚特朗普政府还不得而知。

 prefer 文中的 preferred option 表示“优先的选择”

 capital (尤指用来开创企业、创造更多财富的)资本，资金，启动资金，文中的 capital

structure 表示“资产结构”
；(工商业或其他活动的)中心(a place that is a centre for

an industry, business, or other activity)•Hollywood is the capital of the movie industry.

好莱坞是电影业的中心。
【同义词】hub(地域、系统、活动等的)中心，枢纽

 spin off (使)从(原来公司)脱离出去•At the time of the merger, Loral spun off its space

divisions into a separate firm.合并时，罗拉公司让它的太空部脱离出去组成一家独立的

公司。

 arm 职能部门; 分支机构(a part of a large group that is responsible for a particular

type of activity) •Epson America is the US marketing arm of a Japanese company.爱

，文中的 global arm

普生美国有限公司是一家日本公司在美国的营销机构【熟词僻义】

表示“全球分支”

 stake 股份，股本(if you have a stake in a business, you have invested money in it)

【搭配】hold / have a stake in sth •He holds a 51% stake in the firm.他在这家公司

拥有 51% 的股份。have a stake in sth 还表示“与某事物有利害关系” •Young people

don't feel they have a stake in the country's future.年轻人觉得自己与国家的未来没有

关系。at stake 有风险，成败难料•They have to win the contract – thousands of jobs

are at stake.他们必须赢得这份合同，这关系到好几千个工作岗位。
【同义表达】at risk

 appoint 任命; 委派(to choose someone for a position or a job)【搭配】appoint (sb)

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as sth 将 sb 任命为 sth •O'Connell was appointed as chairman.奥康奈尔被任命为主

席。

 a minority of 少数，小部分 •Only a minority of people support these new laws.只有

少数人支持这些新法令【反义表达】a majority of 多数，大部分

 board member 董事会成员

 in turn 反过来，继而 •Increased production will, in turn, lead to increased profits.增

加生产会继而增加利润。

 spin out 尽可能延长使用(钱、食物等) •I've only got ￡10 left, so we'll have to spin it

out over the whole week.我只剩 10 英镑，所以我们必须省着用，得过完这一周才行。

 distance 使自己与…保持距离，疏远(某人); 不介入(某事)•The UNO has firmly

distanced itself from the anti-government movement.联合国组织坚决不介入反政府运

动。【熟词僻义】

 on the table 公开的；摆在桌面上的(If a proposal, plan, or offer is on the table, it is

has been formally suggested and people can discuss it) •The Americans and others

have not yet put their proposals on the table.美国和其他国家还没有把他们的提议摆到

桌面上。

 shareholding 股权(if you have a shareholding in a business, you own shares in it)

•In 1992, United Distillers acquired a 75% shareholding in the company.1992 年，联

合酿酒集团购得了这家公司 75% 的股权。

 placate 使息怒，使平静; 安抚，抚慰(to make someone stop feeling angry)•These

changes did little to placate the unions.这些变革对于工会没有起到多少安抚作用。【同

义词】appease •They attempted to appease international opposition by promising to

hold talks.他们答应举行会谈试图平息国际上的反对声音。

【paragraph 11】

What ByteDance fears most is a forced sale of 90-100% of global TikTok to American

investors or a tech giant. Larry Kudlow, Mr Trump’s economic adviser, has said he thinks

TikTok will become an American firm separate from the Chinese parent. Beijing would

probably accept a new European global headquarters for ByteDance, the firm reckons. But

handing global TikTok over to Americans would smack of expropriation. “America would

get another global tech platform,” notes one person in China involved in the matter.

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令字节跳动最担心的是将全球版 TikTok 的 90%-100%强制出售给美国投资者或科技巨头。

特朗普的经济顾问拉里·库德洛曾表示，他认为 TikTok 将会成为独立于中国母公司的美国

公司。字节跳动公司估计，北京可能会接受其在欧洲设立新的全球总部。然而，把全球版

TikTok 委托给美国可能有点被征用的意思。涉及到此事的一位在华人员指出“美国可能将获

得另外一个全球科技平台”
。

 forced 被迫的(done suddenly and quickly because the situation makes it necessary,

not because it was planned or wanted) •The plane had to make a forced landing in a

field.飞机不得不迫降在一块农田上。

 smack 用巴掌打，掴(小孩，以示惩罚)(to hit someone, especially a child, with your

open hand in order to punish them) •the debate about whether parents should smack

their children 有关父母该不该打孩子的辩论【同义词】slap；smack of sth 带有(令人

不快的)意味 •To me, the whole thing smacks of a cover-up.在我看来，整件事有点掩

饰真相的味道。

 expropriation 侵占(他人财物)，把…据为己有(to take something from someone

illegally in order to use it) •Price controls, the expropriation of farms and anti-business

policies have created food shortages.控制物价，征用农田，反对商业等政策已造成食

物短缺。

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【paragraph 12】

Letting go of some or all of TikTok would be a financial blow to ByteDance. Without TikTok

America its potential value would fall from $500bn to perhaps $300bn, reckons a big

investor. Losing TikTok globally would be more painful still. A split could also stunt the future

development of the app, whose popularity has been fuelled by ByteDance’s algorithms,

honed in developing Douyin and Toutiao.

放弃部分或全部 TikTok 业务对字节跳动无疑是一场财务打击。一位大型投资人认为：

“没有

了 TikTok 的美国业务，其市场潜在估值将从 5000 亿美元跌落至 3000 亿美元”。在全球范

围内失去 TikTok 则更加痛苦。这方面的分歧可能阻止该应用程序的未来发展，TikTok 的人

气正是由字节跳动的算法推动的，而这一算法在抖音和头条的开发过程中得到了磨练。

 blow 打击(an action or event that causes difficulty or sadness for someone)【搭配】

deal a blow (to sb / sth)给某人/某物一个打击；suffer / receive a blow 受到打击；

fatal / final / mortal blow ( = one that ends something )致命的打击

 still 还要，甚至要[adverb](even better, harder etc than something else)•Dan found

biology difficult, and physics harder still.丹觉得生物很难，物理则更难。

【搭配】better

/ harder / worse etc still also still better / harder / worse etc 更(愈加)好/困难/糟糕

 split (组织、团体内部的)分裂，分歧(serious disagreement that divides an organization

or group of people into smaller groups) •a deep split within the government 政府内部

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很深的分歧

 stunt verb 抑制，阻碍…的成长(发育)(to stop something or someone from growing

to their full size or developing properly) •Lack of sunlight will stunt the plant's growth.

缺乏阳光会阻碍植物的生长。【打包记忆】阻止 obstruct，hamper，hinder，impede，

prevent，block，check，handicap. noun (尤指广告或政治中的)噱头，引人注目的

花招【搭配】publicity stunt 宣传噱头；特技表演•a stunt flying show 特技飞行表演

 fuel 刺激，保持…的进行；激起(cause，stimulate)•His provocative words only fuelled

the argument further 他的挑衅性讲话只能使争论进一步激化。

 hone 磨炼，训练; 提高(技艺)(to improve your skill at doing something, especially

when you are already very good at it) • He set about honing his skills as a

draughtsman。他着手进一步提高自己的绘画技艺。

【paragraph 13】

TikTok’s woes offer others an opening. In India, where 200m users lost access to it

overnight, a local rival, Roposo, got 22m sign-ups in 48 hours. In America Facebook is

about to launch Instagram “Reels”, a TikTok clone, and YouTube will soon roll out “Shorts”.

The White House may yet think twice about banning an app so many Americans are

hooked on. Its corporate structure may change. But Ms Pappas is resolute: “TikTok is not

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going away.”

TikTok 面临的窘境为其它软件打开了市场。TikTok 在印度一夜之间失去了 2 亿用用户，而

其本土的对手 Roposo 在 48 小时内新增了 2200 万用户。美国的 Facebook 将要退出 TikTok

的克隆版——Instagram“Reels”，而且 YouTube 将要推出“Shorts”。白宫也许会再三考

虑禁止这一受众多美国人热捧的软件。字节跳动的公司结构可能发生改变。然而帕帕斯女士

坚信道：“TikTok 不会远离大众的视线”。

 woe 困 难 ； 难 题 (the problems and troubles affecting someone) • the country's

economic woes 该国的经济困难【搭配】weal and woe 福祸，幸运或不幸•share weal

and woe: 同甘共苦；患难与共 •They maintain the closest relations with the masses

and share their weal and woe 他们和群众血肉相连，休戚与共【写作推荐】

 sign-up 签到；签约

 launch 把(新产品、新书等)投放市场，出版，发行(to make a new product, book etc

available for sale for the first time)•The company hopes to launch the new drug by

next October.公司希望于明年十月前推出这种新药。
【同义表达】roll out

 clone 极 为 相 似 的 人 ( 物 )(One that copies or closely resembles another, as in

appearance or function)•She's an exact clone of her sister!她简直就是她姐姐的翻版！

 yet 还是可能会做某事(表示现在尽管似乎没有可能，将来还是有可能发生)(used to say

that something is still possible in the future, in spite of the way that things seem now)

【搭配】could / may / might yet do sth 可能还是会做某事 •We may win yet.我们还

是有可能会赢的。

 think twice 重新考虑，仔细考虑，(在做某事前)三思 I'd think twice before spending

all that money on clothes 在把所有的钱花在衣服上之前得三思。

 hook on 吸引(to succeed in making someone interested in something or attracted to

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something) •cigarette ads designed to hook young people 旨在吸引年轻人的香烟广

告。【同义表达】take to…喜欢

 corporate 公司的(belonging to or relating to a corporation) •The company is moving

its corporate headquarters from New York to Houston.这家公司正要把总部从纽约迁

到休斯敦。
【区分】cooperate 合作

 resolute 坚决的，坚定的(doing something in a very determined way because you

have very strong beliefs, aims) •resolute opposition 坚决的反对

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Pollution in Africa 非洲污染

A smouldering sky 燃烧的天空

The air is polluted, but it is hard to know how badly
空气已经被污染了，然而很难判断情况究竟糟糕到了什么地步

公众号后台回复【0801】获得本期经济学人 PDF，回复【0801 笔记】获取笔记。

 smoulder 无火焰地慢慢烧，闷燃 (if something such as wood smoulders, it burns

slowly without a flame) •a smouldering cigarette 慢慢燃烧的香烟

【paragraph 1】

Gorée island hub, a former slave-trading hub, is so close to Dakar, Senegal’s capital, that

hundreds of amateurs swim out to it every year. Yet some days it disappears from sight,

lost in a haze of pollution and dust. In the Nigerian city of Port Harcourt, part of its oil-

producing region, black soot settles on everything. Tiny particles clog lungs and invade the

bloodstream.

离塞内加尔首都达喀尔很近的戈雷岛，曾是奴隶交易中心，每年都有大批的游泳业余爱好者

游去那里。然而，曾几何时，这样的光景消失在了污染和灰尘的阴霾之中。在尼日利亚的石

油产区哈科特港，黑烟笼罩着一切。微小的灰尘颗粒阻塞了人们的肺部，侵入他们的血液。

 hub (地域、系统、活动等的)中心，枢纽(the central and most important part of an area,

system, activity etc, which all the other parts are connected to)•the commercial hub of

the region 该地区的商业中心。【同义词】centre，capital【经济学人超精讲-Sixty

seconds of fame】

 slave-trading 其中 slave 表示奴隶，合在一起表示“交易奴隶的”

 amateur 业余爱好者 (someone who does an activity just for pleasure, not as their

job)•a gifted amateur 有天赋的业余爱好者。外行，生手 (someone who you think is

not very skilled at something)【同义词】layman 门外汉，外行

 haze 烟雾，霾(smoke, dust, or mist in the air which is difficult to see through) •The

sun was surrounded by a golden haze.太阳被一片金色烟霞笼罩。a haze of 表示“一

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片，一团” •A haze of blue appeared before her, hanging over the slope.一团蓝色烟雾

在她面前出现，悬浮在山坡上。•a haze of pain 隐隐作痛

 soot 炱，煤烟 (灰) (black powder that is produced when something is burnt)

 dust 灰尘，尘埃 (dry powder consisting of extremely small bits of dirt that is in

buildings on furniture, floors etc if they are not kept clean)•a thick layer of dust 厚厚的

一层灰尘

 settle (灰尘、雪等)降落，落下，加介词 on •Snow settled on the roofs.雪花飘落到房

顶上。

 tiny 极小的，微小的 (extremely small)•tiny pieces of paper 细碎的纸片

 particle 微粒 (a very small piece of something)•tiny particles of soil 细小的土壤颗粒

 clog 阻塞，塞住 (to block something or become blocked)•Over many years, the

pipes had got clogged up with grease.多年下来管道都被油腻物堵塞了。阻碍

•Commerce was clogged with various restrictions.各式各样的限制阻碍了商业的发展。

【拓展】clogged 拥堵的 •clogged highways 拥堵的公路【同义词】

obstruct，
hinder，

hamper，clog，check，stunt，impede，jam

 invade 渗入；渗透；充满；遍布 •Computers have invaded the country's big cities.

计算机已遍布该国的大城市。大批涌入，蜂拥 a city invaded by tourists 游客大批拥

入的城市。

【同义表达】蜂拥而至：flock，invade，flood，pour •Thousands of people flocked

to the beach this weekend.这个周末有好几千人蜂拥到了海滩。•Fans invaded the pitch

at half-time.球迷在中场休息时涌入球场。•Refugees are still flooding across the border.

仍有大批的难民涌过边界。•The crowds began pouring out of the stadium.人群开始从

体育馆里不断涌出。

 bloodstream 体内循环的血液，血流 (the blood flowing in your body)•The drug is

injected directly into the bloodstream.这种药物是直接注射到血液中的。

【paragraph 2】

Some 4.2m people die prematurely every year from dirty outdoor air, says the World Health

Organisation (WHO). The World Bank reckons the worldwide costs of deaths from air

pollution run to $5trn a year. Africa is plainly affected, but it is hard to know how badly.

Outdoor pollution in the continent is rarely measured.

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世界卫生组织(WHO)表示，每年约有 420 万人受到室外污染空气的影响而过早死亡。世界

银行估测，全球每年因空气污染造成的死亡成本高达 5 万亿美元。非洲显然受到了空气污染

的影响，然而究竟糟糕到怎样的地步还尚未得知。该大陆很少会测量室外空气的污染程度。

 some 放在数字的前面，相当于 approximately，表示大约((of quantities) imprecise but

fairly close to correct)，外刊中特别高频。

 prematurely 先分享下 premature 过早的，提早的(happening before the natural or

proper time) •premature ageing of the skin 皮肤的早衰 •his premature death due to

cancer 他因癌症的早逝。prematurely 表示过早地 •She was born prematurely with

poorly developed lungs.她早产， 肺部未发育健全。

 run to 达到(数量等) •She inherited a large fortune which ran to several hundred

thousand pounds.她继承了高达几十万镑的一笔财产。

 trn 是 trillion 的缩写，表示“一万亿”•$5.3 trillion5.3 万亿美元

 plainly 明晰地，清晰可辨地(in a way that is easy to understand or recognize) •Mrs

German was plainly delighted.杰曼夫人显然很高兴。简单地，简朴地，朴素地(simply

or without decoration)•a plainly dressed young girl 一个穿着简朴的年轻女孩。plain 无

装饰的，简单的，朴素的(without anything added or without decoration)•plain yoghurt

原味酸奶 •a plain white blouse 一件朴素的白罩衫

 rarely 罕有地；很少地；不常地(not very often) •She is rarely seen in public nowadays.

如今在公共场所很少能见到她。

【paragraph 3】

Fetid rubbish, old cars and filthy factories fill Africa’s air with smoke, rarely hindered by

environmental standards or enforcement. Take Nigeria, where international commodity

traders exploit weak regulations by importing fuel that is vastly more toxic than the stuff

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found in Europe, and even dirtier than fuel produced by bush refineries in the Niger Delta,

says a study by the Stakeholder Democracy Network, a pressure group. Rana Roy of the

OECD, a club of mainly rich countries, reckons air pollution of all types causes more

premature deaths in Africa than dirty water, poor sanitation or the malnutrition of children.

The who says the Nigerian city of Onitsha is the most polluted in the world.

由于很少受到环保标准及执法的阻碍，恶臭的垃圾，破旧的汽车以及肮脏的工厂所产生的废

气充斥着非洲大陆的上空。一个名叫 Stakeholder Democracy Network 的压力组织调查表

明：以尼日利亚为例，国际商品交易商利用监管不利的漏洞，进口与欧洲燃料相比毒害作用

更大以及与尼日尔三角洲丛林精炼厂生产的燃料相比更为肮脏的燃料。集主要富裕国家的俱

乐部 OECD 的拉娜·罗伊认为，与水污染、糟糕的卫生环境或是儿童的营养不良问题相比，

各种类型的空气污染导致了更多非洲人民的提早死亡。他同时表明尼日利亚的城市奥尼查是

世界上污染最严重的地方。

 fetid 恶臭的(having a strong bad smell) •the black fetid water of the lake 湖里又黑又

臭的水。【同义词】stinking，stinky，smelly，foul，funky

 filthy 十 分 肮 脏 的 ， 污 秽 的 (very dirty) •The house was filthy, with clothes and

newspapers strewn everywhere.屋子里很脏，衣服和报纸扔得到处都是

 hinder 阻碍，妨碍，阻止(to make it difficult for something to develop or succeed) •His

career has been hindered by injury.由于受伤，他的事业受到了阻碍。hinder 强调减缓

或停止某事的进程或发展，和 prevent 虽然意思相近，但不完全一样，prevent 强调阻

【搭配】help or hinder sth 促进或者妨碍… •factors

止某人做某事，不能去做某事。

which might help or hinder a child’s progress at school 有可能促进或者妨碍孩子在学

【用法】hinder sb from doing sth 不能说 hinder sb to do sth【同

校发展的诸多因素。

义词】hamper，impede，obstruct，block，stunt 等，打包记忆

 or 文中的本句中出现了“rarely”表示否定，所以此处的 or 翻译成“并且”，而不是“或者”，

注意翻译的准确性。

 enforcement (强制)执行，强迫(when people are made to obey a rule, law etc) •law

enforcement 法规的执行

 take 举例说明; 以某人/某事为例(used to give an example of something you have just

been talking about)，放于句首，高频出现。 •People love British cars. Take the Mini.

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In Japan, it still sells more than all the other cars put together.人们喜欢英国车。 就拿

“迷你”汽车来说，在日本它的销量仍然比其他所有汽车加起来还要高。

 commodity 商品(a product that is bought and sold) •agricultural commodities 农业

商品【搭配】rare commodity 稀缺商品。有用的性质; 有用的东西(a useful quality

or thing) •Time is a precious commodity.时间是宝贵的财富。

 exploit 利用(to try to get as much as you can out of a situation, sometimes unfairly)

•The new TV companies are fully exploiting the potential of satellite transmission.新创

立的电视公司在充分利用卫星传输的潜力。剥削(to treat someone unfairly by asking

them to do things for you, but giving them very little in return – used to show

disapproval) •Homeworkers can easily be exploited by employers.在家工作的人容易

被雇主剥削。

 vastly 非常地，大幅地(very much) •The quality of the training has vastly improved 训

练的质量已经大幅度提高。

 toxic 有 毒 的 ; 由 有 毒 物 质 引 起 的 (containing poison, or caused by poisonous

substances)•fumes from a toxic waste dump 有毒废料堆产生的毒气

 stuff 东 西 ; 物 品 (used when you are talking about things such as substances,

materials, or groups of objects when you do not know what they are called, or it is not

important to say exactly what they are) •I've got some sticky stuff on my shoe.我鞋子

上有点黏乎乎的东西。

 refinery 精炼厂; 提炼厂; 精制厂(a factory where something such as oil or sugar is

made purer) oil / petroleum / sugar refinery 炼油厂/石油提炼厂/制糖厂。表示“地点、

场所”的词汇后经常为“-ory/-ery/-ary”，如 fishery，library，factory，gallery 等，所以遇

到介词+“…ory/ery/ary”如果不认识就可以大胆的猜测为“地方，场所”即可~

 pressure group 压力组织(a group of people who work together to try to influence

what other people or the government think about a particular subject, in order to

achieve the things they want) •The environmental pressure group will today call for

more regulation to protect the interests of local communities.环保压力组织今天将呼吁

加强监管，以保护当地社区利益。

 premature death 过早死亡

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 sanitation 公共卫生，环境卫生(the protection of public health by removing and

treating waste, dirty water etc) •Overcrowding and poor sanitation are common

problems in prisons.过度拥挤和卫生状况差是监狱里的普遍问题。动词 sanitize 表示

“删除…的不良内容，净化(尤含贬义)” •This sanitized account of his life does not

mention his time in prison.这份生平记述对他的不光彩之处略而不表，没有提及他在监

狱的日子。还可以表示“给…消毒” •to sanitize the toilet 给厕所消毒；sanitizer 消毒

剂，洗手液

 malnutrition 营养不良(when someone becomes ill or weak because they have not

eaten enough good food) •refugees suffering from malnutrition 营养不良的难民。mal-

，如 maltreat 虐待，malformed 畸形的，malfunction 故

作为前缀表示“坏，不良”

障，malodorous 恶臭的，malodour 恶臭，malpractice 玩忽职守

【paragraph 4】

Yet the who reckons that only 0.5% of African towns and cities have accessible air-quality

data (Dakar is one of them). That would be unthinkable in the West (see map). Children

are particularly at risk. In Europe and North America 72% of children live within 50km of an

air-monitoring station versus only 6% of African children. Even in African cities that do track

air quality, the data are patchy. “Most of the equipment in use is obsolete,” says Kofi

Amegah of the University of Cape Coast in Ghana.

然而，拉娜·罗伊认为只有 0.5％的非洲城镇可以获得空气质量数据(达喀尔就是其中之一)。

这一数据在西方是不可想象的。孩子的境地尤其危险。在欧洲和北美，72%的儿童住在距离

空气监测站 50 公里的范围内，而对于非洲的孩子来说，这一数据仅为 6%。即使一些非洲

城市追踪空气质量，数据也是零散不成体系的。加纳开普敦大学的科菲·阿梅格表示：“大

部分在使用的仪器都已过时了”
。

 accessible 易得到的; 易使用的(easy to obtain or use)【搭配】readily/easily

accessible 随时可使用的 •Computers should be made readily accessible to teachers

and pupils.应当让老师和学生可以随时使用计算机。易接近的，随和的，平易近人的

(someone who is accessible is easy to meet and talk to, even if they are very important

or powerful) •I think that you'll find she's very accessible.我想你会认为她十分平易近

人。

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 unthinkable 不能接受的; 难以置信的; 难以想象的(impossible to accept or imagine)

•It is unthinkable that a mistake like this could have happened.竟然发生了这样的错

误，真是难以置信。

 at risk 处于危险之中，处境危险，危机四伏的 •Pregnant women are most at risk 而

【同义表达】in jeopardy
孕妇被感染的风险最大。

 versus (比赛或诉讼中)…对…，其缩写为 v/vs，如第三篇经济学人中的 Uncle Sam v

Huawei，第五篇经济学人中的 Elephant v Dargon 都是 versus 的缩写 •The finance

minister must weigh up the benefits of a tax cut versus those of increased public

spending.财政部长必须权衡是减税还是增加公共开支更有利。

 track 跟踪(表现或进展情况)(to record or study the behaviour or development of

someone or something over time) • The progress of each student is tracked by

computer.每个学生的进步情况都由计算机进行跟踪。

 patchy 不完整的，零零碎碎的(not complete enough to be useful)•His knowledge of

French remained pretty patchy.他对法语仍然是一知半解。

 obsolete 废弃的，淘汰的; 过时的(no longer useful, because something newer and

better has been invented)•obsolete weapons 已被淘汰的武器。【同义表达】out-of-

date，old-fashioned，outdated，outmoded

【paragraph 5】

South Africa is an exception. There, as in much of the West, air-quality data are constantly

and publicly available, so commuters and asthmatics can avoid the worst smog.

Researchers can estimate the damage both to people’s health and the economy with

reasonable accuracy.

南非是个例外，和大多数的西方国家一样，南非的空气质量数据是持续公开的，所以通勤者

和哮喘患者可以规避开最糟糕的大雾天气。而且，研究人员可以在合理的精度范围内估算对

人们健康及经济的损害。

 commuter 每天长途上班的人，通勤者(someone who travels a long distance to work

every day)•Major commuter arteries were choked with stalled traffic 主要的交通干线

都挤满了堵塞的车辆

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 asthmatic 气喘患者; 哮喘患者(someone who suffers from asthma)•an asthmatic

attack 哮喘发作

 smog 烟雾(指城市里由汽车和工厂废气所造成的不洁空气)(dirty air that looks like a

mixture of smoke and fog , caused by smoke from cars and factories in cities) •The

river appeared as if enveloped in smog.那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。

【paragraph 6】

Yet almost everywhere else in Africa, what little information is collected is rarely made

public. Some governments think people should pay for it to help cover costs. That is

ludicrous, thinks Mr Amegah, since data collection is anyway paid for by taxpayers and is

meant to help improve public health. Many governments are simply worried that better data

will lead to more criticism of them, says Dan Westervelt of Columbia University.

然而几乎在非洲的其他任何地方，被收集到的有限数据几乎很少公开。一些政府认为人们应

该为此付钱来承担其花销。阿米加先生认为这太可笑了，因为收集的数据不管以何种方式都

是由纳税人来付钱而且是用来帮助改善公众健康的。哥伦比亚大学的丹·韦斯特表示：“许

多政府仅仅担心更好的数据将会招致更多的批评”
。

 ludicrous 荒唐的，愚蠢荒谬的，可笑的(completely unreasonable, stupid, or wrong)

•It is ludicrous to suggest that I was driving under the influence of alcohol.说我酒后驾

车，这真是太荒唐了。【同义词】ridiculous

 anyway 不论用何种方法, 无论从什么角度 •Get the job done anyway you can.不管

以何种方式都得完成这项工作。

 taxpayer 纳税人(a person that pays tax) •The proposal could cost the taxpayer

another ￡18m a year.这个提案又要让纳税人一年多花 1,800 万英镑。

 mean 意欲，打算(to intend to do something or intend that someone else should do

something) •I've been meaning to ask you if you want to come for a meal next week.

我一直打算问问你，下个星期你要不要来吃饭。【用法】mean to do=intend to do

【paragraph 7】

Information sometimes gets out anyway. American embassies in six African capitals have

first-rate instruments and publish findings every day. In Beijing in 2008 the American

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b 站「燃燃要燃了」 「经济学精读 9-A smouldering sky」 公众号「燃燃要燃了」

embassy began releasing air-pollution data. A diplomatic spat ensued, but campaigners

were able to challenge official claims, leading to new standards, more testing—and cleaner

air.

无论如何，信息有时会泄漏出去。在六个非洲首都的美国大使馆拥有一流的工具，每天都会

发布调查结果。美国大使馆于 2008 年在北京开始发布空气污染数据。一场外交口角随之而

来，但活动人士能够挑战官方的说法，从而促成了新标准的建立、更多的空气监测及更干净

的空气。

 embassy 大 使 馆全体 外交 官员 ; 大使 馆 (a group of officials who represent their

government in a foreign country, or the building they work in) •the American Embassy

in Paris 巴黎的美国大使馆

 first-rate 第一流的，极好的(of the very best quality) •There were some first rate

seminars and presentations 有一些一流的研讨会和演讲。 【同义表达】first-tier 一线

的，如 first-tier university/city 一流大学，一线城市。

 instrument 仪器，仪表(a piece of equipment for measuring and showing distance,

speed, temperature etc) •sensitive earthquake-detecting instruments 灵敏的地震探

测仪

 spat 小口角，小争吵(a short unimportant quarrel)•a marital spat 夫妻间的小口角

 ensue 继而发生; 因而发生(to happen after or as a result of something)•problems

that ensue from food and medical shortages 因食品和药品短缺而引起的问题 •When

those two friends meet, a battle of wits ensues.那两个朋友一旦相遇，一场智斗总是随

【同义表达】in the wake of sth 紧跟，尾随；伴随而来；紧紧跟在…的后面

之发生。

•Disease began spreading in the wake of the floods.洪水过后，瘟疫蔓延。南华早报

关于中国洪灾的一篇文章中出现了 in the wake of【写作推荐】

 claim 声称，指称(a statement that something is true, even though it has not been

9
b 站「燃燃要燃了」 「经济学精读 9-A smouldering sky」 公众号「燃燃要燃了」

proved)•The police denied claims that the men were tortured.警方否认了这些人受到

过拷打的说法。(战争、事故等)夺去(生命)(尤用于新闻报道)(if a war, accident etc

claims lives, people die because of it – used especially in news reports) • The

earthquake has so far claimed over 3000 lives.到目前为止这场地震已经夺去了 3000

多人的生命【熟词僻义】

【paragraph 8】

African activists are following suit, buying cheap air sensors. The most basic cost $25

apiece, though they are less accurate than high-grade ones. Local data matter. A campaign

to cut pollution from factories in Syokimau, a Nairobi suburb, succeeded thanks to four

cheap sensors provided by Code for Africa, a network for open-data activists. It hopes to

install 3,000 more sensors in African cities.

 activist 积极分子; 活动家(someone who works hard doing practical things to achieve

social or political change) •political / gay / animal rights etc activist 政治活动家/积极

支持同性恋的人/动物权利支持者等

 follow suit 跟着做，照着做，仿效(to do the same as someone else has done) •Budget

companies have been so successful that other airlines have had to follow suit and

lower their fares.廉价航空公司很成功，其他航空公司只得仿效，降低票价。

【同义表达】

emulation 如 His behaviour merits emulation 他的行为值得效仿。

 sensor (探测光、热、活动等的)传感器，感应装置(a piece of equipment used for

discovering the presence of light, heat, movement etc)

 apiece 每个，每人，每件(costing or having a particular amount each)•The pictures

are worth about ￡10,000 apiece.这些画每幅价值一万英镑左右。

 high-grade 优质的，高档的，上等的•high-grade beef 优质牛肉【同义表达】first-rate，

first-tier，high-grade

 matter (尤指对某人自己或对发生之事)重要，要紧，有关系(to be important, especially

to be important to you, or to have an effect on what happens) •Does it matter what I

think?我怎么想重要吗？

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b 站「燃燃要燃了」 「经济学精读 9-A smouldering sky」 公众号「燃燃要燃了」

 campaign (为取得某种结果而进行的政治、商业或社会性的)运动; (宣传)活动(a series

of actions intended to achieve a particular result relating to politics or business, or a

social improvement) •an anti-bullying campaign 反欺凌运动

 install 安装，设置(设备)(to put a piece of equipment somewhere and connect it so

that it is ready to be used) •Security cameras have been installed in the city centre.

【拓展】stall 货摊，摊位(a table or a small shop

在市中心已安装了一些监控摄像机。

with an open front, especially outdoors, where goods are sold)•a market stall 市场摊

位。故意拖延(to deliberately delay because you are not ready to do something,

answer questions etc)•He was just stalling for time .他只是在拖延时间。

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

Vaccine economics 疫苗经济

A bigger dose 更大的剂量

The world is not spending anywhere near enough on a coronavirus vaccine

全球在新冠状肺炎疫苗上的投入远远不够

公众号后台回复【0808】获得本期经济学人 PDF，回复【0808 笔记】获取笔记。

关于【疫苗】专题热词，推荐大家观看【跟着外刊学热词-疫苗】BV1Ci4y137Ta

标记说明： 红色-分享的单词|蓝色-分享的表达及搭配用法|绿色-之前分享过，不再赘述的部分|

橙色-同义单词/表达|灰色-英英释义及写作推荐

 dose (药物的)一剂，一服; 一次服用量(the amount of a medicine or a drug that you

should take)【搭配】a low/high dose 小/大剂量 •Start with a low dose and increase

it. 一开始使用小剂量，然后再增加。这里用了双关的手法，是经济学人题目中经常用的

手法，结合下面的内容，即可明确 dose 在这里还表示投入更大的“剂量”于疫苗研发中，

也就是“加大资金的投入”

 not anywhere near 绝对不，相当于 not at all •Hehe, but...it usually means that their

work is not anywhere near good enough.一般是说他们的工作很不合格。

 nowhere near 远 远 没 有 ， 远 不 ， 完 全 没 有 (far from/not) •Political rebranding is

sometimes necessary, but it is nowhere near sufficient 政治重塑有时是必要的，但远

远 不 够 。 在 写 作 中 ， 我 们 表 示 否 定 时 最 高 频 的 就 是 用 not ， 我 们 可 以 使 用 far

from/nowhere near 来表示“远远没有”，代替 not 表示否定。【写作推荐】

举个例子，比如我们想表达“人类与新冠状病毒的战斗还并没有结束”

×青铜版：The battle against Covid-19 is not over.

√王者版：The “silent battle” against raging Covid-19 worldwide is nowhere near/far

from/not anywhere near over.

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

针对第四个新闻标题，我们来复习一下在【跟着外刊学写作 6】中的内容，英语新闻标题

中常常省略动词，最常见的就是省略 be 动词。

 be doing
 be done
 be +X 系表结构，如 be to do/be+adj/be+介宾短语/be+noun 等

【paragraph 1】

CONSIDER THE following thought experiment. If you fail to eat a pizza within an hour, you

will die from hunger. What do you do? Most people would immediately order a pizza—and

not just one Margherita, but lots of them, from several different parlours. In order to

maximise the chances that at least one pizzeria got you what you needed in time, you

would not care that some of the pizza would be sure to go to waste.

假象一下下面的思想实验。如果你未能在一小时内吃到披萨，你就会死饥饿。你会怎样做？

大多数人会立刻定一个玛格丽特披萨，而且可能不仅仅一个哟，而是从多个不同的披萨店买

多个披萨。这样做是为了加大至少一个披萨店能及时送到的几率，你不会在乎浪费之后送到

的披萨。

 thought experiment 思维/思想实验，是指使用想像力去进行的实验，所做的都是在现

实中无法做到(或现实未做到)的实验(A thought experiment considers some hypothesis,

theory, or principle for the purpose of thinking through its consequences)

 fail to do something 未做到某事，不能做到某事。可以在写作中来代替 can’t •Firms

that fail to take advantage of the new technology will go out of business.未能利用新技

术的公司会倒闭。【写作推荐】

 die from 表示死于…die 可以加不同的介词。后接生活方式用 from •die from overwork

因劳累致死；后接疾病用介词 of •die of malaria 死于疟疾；精神或思想方面的原因用

for •die for love 殉情

 Margherita 玛格丽特披萨，披萨的一种，其以意大利王妃玛格丽特命名 •If they could

get a good pizza margherita, would they prefer it?如果他们能吃到正宗的玛格丽特披

萨，那他们还会喜欢木薯泥么？

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

 parlour (提供某种服务或商品的)店铺 (a business that provides a stated type of

personal service or sells a stated product) •an ice-cream/pizza parlour 冰淇淋/披萨店

 pizzeria 比萨饼餐厅，意大利薄饼店

 in time 及时，指没有迟到，时间还充裕。之前在【passage8 Sixty seconds of fame】

中出现过 in time 的另一种用法，表示“最终(eventually)”，原文说道: TikTok is not yet

making money, but ByteDance reckons it may in time eclipse all its Chinese properties

put together, by tapping into America’s vast ad market. TikTok 到现在还没有赚钱，但

是字节跳动认为，通过打入美国巨大的广告市场，其盈利超过中国资产的总和是迟早的

事。

 be sure to do something 一定会做某事(certain to happen)【同义表达】be doomed

to do sth, be destined to do sth

【paragraph 2】

The world is hungry for a vaccine against covid-19. So far about 700,000 deaths have been

recorded from the disease, and the total is increasing at a rate of roughly 40,000 a week.

If you also include unrecorded deaths, the actual numbers are much higher. Meanwhile,

the global economy is experiencing its sharpest contraction since the Great Depression,

of perhaps 8% of GDP in the first half of 2020.

全球急切渴望研发出抗击新型冠状病毒的疫苗。迄今为止，这场疫情已经导致记录在案的 70

万人的死亡，而且这一数字还在以每周大概 4 万人的速度增加。如果将未记录的死亡人数也

加进来的话，实际是人数会更高。与此同时，全球经济自大萧条以来正在经历最严重的倒退，

2020 年上半年的 GDP 可能为 8%左右。

 be hungry for something 这里的 hungry 表示“渴望得到…的”(wanting or needing

something very much)相当于 eager【同义表达】be desperate for something

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

 so far 迄今为止 •'Titanic' is regarded as his best film so far.'泰坦尼克号'被认为是到

目前为止他拍得最好的影片。复习一下之前学到的 as yet •There is as yet no known

remedy for cancer.尚无治愈癌症的办法。

 文中的 about 以及 roughly 放在数字前面都表示大约的数量，那么之前学到过的其他

表达都有什么呢？自己思考一下哟~脑子不动会老年痴呆的~(some/approximately)

 at a rate of 以…的速度 •The world urban population is rocketing upwards at a rate

of 6.5 percent per year.世界城市人口以每年 6.5％的速度急速上升。【同义表达】at

a pace of •Developing nation economies are expected to grow at a pace of 5.3

percent.发展中国家经济预计增速将达 5.3%。【写作推荐】

如果想要表达…发展很快

×青铜版：something develops very fast

√王者版：something advances at/in leaps and bounds//something advances at a

staggering pace/rate

 contraction 收缩; 缩小; 缩短(the process of becoming smaller or narrower)•the

contraction of metal as it cools 金属冷却时的收缩。动词 contract 可以表示经济的下行

/缩水/萎缩 •The economy has contracted by 2.5% since last year.自去年起经济已经

萎缩了 2.5%。在 BBC 世界新闻头条栏目中的第一期中出现过 shrink，原文说道 The

British economy shrank by two percent in the first three months of the year. 今年一季

度，英国的经济萎缩了两个百分点。
【同义表达】shrink, recede, downturn, recession

 Great Depression 大萧条(指 1929～1939 年发生于美国及其他国家的经济危机和大

萧条)

【paragraph 3】

In the face of this catastrophe, scientists look likely to produce a vaccine much faster than

almost anyone could have predicted at the start of the pandemic. Yet global efforts to

manufacture and distribute vaccines do not measure up. A mere $10bn or so has been

devoted to the cause—the equivalent of ordering one pizza, rather than the several that

are needed.

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

面对这场灾难，科学家们似乎很有可能以快得多的速度生产出一种疫苗，而这种速度几乎超

出了在大流行开始时所有人的预测。然而，全球为生产和分配疫苗所作出的努力并未达到预

期标准。仅仅在疫苗研发上花费了大约 100 亿美元，这就相当于订购一个比萨，而不是订购

很多的比萨。

 catastrophe 麻烦，困境，不利的局面，灾难(tough situation)•The Black Sea is facing

ecological catastrophe as a result of pollution.由于污染造成的恶果，黑海正面临生态

灾难。【同义词】calamity, disaster

 vaccine 疫苗(a substance which contains a weak form of the bacteria or virus that

causes a disease and is used to protect people from that disease)【搭配】one dose

of vaccine 一剂疫苗；develop/receive 研发/接种疫苗；vaccine against 预防…的疫

 measure up 合格，胜任，符合标准(to be good enough to do a particular job or to

reach a particular standard) •She did not get the job because she just did not measure

up.她没得到那份工作，因为她正巧不合标准。【同义表达】competent, qualified

 mere 仅仅，只不过(用于强调某事或某人之小或微不足道)(used to emphasize how

small or unimportant something or someone is) •It can't be a mere coincidence that

they left at the same time.他们同时离开不可能仅仅是巧合

 or so 放在数字后面表示“大约，将近”

在此总结一下以往学过的和数字相连接有“大概，左右”意思的表达

some 80% population of China

roughly 80% population of China

about 80% population of China

approximately 80% population of China

80% population of China or so

plus or minus 80% population of China

 devote 致力，献身，倾注(to use all or most of your time, effort etc in order to do

something or help someone) 【搭配】devote yourself to sth 把自己投入于…•She

devoted herself full-time to her business.她把全部时间都倾注在自己的生意上了。

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

 cause 事业，理想，目标(an organization, belief, or aim that a group of people support

or fight for)【搭配】worthy / good cause 崇高的事业 •her lifelong devotion to the

cause of women's rights 她对女权事业终生的奉献

 equivalent 等值的; 等同的; 相当的(having the same value, purpose, job etc as a

person or thing of a different kind)•I had no dollars, but offered him an equivalent

amount of sterling.我没有美金，但给了他等值的英镑。等同物 ; 等价物; 对应物

(something that has the same value, purpose, job etc as something else)•He had

drunk the equivalent of 15 whiskies.他喝了相当于 15 杯威士忌酒。【同义词】

counterpart

 rather than 而不是，也可以用于表示否定，代替 not

总结一下可以替代 not 表示否定的词【写作推荐】

It is not enough to eat this

It is nowhere near enough to eat this

It is her not him who breaks window

It is her rather than him who breaks window

He is not the man she loves

He is far from the man she loves

I can’t write this program

I fail to write this program

【paragraph 4】

The figures are murky, but on a rough estimate the world has bought about 4bn doses of

covid-19 vaccines for delivery by the end of next year, which is in theory enough to give

half the planet one dose. In practice, however, far fewer people will secure protection from

the disease. Some of the vaccines in production will fail to get regulatory approval, and a

potential candidate that reaches a large-scale clinical trial—as several have—still has a

20% chance of failure. Others will be approved but may not provide full protection. They

may not be suited to the elderly, for instance, or they may stop people dying from covid-19

but not from passing it to others. Other vaccines will require more than one dose in order

to be effective. Because of these contingencies, even those countries, such as Britain and

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

America, that have bought more than two doses for each of their citizens have still not

bought enough.

关于疫苗的数据记录并没有很清楚，但据粗略估计，全球已购买了约 40 亿剂 Covid-19 疫

苗，准备在明年年底前交付，理论上这些疫苗足以给地球上一半的人接种。然而，实际的情

况是，在此次疫情中，只有很少的人才能得到保护。一些在生产中的疫苗无法获得监管部门

的批准，而且可能进入大规模临床试验的备选疫苗会像部分疫苗一样，仍有 20%的失败几

率。其余的疫苗可能会获批，但是也有可能无法提供百分百的保护；这些疫苗可能并不适用

于老年人，例如，疫苗可能会保护人类免于由新冠病毒导致的死亡但不会阻止该病的传染；

一些疫苗需要多次接种来确保其有效性。由于这些意外因素，即使像英国或是美国这类已经

为每位公民购买超过两只疫苗的国家也可能还是不够。

 far 很大程度上(very much, or to a great degree)，后面经常加比较级 •The new

system is far better than the old one.新系统比旧系统好许多。

 secure ( 尤 指 经 过 努 力 而 ) 获 得 ， 得 到 (to get or achieve something that will be

permanent, especially after a lot of effort)•Boyd's goal secured his team's place in the

Cup Final.博伊德的进球确保了他的球队进入足总杯决赛。•secure a job 获得一份工作

 regulatory (机构)具有监管权的，监管的，管理的(a regulatory authority has the official

power to control an activity and to make sure that it is done in a satisfactory way) •

regulatory body / authority / agency 监管机构 •New drugs have been approved by the

regulatory authority.新药已经得到监管机构的批准。

 clinical trial 临床试验 •a new drug that is undergoing clinical trials 正在接受临床试

验的一种新药

 contingency (可能发生的)意外事件，偶然事件，不测事件，应急措施，应急开支(an

event or situation that might happen in the future, especially one that could cause

problems) •It may need to allocate more towards other contingencies.它可能需要拨

出更多资金用于其他紧急情况。

【paragraph 5】

Instead of seeing unproven vaccines as an extravagance, the world needs to think of them

as an insurance policy. Research suggests that if ten or more vaccines are in development,

there is a 90% chance of finding one which works. Once one of these candidates proves

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

to be effective, billions of doses will need to be distributed quickly. But it is impossible to

know in advance which candidate will succeed. Governments should therefore help

pharmaceutical firms produce vast quantities of a range of different vaccines—ideally,

numbering tens of billions of doses in all—long before regulatory approval is or is not

granted. The winning vaccine could thus start to get to people quickly, even as doses of

failed vaccines might be thrown away unused.

全世界不应将未经验证的疫苗视为一种奢侈浪费，而该将它们视为一种保险政策。研究发现，

如果同时研发十只或者更多疫苗的话，找到有效疫苗的成功率高达 90%。一旦备选疫苗中

存在有效的疫苗，数十亿支疫苗需要很快地分配完。然而事先知道哪种备选疫苗会成功是不

太可能的。因此，政府应该在监管机构批准与否很久之前就帮助医药公司生产一系列不同的

疫苗。即使大量失败的疫苗可能还没用上就被弃置，效力最好的疫苗应该快速投放市场供人

类使用。

 unproven 未 经 证 实 的 ； 未 经 检 验 的 (not proved or tested) • unproven medical

treatments 未经试验的治疗方法

 extravagance 奢侈；挥霍(spending or costing a lot of money, especially more than

is necessary or more than you can afford)•an extravagant lifestyle 奢侈的生活方式。

形容词形式为 extravagant

 pharmaceutical 制 药 的 (relating to the production of drugs and medicines) • the

pharmaceutical industry 制药业

 ideally 理想地(used to describe the way you would like things to be, even though this

may not be possible)•Fruit and vegetables should ideally be organically grown.水果和

蔬菜最理想的应该是进行有机种植。

 number 给…编号(to give a number to something that is part of an ordered set or list)

•Each check is numbered consecutively .每张支票都是按连续的数字编号。

 tens of billions of 数百亿 •Venture capital provides startups with access to tens of

billions of dollars every year.风险资本每年为公司提供数百亿美元的启动资金。

 in all 共计，合计，总共 •We received ￡1550 in cash and promises of another ￡650,

making ￡2200 in all.我们收到 1550 英镑现金，另外还有 650 英镑的承诺，总计

2200 英镑。

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

 grant 给予，准予(to give someone something or allow them to have something that

they have asked for) •A licence to sell alcohol was granted to the club.这家俱乐部获

得了经销酒类的许可证【同义词】approve。作为名词，grant 表示“(尤指政府发给

的 ) 补 助 金 ， 拨 款 ” (an amount of money given to someone, especially by the

government, for a particular purpose)【搭配】full grant 全额补助，purchase grant

购物补贴，emergency grant 紧急拨款。

 get to 把…送到(或寄到、派到)… •I must rush and get this letter to the post before

it's closed.我必须赶在邮局关门前把这封信送到邮局。

【paragraph 6】

That may seem deliberately and needlessly lavish. Yet even boosting vaccine funding

tenfold to $100bn or more, in line with the most ambitious proposals, pales in comparison

with the $7trn which governments across the world have spent or pledged since the

pandemic began in order to preserve incomes and jobs. The real extravagance would be

to wait until a successful vaccine candidate emerges before rushing to boost production.

In terms of the economic output that is saved, to say nothing of lives, it would make sense

for the world to spend as much as $200bn on bringing forward an effective covid-19 vaccine

by just one week.

这样做可能看起来是故意且没有必要的浪费。然而，即便按照最雄心勃勃的提议，将疫苗资

金增加 10 倍，至 1000 亿美元或更多，与自疫情爆发以来世界各国政府为保持收入和就业

而支出或承诺的 7 万亿美元相比，也只是小巫见大巫。真正奢侈浪费的做法是等到一种成功

的候选疫苗出现后才急于提高产量。就节省的经济产出而言(更不用说生命了)，全世界花费

高达 2000 亿美元，将一种有效的 covid-19 疫苗提前一周推出，都是合理的。

 needlessly 不 必 要 地 ; 无 用 地 • Thousands of children in the world today suffer

needlessly.当今世界有成千上万的儿童遭受着不必要的痛苦。

 lavish 过分慷慨的，大手大脚的，不吝惜的，浪费的，挥霍的 •a lavish lifestyle 奢侈

的生活方式

 tenfold 十 倍 (的 )(ten times as much or as many of something) • Business has

increased tenfold in the past two years.在过去的两年里，业务扩展了十倍。-fold 可

以表示“…倍”(a particular number of times)•The value of the house has increased

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

fourfold (=it is now worth four times as much as before) .房价涨到了原来的四倍。

由…部分组成的(of a particular number of kinds)•The government's role in healthcare

is twofold: first, to provide the resources and, second, to make them work better for

patients.政府在保健方面的作用有两个: 一是提供资源，二是令其更好地为患者服务。

 in line with 和…一致；按照，依照，符合(In agreement or accordance with someone

or something; consistent with someone or something) •These new regulations don't

seem to be in line with the way the administration has operated previously. 这些新规

定似乎与政府先前的运作方式不符。

【同义表达】in agreement/accordance/consistent with 和…一致；out of line with

somebody/something 与某人/某事的观点不一致 •Her views on education are quite

out of line with the official view.她在教育上的观点和官方的观点大相径庭。

 pale verb(脸色)变苍白(if your face pales, it becomes whiter than usual because you

have had a shock)•Kent's face paled when he saw that Rob had a knife.肯特看到罗

布有把刀子，顿时面无血色。【搭配】pale into insignificance 相形见绌，小巫见大

巫(to seem much less important when compared to something bigger, worse, more

serious etc)•The amounts of money involved pale into insignificance when compared

with the sums spent each year on research.涉及的金额与每年花在研究上的费用相比

就没什么了。pale in / by comparison 相比之下微不足道，相形失色(to seem small or

unimportant compared to something else) • Today's economic problems pale in

comparison with those of the 1930s.如今的经济问题和 20 世纪 30 年代的相比是小

巫见大巫。noun beyond the pale (行为)不可容忍的，越轨的(offensive or unacceptable)

•His opinions are entirely beyond the pale.他的观点让人忍无可忍。【同义词】

unbearable

 pledge 发誓，作保证(to make a formal, usually public, promise that you will do

something)•The new governor pledged to reduce crime.新州长保证要减少犯罪。【同

义词】vow, promise

 rush (尤因赶路而)急速行进，冲，奔(to move very quickly, especially because you need

to be somewhere very soon)【搭配】rush to do sth 赶忙(赶紧)做某事 •They rushed

to see what was happening.他们冲出去看发生了什么事。

 boost production 促进/加大生产，之前分享过关于“恢复生产、加大生产”的表达，

还记得吗？resume production，ramp up production

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

 bring forward (把…)提前，使提前成熟(或发生)，促进 •They brought forward a

meeting.他们把会议召开日期提前。

【paragraph 7】

For some, the prospect of such a heavy investment raises fears of “vaccine nationalism”,

in which rich countries outspend poor ones in an attempt to corner the market for their

citizens. The world as a whole can wring the most benefit out of limited supplies of vaccine

by pooling resources and allocating doses on the basis of need—health-care workers first,

vulnerable people next, and so forth. Around 80 countries are interested in such a deal.

Unfortunately, however, politicians in some countries with manufacturing capacity are likely

to put their own people first. [One way to minimise the international scramble over who

gets vaccines and when] is to maximise supplies up front and to spread manufacturing

capacity. Vaccines for the poorest countries would need to be subsidised, perhaps through

GAVI, the alliance that already pays for other vaccines there.

对一些人来说，如此大规模投资的前景引发了对疫苗民族主义的担忧，即富国在疫苗方面的

支出超过穷国，试图为本国公民垄断市场。全世界作为一个整体，可以通过集中资源和根据

需要分配疫苗，从而最大限度地利用有限的疫苗资源，首先分发给医护工作者，其次是易感

人群等。大约有 80 个国家对这个协议感兴趣。然而，不幸的是，某些具有生产力国家的政

客们可能将其本国公民的利益放在首位。最大程度地降低国际上对疫苗供应及疫苗上市时间

争夺的一种方法就是最大限度地增加可预约疫苗的供应量并且扩大生产力。针对最为贫困的

国家需要补贴，可能是通过全球疫苗免疫联盟的帮助，他们已经为贫困的国家支付了疫苗的

预定费用。

 nationalism 国家主义; 民族主义(the desire by a group of people of the same race,

origin, language etc to form an independent country)•German nationalism was the

offspring of military ambition.德国民族主义是军事野心的产物。本国优越感; 民族自

豪感(love for your own country and the belief that it is better than any other country)•

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

Under his leadership, a strong sense of nationalism emerged.在他的领导下，人们心

中涌现出强烈的民族自豪感。

 outspend 花费超过(他人或其他团体)(to spend more money than another person or

organization)•In the Senate race, the Republican outspent his rival by nearly $2 million.

在竞选参议员的过程中，共和党比对手多花了差不多 200 万美元。out 这个前缀在之

前分享过，表示“超过”，如 outwit 比…聪明，outperform 比…表现的好，outlive

比…活的长，outbid 出价高于…，outsmart 比…聪明，可以替代…is better than…这

样的表达【写作推荐】

 corner the market 垄断市场(to gain control of the whole supply of a particular kind

of goods) •They've been trying to corner the market by buying up all the wheat in

【同义词】monopoly •the state

sight.他们想把所有能得到的小麦都买下来以垄断市场。

monopoly of television 国家对电视的垄断。

 as a whole 作为总体，总的说来，就全体而论，概括起来 •The research has far-

reaching implications for medicine as a whole.这项研究对整个医学界都有着深远的影

响。

 wring (费力地从某人处)弄到(某物)，压榨，迫使(to succeed in getting something from

someone, but only after a lot of effort)【搭配】wring sth from / out of sb 费力获得，

压榨 •They are always trying to wring additional funds from the government.他们总

想从政府手中争取到额外资金。•I managed to wring the information out of him.我总算

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

从他那里弄到了这些信息。文中的 wring the most benefit out of 表示从中牟取最大利

 pool 合伙(集中)使用，共用(to combine your money, ideas, skills etc with those of

other people so that you can all use them)•Investors agreed to pool their resources to

develop the property.投资者们同意集资开发这项房地产。pool resources 集资(集合资

源，整合资源)

 allocate 分配，配给(to use something for a particular purpose, give something to a

particular person etc, especially after an official decision has been made) • the

importance of allocating resources to local communities 将资源分配给地方社区的重要

性。
【区分】relocate 迁移; 搬迁; 重新安置•The residents were relocated to temporary

accommodation while the work was being done.施工的时候，居民被安置在临时住处。

 and so forth 等等；依次类推；诸如此类，就像 and so on 一样 I worked a few clubs

and so forth.我曾在几家俱乐部以及诸如此类的地方工作。

 around 大约，也可以表示为 around about(used when guessing a number, amount,

time etc, without being exact)•The whole project will probably cost around $3 million.

整个工程可能要花费约 300 万美元。

【同义表达】about，roughly，some，around，

around about，plus and minus，or so

 capacity (工厂、公司、机器等的)产量，生产力(the amount of something that a factory,

company, machine etc can produce or deal with) •The factory has been working at

full capacity (=making the most amount of things that it can) .这家工厂开足马力进行

生产。文中的 manufacturing capacity 就表示生产能力，制造能力。

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

 scramble 这个单词在 TikTok 精读文章中已经分享过了，当时为 scramble for 争夺，

如 scramble for tickets 抢票。本身表示费力的攀爬，这里再介绍两个意思。炒(蛋)搅

拌(牛奶)•to scramble egg 炒鸡蛋，scrambled eggs with tomatoes 西红柿炒鸡蛋。

还可以表示扰乱，把…搞乱 •the scrambled plan 被搅乱的计划 •scramble sb's brains

扰乱某人的头脑/思路。文中的 scramble 作为名词，(互相推撞的)争夺，争抢(a situation

in which people compete with and push each other in order to get what they want)•

the usual scramble for the bathroom every morning 每天早上的抢用卫生间。

 up front/up-front 预付的；先付的(If you give someone an amount of money up front,

you pay that person before they do something for you)【搭配】up-front fee 预付费

用；先期费用 •He wants all the money up front or he won't do the job.

 subsidise 给…津贴(补贴)(if a government or organization subsidizes a company,

activity etc, it pays part of its costs)•Farming is heavily subsidized by the government.

农业得到政府的大量补贴。

 GAVI 全球疫苗免疫联盟(The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation，GAVI)

是一个公私合作的全球卫生合作组织，成立于 1999 年，工作宗旨是与政府和非政府组

织合作促进全球健康和免疫事业的发展；工作职责是提供技术和财政支持；推广的疫苗

有乙型肝炎、流感、黄热病。

 alliance 联盟，结盟(an arrangement in which two or more countries, groups etc agree

to work together to try to change or achieve something)【搭配】military/political

alliance 军事/政治联盟。make / enter into / form / forge an alliance ( = agree to

work together )结成联盟。

【paragraph 8】

The idea of deliberately overproducing something does not sit easily with politicians,

especially in a world where there are so many claims on public funds. Faced with a large

manufacturing capacity that turns out to be useless, politicians risk being accused of having

wasted money—as the British government was when the emergency hospitals it had built

early in the pandemic were not needed. Yet politicians must be rational. You buy insurance

before you know what will happen, not after.

刻意过度生产某样东西的想法并不是政治家们能轻易接受的，尤其是在一个对公共资金有如

此多要求的世界里。面对毫无用处的大规模生产能力，政客们冒着被指责浪费金钱的风险，

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bilibili【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 10】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

就像英国政府在疫情早期建造的未能派上用场的紧急医院那样。然而，政客们必须保持理性。

你在不知道某事发生之前就会买保险，而不是之后。

 overproduce (使)超额生产，生产(…)过剩(to produce more of something than is

needed, or to produce too much)•Farmers are being encouraged to diversify into other

crops, rather than continue to overproduce wine.鼓励农民种植不同的作物，而不是过

量的生产葡萄。【复习】oversell 过多销售，空头销售(to sell more of something than

is actually available) • to oversell plane tickets 售 出 过 多 机 票 。 over 就 是 表 示 多

于…overachieve 收获的超过预期，overabundance 过于充足【打包记忆】outwit 比…

聪明，outperform 比…表现的好，outlive 比…活的长，outbid 出价高于…，outsmart

比…聪明；overproduce 过量生产，oversell 空头销售，overachieve 收获超过预期，

overabundance 过于充足

 sit with (用于否定句和疑问句)为…所接受；对…产生影响;被考虑(to be considered

by someone) •Their long conversations didn’t sit well with the boss 老板并不接受/不

考虑他们之间长对话的内容。还可以表示(临时)照顾某人(take care of someone)•

Tommy asked me to sit with him after waking up from an awful nightmare.汤米从一场

噩梦醒来后，让我在身旁陪他。

 risk being accused of 可能被指控，冒着…的风险被指控，risk doing sth 表示“可能

做某事”在外刊中出现的频率还是比较高的。【复习】可能做某事：risk doing sth，

threaten to do sth，be likely to do sth

 rational (人)有理性的，理智的 •Culley was quite rational at the time of her baby's

death.卡利在她孩子死去时相当理智。【拓展】politic 这个单词和政治家 politician 前

部分是很像的。politic 表示精明的，慎重的，考虑周全的，it is politic to do sth 做某事

是十分聪明，精明的，可以代替 wise。搞政治的人肯定都是绝顶聪明的，就像这样

15
公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

WeChat in America 美国大环境下的 WeChat(微信英文版 App)

The big unfriending 大规模解除好友

A vaguely worded order from America’s president is causing
panic among millions of WeChat users
美国总统含糊措辞的禁令引起数百万 WeChat 用户的恐慌

公众号后台回复【0815】获得本期经济学人 PDF，回复【0815 笔记】获取笔记。

欢迎关注微博【燃燃要燃了】
，每天发送当下热点新闻的知识点，利用碎片时间学英语！
经济学人超精讲文章 1-10 合集完善版资料，需要的小伙伴们 bilibili 私信我即可获取！
(嘻嘻，需要大家多多支持哈，不同模块每十篇这样搞一下，回复可能有延迟，不要着急哈，嘿嘿嘿)
文章观点不代表个人观点！
！！文章内容问题，不进行翻译，大家自己尝试翻译一下。

unfriend 解除好友关系(to remove a person from one's list of friends, or contacts, on a social media

website) •Not only did this long-time person unfriend me, but she blocked me as well.这个老友不仅

【拓展】blacklist/block somebody 拉黑某人

解除了我的好友关系，而且拉黑了我。

vaguely 不具体地，不详细地，粗略地(not clearly or exactly) •His statement was very vaguely worded.

他的声明措词十分含糊。对应的形容词是 vague【同义词】obscure, murky, nebulous

word 用言语表达，措词(to use words that are carefully chosen in order to express something) •How

can we word the letter so as not to offend the parents?这封信我们怎么措词才不会得罪家长？【熟词

僻义】

order 命令; 指示(an instruction to do something that is given by someone in authority) 【搭配】

give / issue an order 发出命令，follow / obey orders 服从命令

【精读方式】

获取期刊资料后，按照页眉中给出的页码通读全文(无任何辅助，注意题目和引文的双关，提取大量主

1
公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

题信息)

再次通读，将生词及短语标记出来(多准备几根颜色不同的笔，且标记方式固定化)

每一段分解阅读，查找生词及短语的意思，做笔记

如果存在熟词僻义、同义表达、或可以替换初级词汇的表达可以做出显著标注

试着结合上下文完整地翻译文章，把握自己读懂的程度

提取可借鉴的句式、词汇、地道表达，自己尝试写作输出

反复复习，注重质量不在数量(根据自身情况和目的)

如果你的目的在于提高自己的英语应试能力，就注重质量；如果水平已经较高，目的在于通过不同视

角看问题、看世界，那就可以泛读，简单标注即可，更加注重了解的广泛性。

【paragraph 1】

WHEN NEWS broke on August 6th of an order from President Donald Trump that could result in the

shutdown of WeChat in America, panic broke out among users of the super-app that is the digital bedrock

of Chinese society. [They shared and reposted step-by-step guides about how to download records of

their WeChat conversations and of pictures and videos they had shared through the platform] lest [they

suddenly become inaccessible].

8 月 6 日，当唐纳德·特朗普总统准备禁封美区微信的条令突然传开后，恐慌的情绪瞬间在微信用户中扩散

开来。WeChat 作为一款超级应用，是中国社会社交网络的基础。用户们相互分享、转发着分步指南，指导

大家下载 WeChat 内的聊天记录以及在此平台上分享的图片和视频以防止 WeChat 的突然禁用。

result in 结果是；结果造成；导致；引起 •The unsatisfiedness of the workmen resulted in a strike.

【同义表达】lead to, bring on

工人的不满引起了一场罢工。

shutdown (工厂)停工;(企业)歇业;(机器)停机 •Environmental groups had called for the permanent

shutdown of the plant.环境保护团体呼吁永久关闭这家工厂

bedrock 基本事实，基本原则; 根底，基础(the basic ideas, features, or facts on which something is

based) •Marriage and children are the bedrock of family life.婚姻和子女是家庭生活的基础。 【同义

词】principle, groundwork, base, basis

repost 转发(to post or send (a letter) again) •The original producer's name and affiliated media

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公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

organization should be clearly displayed on reposted news.转载他人作品时，必须指明作者姓名、作

品名称及作品来源

lest 连词 免得，以免(in order to make sure that something will not happen) •She turned away

from the window lest anyone see her.她转身离开窗边，免得有人看见她。

【同义表达】for fear, in

case of 唯恐，生怕(used to show that someone is afraid or worried that a particular thing might

happen)【搭配】worried/concerned/anxious lest 唯恐，生怕… •She was worried lest he should

tell someone what had happened.她担心他会把所发生的事情说出去。

【paragraph 2】

Mr Trump’s vaguely worded ban on “transactions” with WeChat, citing national-security concerns, will

affect fewer people in America than his similar move against TikTok, a hugely popular videosharing app.

But for WeChat’s millions of users in America—mainly ethnic Chinese who depend on it to communicate

with family and friends in China—the consequences of Mr Trump’s efforts to contain the WeChat “threat”

could be devastating. It would also be a blow to many business people who use it for dealings with

counterparts in China

特朗普先生以含糊措辞禁止与微信进行“交易”
，理由是出于对国家安全的担忧，这一举动与其禁用一款广

受欢迎的视频分享软件 TikTok 相比对美国人的影响要小的多。但是对于在美数百万用 WeChat 的华裔来

说，特朗普阻止 WeChat 这一“威胁”的后果是致命的，因为他们主要依赖 WeChat 与中国的家人及朋友

交流。同样地，对于许多用 WeChat 与中国伙伴做生意的商人来说，禁令无疑是一场沉痛的打击。

vaguely worded 模糊措辞的，在标题处分享过

transaction 交易，业务，买卖(a business deal or action, such as buying or selling something)•

financial transactions 金融业务。ATM 自动交易机的全称是什么你知道吗？Automated transaction

machine。

cite 引证，援引(to mention something as an example, especially one that supports, proves, or

explains an idea or situation)•The judge cited a 1956 Supreme Court ruling in her decision.法官在

她的判决中引用了 1956 年联邦最高法院的裁决。citing national-security concerns 以对国家安全的

3
公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

担忧做引证，也就是说其理由是对国家安全的担忧

ethnic 种族(民族，部落)的; 具有种族(民族; 部落)特色的(relating to a particular race, nation, or tribe

and their customs and traditions) •ethnic Russians in Estonia 居住在爱沙尼亚的俄罗斯人。文中的

ethnic Chinese 指华裔人士 •The stated goals of the New Economic Policy (NEP) were to cut

poverty and redistribute wealth, then largely in the hands of ethnic Chinese and non-Malaysians.

新经济政策的既定目标是减少贫困和对很大程度上掌握在华人和非马来族群手中的财富进行再分配。、

contain 这里不是指包含，而是抑制; 控制(to stop something from spreading or escaping)抑制; 控

制) •Doctors are struggling to contain the epidemic.医生正在努力控制这种流行病

blow 打击(an action or event that causes difficulty or sadness for someone)【搭配】shattering /

devastating / bitter blow 毁灭性的打击

deal with 经营；与…做生意(或买卖)，与…交易，是…的买主 •We deal with many customers.我们

与许多客户有生意往来。

counterpart 职务相当的人; 作用相当的事物(someone or something that has the same job or

purpose as someone or something else in a different place) •Belgian officials are discussing this

with their French counterparts.比利时官员与法国同级官员正在讨论此事。

【paragraph 3】

That is because the Chinese government has left them with few other options. Popular communication

tools in America such as WhatsApp, Gmail and Facebook Messenger are blocked by the “great firewall”.

In China WeChat is by far the most commonly used social-media platform. It is used not only for

messaging, but for reading news, shopping, ordering taxis, booking flights, paying bills, making

appointments with a doctor and donating to charity. In effect, it is WhatsApp, Facebook, Amazon, Uber,

Instagram, PayPal, Expedia and others, all rolled into one.

用户们之所以这样做是因为中国政府给他们留有的选择很少。在美国流行的社交软件比如 WhatsApp、

Gmail 以及 Facebook，这些软件都因为“高耸的网络防火墙”而被拒之门外。WeChat 到目前为止是中国

最普及的社交平台。WeChat 的用途广泛，如发送消息、阅读新闻、购物、叫车、订机票、付款、预约医生、

捐款等。实际上，它是集 WhatsApp(瓦次普)、Facebook(脸书)、Amazon(亚马逊)、Uber(优步)、Instagram(照

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公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

片墙(CCTV5)/即刻/图享，暂未官方定名)、PayPal、Expedia(酒店预订、机票查询和自助游)及一些其它应

用为一体的软件。

firewall 防火墙(在内部网与外部网络之间实施安全防范的系统)(a system that protects a computer

network from being used or looked at by people who do not have permission to do so)【拓展】突破

、“翻墙”Internet censorship circumvention 指绕过互联网审查封锁

网络审查，俗称“科学上网”

技术(IP 封锁、端口封锁、关键词过滤、域名劫持等)，实现对网络内容的访问。其中的 circumvent 表

，如 circumvent the tax laws 规避税法，常指违法的事情，贬义。

示“规避”

by far 到目前为止 •She is by far the best executive in the company. 她目前是公司中最为优秀的决

【复习】as yet •There is as yet no known remedy for cancer.尚无治愈癌症的办法。

策人。

in effect 实际上；实质上；事实上 •In effect, Britain would have privatised defence procurement.实

【同义表达】in fact
际上，这是将英国的国防采购私有化。

(all)roll into one 集于一体，合为一体(if someone or something is several different things rolled into

one, they include or do the work of all those things)•Mum was cook, chef, nurse, and entertainer all

rolled into one.妈妈一身数职，既是厨师和司机，又是护士和演员。

【paragraph 4】

Among the 1.2bn monthly users of WeChat , only a small fraction are in America— estimates range from

fewer than 1.5m to nearly 20m (TikTok, which is also Chinese-owned, boasts 100m there). Its functions

are also more limited—American retail, travel and other businesses rarely make provision for WeChat

users. Dylan Zhao, a Chinese graduate student in America, says the biggest cost of a WeChat shutdown

would be the loss of the vast networks of connections that users commonly maintain through the platform,

both with individuals and groups. “It is very difficult to migrate social networks onto other platforms,” says

Ms Zhao. She and her mother also use Signal, an American messaging app that works in China. But she

worries she will lose touch with her grandparents there, who only know how to use WeChat.

WeChat 每月 12 亿用户中，美国只占据了一小部分，其使用群体数量在 1500 万到 2000 万之间。相比之

下，中国另外的一款软件 TikTok 则拥有 1 亿用户。而且其功能受到更多限制，如美国零售业、旅游业以及

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公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

其他的业务很少为 WeChat 用户提供服务。在美就读的中国研究生迪伦·赵表示：

“禁用微信的最大代价将

是失去用户通常通过该平台维护的庞大的个人和群体连接网络” “从 WeChat 转到其它社交

。赵女士表示：

。她及其母亲还用 Signal，它是一款在华可用的美国通讯应用。但是她还为与祖父
平台不是件容易的事情”

母失去联系而担忧，因为他们只会使用 WeChat。

fraction 少量，一点儿(a very small amount of something)•She paused for a fraction of a second.她

略微停顿了一下。文中的 a small fraction 表示少数的一部分，一小部分比例。fraction 还可以表示数

学中的分数•Express 25% as a fraction.把 25% 写成分数。

【类似表达/复习】a dash of 少许，少量

(添加的物质/品质)•Add salt, pepper and a dash of vinegar.加盐、胡椒，再加一点点醋 •Add a dash

of romance to your life with a trip to Paris.去巴黎旅行一次，给生活增添一些浪漫。

【辨析】friction

(人们之间的)不合，冲突，摩擦；摩擦力•Having my mother living with us causes friction at home.我

妈和我们一起住就会给家里造成矛盾。fiction 小说•historical fiction 历史小说。

【碎碎念】是不是在阅读中出现过很多“熟悉”的单词，但让你用嘴说出来什么意思的时候，就不会

了！是不是！如果这样的话说明我们对单词的记忆模糊，根本不清楚，但这些但正是扩充你“真正词

汇量”最有潜力的单词，一定要把这个单词和你觉得类似分不清楚的放在一起，好好整理一下，记得

清清楚楚，明明白白~

boast 夸口，夸耀，吹嘘(to talk too proudly about your abilities, achievements, or possessions)•

The company is inclined to boast of its success.这家公司喜欢炫耀自己的成就。 自豪地拥有(好的

事物或特征)(if a place, object, or organization boasts something, it has something that is very good)

•The city boasts two excellent museums.这个城市以拥有两家出色的博物馆而自豪【熟词僻义】

。再

来演练一下上一条【辨析】boast 和 boost，boost 促进，推动，使兴旺 boost sb's confidence 增加

某人自信。

retail 零售，零卖(the sale of goods in shops to customers, for their own use and not for selling to

anyone else) •a retail price of ￡8.998.99 英镑的零售价; retailer 零售商; 零售商店

provision (协议或法律中的)规定，条款，条件(a condition in an agreement or law)•The agreement

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公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

includes a provision for each side to check the other side's weapons.协议中有一条规定，允许双方

【搭配】under the provisions of sth •Under the provisions of the Act, employers
检查对方的武器。

must supply safety equipment.按法令规定，雇主必须提供安全设备。

【同义词】clause 提供，供给;

为…做好准备，为…预先采取措施(when you provide something that someone needs now or in the

future)【搭配】made provisions for 为…做好准备•It is important to make adequate provision for

your retirement.为你的退休生活做好充分准备是很重要的。
【同义词】preparation

cost 代价; 牺牲(something that you lose, give away, damage etc in order to achieve something)【搭

配】costs and benefits 利弊 •They need to weigh up the costs and benefits (=disadvantages and

advantages) of regulation. 他 们 需 要 权 衡 一 下 规 章 制 度 的 利 弊 。【 同 义 表 达 】 pros and

cons(advantages and disadvantages)【熟词僻义】

【写作推荐】

migrate (尤指为找工作)移居，迁移 •These workers migrate from country to country in search of

work.这些工人为寻找工作从一个国家迁移到另一个国家。【搭配】migrant worker 农民工。文中

migrate 是指从 WeChat 迁移到另外的社交软件上。

lose touch with (和…)疏远，(和…)失去联系(或接触) •Immigrants to the U.S. might lose touch with

certain customs and traditions back home.移民美国者可能会与丢失家乡的某些习俗和传统。

【paragraph 5】

In America most users of WeChat are first-generation Chinese-Americans as well as migrants and

students who are still Chinese citizens. Mr Trump is right to be wary of its impact. WeChat in China

vigorously censors content that might embarrass the Communist Party and saturates discussion of

current affairs with pro-party propaganda. It is also used by police to monitor political dissidents and other

people who grumble about the government. A man in China who shared news in a WeChat group about

anti-government protests in Hong Kong was sentenced last month to more than a year in prison.

这段就不翻译了哈，你懂的，哈哈~

Chinese-American 华裔美国人；美籍华人

wary 小心翼翼的，谨慎的(someone who is wary is careful because they think something might be

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公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

dangerous or harmful)【搭配】be wary of something •I'm a bit wary of driving in this fog.我有点害

怕在这样的雾天开车。 【辨析】weary 疲惫的 •He was weary of

【同义词】vigilant 警惕的，警觉的。

the constant battle between them.他对他们之间不断的争斗感到厌倦了。

vigorously 强有力地; 积极地。形容词是 vigorous 强有力的; 积极的(using a lot of energy and

strength or determination)•a vigorous debate 一场激烈的辩论。

【辨析】rigorous 严格的; 缜密的;

精确的(careful, thorough, and exact)•the rigorous standards required by the college 大学规定的严

格标准。感觉原文用 rigorously 是不是更好？大家的想法呢？

censor 审查(书刊、电影、信件等) (to examine books, films, letters etc to remove anything that is

considered offensive, morally harmful, or politically dangerous etc)•The information given to the

press was carefully censored by the Ministry of Defence.透露给报界的信息被国防部仔细审查过。

【复习】censorship 审查制度，sensor 传感器

saturate 使充满，使充斥(to put a lot of something into a particular place, especially so that you could

not add any more)【搭配】saturate sth with sth •Our culture is saturated with television and

advertising.我们的文化里充斥着电视和广告。

affair 事务(public or political events and activities) •They were accused of interfering in China's

internal affairs .他们被指责干涉中国的内政。

【搭配】current affairs 新闻，时事

pro-party 前缀 pro-表示“赞成; 支持; 亲” •pro-American 亲美的 •pro-party 支持党的，爱党的

dissident 持不同政见者，公开大唱反调者(someone who publicly criticizes the government in a

country where this is punished)•a political dissident 持不同政见者•religious dissident 持不同宗教主

张者

grumble 不断地发牢骚，抱 怨(to keep complaining in an unhappy way)• Farmers are always

grumbling about the weather.农民老是在抱怨天气。

【同义表达】complain about，moan about，

moan and groan •ALICE WINKLER: Which she did, moaning and groaning the entire two weeks it

took to get the paperwork done, but just a few weeks later, she got called in for an interview.她的确

就这样申请了，整整两周她都在抱怨，直到把文书工作完成，但仅仅几周后，她就接到了面试通知。

【总结】scramble，grumble，crumble 都能“透彻”的分清楚吗？如果不能就查一下，记得“清清楚

楚的”

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公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

(攀爬，争夺，炒鸡蛋；抱怨；粉碎，崩塌，衰落)

sentence (法官)判决，宣判，判刑(if a judge sentences someone who is guilty of a crime, they give

them a punishment)•Sanchez was sentenced to three years in prison.桑切斯被判了三年监禁。

【paragraph 6】

The owner of WeChat, Tencent, is a Hong Kong-listed firm that is not directly controlled by the state. But

it has cosy ties to the party. Ma Huateng (also known as Pony Ma), the company’s founder and chief

executive, is a delegate to the national legislature. Like all of China’s tech giants, the firm bends to the

party’s will.

这段也不翻译了哈，你懂的，哈哈~

Hong Kong-listed 在香港上市的，list 作为动词可以表示把…列入…中，还可以表示(在证券交易所)

将(证券)列入上市证券表，如 listed company 上市公司，其反义词 delist 表示把(证券等)从上市证券

中除去，把(股票等)正式从交易所抽回，也就是退市。

cosy 友好的，融洽的(a situation that is cosy is comfortable and friendly) •cosy ties 友好/融洽的

关系。 cosy 还可以表示温暖舒适的(a place that is cosy is small, comfortable, and warm)•The living

room was warm and cosy .客厅温暖舒适。noun 表示(茶壶的)保暖罩，老干部专属哈哈哈哈 •a tea

cosy 茶壶保暖罩

tie (人、团体或国家之间的)关系，联系(a strong relationship between people, groups, or countries)

【搭配】close / strong ties 密切的关系 •the importance of strong family ties 家庭关系密切的重要

性。

delegate noun 代表(someone who has been elected or chosen to speak, vote, or take decisions for

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公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

a group) •Around 350 delegates attended the conference.大约有 350 名代表参加了大会。

【同义词】

representative. verb 委派(某人)做(某项工作); 委任(某人)为代表(to choose someone to do a

particular job, or to be a representative of a group, organization etc) •I was delegated to find a

suitable conference venue.我受委托去找一个合适的会场。

【同义词】appoint

legislature 立法机关(an institution that has the power to make or change laws) 【搭配】state /

national / federal legislature 国家/联邦立法机关 •the state legislature of Virginia 弗吉尼亚州立法

机构

bend (使)倾侧; 俯身;(使)弯腰(to move part of your body so that it is not straight or so that you are

not upright)•She bent her head.她低下头。

【搭配】bend to sb's will 屈服于某人的意愿；bend the

truth 歪曲事实；bend over backwards to do something 竭尽全力(做某事 )•We bent over

backwards to finish it on time.我们拼命地干，要把它按时完成。

【写作推荐】竭尽全力做某事：spare

no efforts to do something，strain every nerve to do something，bend over backwards to do

something，用后两个表达它不香吗？！
！

兵哥哥竭尽全力去下腰 身体内每个 nerve cell 都在发力，打通任督二脉，帮你做某事

【paragraph 7】

The app is somewhat different outside China, but not entirely so. Many users in America have WeChat

accounts that were originally registered using a mainland Chinese phone number. Even if they later link

their account to an American phone number, they are still subject to the same degree of censorship that

users are in China. That allows the party to extend its efforts to stifle free speech onto American campuses,

where many of the 370,000 Chinese students retain the WeChat habits they grew up with, including self-

censorship.

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公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

somewhat 有点儿，有几分(more than a little but not very) •The price is somewhat higher than I

expected.价格比我预料的高了一点。

be subject to 易受某事(尤指坏事)影响; 易患…(if someone or something is subject to something,

especially something bad, it is possible or likely that they will be affected by it) •All flights are subject

to delay.所有航班都有可能延误。
•Prices are subject to change .价格有可能变化。看了这两个例句有

没有点其它的想法？(提示：看一下例句的翻译-【有可能】，在帮忙大家养成那种敏感的思维)这里的

be subject to do 不就是相当于 be likely to do，be threaten to do，risk doing 嘛？【复习及总结】有

可能做某事：be likely to do，be threaten to do，risk doing，be subject to do something；这

个意思也可以用 vulnerable to/susceptible to 来替换。 be subject to 的第二个意思是“取决于某事，

•The funding is subject to approval by the Board of Education.拨款有待教

视某事而定，受制于某事”

育委员会批准。

stifle 抑止，阻止，压制(to stop something from happening or developing)•rules and regulations that

stifle innovation 压制创新的规章制度。

【同义表达】suppress，hold down

free speech 言论自由

retain 保留，保有; 继续拥有(to keep something or continue to have something)•You have the right

to retain possession of the goods.你有权保留这些物品

self-censorship 自我审查,自我检查 •He argues that the government has produced a "culture of

self-censorship" to control sensitive information, but warns that this approach is not a permanent

solution.

【paragraph 8】

News providers on WeChat are also cautious. Ke Yan is the founder of Houston On-line, a popular

Chinese-language WeChat account in Texas. With more than 60,000 followers, it focuses on breaking

news and lifestyle stories that steer clear of anything that might offend the party. “If you don’t know what

the rules are, the only thing you can do is self-censor,” Ms Ke explains.

breaking news 大事件，爆炸新闻；即时新闻•We interrupt " Pregnant baby" with breaking news.抱

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公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

歉打断，插播一则新闻。

steer 驾驶(车、船等)(to control the direction a vehicle is going, for example by turning a wheel) •

Steer toward the left.向左行驶。 掌管，控制;(尤指在困难时期)带领…度过(to be in charge of an

organization, team etc and make decisions that help it to be successful, especially during a difficult

time) •McKinney steered the company through the recession.麦金尼带领公司度过经济衰退的艰难

【搭配】steer clear (of sb / sth)避开… •Jo tried to steer clear of political issues.乔尽量避开
岁月。

政治话题。
【同义词】circumvent

clear adverb 不接触; 不靠近; 远离(away from something, or out of the way)【搭配】keep / stay /

steer clear (of sb / sth) (因可能的危险或麻烦而)避开，躲开(某人/某事) •Please stand clear of the

doors.请别站在门口。地铁上就会听到 clear，是副词的用法【熟词僻义】

offend 冒犯，使生气(to make someone angry or upset by doing or saying something that they think

is rude, unkind etc)•The careful language is designed not to offend.谨慎措词就是为了不得罪人。

【拓

展】offensive 冒犯的，令人恼火的

【paragraph 9】

Even those who download the app outside China and use a non-Chinese phone number to set up their

accounts are not immune. Their conversations through WeChat are not so strictly censored, but the news

they can read on it is the same. Citizen Lab, a research group at the University of Toronto, says WeChat

communications between users who set up their accounts in America are used to refine censorship of

users with accounts linked to Chinese phone numbers. To evade such controls, WeChat users in America,

like their counterparts in China, use slang, codewords and cryptic images

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公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

refine 净化; 提炼(to make a substance purer using an industrial process)•oil refining 石油的提炼

(逐渐地、微小地)改进，完善(to improve a method, plan, system etc by gradually making slight

changes to it)•Car makers are constantly refining their designs.汽车制造商在不断完善他们的设计。

evade 逃避，规避(尤指规避法律责任)，避开 ~ (doing) sth to escape from sb/sth or avoid meeting

sb. 如 evade capture 逃避追捕，evade taxes 逃税(想到某冰)，evade responsibility 逃避责任，evade

issues 逃避问题【复习】sidestep 回避问题 •The report sidesteps the environmental issues.报告回

避了环境问题。(Chip wars)

slang 俚语(very informal, sometimes offensive, language that is used especially by people who

belong to a particular group, such as young people or criminals)

codeword 或 code word (为避免语出唐突而使用的)代称，代名词(a word or expression that you use

instead of a more direct one when you want to avoid shocking someone)•'Lively discussion' is a

code word for 'arguing'.“热烈的讨论”是“争吵”的代名词。

cryptic 隐秘的; 有隐义的; 难理解的(having a meaning that is mysterious or not easily understood)

•Muck diving is about searching for the unusual, the cryptic and the rare.漫潜是寻找与众不同、神秘

和稀有。

【paragraph 10】

Some American businesses in China depend heavily on WeChat. Firms such as McDonald’s, Nike,

Starbucks, Walmart and KFC use its e-commerce platforms to connect with customers. They may be hard

hit by Mr Trump’s order. So too might Apple, which could have to drop WeChat from its app store in China.

If forced to choose between their iPhones and WeChat, more than 90% of 850,000 people surveyed this

week on Weibo, a Chinese Twitter-like platform, said they would buy a new, WeChat-enabled, phone.

drop 剔除，把…除名(to decide not to include someone or something)•His name was dropped from

the list.他被剔除出名单。
【同义词】remove

【paragraph 11】

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公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

Foreigners in China have long relied on virtual private networks (VPNS) to jump the great firewall. Now,

Oscar Li, a postgraduate in Colorado, plans to do the reverse. After his mother in China heard the news

about a possible WeChat ban, she called him, frantic with worry. He reassured her that he would download

a VPN to circumvent the new great firewall of America.

relied 看到这个单词我乍一看成 relief 相关的什么单词了，原型是 rely，过去式是 relied，大家不要

像我一样，马大哈。

virtual 虚拟的，模拟的(指通过计算机网络)(made, done, seen etc on the Internet or on a computer,

rather than in the real world)•The website allows you to take a virtual tour of the art gallery.这个网站

【拓展】近些年来很火热的 VR，就是 virtual reality 虚拟现实。VPN 全称

让你可以虚拟参观美术馆。

是 virtual private networks 虚拟专用网络

postgraduate (硕士或博士)研究生(someone who is studying at a university to get a master ' s

degree or a PHD)【拓展】本科生 undergraduate，大一新生 freshman，当时高一的时候老师讲过

freshman 这个单词，我那会就对上大学很向往，努力的学习，但是结果并不是很满意，没有去喜欢的

学校，没有学喜欢的专业。(碎碎念啦，哈哈哈~ 到目前为止非常后悔的两件事情，一个是高考，考了

三年最差的一次，为了上 211 大学选了不是很喜欢的专业。第二个就是考研究生时，没有勇气报考英

语方面的，虽然跨了专业，但也没有太大。一直很喜欢英语，做这些分享就是出于单纯的喜欢，想要

提高自己的英语水平。我知道很多看我视频的小伙伴们是考研的考生，我知道你们的艰辛，尤其是在

多灾多难的 2020 年，真诚的祝福你们都能考上自己心仪的学校，学自己喜欢的专业，做自己喜欢的

事情，感受那种努力后实现目标的甜~那种感觉真的很幸福，我也在你们的鼓励下体会到了被肯定的

幸福感，一定程度上弥补了我内心一直的遗憾，真的很感谢可爱的你们，你们说出的温暖话，很有力

量，对我来说真的！真的！意味很多，在这最后一段的小角落里偷偷向你们表白~不知道有多少人能

够看到那，哈哈哈~祝愿每个小可爱都顺顺利利的，每天都像小太阳一样在属于自己的角落里散发光

芒！
！！希望我有机会能实现内心小小的目标，如果毕业后实现的话我会告诉大家的，哈哈哈~)

frantic (因极端焦急恐惧而)发疯似的; 情绪失控的(extremely worried and frightened about a situation,

so that you cannot control your feelings) •Your mother's been frantic with worry wondering where

you've been.你的母亲不知道你去了哪里，担心得要发疯了。

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公众号【燃燃的英语日记】 【经济学人超精讲 11-p37】 微博【燃燃要燃了】

reassure 使安心，使放心，使消除疑虑(to make someone feel calmer and less worried or frightened

about a problem or situation)•Teachers reassured anxious parents.老师们安慰焦急的父母。

circumvent (尤指巧妙或不诚实地)回避，规避(含贬义)(to avoid a problem or rule that restricts you,

especially in a clever or dishonest way – used to show disapproval)•The company opened an

account abroad, in order to circumvent the tax laws.为规避税法，该公司在国外开设账户。【总结】

evade(verb)，circumvent(verb)，stepside(noun)

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微博【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精讲 12-p32】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

Japan 日本

Virtual respect for the dead 对死者的虚拟尊重

TOKYO 东京

Amid covid-19, Japan gets creative in commemorating ancestors

在新冠状病毒疫情期间，日本在悼念祖先方面颇有创意

公众号后台回复【0822】获取本期的经济学人 PDF，

回复【0822 笔记】获取本期的精读笔记，记得给我三连哟，可不要下次一定哟~

 commemorate 庆祝，为…举行纪念活动 (to do something to show that you remember and respect

someone important or an important event in the past) •I have accrued a set of commemoration

stamps.我已收集一套纪念邮票。

 ancestor 祖先，祖宗(a member of your family who lived a long time ago) •My ancestors were

French.我的祖先是法国人。

【paragraph 1】

EVERY AUGUST the spirits of fallen ancestors rise all across Japan. During obon, the living

commemorate them with offerings of food at altars, gather for festivals, and perform collective dances

known as bon odori. Many stream back to their home towns to be with family and visit cemeteries to pay

respects to their dead. “Graves are a place to talk,” says Yamazaki Masako of Zenyuseki, a tombstone

carvers’ trade association.

每年 8 月，逝去的祖先都会魂归故土。在盂兰盆节期间，活着的人在祭台上献上食物、聚到一起庆祝节日，

表演盆舞来缅怀他们。许多人会回到家乡与家人团聚，一起去墓地悼念逝者。墓碑雕刻行业协会 Zenyuseki

的山崎亚子(Yamazaki Masako)说道“墓地是个沟通的好地方”
。

 spirit 灵魂(the part of someone that you cannot see, that consists of the qualities that make up their

character, which many people believe continues to live after the person has died) •Although Laurie

is dead, I can feel his spirit with me.劳里虽然已经死了，但我还能感觉到他的灵魂和我在一起。

 fallen 死亡的，阵亡的【同义表达】deceased 死去了的;已死的;亡故的【搭配】the deceased 死者，

已故之人〔尤指最近去世的人〕(someone who has died, especially recently)•The deceased left a

large sum of money to his children.死者留给子女一大笔钱。

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微博【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精讲 12-p32】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

 obon 盂兰盆节，是日本一年一度的传统节日，为了缅怀逝者，我们看下英文介绍 The Obon festival

is a Japanese holiday held every year. It is a commemoration and a day of remembering all deceased

ancestors. According to Japanese Tradition, during the Obon festival, the spirits of deceased people

return to our world in order to visit their loved ones.逝去亲人的灵魂会回到人世间来看看他们所爱的

人。

 living 活的，活着的(alive now)•He's one of the greatest living composers.他是仍然健在的最伟大的

作曲家之一。the living 活着的人。

 offering of(某物的)提供，offerings of food and drink 食物和饮料的提供

 altar 祭坛，圣坛(a holy table or surface used in religious ceremonies)•He placed the candles on the

altar.他把蜡烛放在祭台上。alt-表示“高”=high，如 altitude 海拔，高度、altimeter 测高仪、exalt 提

升，提拔，赞扬

 collective 集体的; 共同的; 共有的(shared or made by every member of a group or society) •our

collective responsibility for the environment 我们对环境的共同责任，文中的 collective dance 表示集

体舞

 bon odori 盆舞 or Bon dance, is a kind of dance performed during the summer Obon season in

Japan, when it's believed that people's ancestors return to visit the world of the living.

 stream 人流(a continuous flow of things or people)•A steady/constant stream of visitors came to

the house.参观这所房子的人络绎不绝

 cemetery 〔通常不属于某个教堂的〕公墓，墓地(a piece of land, usually not belonging to a church,

in which dead people are buried)

 respect 敬意; 问候(polite greetings)，

【搭配】pay your respects (to sb)请安，拜访•I've come to

pay my respects to Mrs O'Hara.我来向奥哈拉夫人请安【拓展】pay your last respects (to sb) 向

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微博【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精讲 12-p32】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

(某人)告别，参加(某人的)丧礼(to go to someone's funeral)

 grave 坟墓，墓穴(the place in the ground where a dead body is buried)【同义词】tomb

 tombstone 墓石，墓碑(a stone that is put on a grave and shows the dead person's name, dates of

birth and death)【同义词】gravestone

 carver 雕刻师，雕工; 雕刻者(someone who carves wood or stone)

【paragraph 2】

This year covid-19 has upset the routine. Japan’s viral caseload is relatively small, with just 1,148 total

deaths, roughly America’s daily average. But a recent rise in infections, especially in big cities such as

Tokyo and Osaka, has spread the jitters. Citizens have been discouraged from travelling home and

festivals have been cancelled. Family reunions have been held online to protect vulnerable elderly

relatives.

今年的新冠疫情打破了这一传统(惯例)。日本感染此病毒的病例数相对较少，死亡总数仅为 1,148 例，大致

相当于美国日均的死亡水平。然而最近的感染病例数不断增加，民众的恐慌情绪不断扩散，尤其是在东京

和大阪这样的大城市中。纪念活动被取消了，市民也被阻止回家。家庭团聚活动在网上进行，来保护那些

情感上脆弱的年长亲属。

 upset 打乱，搅乱〔计划、形势等〕(to change a plan or situation in a way that causes problems) •

The chemicals upset the balance of the environment.这些化学品破坏了环境的平衡。相当于 break，

break the balance，break the plan

 routine 惯例，常规; 例行公事(the usual order in which you do things, or the things you regularly do)

•John's departure had upset their daily routine .约翰的离去打乱了他们的日常生活。

 viral 病毒(性)的，病毒引起的(relating to or caused by a virus)•a viral infection 病毒感染【搭配】go

viral 风靡网络，疯狂传播(像病毒一样快速传播)•The video of his ceremony went viral.他的毕业典礼

视频在网上疯传。

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微博【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精讲 12-p32】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

 caseload 〔医生的〕病例数; 〔社会工作者的〕个案数(the number of people a doctor, social worker

etc has to deal with) •Social workers say the average caseload is 32 families per employee.社工说

他们的每位工作人员所处理的平均个案总数是 32 个家庭。

 jitters 〔尤指重要事情发生前的〕紧张不安(a nervous, worried feeling, especially before an important

event) •The jitters are worst in the capital, where 61% of people are fearful of a terrorist attack.紧张

不安的情绪在首都最为严重，有 61% 的人很害怕发生恐怖袭击。

【复习】jittery eyes 焦灼、紧张的

眼神【乔治·弗洛伊德的讣告】

 discourage 阻止，防止 (to make something less likely to happen) •Aspirin may discourage tumour

growth in some types of cancer.阿司匹林也许能遏制某些癌症肿瘤的生长。

【用法】discourage sb from

doing sth 相当于 prevent【复习】impede，obstruct，hinder，hamper

 reunion 团圆，团聚(when people are brought together again after a period of being separated) •

Joseph's eventual reunion with his brother 约瑟夫和他兄弟最终的团聚

【paragraph 3】

Failure to visit grave-sites creates “a different type of stress—different from not being able to travel”,

laments Ms Yamazaki. To help relieve the pain of missing those obligations to the past, her association

turned to futuristic technology. For ¥25,000 ($236) it will produce a virtual-reality experience to let you visit

a grave from the comfort of your home. “You can see it from all directions, 360 degrees,” boasts Ms

Yamazaki. “It’s like you’re actually there.”

山崎女士悲叹道，不能参观墓地会产生一种压力，这种压力与无法出门旅行不同。为了减轻对过去的怀念

所带来的痛苦，她的协会转向了充满未来感的技术。只要 2.5 万元 (236 美元？？)，它就能让你在家中舒

舒服服地去坟墓里探访，制造出一种虚拟现实的体验。山崎女士夸口说，你可以 360°从各个方向观看它，

就像你真的在那里一样。

 lament 抱怨(to express annoyance or disappointment about something you think is unsatisfactory

or unfair) •She lamented the fact that manufacturers did not produce small packs for single-person

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微博【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精讲 12-p32】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

households.她抱怨厂商没有生产供单人家庭使用的小包装。
【同义表达】complain，grumble，moan，

moan and groan (为…)悲痛，哀悼; 痛惜; 悲叹(to express feelings of great sadness about

something)•The nation lamented the death of its great war leader.该国在哀悼这位伟大的战争领袖

之死。

 relieve 减轻，缓解〔疼痛或不快的感觉〕(to reduce someone's pain or unpleasant feelings)•Drugs

helped to relieve the pain.药物帮助舒缓疼痛。

【同义词】alleviate, mitigate；对应的名词为 relief,

relief package 救助计划，救助方案。

 obligation 〔道义或法律上的〕义务，职责，责任(a moral or legal duty to do something)【搭配】

moral / legal / social obligation 道德/法律/社会义务；a sense of obligation 责任感，可以代替

responsibility；be under an obligation (to do sth)负有(做某事)的责任；be under no obligation(to

do sth)没有(做某事)的责任。
•I am under no obligation to tell you my name.我没有义务告诉你我的名

字。

 futuristic 未来派的; 合于未来的; 极新潮的(something which is futuristic looks unusual and modern,

as if it belongs in the future instead of the present) •The futuristic sports stadium is the pride of the

city.这座超现代的体育场是该市的骄傲。

【paragraph 4】

Others have hired proxies to visit the dead on their behalf. With Japan’s population ageing and urbanising,

online graveyard visits and tombstone-cleaning services were already doing brisk business. Goendo, one

such firm, says inquiries and website traffic have doubled this year. Its agents can be hired to weed, pick

up rubbish, wash tombstones, arrange flowers and light incense sticks—then live-stream it all for families

by video-chat. Kurashi no Market, an online services marketplace, reported that demand for grave visits

in this year’s obon had nearly tripled. Reviewers have raved. “I was so relieved to see the image of a

beautifully cleaned grave with flowers,” wrote a client who had fretted about not being able to visit in the

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微博【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精讲 12-p32】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

flesh.

其他人则雇佣代理人替他们探访逝者。随着日本人口老龄化和城市化的不断加剧，在线墓地参观及墓碑清

理服务生意火爆。一家提供此类服务的公司 Goendo 称，今年相关业务的咨询和网站访问量都翻了一番。

代理人的业务范围涉及除草、捡垃圾、清洗墓碑、布置鲜花及点香，然后通过视频聊天的方式为家庭直播

这些工作。在线服务市场 Kurashi no Market 报告称，今年盂兰盆节的墓地探访的需求增长了近两倍。评论

者大对此类服务加赞赏，一名曾担心无法亲自探访的顾客评论到：
“能看到漂亮洁净的墓碑上摆满鲜花，特

别令人欣慰”
。

 proxy (由个人委托的)代理人，代表(someone who you choose to represent you, especially to vote

for you) •You may appoint a proxy to vote for you.你可以委托他人代你投票。

【同义词】deputy，

agent

 on one’s behalf 就相当于 on behalf of somebody 代表某人(instead of someone, or as their

representative)•She asked the doctor to speak to her parents on her behalf.她请医生代她同她父母

谈谈。

 urbanise 城镇化，都市化(to build houses, offices, etc. in an area of countryside so that it becomes

a town) •Japan is a highly urbanized country.日本是一个高度城镇化的国家

 graveyard〔常挨近教堂的〕墓地，坟场(an area of ground where people are buried, often next to a

church)

 brisk 〔生意〕兴隆的，红火的(trade or business that is brisk is very busy, with a lot of products being

sold)•The public bar was already doing a brisk trade .酒吧里生意已经很红火了。

 inquiry 询问，打听(a question you ask in order to get information)•I don’t know who sent the gift,

but I’ll make some inquiries.我不知道礼物是谁送的，但我会打听一下。

 website traffic 网站流量，是指一个网站上提供、或是接收到的数据量(不过不包含机器人所产生的

流量)，流量大小往往是该网页有多少商业价值的关键所在。

 weed noun 野草，杂草，莠草(a wild plant growing where it is not wanted that prevents crops or

garden flowers from growing properly) verb(给…)除去杂草(to remove unwanted plants from a garden

or other place)【短语】weed out 除去，淘汰〔不合格的人或物〕(to get rid of people or things that

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are not very good)•The research will help governments to weed out ineffective aid schemes.这项研

究将会帮助政府废除无效的援助计划。

 incense 〔燃烧时发出怡人香味的〕香(a substance that has a pleasant smell when you burn it)••

lighted incense sticks 点燃的棒香

 live-stream 直播(a broadcast of the video and sound of an event over the internet as it happens)，

也可以写为 live stream 和 livestream •I watched the Oscars ceremony on a live stream.我看了奥斯

卡颁奖礼的直播。livestreamer 主播，在微博中分享过央视新闻批评大胃王视频浪费食物的新闻中提

到过。

 video-chat 视频聊天，voice chat 语音聊天

 marketplace 市场〔指涉及营销的种种活动〕(the part of business activity that is concerned with

buying and selling goods in competition with other companies)•Some retailers worry that new

regulations will hurt their ability to compete in the marketplace.一些零售商担心新的规定会损害他们

的市场竞争力。

 rave verb 极力夸奖某事物，对某事物赞不绝口(to talk about something you enjoy or admire in an

excited way)【短语】rave about/over something •The customers were raving over our homemade

chili.顾客对我们自制的辣椒粉赞不绝口。noun 狂欢晚会(a big event where people dance to loud

music with a strong beat and often take drugs) •an all-night rave 通宵狂欢晚会 〔对新剧、新书等

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的〕吹捧，好评(strong praise for a new play, book etc) •The play got raves from the critics.这部戏

【拓展】tout 赞扬；吹捧(verb)•Nell is being touted as the next big thing

得到了评论家的热情褒扬。

in Hollywood.内尔被捧为好莱坞的明日之星；superlative 赞美之词，称赞(noun)•an actress who

deserves superlatives 一位理应享有盛誉的女演员。

 relieved 宽慰的，不再忧虑的(feeling happy because you are no longer worried about something)

【搭配】relieved to see/hear/know something •His mother was relieved to see him happy again.

看到他又高兴起来，他妈妈放心了。

 client 客户，客人，顾客(someone who gets services or advice from a professional person, company,

or organization) •The company needs to focus on its biggest clients.公司需要把注意力集中在最大

的那些客户身上。

 fret 〔尤指不必要地〕烦恼，发愁(to worry about something, especially when there is no need)【短

语】fret about/over sth •She’s always fretting about the children.她老是为孩子发愁。

 flesh〔人或动物的〕肉(the soft part of the body of a person or animal that is between the skin and

the bones)•a freshwater fish with firm white flesh 一种肉色雪白、肉质紧实的淡水鱼。

【搭配】 in the

flesh 本人，活生生地(if you see someone in the flesh, you see someone who you previously had

only seen in pictures, films etc)•He looked much shorter in the flesh than on television.他本人看上

去要比在电视上矮得多；your own flesh and blood 亲人，亲骨肉(someone who is part of your family)

•How can he treat his own flesh and blood that way?他怎么能那样对待自己的至亲骨肉？

【paragraph 5】

Obon came to Japan via China along with Buddhism. The word is thought to derive from the Sanskrit

ullambana(deliverance from suffering). First practised in Japan in the seventh century, the custom fused

with local folk traditions. “At another tap of the drum, there begins a performance impossible to picture in

words, something unimaginable, phantasmal—a dance, an astonishment,” wrote Lafcadio Hearn, a 19th-

century chronicler of Japan, who was in awe of a bon odori. “All together glide the right foot forward one

pace, without lifting the sandal from the ground, and extend both hands to the right, with a strange floating

motion and a smiling, mysterious obeisance.” Today’s live-streamed moves might seem equally.

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盂兰盆节随佛教经中国传入日本。这个词被认为是从梵文的 ullambana(从痛苦中解脱出来)衍生而来。这一

习俗于 7 世纪在日本首次出现，并与当地民间传统相融合。对盆舞心生敬畏的十九世纪日本编年史家福卡

蒂奥·赫恩写道：
“鼓又敲了一下，一场无法用言语形容的表演开始了，这是一种难以想象的、虚幻的、令人

惊异的舞蹈，所有参演者的右脚向前滑动一步，凉鞋仍贴在地上，并向右伸出双手做出奇怪的漂浮动作，

微笑着，充满神秘感。
”如今的盆舞直播似乎也是这样的。

 Buddhism 佛教(a religion of east and central Asia, based on the teaching of Gautama Buddha)

 derive 源自，源于(to develop or come from something else) 【短语】derive from •This word is

derived from Latin.该词源自拉丁语。

 Sanskrit 梵文，梵语〔印度古代的语言〕(an ancient language of India)

 deliverance 拯救，解救(the state of being saved from harm or danger)•The oppressed long for

deliverance and liberation.被压迫人民盼望着翻身得解放。

 practise 实行，奉行(to use a particular method or custom)•a technique not widely practised in

Europe 在欧洲并未得到应用的工艺

 fuse (使)〔特质、思想等〕结合，融合(to combine different qualities, ideas, or things, or to be combined)

【短语】fuse (something) with something •Leonard takes Carver-style dirty realism and fuses it

with the pace of a detective story.伦纳德取用了卡弗风格的肮脏现实主义，并将它与侦探小说的节奏

结合起来。

 tap 〔尤指为了引起某人注意〕轻轻敲击，轻叩，轻拍( an act of hitting something lightly, especially

to get someone’s attention) •She felt a tap on her shoulder.她觉得有人轻轻拍了拍她的肩膀。

 picture 描绘，描述(to describe something in a particular way)•The book pictured the world of the

future.这本书生动地描写了未来世界。此外，picture 作为名词还可以表示电影，the pictures 统指“电

影”，比较下面两句：He likes pictures.(他喜欢图画) He likes the pictures.(他喜欢电影)有时也指“电

。例如：It was very stuffy in the pictures.影院通风非常不好。

影院” 【熟词僻义】

 phantasmal 我们先来看下名词 phantasm 幻象；幻影；幻觉(something that exists only in your

imagination) • Every phantasm of a hope was quickly nullified. 希 望 的 所 有 幻 景 很 快 破 灭 了 。

phantasmal 表示幻影的， 幽灵一样的•The springs roil the waters they flow into in a phantasmal

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slipstream.泉水涌动着死海的水，形成一种幻影般的水流效果。【拓展】phantom 鬼魂，幽灵(the

image of a dead person or strange thing that someone thinks they see)；幻象；幻影；幻觉

(something that exists only in your imagination)

大疆 DJI UAV Phantom 精灵

 chronicler 编年史家，年代史编者，chronicle 编年史，年代记(a written record of a series of events,

especially historical events, written in the order in which they happened) •a chronicle of his life

during the war years 他在战争年代的生活记事

 awe 崇敬，赞叹(a feeling of great respect and liking for someone or something) •He felt great awe

for the landscape.景色令他赞叹不已。

【搭配】be/stand in awe of somebody 对某人非常崇敬[敬畏]

•All of the neighbours were a little in awe of my mother.邻居对我母亲都有点敬畏。

 sandal 凉鞋(a light shoe that is fastened onto your foot by bands of leather or cloth, and is worn in

warm weather)注意与 scandal(丑闻)相区分

 obeisance 颔首行礼，鞠躬示意(respect and obedience to someone or something, often shown by

bending your head or the upper part of your bod) 【 搭 配 】 make/pay obeisance (to

somebody/something) •They made obeisance to the sultan.他们向苏丹鞠躬行礼。

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Japanese politics 日本政治

After Abe 后安倍政权

TOKYO 东京

Concerns about the prime minister’s health fuel speculation

about the succession
民众对首相安倍健康状况的担忧引发了对其继任问题的猜测

公众号后台回复【0829】获取本期的经济学人 PDF，回复【0829 笔记】 获取本期的精读笔记~获取笔记

前记得给我三连哟~感谢支持~

 fuel 使恶化; 使更强烈；激起；引发(to make something, especially something bad, increase or

become stronger) •His words fuelled her anger still more.他的话火上浇油，使她更愤怒了。【搭配】

fuel speculation / rumours / controversy 加深了猜测/流言/讨论 •Progress was slow, fueling

concerns that the stadium would not be finished on time.进度很慢，加深了人们对体育馆能否按时完

【写作推荐】Concerns about something cause furious controversy among somebody 可

工的担忧。

以用 fuel 代替其中的 cause，关于某一主题的担忧引起了激烈的讨论。

 speculation 猜测，推测(when you guess about the possible causes or effects of something without

knowing all the facts, or the guesses that you make)【搭配】fuel speculation 引发猜测；dismiss

speculation 打消猜测；indulge in speculation 肆意猜测；wild/idle speculation 胡乱猜测

 succession 接替，继承，继任; 继承权(the act of taking over an official job or position, or the right

to be the next to take it) •If the prince dies, the succession passes to his son.王子如果去世，就由他

【搭配】succession plan 继任计划 •As part of the deal a committee has been tasked
的儿子继承。

with evaluating a " succession plan" for Mr Dorsey.作为协议的一部分，一个委员会被赋予了评估多

尔西“继任计划”的任务。 连续不断; 一个接一个(happening one after the other without anything

different happening in between) •She won the championship four times in succession.她连续四次夺

得冠军。in succession 放在数字后面表示“连续”。

【拓展】accede 可以表示即位，开始任职，登上(王

位)

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【paragraph 1】

FOR ABE SHINZO August 24th was supposed to be a celebration. It was his 2,799th straight day as

Japan’s prime minister, making him the longest-serving in the country’s history, surpassing a record set

by his great-uncle, Sato Eisaku. Instead, Mr Abe spent the afternoon at Keio University Hospital in Tokyo

undergoing medical checks and denying reports that he was about to step down.

对安倍晋三来说，8 月 24 日本该是一个值得庆祝的日子，这是他连续第 2799 天担任日本首相，这一数字

让他成为日本历史上任职时间最长的人，超过了他的叔祖父佐藤荣作所创下的记录。然而，安倍整个下午

都在东京庆应大学附属医院接受医疗检查，并否认了有关他即将下台的报道。

 straight 一个接一个的，连续的(happening immediately one after another in a series) 【搭配】

straight win 连胜；straight day 连续…天，放在数字后面 •The team now has an amazing record

of 43 straight wins.这个队现在保持了 43 场连胜的惊人纪录 •In northeastern Illinois, the floods

follow 5 straight days of heavy rain.伊利诺斯州的东北部在经历了连续 5 天的暴雨后，又遭遇了洪水

【打包记忆】数字 num+straight day/in succession 表示连续的几天。此例句就可以改

【熟词僻义】

写为•In northeastern Illinois, the floods follow 5 days of heavy rain in succession.

 undergo 经历，经受，遭受(if you undergo a change, an unpleasant experience etc, it happens to

you or is done to you)【搭配】undergo training 接受培训；undergo major surgery 经历一场大手

术；undergo trials 接受试验；undergo a transformation 接受转变

 step down 辞职；退位，下台 •Jacob Zuma will step down as South Africa’s president.雅各布·祖玛

即将卸任南非总统一职。

【paragraph 2】

Ill health has long dogged Mr Abe. His first stint as prime minister came to an abrupt end in 2007, after a

turbulent year marred by, among other things, a flare-up of ulcerative colitis, a chronic intestinal disease.

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A new drug has helped Mr Abe manage the symptoms since he took up the job again in 2012. Yet as he

has receded from public view in recent months, rumours about his health have proliferated. Japanese

media have taken to analysing footage of his gait to see if it has slowed. It now takes him 21 seconds to

walk down the corridor outside his office, compared with 18 seconds in April, reports TBS, a television

station. The visit to the hospital on the 24th was his second in as many weeks. On August 28th Mr Abe

plans a press conference to clarify the state of his health.

长期以来，糟糕的身体状态一直困扰着安倍。在经历了动荡的一年后，他首次首相任期因一种慢性肠道疾

病—溃疡性结肠炎的再次复发于 2007 年戛然而止。安倍与 2012 年再次出任首相，他靠一种新型药物控制

住了病情。然而他最近几个月淡出公众的视线，关于他健康情况的流言流传开来。日本媒体已经开始分析

其步态的视频看看是否有变缓的趋势。日本电台 TBS 报道：“四月份，安倍走完办公室外走廊所需的时间

为 18 秒，而现在这一数字是 21 秒”
。24 日的医院检查是他近几周内的第二次。8 月 28 日，安倍先生计划

召开新闻发布会来澄清其身体健康状况。

 dog〔问题或噩运〕长期困扰，紧随〔某人〕(if a problem or bad luck dogs you, it causes trouble for

a long time)•He has been dogged by injury all season.他整个赛季不断受伤。

【同义表达】be plagued

by/ be beset by/ be afflicted by/ be dogged by 受到…困扰。

【写作推荐】In-class education came

to a halt in China due to the long-lasting Covid-19 pandemic. Since then, schools in China have

turned to online classes, which results in youngsters being dogged by severe short-sighted.

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 stint 固定〔做某项工作或活动的〕时期(a period of time spent doing a particular job or activity) •

Mark did a two-year stint in the army.马克服过两年的兵役。

•his stint as chairman 他的主席任期

 turbulent 骚乱的，动乱的(a turbulent situation or period of time is one in which there are a lot of

sudden changes) •He has had a turbulent political career.他的政治生涯动荡不定。

 mar 玷污，损坏，毁坏(to make something less attractive or enjoyable) •Their wedding was marred

by the death of Jenny's mother a week earlier.一周之前珍妮母亲的死使婚礼蒙上了一层阴影。

 flare-up 〔疾病的〕突然复发(a situation in which someone suddenly has problems because of a

disease or illness after not having any problems for a long time) •a flare-up of her arthritis 她关节炎

的突然复发。〔强烈的情感〕突然爆发•Rioting has flared up in several towns.有几个小镇爆发了骚

乱。

 ulcerative 溃 疡 性 的 • An auto immune condition, scene and asthma, and a disease called

ulcerative colitis.

 colitis 结肠炎(an illness in which part of your colon swells, causing pain)，原文的 ulcerative colitis

表示溃疡性结肠炎【拓展】-itis 〔身体某部分的〕炎症(an illness or infection that effects a particular

part of your body)·tonsillitis 扁桃体炎；bronchitis 支气管炎；colitis 结肠炎；laryngitis 喉炎；

neuritis 神经炎；vacationitis 假日病；还可以表示“…癖”(the condition of having too much of

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something or liking something too much) · televisionitis=watching too much television=binge

watching 疯狂刷剧

 chronic 〔疾病〕慢性的，长期的(a chronic disease or illness is one that continues for a long time

and cannot be cured) •chronic heart disease 慢性心脏病。

【反义词】acute 急性的

 intestinal 肠的，intestine 名词，表示“肠”

，·large intestine 大肠 ·small intestine 小肠

 take up 开始从事(一项事业、一种职业等) ·He took up writing after graduation.毕业后他开始从事

写作。

 recede 〔景物、声音〕逐渐远去(以至消失)(if something you can see or hear recedes, it gets further

and further away until it disappears)·receded from public view 从大众的视线中消失。〔头发〕从

前额往后脱落(if your hair recedes, you gradually lose the hair at the front of your head)•He was in

his mid-forties, with a receding hairline .他四十五六岁，发际往后移。receding hairline 发际线后移；

receding chin 后缩的下巴

 rumour 谣言；传闻·Wild rumors were going around the office.恶语在办公室传播着

 proliferate 激增，扩散(if something proliferates, it increases quickly and spreads to many different

places)·proliferated ideas 层出不穷的想法·Influenza proliferated throughout the country.流感在全

【复习】go viral
国蔓延。

 take to 开始从事(某种职业、业务等)·Our factory has taken to making children's boots.我们厂开始

生产童靴。take to doing something 开始从事某事，开始做某事。

 footage〔展示某一事件的〕影片，影片片段(cinema film showing a particular event)•old footage from

the First World War 第一次世界大战的一组老镜头。

 gait 步态，步伐(the way someone walks)•a slow shuffling gait 拖着脚慢吞吞行走的步子

 corridor 通道; 走廊(a long narrow passage on a train or between rooms in a building, with doors

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leading off it)•She hurried down the corridor.她沿着走廊匆匆而去。

 press conference 新闻发布会，the press 表示新闻界，press 单独可以表示新闻报道，舆论

 clarify 澄清，讲清楚，阐明(to make something clearer or easier to understand)•Could you clarify

one or two points for me?有一两个地方你能给我讲讲清楚吗？

 state of his health 他的健康情况

【paragraph 3】

Aides admit that the stress of leading the country through the pandemic has taken a toll on Mr Abe, but

they balk at the idea that he is too ill to carry on. His third and, by the party’s regulations, final term as

leader of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) lasts until September next year. A general election is

due around the same time. On August 26th Suga Yoshihide, the chief cabinet secretary, declared that it

was “premature to talk about ‘post-Abe’”. Nonetheless, the prime minister’s perceived frailty has fuelled

exactly that kind of talk. Within the LDP, “many are sniffing blood,” says one of Mr Abe’s advisers.

安倍的助理们承认，领导日本应对疫情带来的压力对安倍的健康造成了影响，但他们对安倍病态严重以致

无法继续任职的想法表示反对。根据执政党的规定，他的第三届也是最后一次担任日本自由民主党(自民党)

领导人的任期将持续到明年 9 月。大选也将大约在同一时间举行。8 月 26 日内阁官房长官菅义伟宣布，现

在谈论安倍下台还为时过早。尽管如此，民众眼中首相的脆弱却恰恰助长了这种言论。安备先生的一位顾

问表示：
“在自由民主党内部，许多人都嗅到了血腥味”
。

 aide 〔尤指政治家的〕助手，助理(someone whose job is to help someone who has an important

job, especially a politician) •a presidential aide 一位总统助理

 have a toll on sth/sb 对 sb/sth 造成严重的不良影响 •Years of smoking have taken their toll on his

health.多年的吸烟习惯已对他的健康造成了严重的影响。
【复习】在跟着外刊学写作中提到过。

 balk 畏缩不前，犹豫(to not want to do or try something, because it seems difficult, unpleasant, or

frightening) •Westerners balk at the prospect of snake on the menu.看到菜单上有蛇的菜肴，西方

人就会犹豫回避。后面的介词为 at

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 term 〔某人做某事或某事发生的〕时期，期限; 任期(a fixed period of time during which someone

does something or something happens) 【搭配】term in office 任期 •It was always clear that

Schmidt's third term in office would prove a difficult one.施密特的第三届任期将充满艰难险阻，这一

点一直是很清楚的。文中的 final term 最后一届任期

 rule 统治; 管辖; 治理(to have the official power to control a country and the people who live there)

•African tribal societies were traditionally ruled by a council of elders.非洲部落社会传统上由长老会

统治。

 general election 大选，普选(an election in which all the people in a country who can vote elect a

government)·a landslide general election victory 压倒性的普选胜利

 due 预期的(expected to happen or arrive at a particular time) •The final results of the experiment

are due on December 9.试验的最终结果预计在 12 月 9 日出来。

 cabinet 内阁(the politicians with important positions in a government who meet to make decisions

or advise the leader of the government) •a cabinet meeting 内阁会议；还可以表示陈列柜(a piece

of furniture with doors and shelves or drawers, used for storing or showing things)•the medicine

cabinet 药柜。

 Chief Cabinet Secretary 内阁官房长官

 perceive 察觉，注意到，发觉(to notice, see, or recognize something)·The students perceived that

his behavior had changed.同学们发觉他的行为有些变化。

 frailty 脆弱，虚弱(the lack of strength or health) •the frailty of her thin body 她瘦弱的身体。
【同义

词】weakness 〔性格上的〕弱点，缺点(something bad or weak in your character) •human frailties

【同义词】frailty，weakness，weak spot
人性的弱点。

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 sniff 嗅，闻(to breathe air in through your nose in order to smell something) •He opened the milk

and sniffed it.他打开牛奶闻了一闻。文中“sniffing blood”嗅到血腥味，我个人的理解是日本自由民

主党派因为安倍的身体原因都在为下一届首相的竞选摩拳擦掌，跃跃欲试。

【paragraph 4】

The succession could play out in three ways. If Mr Abe is hospitalised or temporarily incapacitated, the

deputy prime minister, Aso Taro, would become the interim leader. Mr Abe could step down early, allowing

the LDP to elect a replacement to complete the duration of his current term. The party’s rules allow an

emergency election at a meeting of its MPS, bypassing the normal party-wide vote. Or Mr Abe could stay

on until the end of his term, reshuffling his cabinet or even calling an election to reassert control.

继任事宜可能以三种方式进行。如果安倍住院或暂时丧失工作能力，副首相麻生太郎将担任临时领导人。

安倍可以提前下台，让自民党选出接替他的人来完成他目前的任期。根据该党的规定，允许在国会议员会

议上进行紧急选举，而不需要传统的的全党投票。或者，安倍也可以留任至任期结束，重组内阁，甚至举

行选举以重新获得控制权。

 hospitalise 住院，留医(if someone is hospitalized, they are taken into a hospital for treatment)，是

及物动词，经常用作被动·She should be hospitalized for a period of time.她得住院治疗一个时期。

 incapacitate 使无能力〔正常生活和工作〕(to make you too ill or weak to live and work normally)

•Her mother has been incapacitated by a fall.她母亲摔了一跤后，失去了正常生活能力。使〔系统、

设备等〕停止正常工作，使瘫痪(to stop a system, piece of equipment etc from working properly) •A

successful attack would incapacitate military training camps.成功的攻击能使军事训练营陷入瘫痪。

 deputy 代理人，副手，副职(someone who is directly below another person in rank, and who is

officially in charge when that person is not there)•He was appointed deputy head of the school.他获

委任为副校长。
【复习】proxy，agent

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 interim 过渡期间的; 临时的(intended to be used or accepted for a short time only, until something

or someone final can be made or found)•An interim government was established.建立了一个临时政

【搭配】interim period 过渡期间·The value of the property almost doubled during the interim
府。

period.在过渡期间，房产的价值几乎翻了一倍。
【短语】in the interim 在此期间=meanwhile•The child

will be adopted but a relative is looking after him in the interim.孩子将由人领养，但现在这段时间暂

由一名亲属照管。

 MPS 是多位 Member of Parliament 议员的缩写(someone who has been elected to a parliament to

represent people from a particular area of the country)

 bypass 绕过〔规定、制度或某个官员〕(to avoid obeying a rule, system, or someone in an official

position) •Francis bypassed his manager and wrote straight to the director.弗朗西斯绕过他的经理，

直接写信给董事。
、

 reshuffle 〔机构，尤指政府的〕人事调整，改组(when the jobs of people who work in an organization

are changed around, especially in a government)•a Cabinet reshuffle 内阁重组

 reassert 重申权威/权力/控制权(to do or say something to make your position stronger after a period

when it seemed weak)【搭配】reassert your authority / power / control 重申权威/权力/控制权 •

The Prime Minister aimed to reassert his authority.首相意在重申他的权威

【paragraph 5】

Mr Abe’s stamina is just one of many uncertainties. Two opposition parties, the Constitutional Democratic

Party and the Democratic Party for the People, announced a merger earlier this month. Their support

remains too shallow to challenge the LDP’s hold on power, but the LDP might favour an early election to

deprive them of the chance to organise and make their mark. The Tokyo Olympic Games remain in limbo

because of covid-19. Mr Abe seems to have thought of them as his swansong— but they may not happen

at all.

安倍的身体状况能继续坚持多久只是诸多不确定因素之一。两个反对党，宪法民主党和人民民主党，本月

早些时候宣布合并。他们的支持率仍然很低，不足以挑战自民党的执政地位。但自民党可能会倾向于提前

举行选举，以剥夺他们组织和发挥影响力的机会。由于 covid-19 疫情影响，东京奥运会的举办仍处于不确

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定的状态。安倍似乎认为这是他的绝唱，但这可能根本不会发生。

 stamina 持久力，耐力，毅力(physical or mental strength that lets you continue doing something for

a long time without getting tired)•You need stamina to be a long-distance runner.当长跑运动员需要

耐力。

 merger 〔公司、组织的〕合并(the joining together of two or more companies or organizations to

form one larger one)•There has been a lot of talk about a merger with another leading bank.人们纷

纷传言要和另一家大银行合并。

 shallow 肤浅的，浅薄的〔含贬义〕(not interested in or not showing any understanding of important

or serious matters – used to show disapproval)•If he's only interested in your looks, that shows how

shallow he is.如果他只是对你的外貌感兴趣，那说明他是多么浅薄。

 favour 较喜欢(to prefer someone or something to other things or people, especially when there are

several to choose from) •Both countries seem to favour the agreement.两个国家似乎都更倾向于这

份协议。

 deprive 剥夺(to prevent someone from having something, especially something that they need or

should have)【短语】deprive sb of sth 剥夺某人某物 •A lot of these children have been deprived

of a normal home life.这些孩子中有许多被剥夺了正常的家庭生活。

 make one’s mark 出人头地，出名；做出成绩(to reach a desired level of accomplishment)·They

made their mark on the scientific world with a groundbreaking discovery.他们在科学界做出了突破性

的发现。产生影响，发挥影响(If something makes its mark or makes a mark, it starts to be noticed

or to have an effect)【复习】leave one’s mark on 留下(…的)不可磨灭的痕迹(或印象)；留下深刻的

影响

 limbo 不确定的状态(a situation in which nothing happens or changes for a long period of time, and

it is difficult to make decisions or know what to do, often because you are waiting for something else

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to happen first)•I'm in limbo now until I know whether I've got the job.我现在心中没有着落，要一直

到我知道是否得到那份工作为止。

 swansong 〔艺术家、作家等的〕最后一个作品; 最后一次表演(the last piece of work that an artist

or writer produces, or the last time someone gives a performance)•This concert will be her swansong.

这场音乐会将是她的告别演出。

【paragraph 6】

Then again, if Donald Trump triumphs in November, calls for Mr Abe to stay on might increase, given his

skill at buttering up the mercurial American president. Moreover, covid-19 has sent Japan’s economy into

a tailspin, and Mr Abe’s poll numbers along with it: GDP shrank by a record 7.8% in the second quarter of

this year compared with the first. Approval of Mr Abe’s government sits at 34%, the lowest since the start

of his long second term. He might prefer to try to regain popularity in order to leave his successor on solid

electoral footing—and to have bigger say in choosing that successor, his adviser notes.

考虑到安倍晋三对变化无常的特朗普总统吹嘘拍马的的精湛技巧，如果唐纳德·特朗普(Donald Trump)于

11 月再一次获得大选的胜利，要求他继续任职的呼声可能会增加。此外，covid-19 疫情让日本经济陷入困

境，安倍晋三的民调支持率也是如此：与第一季度相比，今年第二季度 GDP 下降了创纪录的 7.8％。安倍

晋三政府的支持率为 34％，这是他第二任任期开始以来的最低水平。他的顾问指出，他可能更想尝试重新

获得声望，以使其继任者在选举中站稳脚跟，并在选择该继任者时拥有更大的发言权。

 triumph 〔尤指苦战后获得的〕胜利; 成功，成就(an important victory or success after a difficult

struggle)•Winning the championship is a great personal triumph .赢得冠军是伟大的个人成就。杰

出的模范，榜样，杰出的成就(a very successful example of something)•The gallery is a triumph of

design.这个画廊是卓越设计的典范。在经济学人中关于大兴机场的文章中出现过，表示是大兴机场是

【拓展】trump 王牌花色((=one of the four types of cards in a set) chosen to

工程师的以像得意之作。

have a higher value than the other suits in a particular card game)trump card 表示王牌，杀手锏，

绝招•But then he decided to play his trump card (=use his advantage) .不过后来他决定使出他的杀

手锏。trumpet 小号〔一种铜管乐器〕
，动词表示吹嘘，大肆宣扬•They are proudly trumpeting the fact

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that they are creating more jobs.他们大肆宣扬他们创造了更多的工作岗位。

【记忆】trump、triumph、

trumpet 一起记忆

 given 考虑到，鉴于(taking something into account)•Given the circumstances, you've done really

well.鉴于这种情况，你已经算是处理得很好了。或者是 given that

 butter sb up 奉承，讨好(某人) (to say nice things to someone so that they will do what you want)•

Don't think you can butter me up that easily.不要以为你那么容易讨好我。

【同义词】flatter，toady，

如 toadying to the boss 拍老板马屁

 mercurial 〔情绪〕变化无常的，多变的(having feelings that change suddenly and without warning)

•an actor noted for his mercurial temperament 以性情变化无常而出名的一名男演员。【同义词】

capricious •She was as capricious as her mother had been.她和她母亲当初一样反复无常。

 tailspin 陷入恶化的局势中(in or into a bad situation that keeps getting worse in a way that you

cannot control) 【短语】in/into a tailspin •Raising interest rates could send the economy into a

tailspin .提高利率将使经济状况继续恶化。
【总结】in limbo 陷入不确定的状态，in a tailspin 陷入恶化

的局势中，in a dilemma 陷入进退两难的境地

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 sit 位于，坐落在〔某位置〕; 处于〔某状况〕(to be in a particular position or condition)•The house

has sat empty for two years.这幢房子已经两年没人住了。sit 还可以表示参加考试

 successor 继承人; 继任者，接班人(someone who takes a job or position previously held by

someone else)•Sloan will be Barrett's successor as treasurer.斯隆将接替巴雷特担任财务主管。

 solid 可靠的，靠得住的(someone or something that is solid can be depended on or trusted)•The

prosecution in this case has no solid evidence .此案的原告缺乏可靠的证据。

 electoral 选举的，与选举有关的(relating to elections and voting)•Our electoral system strongly

favours two-party government.我们的选举制度极力支持两党轮流执政。

 footing 状况; 基础; 立足处(the conditions or arrangements on which something is based)•He

wanted to put their relationship on a permanent footing.他想把他们的关系长久化。

【搭配】a financial

/ commercial / legal etc footing •The firm started the new year on a stronger financial footing.新

年伊始，公司有了更加雄厚的资金力量。

 bigger say 更大的发言权·China and other countries want a bigger say.中国和其他国家想要更多发

言权。

【paragraph 7】

Kishida Fumio, the LDP’s head of policy, is believed to be Mr Abe’s favourite. Voters see him as competent,

moderate and thoroughly uninspiring. Ishiba Shigeru, a former defence and agriculture minister, staked

out a rare position as an Abe critic. He has broad support among the party’s rank and file, but few backers

among its MPS. (Mr Abe may resign early to avoid a party-wide vote and thus block Mr Ishiba’s rise,

argues Toshikawa Takao, editor of Tokyo Insideline, a political newsletter.) Mr Suga is a master at

managing the bureaucracy, but has little foreign-policy experience. Kono Taro, the current defence

minister, and Motegi Toshimitsu, the foreign minister, both have aspirations for higher office, though their

candidacies are seen as long shots.

日本执政党自民党政策负责人岸田文雄被认为是安倍先生的心仪候选人。选民们认为他能干、温和，而且

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很无趣(?)。日本前国防大臣兼农业大臣石破茂罕见地公开批评安倍, 他在党内普通党员群体中受到广泛支

持，但在国会议员中却鲜有其支持者。政治时事通讯《东京内线》的编辑高川敏夫认为，安倍可能会提前

辞职，以避免全党投票，从而阻碍石先生的升迁。菅义伟是管理官僚机构的能手，但几乎没有外交政策经

验。尽管现任国防大臣河野太郎和外务大臣敏光茂木参选的希望不大，但他们都渴望获得更高的职位。

 head 首脑，首长，领袖，主管人(a leader or person in charge of a group or organization)•You should

discuss the matter with your head of department.你应该和部门主管讨论一下这件事。

【复习】身体部

位代替人，如 brain 智者、hand 从事体力劳动的人、head 领导人

 moderate 不极端的，温和的; 稳健的(having opinions or beliefs, especially about politics, that are

not extreme and that most people consider reasonable)•a moderate politician 温和派政治家

 uninspiring 引不起兴趣的; 不令人振奋的(not at all interesting or exciting)•No one deserved to win

this uninspiring game.谁也不该打赢这场没有意思的比赛。文中的意思是形容政策大臣“为人低调内

敛”
。

 stake out 明确表明〔自己的观点〕，毫不含糊地说明〔自己的立场〕(to state your opinions about

something in a way that shows how your ideas are clearly separate from other people's ideas) •

Johnson staked out the differences between himself and the other candidates.约翰逊明确阐述了自

己与其他候选人之间的分歧。

 rank and file 〔组织中的〕普通成员(the ordinary members of an organization rather than the leaders)

•The rank and file of the party had lost confidence in the leadership.普通党员对领导人失去了信任。

 resign 辞(职)，放弃(工作或职位)(to officially announce that you have decided to leave your job or

an organization) •She resigned from the government last week.她上周辞去了政府部门的工作。

 master 大师; 能手(someone who is very skilled at something)•a master of disguise 伪装高手

 bureaucracy 官僚制度; 官僚作风; 官僚主义(官僚制度; 官僚作风; 官僚主义) •the reduction of

unnecessary bureaucracy 消除不必要的官僚体制。【拓展】red tape 繁琐费时的手续; 繁文缛节

(official rules that seem unnecessary and prevent things from being done quickly and easily)•a

procedure surrounded by bureaucracy and red tape 充斥着官僚作风和繁文缛节的程序。原来以前的

英国官方文件惯例上是用红色布带系成一扎一扎的，就用 red tape 代表繁文缛节，官僚主义。

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 aspiration 强烈愿望; 志向，抱负(a strong desire to have or achieve something) ·He has high

aspirations and wants to improve his qualifications.他志向远大，想提高自身的资历。

 office 〔尤指政府中拥有权力的〕重要职位(an important job or position with power, especially in

government)•the office of President 总统的职位 【搭配】hold office 任职•Trujillo held office as

finance minister.特鲁希略担任财政部长一职。
【熟词僻义】

 candidacy 候选人资格(身份)(the position of being one of the people who are competing in an

election) •He has not yet officially announced his candidacy for the presidential election.他尚未正式

宣布参加总统竞；candidate 候选人，申请者(someone who is being considered for a job or is

competing in an election)•a presidential candidate 总统候选人

 shot 〔尤指做困难的事的〕尝试(an attempt to do something or achieve something, especially

something difficult)，通常用于非正式口语中，如 I’ll give it a shot 我会试试的=try。

【短语】give sth

your best shot 对某事尽自己最大的努力•This case is going to be tough, but I promise I'll give it my

best shot.这个案子很棘手，但我保证会尽力而为。
【复习】不遗余力做某事 spare no effort to do sth,

strain every nerve to do sth, bend over backwards to do sth, give sth your best shot. 【短语】

be a long shot〔在工作招聘、选举或比赛中〕不大可能获胜•Turner is a long shot to win next month's

mayoral election.特纳在下个月的市长大选中获胜希望不大

【paragraph 8】

The differences among them all are more of tone and tactics than of ideology. Finding differences on

policy requires a microscope. Mr Kishida would carry Mr Abe’s flag, though he hails from a more centrist

wing of the LDP, less wedded to Mr Abe’s priorities, such as revising the constitution. Mr Ishiba may favour

more orthodox fiscal and monetary policy, but his room for manoeuvre would be limited after the pandemic.

Mr Suga might devolve more power to local governments. Mr Kono casts himself as a maverick, having

taken stances at odds with the party in opposition to nuclear energy and in favour of allowing the sons of

female royals—or even (gasp!) the female royals themselves—to inherit the throne. Ultimately, the

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decision will come down to personalities and factional arithmetic. “The selection process is not really a

policy choice,” says Sone Yasu nori of Keio University

他们之间的差异更多在语气和战术上，而非意识形态的不同。需要显微镜才能发掘他们在政策提出上的差

异。岸田喜二郎将扛起安倍晋三的大旗，尽管他来自自民党的中间派，但是其对安倍先生的优先政策并不

是那么在意，比如修改宪法。石破茂先生可能会更倾向于正统的财政和货币政策，然而在新冠疫情过后，

实行其策略的空间将会受到限制。菅义伟可能会将更多的权力下放给地方政府。河野太郎先生自称为特例

独行者，他对党派反对核能这一立场持反对态度，并主张女皇室成员的儿子们甚至女皇室成员自己继承王

位。最终，候选人结果将取决于个人和派系间的算计。庆应义塾大学的索尼安里表示，遴选过程并不是真

正的政策选择。

 tone 语气，口气，腔调(the way your voice sounds, which shows how you are feeling or what you

mean) •There was urgency in his tone.他的语气中有一种急切感。

 tactic 手法; 策略(a method that you use to achieve something) •Some players see injuring their

opponent as a legitimate tactic.有些运动员把伤害对手看作是正当的战术。

 ideology 〔政治或经济上的〕思想体系(a set of beliefs on which a political or economic system is

based, or which strongly influence the way people behave) • the ideologies of fascism and

communism 法西斯主义和共产主义的意识形态

 hail 把…称赞为，把…誉为(to describe someone or something as being very good) •Lang's first

film was immediately hailed as a masterpiece.朗格的第一部电影立即就誉为一部杰作。

【短语】hail

from 出生于•And where do you hail from?你在哪里出生？还可以表示叫车，hail a taxi

 centrist 〔政治上的〕中间派的，温和派的(having political beliefs that are not extreme)·The right

and centrist flanks could soon break into open hostilities.右翼和中间派可能很快就会陷入公开敌对的

局面。

 wed 执著于…，坚持…·He weds himself to education.他献身于教育事业.【短语】be wedded to

固执，不肯放弃·to be wedded to conventions 墨守成规

 orthodox 〔观念、方法或行为〕传统的，正统的(orthodox ideas, methods, or behaviour are accepted

by most people to be correct and right)•He challenged the orthodox views on education.他对传统的

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教育观念提出了挑战。

 fiscal (政府)财政的(relating to money, taxes, debts etc that are owned and managed by the

government)•a fiscal crisis 财政危机

 monetary 货币的，金融的(relating to money, especially all the money in a particular country)•the

government's tight monetary policy 政府从紧的货币政策

 manoeuvre 策略，巧计，花招•They tried by diplomatic maneuvers to obtain an agreement.他们利

用了外交手段试图达成协议。

 devolve (将)〔责任、权力等〕下放，转交，委派(if you devolve responsibility, power etc to a person

or group at a lower level, or if it devolves on them, it is given to them) •The federal government has

devolved responsibility for welfare to the states.联邦政府已将供给福利的职责下放给了各州政府。

【记忆】de 向下，volve 旋转

 cast 把〔某人〕描写成，将〔某人〕描述为(to regard or describe someone as a particular type of

person)•Clarke's trying to cast me in the role of villain here.克拉克在这里试图把我说成是恶棍。

【熟

词僻义】代替 describe

 maverick 持不同意见者; 特立独行者(an unusual person who has different ideas and ways of

behaving from other people, and is often very successful)•He's always been a bit of a maverick.他

总是有点特立独行。
【同义词】dissident 持不同政见者

 stance 〔公开表明的〕观点，立场，看法(an opinion that is stated publicly)•The President has adopted

a tough stance on terrorism.总统对恐怖主义采取强硬的立场•What is your stance on environmental

issues?你在环境问题上持什么观点？用 stance 代替 view/opinion

 at odds with 与…争执，意见不一致；与…不和；差异 His comments appear to put at odds with the

Iran's supreme leader G reports.他的言论似乎与伊朗最高领袖相冲突。

用 at odds with 来代替 different

【写作推荐】

 inherit 继承(遗产)(to receive money, property etc from someone after they have died)•He inherited

a fortune from his grandmother.他从祖母那儿继承了一笔财产。

 throne 王位，帝位; 王权，君权(the position and power of being a king or queen)·Elizabeth I came

to the throne in 1558.伊丽莎白一世于 1558 年即位。

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 factional 派别的，宗派的，小集团的。其对应的名词为 faction〔团体中的〕派别，派系，小集团(a

small group of people within a larger group, who have different ideas from the other members, and

who try to get their own ideas accepted)·There are various factions within the party. 该党内部有各

种不同的派别。

 arithmetic 算数，计算结果(the science of numbers involving adding, multiplying etc)I’ve worked out

the price, but I need to check the arithmetic.我已经算出了价钱，但还需要检查一下计算结果。

【paragraph 9】

Whoever replaces Mr Abe will inherit immense problems: gargantuan public debt, a shrinking population

and an economy that has been limping along for decades. But he will also wield great authority. During

his long reign, Mr Abe has centralised decision-making, establishing a national security council and

shifting power away from the bureaucracy. “To navigate a turbulent world, you need a strong prime

minister—that pattern is embedded” says Tobias Harris of Teneo, a consultancy. “The institutional power

will be there for a prime minister who manages to keep the LDP in his grip.” For now, however, the question

is whether Mr Abe himself, not his as-yet-unknown successor, can maintain his grip on the party.

最终无论谁替代安倍，都将接手巨大的问题：如庞大的公共债务、人口负增长问题以及几十年来步履蹒跚

的经济。但他也将拥有巨大的权力。在长期执政期间，安倍将决策集中起来，建立了一个国家安全委员会，

并将权力从官僚机构中转移出去。咨询公司 Teneo 的托拜厄斯•哈里斯说，要在这个动荡的世界中掌舵，你

需要一位强势首相的思想已经根植于政治家的头脑之中。如果首相能成功地将自民党控制在自己手中，那

么他的权力就会存在。然而，目前的问题是，安倍本人，而并非他尚不为人所知的继任者，能否保持对自

民党的控制。

 gargantuan 巨大的，庞大的(extremely large)•gargantuan task 巨大的任务【同义词】enormous，

gigantic，colossal，huge，tremendous

 limp 〔因一腿受伤而〕跛行，一瘸一拐地走(to walk slowly and with difficulty because one leg is hurt

or injured)·Moreno limped off the field with a foot injury.莫雷诺脚受了伤，一瘸一拐地走下了球场。

【短语】limp along〔公司、项目等〕艰难地进展(if a company, project etc limps along, it is not

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successful)•The team is limping along in fifth place.这支球队勉强获得了第五名。

 wield 拿起〔武器或工具〕
，挥动(to hold a weapon or tool that you are going to use)•She had her

car windows smashed by a gang wielding baseball bats.她的车窗被一伙挥舞棒球棒的人砸碎了。

【搭

配】wield power / influence / authority etc 拥有并使用权力/影响/权威等•The Church wields

immense power in Ireland.在爱尔兰，教会操纵着大权。

 reign 领导期; 任期(the period when someone is in charge of an organization, team etc)•during his

reign at the Education Department 他在教育部任领导期间【复习】stint

 embed 深信，强烈感受〔思想、态度、感情等〕(if ideas, attitudes, or feelings etc are embedded,

you believe or feel them very strongly)•Feelings of guilt are deeply embedded in her personality.自

责感在她的性格里是根深蒂固的。

 consultancy 咨 询 公 司 ， 顾 问 公 司 (a company that gives advice on a particular subject) • a

management consultancy 管理咨询公司。consultant 顾问

 grip 紧握，紧抓; 握力(the way you hold something tightly, or your ability to do this)•He released

his grip and stepped back.他放开手往后退去。〔对某人或某事物的〕控制(power and control over

someone or something)•The recession could be avoided if business keeps a firm grip on its costs.

企业如果严格控制成本就可以避免不景气【短语】be in the grip of sth 处于某种困境(to be

experiencing a very unpleasant situation that cannot be controlled or stopped)•a country in the grip

of famine 受饥荒困扰的国家【复习】be beset by/be plagued by/be trouble by/be afflicted by/be

in the grip of sth. 文中的 in his grip 表示在他的掌握之中

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Education reform 教育改革

Testy times 急躁的时代

NANJING 南京

Schools are trying to make pupils’ lives easier. Some parents object
中国的学校正在试图减轻学生的学习压力，然而家长们持反对看法

公众号后台回复【0905】获取本期的经济学人 PDF，回复【0905 笔记】 获取本期的精读笔记~

 testy 不耐烦的; 急躁的(impatient and easily annoyed) •testy remarks 不耐烦的话语，在题目中也

是双关的用法，testy 形似 test 暗含考试的相关内容。

【背景知识】

中国科举博物馆位于南京市秦淮区夫子庙学宫东侧，地处夫子庙秦淮风光带核心区，是中国科举制度中心、

中国科举文化中心和中国科举文物收藏中心。中国科举博物馆由江南贡院改扩建而成，江南贡院是中国古

代最大的科举考场，鼎盛期可接纳 2 万多名考生同时考试，其规模之大、占地之广居中国各省贡院之冠，

创中国古代科举考场之最。博物馆东至平江府路、南至贡院街、西至金陵西路、北至建康路，总占地面积

约 6.63 万平方米。中国科举博物馆主体长 36 米，宽 36 米，高 20 米，整体沉入地下，上部为方形浅水池，

参观者穿过贡院牌坊，与明远楼相对，博物馆如同一面古镜，将明远楼的倒影收入其中。明远楼前的池水

面积刚好 1300 平米，巧妙的用横向的面积寓意纵向的过去 1300 年的科举历史。博物馆从地面下去，一共

4 层 130 米，一米抵十年，刚好再次寓意科举 1300 年的历史。一路而下，到达主馆的路上有很多文字，这

些字的内容是古时候四书五经，是古人要熟读并背诵的内容。科举从开创至清光绪三十一年(1905 年)举行

最后一科进士考试为止(世界上最后一届科举考试结束于 1919 年的越南阮朝)，前后经历一千三百余年。科

举制度的主要考试都是定期的举行的。

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【paragraph 1】

The LARGEST museum commemorating the gruelling examination system China used in imperial days

to select civil servants opened in 2017 in Nanjing. It would not seem an obvious destination for a fun family

outing in the eastern city. As visitors walk into it down a grey ramp—130 metres long to symbolise the

test’s 1,300-year history—a sign tells them they will “experience the hardships of the journey to success”

for those who sat the keju before its abolition in 1905. Bamboo slips affixed to towering walls represent

the “myriad” books that candidates had to read.

中国最大，用于纪念封建时代选拔官吏严苛考试制度的科举博物馆于 2017 年在南京开馆。这里似乎不是

一个东方城市家庭外出游玩的典型目的地。游客们沿着一条 130 米长的灰色斜坡进入地下场馆，130 米这

一数字象征着科举考试制度 1300 年的悠久历史，同时也意味着，在 1905 年科举考试废除之前，那些参加

科举应试者需经历千辛万苦才能一举夺魁。墙上贴着的竹简代表着应试者必须阅读的“海量”书籍。

 gruelling 努力到筋疲力尽，非常累人的(very difficult and tiring) •The cast took a break from their

gruelling schedule.演员们在累人的工作日程中忙里偷闲，休息了一会儿。
【同义词】laborious，

toilsome，effortful，backbreaking，operose，punishing

 imperial 帝国的; 皇帝的(relating to an empire or to the person who rules it) •Britain's imperial

expansion in the 19th century19 世纪英帝国的扩张

 civil servant 公务员; 文职人员(someone employed in the civil service)，因为原文背景是中国古

代，故翻译成官吏。

 down 沿着，顺着(at or to a place that is further along something such as a road or path) •A young

man came hurrying down the street.一个年轻人急匆匆地沿着马路走来。

 ramp 人造斜坡; 坡道(a slope that has been built to connect two places that are at different levels)

•Ramps are needed at exits and entrances for wheelchair users.出入口处要有供坐轮椅者使用的坡

【复习】ramp up sth/ramp sth up 提高，使增加 •Producers can quickly ramp up production.

道。

生产商能够很快地提高产量。beef up 提高，增加，增强，扩大

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 sit 参加〔考试〕(to take an examination) •They were preparing children to sit for the entry examination.

他们正在帮助孩子们准备入学考试。

 abolition 〔法律或制度的〕废除，废止(when a law or a system is officially ended) •the abolition of

the death penalty 死刑的废除

 bamboo slip 竹简，来自于 bamboo and wooden slips 简牍。简牍是古代书写有文本的竹片或木片。

其中竹制的叫竹简或简称简，木制的叫木牍或简称牍，合称简牍(由于竹简的数量较多，有时也通称作

“简”，其实是包含了木牍在内的意义)

 affix 使固定; 粘上，贴上(to fasten or stick something to something else) •A label must be affixed to

all parcels.所有的包裹都必须贴上标签。

 myriad adjective 无数的，不计其数的(very many)•the myriad causes of homelessness 造成无家

可归现象的种种原因 noun 无数，极大数量 a myriad of sth / myriads of sth •We're still studying a

myriad of options.我们仍在研究各种选择方案。可以代替 varied，various

【paragraph 2】

Yet on a recent weekday afternoon, there were as many youngsters filling the museum’s cavernous halls

as there were attentive adults. A mother from the city of Xi’an, hundreds of kilometres inland, had brought

her four-year-old son in order to inspire him. “He likes the dioramas,” she said brightly, “even though he

doesn’t know what an exam is yet.” A coalmine engineer from Ordos, a city in distant Inner Mongolia, was

there with his nine-year-old son whose “fate” he hoped to alter through their visit. “Xiangshi, huishi, dianshi,”

his son piped up, naming three levels of the ancient test that inspired the creation of civil-service exams

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in the West.

然而，在最近一个工作日的下午，如洞穴般的博物馆内到处都是孩子和认真听着科举历史的成年人，他们

的数量大体相当。一位来自内陆城市西安的母亲带着她四岁的儿子来到这里，希望激励他。她愉悦地说道

“他喜欢这些立体模型，尽管他还不知道什么是考试”。一位来自遥远的内蒙古鄂尔多斯市的煤矿工程师带着

他 9 岁的儿子来到了这里，他希望通过这次参观改变儿子的命运。他的儿子突然说道“乡试、会试、殿试”，

这三个词是古代考试的三个等级，正是这三个等级激发了西方国家行政部门的考试。

 cavernous 〔房间、空间或洞〕又大又深的，像大洞穴的(a cavernous room, space, or hole is very

large and deep)•a cavernous dining hall 一个很大的食堂

 attentive 注意听的; 关注的; 注意的，专心的(listening to or watching someone carefully because

you are interested)•an attentive audience 聚精会神的听众

 diorama (博物馆中活动物)标本(或立体模型仿真)展览，模型(A three-dimensional miniature or life-

size scene in which figures, stuffed wildlife, or other objects are arranged in a naturalistic setting

against a painted background)•And I have to make a diorama of a marine ecosystem.还要做一个海

洋生态系统的模型.

 brightly 愉悦地，高兴地(in a way that shows happiness or hope of success)•He smiled brightly.他

很高兴的微笑着

 coalmine 煤矿(a place from which coal is dug out of the ground)

 pipe up 突然说话〔尤指之前一直很安静〕(to suddenly say something, especially when you have

been quiet until then)【拓展】pipe dream 白日梦•In many parts of the country, democratic elections

are simply a pipe dream.在那个国家的很多地区，民主选举只是幻想而已。

【paragraph 3】

In terms of the awe it inspires, the keju has a modern rival: the gaokao, a punishingly hard university-

entrance exam which is taken by over 10m students every year. For those from poor families, a good

score is often their only chance to escape a life toiling on farms or in factories. As a result, Chinese

education has long involved little more than rote learning, aimed purely at the gaokao. Pupils attend late-

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night cram sessions and shoulder twice as much homework as the global average.

就这座科举博物馆所激发出的敬畏而言，科举考试有一个现代对手，那就是高考。这是一项极其艰难的大

学入学考试，每年有超过 1000 万名学生参加。对于那些来自贫困家庭的人来说，一个好分数往往是他们逃

离在农场或工厂辛苦劳作的生活的唯一机会。因此，中国的教育长期以来只是单纯针对高考的死记硬背。

学生参加深夜补习班，承担的家庭作业是全球平均水平的两倍。

 punishingly 困难地; 令人困倦地; 严重地；punishing 是其形容词，困难的; 令人困倦的; 严重的

(difficult, tiring, or extreme)•He set himself a punishing schedule of conferences.他为自己定下了繁

相当于前文中的 gruelling【同义词】
忙的会议日程。 艰难的， 特别辛苦的 laborious，toilsome，
困难的，

effortful，backbreaking，operose，punishing

 toil verb 长时间地苦干，辛苦劳作(to work very hard for a long period of time)•I've been toiling away

at this essay all weekend.我整个周末都在埋头写这篇论文。noun 长时间的辛苦劳作(hard unpleasant

work done over a long period) •a life of toil 辛劳的一生

 rote 死记硬背(when you learn something by repeating it many times, without thinking about it

carefully or without understanding it) •In old-fashioned schools, much learning was by rote .在旧式

【搭配】rote memorization，rote learning 死记硬背

学校里，很多学习都是靠死记硬背。

 cram 〔为考试而〕死记硬背，临时抱佛脚(to prepare yourself for an examination by learning a lot

of information quickly)•I have to cram for my chemistry test tomorrow.我不得不突击准备明天的化学

考 试 。【 拓 展 】 (extracurricular)cram school( 课 外 ) 补 习 班 •There is a tendency for Chinese

elementary school students to reinforce their English in a cram school after regular school hours. 在

中国，小学生多倾向利用课外时间到补习班加强英语能力。文中的 cram session 也是表示补习班

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 shoulder 承担责任/过失/费用/负担(to accept a difficult or unpleasant responsibility, duty)【搭配】

shoulder the responsibility / blame / cost / burden •The residents are being asked to shoulder

the costs of the repairs.居民们被要求承担这笔修理费用。

【paragraph 4】

But the deep reverence for tests expressed by the museum and its visitors is not shared by reformist

educators and some head teachers, who want to downplay them. They have a radical vision—of reducing

study loads, expanding the curriculum and encouraging students to take up hobbies. Nanjing, a former

imperial capital, is the centre of their experiments.

然而，改革主义教育者和一些校长并不认同博物馆和参观者对考试所表达出的深深敬意，他们希望淡化考

试所扮演的角色。他们这些人有着大胆激进的看法—减少学生学业负担，扩展课程并鼓励学生培养兴趣爱

好。南京作为前皇城便是他们开展以上想法实验的中心。

 reverence 尊敬，崇敬(great respect and admiration for someone or something) •reverence for

tradition 对传统的尊重.

 reformist 改良主义者·The parliament has only limited powers, but reformists were nonetheless

cheered.虽然议会权力有限，但对于改革主义者来说，这无疑是一个好消息。

 downplay 使人看轻，对…轻描淡写(to make something seem less important than it really is) •White

House officials attempted to downplay the President's role in the affair.白宫官员试图为总统在这一事

件中的责任开脱。

 radical 激进的; 前卫的(radical ideas are very new and different, and are against what most people

think or believe)·a radical approach to education 有创见的教育方法。重大的; 根本的(a radical

change or difference is very big and important)•a radical reform of the tax system 税收制度的彻底

【拓展】rad 表示 root-根
改革。

 load 〔一个人或一台机器的〕工作量，负荷(the amount of work that a person or machine has to do)

•Hans has a heavy teaching load this semester.这学期汉斯的教学工作量很重。

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【paragraph 5】

In 2016 Nanjing Number One Secondary School, the city’s oldest and among its most competitive, began

to let students borrow points from a “marks bank” to boost a low grade. These are repaid by deducting

points scored in a later test, or earned from good classwork. The aim is to take a bit of pressure off exams.

At the school, teachers and students are encouraged to be “on an equal footing”, an appreciative former

pupil wrote in an online forum. Nanjing Number One has a vibrant student union, a literary society and

other clubs. Its university-acceptance rate this year was 95%, a record for the school.

南京第一中学，作为南京市历史最为悠久且最具竞争力的学校之一于 2016 年开始允许学生从“分数银行”

中借分来提高低分。这些借来的分数从以后的考试分数中扣除，或从优秀的课堂作业中获得。这样做的目

的是为了减轻考试的压力。一位感激的毕业生在一个在线论坛上写道：
“在学校里，老师和学生被鼓励在平

等的基础上”
。南京第一中学有一个充满活力的学生会，一个文学社团和其他俱乐部。该校今年的大学录取

率达到 95%，创下了教育部的最高纪录。

 repay 付还，偿还(to pay back money that you have borrowed) •Your mortgage will be repaid over

25 years.你的按揭贷款要在 25 年内还清。

 deduct 减去，扣除(to take away an amount or part from a total) •The payments will be deducted

from your salary.这些款项将从你的薪水里扣除。

 appreciative 感激的(grateful for something) •We are appreciative of your suggestions.我们很感谢

你的建议。

 vibrant 令人兴奋的; 充满活力的，精力充沛的，活跃的(full of activity or energy in a way that is

exciting and attractive)•Hong Kong is a vibrant, fascinating city.香港是个富有活力的迷人城市。〔颜

色〕明亮的，鲜艳的(a vibrant colour is bright and strong)•a painting full of vibrant reds and blues 满

幅都是鲜亮的红色和蓝色的画。

 society 社团，协会(an organization or club with members who share similar interests, aims etc)•

the university film society 大学电影协会。

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【paragraph 6】

Yet the scene outside Nanjing Number One in late July, soon after the gaokao results were released, was

not of jubilation. Dozens of angry parents brandished placards demanding that the head teacher step

down. They blamed their children’s lower than-expected scores on what they saw as his attempts to make

light of tests. More traditional schools in Nanjing, they noted, churned out more top-scorers. Nanjing

Number One mollified the protesters by extending compulsory revision sessions to 10pm for final-year

students. On social media theories circulated that officials who advocated a less demanding curriculum

really just wanted to make it harder for students from humbler families to get ahead.

然而 7 月下旬，也就在高考结果发布后不久，南京第一中学楼外的场面并不令人欣喜。数十名愤怒的父母

挥舞着标语牌，要求校长下台。他们把孩子们低于预期的成绩归咎于校长对考试的轻视。他们指出，南京

更多的传统学校培养出了更多的顶尖人才。南京第一中学通过将毕业年级学生的强制性复习时常延长至晚

上 10 点来平息抗议者的不满。社交媒体上流传着这样一种说法，即那些提倡降低课程要求的官员，实际上

只是想让出身低微的学生更难出人头地。

 jubilation 〔因成功而带来的〕欢欣，愉快(happiness and pleasure because you have been successful)

•There was jubilation that a local team had come first.一支当地球队名列第一，到处洋溢着欢快的气

氛。

 brandish 〔威胁性地〕挥舞〔尤指武器〕(to wave something around in a dangerous or threatening

way, especially a weapon) •A man leapt out brandishing a kitchen knife.一个男人挥着一把菜刀跳了

【同义词】wield •She had her car windows smashed by a gang wielding baseball bats.她的
出来。

车窗被一伙挥舞棒球棒的人砸碎了。之前学过的 wield power/influence/authority 拥有并行使权力/

影响/权威【复习】

 placard 广告; 广告牌; 布告; 标语牌; 招贴(a large notice or advertisement on a piece of card,

which is put up or carried in a public place)，原文的 brandish placard 表示家长挥舞标语牌，来表示

对学生低于预期分数的抗议和不满。

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 make light of 无视；视…为微不足道；轻视，小看，低估 •They cherish the relationship between

husband and wife while they make light of parenthood.他们珍视夫妻关系却轻视亲子关系。【同义表

达】ignore，despise，neglect，look down on，underestimate，undervalue

 churn out 〔尤指不顾质量〕大量生产，粗制滥造(to produce large quantities of something, especially

without caring about quality) •She's been churning out novels for twenty years.二十年来她写了很多

粗制滥造的小说。这个表达比较高频出现，比如之前经济学人文章描述中国的一次性筷子粗制滥造就

用到了 churn out

 mollify 抚慰，使平静，使平息怒气(to make someone feel less angry and upset about something)•

Nature reserves were set up around new power stations to mollify local conservationists.新的发电站

附近建立了自然保护区，以安抚当地的自然环境保护主义者。【同义词】placate，appease

 circulate 流传; 传播; 散布(if information, facts, ideas etc circulate, they become known by many

people)•Rumours began circulating that the Prime Minister was seriously ill.开始有谣言在传，说首

【复习】go viral 还记得是什么吗？像病毒一样的飞速传播—快速传播，风靡网络

相病情严重。

 humbler 较低级的；更加谦卑的，是 humble 的比较级

【paragraph 7】

The tussle highlighted a bitter divide over how to educate China’s teenagers, whose summer holidays

ended this week. In Nanjing many locals sympathise with the protesters. Xu Wuqing, waiting for his

granddaughter outside the school gates with homemade pigeon soup, said that “less pressure” on

students was “simply not okay”. In a complaint last year to Nanjing’s education bureau, which was widely

shared online, a mother griped that the city’s children were being turned into “slackers”, too weak to cope

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with exams.

关于给学生减负的争论凸显了如何教育中国青少年这一问题的严重分歧，学生们的暑假在本周结束。在南

京，许多当地人赞同示威者的抗议。徐武清，在校门外带着自家煲好的鸽子汤等着他的孙女，他说道：
“在

中国，给孩子减负并不是一个简简单单就能行的事儿”
。一份去年广泛在网络上分享的对南京教育局的投诉

中，一位母亲抱怨到：
“城市的孩子们正在变为一个个懒散的人，他们的各方面能力都很弱，不足以应对各

种考试”
。

 tussle 争斗，争抢; 争辩(a struggle or argument in which people try to beat each other to get

something)•his defeat in the leadership tussle 他在领导权争夺中的失败

 highlight 使…突出，使注意力集中于(to make a problem or subject easy to notice so that people

pay attention to it)•Your resume should highlight your skills and achievements.你的简历应该突出自

己的技能和成绩。

 bitter 〔争论、战斗等〕激烈的，充满敌意的，怨愤的(a bitter argument, battle etc is one in which

people oppose or criticize each other with strong feelings of hate and anger)【搭配】bitter dispute

/ battle / struggle •The couple are locked in a bitter battle for custody of the children.夫妻俩为了孩

子监护权的问题闹得不可开交 •The countries are still bitter enemies .这些国家彼此依然是死敌。

【复

习】arch rival 死敌，这里的 bitter enemy 也表示死敌。文中的 bitter divide 表示严重分歧

 这里总结一下本段的第一句话：The tussle highlighted a bitter divide over how to educate China’s

teenagers 关于给学生减负的话题的争论凸显了如何教育中国青少年这一问题上存在的严重分歧。这

句话是写作中关于某一热点话题展开的典型开头句的借鉴句式。之前在微博【燃燃要燃了】中关于哄

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抢榴莲导致食物中毒的新闻中分享过，…主题 elicits polarizing controversy.话题引起了两极分化的讨

论。我们可以用以上的句式来代替…主题 has caused heated discussion 这种死板乏味的模板，这就

是阅读外刊需要格外学习和积累的地方，让我们的写作句式/思路/词汇的使用更加灵活多变。
【写作推

荐】

 sympathize  同情(to feel sorry for someone because you understand their problems)•I can

sympathize with those who have lost loved ones.我同情那些失去亲友的人。支持(to support

someone's ideas or actions)•The public sympathized with the miners' strike.公众支持矿工罢工。

 complaint 投诉(a statement in which someone complains about something)【搭配】formal /

official complaint 正式的投诉。疾病(an illness that affects a particular part of your body)•He is

having treatment for a chest complaint .他在接受胸部疾病的治疗。

【熟词僻义】

 bureau 〔美国政府部门的〕司，局，处，署(a government department or a part of a government

department in the US)文中的 education bureau 就是教育局的意思

 gripe 抱怨，发牢骚(to complain about something in an annoying way)•Joe came in griping about

how cold it was.乔走进来，抱怨天气太冷。

【同义表达】complain, groan, moan and groan, gripe(注

意和之前分享过的 grip 相区分), whinge, grumble, grouch, beef

 slacker 懒惰的人，偷懒者〔含贬义〕(someone who is lazy and does not do all the work they should

– used to show disapproval) •He’s a slacker, he actually skipped off and left us to do the clearing

away. 他是个懒鬼，他居然悄悄地溜走而把清除工作留给我们来做。slack 可以表示生意萧条的，松

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•Slack defending by Real Madrid allowed Manchester United to score.皇家马德里队

弛的，懒散的。

松懈的防守使曼联队得以进球得分。

【paragraph 8】

Many in China once supported what schools such as Nanjing Number One are trying to do. In the early

2000s a bestseller about raising a child in the West, “Education for Quality in America”, popularised the

idea of suzhi jiaoyu. The term refers to a well-rounded education that attaches importance to building

character as much as knowledge. It guides most of Nanjing’s more liberal teaching. The author, Huang

Quanyu, became a household name among the middle class, writes Teresa Kuan, an American academic,

in “Love’s Uncertainty: The Politics and Ethics of Child Rearing in Contemporary China”. In 2010 China

published a ten-year plan on education which admitted that the country’s teaching was “relatively outdated”

and that people had “strong yearnings” for suzhi jiaoyu.

在中国，许多人曾经支持像南京第一中学一直在努力做的事情。在 2000 年代初，一个关于在西方抚养孩子

的畅销书《素质教育在美国》普及了素质教育的观念。该术语指的是全面的教育，它不仅重视知识，而且

也重视培养学生的人格。它指导了南京大部分学习更加广泛的开展通才教育。美国学者特雷莎·关在《爱

情的不确定性：当代中国儿童养育的政治与道德》中写道，
《素质教育在美国的》作者黄全愈(黄全愈是中美

教育和文化比较专家，致力于中美教育和文化交流)在中国的中产阶级家庭中家喻户晓。2010 年，中国发

布了一项十年教育计划，该计划承认中国的教学“相对过时”，而且人们对素质教育有着“强烈的向往”。

 popularize 使通俗化，使大众化，使易懂，普及(to make a difficult subject or idea able to be easily

understood by ordinary people who have no special knowledge about it)·Television has been

popularized as never before.电视已经空前普及。

 well-rounded 〔兴趣或技能〕多面的，全面的(a well-rounded person has a range of interests and

skills and a variety of experience)•well-rounded graduates 全面发展的毕业生

 attach importance to 将重要性附加于…就是表示强调…很重要，相当于 of vital importance

 liberal education 通才教育(a kind of education which encourages you to develop a large range of

interests and knowledge and respect for other people's opinions)

 household name 家喻户晓的名字 •Coca Cola is a household name around the world.可口可乐是

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全世界都家喻户晓的名字

 ethic 伦理; 道德体系(a general idea or belief that influences people's behaviour and attitudes)•The

old ethic of hard work has given way to a new ethic of instant gratification.提倡埋头苦干的旧道德准

则已被及时行乐的新道德观所取代。

 rear 养育，抚养〔孩子〕; 饲养〔动物〕(to look after a person or animal until they are fully grown)

•It's a good place to rear young children.这是个抚养年幼孩子的好地方。rearing of children 就相当

于 parenting 育儿，养育孩子

 outdated 过时的，陈旧的，不合潮流的(if something is outdated, it is no longer considered useful or

effective, because something more modern exists)•a factory with outdated equipment 设备陈旧的工

厂【同义表达】out of date，obsolete，outmoded，old-fashioned；推荐【印象笔记】

 yearning 渴望; 向往(a strong desire for something)•He had a deep yearning to return to his home

town.他深深地渴望回到故乡。

【paragraph 9】

Some reforms have seemed fanciful. In 2018 the central government called for “30 burden reductions”,

including a limit of 90 minutes of homework a day and an end to the parental habit of comparing their

offspring to others. This year, to prevent cram schools from racing too far ahead with the syllabus, it

published lists of subjects suitable for certain age groups. For example, under-nines are not to study how

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to add and subtract with numbers comprising four or more digits.

一些改革似乎是空想。中央政府于 2018 年呼吁“减少 30 个负担”，其中包括每天限制 90 分钟的家庭作业，

并消除了父母将自己的后代与他人进行比较的习惯。今年，为了防止补习班比教学大纲计划超前过多，政

府发布了适合特定年龄组的学科列表。例如，9 岁以下儿童不学习如何计算四位及以上数字的加法和减法。

 fanciful 想象的，空想的，幻想的〔常含贬义〕(imagined rather than based on facts – often used to

show disapproval)•The suggestion that there was a conspiracy is not entirely fanciful.有人在搞阴谋

这一看法不完全是空想出来的。

 syllabus 教学大纲(a plan that states exactly what students at a school or college should learn in a

particular subject)•Two Shakespeare plays are on this year's English syllabus.有两部莎士比亚的戏

剧列在今年的英语课程大纲上。

【paragraph 10】

From next year a tweaked gaokao will give students leeway to pick and choose some subjects, beyond

the compulsory ones. But China is reluctant to overhaul a test that remains remarkably meritocratic. “By

sticking with the exam, we waste students with other talents. By moving too far away from it, we

disadvantage poor kids,” says Wang Tao of East China Normal University. It is not that loving parents do

not want their children to have fun. Rather, as one mother in Nanjing puts it, relaxed classrooms are “just

no use” if they do not get a pupil into a good university.

从明年开始，经过调整的高考将使学生有更多的余地选择一些选修课。然而，中国不愿意大刀阔斧地进行

高考改革，因为高考仍然是一项任人唯贤，选拔精英的考试。华东师范大学的王涛表示：
“如果继续坚持考

试制度，我们浪费了具有其他才能学生的才华。如果取消考试，将不利于贫困还在的发展”。并非疼爱孩子

的家长们不想让孩子度过快乐的时光。相反地，正如南京的一位母亲所言，轻松的课堂教育如果未能让学

生进入一所好的大学，那就是“毫无用处”的教育。

 tweak 对〔机器、汽车或系统〕作小小的改进(to make small changes to a machine, vehicle, or

system in order to improve the way it works) •Maybe you should tweak a few sentences before

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you send in the report.报告交上去之前，有几个句子你也许应该修改一下。这里是过去分词形容词

化作定语修饰 gaokao 表示经过调整/改革的高考

 leeway 自主权，自由活动的空间(freedom to do things in the way you want to) •The government

does not have much leeway in foreign policy.政府在外交政策上没有多少回旋余地。

 be reluctant to do something 表示不情愿做某事，可以代替 not 来表示否定·Students may feel

reluctant to ask questions.学生可能不愿意提问。

【写作推荐】

 overhaul 全面改革〔制度或方法〕(to change a system or method in order to improve it)•All the

community's decision-making institutions need to be overhauled.社区的所有决策机构都需要进行彻

底改革。

 meritocratic 精英的，精英管理的·meritocratic education: 精英教育；meritocracy 精英管理(制度)，

贤能统治(a social system that gives the greatest power and highest social positions to people with

the most ability)·the meritocracy 精英管理阶层，贤能统治者

 stick with 继续做(使用)，不放弃(to continue doing something the way you did or planned to do

before)•Let's stick with the original plans.我们别放弃原来的计划。

 disadvantage 使处于不利地位，损害(to make someone less likely to be successful or to put them

in a worse situation than others)

 Normal University 表示师范大学

【paragraph 11】

So quasi-military cram schools—“gaokao factories”, as they are known—still thrive. One such is Hengshui

Secondary School in the northern province of Hebei. It has 18 branches across China, some of which

reward students who get into top universities with tens of thousands of dollars. In 2018 one of them bought

two decommissioned army tanks to flank its entrance, apparently to instil a sense of toughness among its

students.

因此，为大家所熟知的半军事化补习学校—“高考工厂”仍然蓬勃发展。其中之一就是河北省北部的衡水中学

它在全国有 18 个分校，其中一些分校会奖励进入顶尖大学的学生数万美元。2018 年，一所分校购进了两

个弃用的坦克放置在校门入口的两侧，这显然是给学生灌输了一种坚持不懈吃苦耐劳的氛围。(大家感兴趣

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的话可以看看这篇新闻 https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2221116)

 quasi-military 其中的 quasi-作为前缀表示“类似”(like something else or trying to be something

else)•a quasi-scientific approach 类似科学的办法。quasi-military 半/准军事化的

 branch 分支，分部，分店，分行(a local business, shop etc that is part of a larger business)•a branch

office in Boston 在波士顿的分公司。原文是指衡水中学的 18 所分校。

 decommission 拆毁〔船、武器、核反应堆〕
，使退役，弃用。注意 decommission 是动词·When

the road was decommissioned in the 1980s, entire communities disappeared.当这段路在上世纪八

十年代弃用之后，周围的社区都搬走了。

 flank 位于…的侧面(或两侧)；把…置于…的侧面(或两侧)(to be on both sides of someone or

something)·High buildings flanked the alley.小巷两侧高楼耸立。

 instil 逐渐灌输(培养)〔思想、行为方式或感受〕(to teach someone to think, behave, or feel in a

particular way over a period of time)【搭配】instil confidence / fear / discipline etc into sb •A

manager's job is to instil determination into his players.教练的工作就是向他的队员灌输必胜的决心。

【paragraph 12】

Mr Wang says he is glad to see “so much negotiation” under way, with educators pushing forward and

policymakers following cautiously, even if parents are still resisting. Observant children at the museum in

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Nanjing will find, in addition to statues of prominent men who aced the keju, a bronze one of a person who

failed it repeatedly: Wu Cheng’en, who was educated in Nanjing in the 16th century. Wu went on to write

“Journey to the West”, one of China’s most celebrated novels.

王先生说，即使父母仍在抵抗，教育工作者们仍在推进，政策制定者谨慎地修改，他很高兴看到正在进行

“如此多的商讨”
。南京博物馆的观察力敏锐的儿童除了会发现在可去考试中取得好成绩的杰出人物雕像外，

还会发现屡次失败的青铜人—吴承恩，他于 16 世纪在南京接受教育。科举失败后吴承恩写下了中国最著名

的小说之一《西游记》
。

 under way 已经开始(to have started to happen or be done) •The tournament got under way on

Friday.锦标赛是星期五开始的。

 observant 观察力敏锐的，机警的(good or quick at noticing things) •the writer's observant eye for

detail 这位作家对细节的敏锐目光

 statue 雕像; 塑像(an image of a person or animal that is made in solid material such as stone or

metal and is usually large) •A bronze statue was erected in his honour.竖立了一座铜像以纪念他。

 prominent 重要的; 著名的; 卓越的，杰出的(important) •a prominent Russian scientist 杰出的俄罗

斯科学家.

 ace 在…中取得好成绩(to do very well in an examination, a piece of written work etc) •I aced the

History test.我历史考得很好。
【搭配】hold the aces 占绝对优势(to have the advantages in a situation

so that you are sure to win)•The Americans hold most of the aces in this technology.这种技术美国

人占绝对优势。代替 have the advantage/edge of。组合里的全能 ace 就表示各方面实力没有短板的

人；扑克牌里的 A 也叫 Ace。

 bronze 青铜制的(made of bronze)•a bronze statue 青铜雕像·a bronze medal 铜(奖)牌。

 Journey to the West 西游记。中国古代四大名著分别怎么说呢？《三国演义》Romance of The Three

Kingdoms、
《水浒传》Water Margin、
《红楼梦》The Dream of Red Mansions;有多种译法，大家了解

即可

 celebrated 著名的，闻名的(famous)•a celebrated actress 著名女演员

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Beverages 饮料

H20,000,000,000 瓶装水
XIAMEN 厦门
Nongfu Spring is a hit with tipplers and investors alike
农夫山泉深受酒鬼和投资者的喜爱
 公众号后台回复【0912】获取本期的经济学人 PDF，回复【0912 笔记】 获取本期的精读笔记~

 今天开始加入了【改写练习】计划(紫色字体标注)，举到的某个例句如果可以用分享过的表达来替换

的话，就会挑选几个例句进行改写练习，欢迎大家暂停一下，把自主思考的答案发在弹幕上~只有这

样才能加深我们的记忆，一定要多多与我互动哟~感谢大家！

 beverage 表示饮料，饮品。the Food and Beverage 表示餐饮部

 tippler 喝酒的人，酒徒，酗酒者(someone who drinks liquor repeatedly in small

quantities)

 alike 这里是副词，表示“同样都〔用于强调刚提及的两者〕
”(used to emphasize that

you mean both the people, groups, or things that you have just mentioned) •I learned

a lot from teachers and students alike.我从老师和学生身上都学到了很多。alike 放在

两个名词之后表示同样都，可以代替 both。
【拓展】A and B are nothing alike 表示 A 与

B 两者间完全不同，可以替换 A is different from B。

·In fact, to native English speakers

these words sound nothing alike.对于他们来说，这些单词毫无相近之处。

【背景知识】

农夫山泉即农夫山泉股份有限公司原名“浙江千岛湖养生堂饮用水有限公司“，其公司总部

位于浙江省杭州市，系养生堂旗下控股公司，成立于 1996 年 9 月 26 日。2020 年 9 月 8

日，农夫山泉正式登陆港交所，开盘涨超 85%。

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【paragraph 1】

“WE ARE NOT manufacturers of water. We are porters of nature.” So goes a famous quip

by Zhong Shanshan, the 66-year-old founder and boss of Nongfu Spring, China’s most

popular brand of bottled water. On September 8th the Hangzhou-based bottler listed on

Hong Kong’s bourse to spectacular fanfare. Demand for shares from retail investors

outstripped supply by 1,148 times (see chart). The share price shot up by 60% over the

first three days of trading. Its market capitalisation reached $53bn. Mr Zhong, who still

owns 84% of Nongfu Spring, is now China’s third-richest person, narrowly trailing two tech

moguls: Jack Ma of Alibaba and (unrelated) Pony Ma of Tencent.

，这句金句出自 66 岁的农夫山泉的创立者兼
“我们不生产水，我们只是大自然的搬运工”

老板钟睒睒，其公司经营着中国最有名的瓶装水品牌。9 月 8 日，这家总部位于杭州的瓶装

水公司在热议中于香港证券交易所上市。小额投资者对其股票的需求更是达到其供给量的

1148 倍(见图表)。该公司的股票价格在交易的前三天就暴涨了 60%，市值达到 530 亿美元。

钟先生，目前仍拥有农夫山泉 84%的股权，暂居中国第三富豪之列，略微落后于两大科技

大亨：阿里巴巴的马云和腾讯的马化腾(两人无新血缘关系)。

 porter 〔市场的〕搬运工(someone whose job is to carry heavy goods at market) •On

arriving at the station, we hailed a porter to carry the bags.一到车站我们就招呼一名搬

运工来搬运行李。

 quip verb 说俏皮话，

说妙语(to say something clever and amusing)•'Giving up smoking

is easy,' he quipped. 'I've done it hundreds of times.'“戒烟很容易啊，”他俏皮地说，“我

已经戒过几百次了。noun •an amusing quip 俏皮话

 bottler 装瓶公司

 list 上市(stock exchange to obtain an official quotation for (a security) so that it may

be traded on the recognized market)

 bourse 证券交易所，交易所

 to 这里的 to 是个介词，表示”到〔某种状态〕”(used to say what state someone or

something is in as a result of an action or change) •She sang the baby to sleep.她唱

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歌哄宝宝睡觉。

 spectacular noun 盛况，壮观的场面; 盛大的演出(an event or performance that is very

large and impressive) •a television spectacular 场面盛大的电视节目; adjective 惊人

的 ， 突 如 其 来 的 (very sudden, unexpected, or extreme) • The news caused a

spectacular fall in the stock market. 这 一 消 息 引 起 了 股 市 的 暴 跌 。 a spectacular

fall=plummet, slump, nosedive

 fanfare 〔与某一事件有关的〕喧闹，广告，热议•The deal was announced with much

fanfare.这桩生意在一片热议中被宣布成交。

 retail investor 指散户; 小额投资者·But local retail investors piled in, attracted partly

by the sweetener of an extra free share for every ten they buy and hold for six months.

但当地小额投资者蜂拥而至，部分原因是他们每购买 10 股并持有 6 个月，就可以获得

额外的免费股票。在《经济学人》中多次出现过。

 outstrip 数量上大于…(to be greater in quantity than something else) •Demand for

new aircraft production is outstripping supply.新飞机的制造目前供不应求。

【复习】out-

和 over-开头的单词表示超过，超出。大家能想到哪些可以打到弹幕上~

 shoot up 猛增(to increase very quickly and suddenly)•Demand for water has shot up

by 70% over the last 30 years.过去 30 年来，水的需求量猛增了 70%。

【复习】猛增

spike，skyrocket，soar，surge，shoot up，a spectacular increase

 narrowly 勉强地，差一点儿(by only a small amount) •He was narrowly defeated in

the election.他在选举中以微弱差距败北。

 trail 〔在体育比赛、竞赛或选举中〕落后(于)(to be losing in a game, competition, or

election) 经常用于进行时态中•The Democratic candidate is still trailing in the opinion

polls.民主党候选人在民意调查中仍然处于落后地位。
【辨析】trial，trail

 mogul 电影业/传媒业/赌博业等大亨(a businessman or businesswoman who has

great power and influence in a particular industry)·Real estate mogul Donald Trump

has used people's discontent to his advantage.房地产大亨唐纳德·特朗普将人们的不

满转化成了自己的优势。

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【paragraph 2】

Rising disposable incomes and public anxiety about the safety of tap water, which is unfit

to drink in most of China, have fuelled demand among Chinese for the bottled variety.

Consumption per person of bottled water rose from 41 litres in 2014 to 59 litres in 2019,

according to data from Mintel, a market-research firm. Americans, by comparison, guzzled

an average of 141 litres last year. That suggests Chinese bottlers still have plenty of room

for growth, not least because tap water in America is (typically) potable.

随着中国公民的可支配收入的增加及公众对大部分地区都不适合饮用的自来水安全性的担

忧，中国人对瓶装水的需求与日增加。市场研究公司 Mintel 的数据显示，在中国，人均瓶装

水消费量从 2014 年的 41 升增加到 2019 年的 59 升。相比之下，去年美国的平均饮用量为

141 升。这表明中国的瓶装水产业仍保有巨大的发展空间，尤其是美国的自来水通常是可以

饮用的。

 disposable income 可支配收入〔完税并付清各种账款等之后所剩的钱〕(the amount

of money you have left to spend after you have paid your taxes, bills etc).【拓展】

disposable 可使用的，可支配的(available to be used) •disposable resources 可支

配的资源。一次性的，用完即丢弃的(intended to be used once or for a short time and

then thrown away)•disposable nappies/chopsticks 一次性尿布/筷子。

 tap water 自来水(water that comes out of a tap rather than a bottle)，对应着文中提

到的 bottled water 瓶装水

 guzzle 滥吃，狂饮〔一般含贬义〕(to eat or drink a lot of something, eagerly and quickly

– usually showing disapproval) •They've been guzzling beer all evening.他们整个晚

上都在狂饮啤酒。【复习】binge drinking 狂饮，详见微博【燃燃要燃了】

。原文的意思

就是 consume 消耗了多少的水

 room 机会; 余地; 可能性；空间(the chance to do something, or the possibility that

something exists or can happen) •There's little room for innovation.没有多少创新的

【搭配】room for manoeuvre 回旋余地 •Teachers feel they have little room for
空间。

manoeuvre when the curriculum is so demanding.课程要求很严格，教师感到没有多

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少发挥的余地。
【熟词僻义】

 not least 尤其，特别(used to emphasize that something is important)后面经常连用

because •My mother was upset about his appearance here, not least because she

felt it was invading her privacy.他在这里出现使我母亲很不高兴，尤其是因为她觉得这

侵犯了她的隐私。

 potable 〔水〕可饮用的(potable water is safe to drink)【辨析】potable 和 portable。

portable 手提式的，便携式的，轻便的(able to be carried or moved easily)•a portable

radio 便携式收音机。

【paragraph 3】

Nongfu Spring is the runaway industry leader. It accounted for 29% of the volume sold in

China in 2019. Foreign brands such as FIJI Water, Evian (owned by Danone) and Aquafina

(part of PepsiCo) are easily spotted in many Chinese supermarkets. But none has a market

share greater than 6.5%, reckons Mintel.

农夫山泉在中国是瓶装水行业的领跑者。2019 年，其销售量占了全国的 29%。如今斐济水，

依云水(达能公司旗下的品牌)以及纯水乐(百事可乐公司旗下的品牌)等一些国外瓶装水品牌

很容易在中国的各大超市中找到。然而 Mintel 公司表示：

“没有一个品牌在中国市场占有的

份额超过 6.5%。”

 runaway 遥 遥 领 先 的 ； 易 于 取 胜 的 (Runaway success is surprisingly sudden or

great)·He is the runaway leader at the top of the competition scoreboard. 他在比赛

中得分遥遥领先。
【搭配】runaway success 一炮而红，巨大的成功；runaway industry

leader(某一行业中)遥遥领先的领跑者

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 account for 占〔一定数量或比例〕(to form a particular amount or part of something)

•Afro-Americans account for 12% of the US population.非洲裔美国人占美国人口的

12%。
【同义表达】make up for

 volume 〔 尤 指巨 大的或 正 在增 加 的〕 量， 总量 (the total amount of something,

especially when it is large or increasing)•The volume of traffic on the roads has

increased dramatically in recent years.近年来道路交通量急剧增加。【改写练习】The

volume of traffic on the roads has shot up/soared/surged/spiked/skyrocketed in recent

years.

 spot 发现; 注意到; 看出，认出(to notice someone or something, especially when they

are difficult to see or recognize)•It can be hard for even a trained doctor to spot the

symptoms of lung cancer. 即 使 是 训练 有素 的医 生也 很 难看 出肺 癌的 症状 • Drug

addicts are fairly easy to spot.吸毒成瘾的人是很容易看出来的。

【替代】代替 recognize。

【paragraph 4】

One reason for Nongfu’s success is its effort to cater to all market segments. Stingy folk

can buy a mass-market 380ml plastic bottle for as little as 1.5 yuan ($0.22). The well-

heeled may opt for the glass-bottled version, which comes with “award-winning” designs

and retails for 30-45 yuan. In between you can get a lithium-rich liquid which is claimed to

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benefit the nervous system. Total revenues across Nongfu’s waters increased by 42%

between 2017 and 2019, to 14.3bn yuan. Gross margins held steady at an impressive 60%.

农夫山泉成功的原因之一在于其努力迎合所有的细分市场。生活条件一般的人可以以 1.5 元

(合 0.22 美元)的价格购买面向大众的 380ml 塑料瓶装水。有钱人可能会选择玻璃瓶装的版

本，其设计获过大奖，零售价为每瓶 30-45 元。这两种包装不同的水中都富含锂，据说对人

体的神经系统有益。从 2017 年到 2019 年，农夫山泉的总收入增长了 42％，达到 143 亿元

人民币。毛利率一直保持在令人印象深刻的 60％。

 cater 满足，迎合〔某群人的需要〕(to provide a particular group of people with the

things they need or want)•Most perfume ads cater to male fantasies.大多数的香水广

告都迎合男士的幻想。【短语】cater for sb / sth | cater to sb / sth 迎合某人需要。

 market segment 细分市场；市场区隔；分块市场·It was a hobbyist product, at least

for now, and didn't fit into the company's high-quality market segments.至少就现阶段

而言，它还只是业余爱好者的玩具，无法融入公司的高品质细分市场。

 stingy 吝啬的，小气的(not generous, especially with money)•She's too stingy to

give money to charity.她很小气，不愿捐钱行善。极少量的，不足的〔尤指食物〕(a

stingy amount of something, especially food, is too small) • a stingy portion of

vegetables 极少的一份蔬菜。 【反义表达】a prodigious/copious amount of food

大量的

 mass-market 面向大众的; 适销对路的(designed for sale to as wide a range of

people as possible) •a mass-market paperback priced at $8.99 定价为 8.99 美元的

大众化简装书。

 well-heeled 有钱的，富有的 ·a well-heeled businessman 有钱的生意人。

【同义表

达】well-off •children from well-off families 富裕家庭的孩子

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 opt 选择，挑选(to choose one thing or do one thing instead of another)•We finally

opted for the wood finish.最后我们选择了用木材作终饰。

 in between 介于两者之间的(in the middle between two points, sizes, periods of time

etc)•She was at that in-between age, neither a girl nor a woman.她的年龄介于两者之

间，既不是女孩也不是妇女。

 lithium 锂〔一种化学元素，符号为 Li〕(a soft silver-white metal that is the lightest

known metal, is used in batteries , and is often combined with other metals. It is a

chemical element : symbol Li)。-rich 表示“富含…的”

，如 oxygen-rich 富含氧气的，

protein-rich 富含蛋白质的。

 nervous 神经系统的，神经方面的(related to the nerves in your body)•She was

suffering from a nervous condition.她患上了一种神经方面的疾病。

 revenue 〔公司、机构的〕收益，收入(money that a business or organization receives

over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services)•advertising revenue

广告收入【同义词】income

 gross margin 毛利(the difference between what something costs to produce and

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what it is sold for)；net profit/margin 净利润，纯收入

 hold steady 保持稳定·The unemployment rate held steady at 3.9%.失业率稳定在

3.9%。

 Gross margins held steady at an impressive 60%. 这样的表达很适合用在考试中图表

类作文。如果一个数字很高(积极的)，那么前面可以加上 impressive。hold steady 表示

数字保持稳定，相当于 stable，可以进行替换。【写作推荐】

【paragraph 5】

Nongfu sceptics point out that the bottled-water industry, in China and elsewhere, has few

technical barriers to entry. The main raw material is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a

plastic that is cheap and easy to process. No special knowledge is required. Evergrande,

a Chinese property developer, boasts its own line of bottled water called Evergrande Spring.

The water itself tends to be an afterthought.

农夫山泉的质疑者指出，中国及任何其他地区的瓶装水产业几乎没有技术壁垒。其包装的主

要原材料是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)，是一种便宜且易于加工的塑料，无需什么特殊的

技术。中国地产开发商恒大集团拥有其自家的瓶装水生产线—恒大冰泉。与瓶子的包装相比，

水的质量似乎是恒大集团次重点考虑的。

 sceptic 持 怀 疑 态 度 的 人 (a person who disagrees with particular claims and

statements, especially those that are generally thought to be true)·She is a sceptic

about the dangers of global warming.她是全球变暖危险的怀疑论者。

 polyethylene terephthalate 聚对酞酸乙二酯·Also known as PET, polyethylene

terephthalate is a widely used form of plastic.聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯也被称为 PET，

是一种广泛使用的塑料。

 property 房产; 地产; 房地产(a building, a piece of land, or both together)•Property

prices have shot up recently.最近房地产价格暴涨。

【同义表达】real estate 房地产。

【熟词僻义】

 boast 自豪地拥有〔好的事物或特征〕(if a place, object, or organization boasts

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something, it has something that is very good)•The city boasts two excellent museums.

这个城市以拥有两家出色的博物馆而自豪。【熟词僻义+复习】

 afterthought 事后的想法，马后炮，后来添加的东西(something that you mention or

add later because you did not think of it or plan it before)·Almost as an afterthought

he added that he missed her.他又几乎不假思索地补充说他想念她。·American

hospitals are sealed to optimize the performance of elaborate ventilating systems, and

windows are an afterthought.美国的医院都是密封的，以优化复杂的通风系统的性能，

【0911-New York Times】

而窗户是后来才考虑的。

【paragraph 6】

Not in Nongfu’s case. As its aggressive marketers never tire of stressing, it possesses

water-extraction permits for ten of China’s most famous unspoilt bodies of water—from

Thousand Island Lake in the eastern province of Zhejiang to Mount Tianshan in the remote

western region of Xinjiang. The permits, granted by local governments for up to 30 years,

are a moat against competitors. Loris Li, an independent analyst of China’s beverage

industry, observes that “the quality of the original water source” can be a strong point of

brand differentiation.

而农夫山泉并不是这样。由于其市场营销人员非常的拼命且从不厌倦压力，该公司拥有从中

国东部浙江省的千岛湖到偏远的新疆西部的天山等十个中国最著名的未遭破坏的水域的取

水许可。地方政府颁发的采水许可长达 30 年，对于其竞争者来说是一个不可跨越的“护城

河”。中国饮料行业的独立分析师李瑞斯指出，“原始水源的质量”可以成为品牌差异化的重

点。

 tire of 对…感到厌倦(或厌烦)；对…不再感兴趣·She never tires of reading novels.她

读小说从不厌倦。

 unspoilt 未受到破坏的。spoil 毁掉，糟蹋，破坏(to have a bad effect on something

so that it is no longer attractive, enjoyable, useful etc)•The whole park is spoiled by

litter.整个公园环境都给垃圾破坏了。
【同义词】ruin，destroy，mar【搭配】spoil/ruin

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your appetite 破坏食欲。spoil 还可以表示“宠溺”，spoil oneself 表示好好对自己，

放纵一下。In my spare time, I prefer to go to the amusement park with friends to spoil

ourselves to release the pressure!【口语】

 body 水域(a large area of water such as a lake)•The city was built near a large body

of water.这个城市建在一大片水域的旁边。【熟词僻义】【复习】basin 流域

 moat 护城河，城壕(a deep wide hole, usually filled with water, dug around a castle

as a defence)这里的意思就是农夫山泉具有独家开采优质水域的条件，这与其它瓶装

水公司相比，就像是被保护着的帝国一样，对手无法侵入，拥有独特的优势。

 observe 评论，说(to say or write what you have noticed about a situation) •Keynes

observed that humans fall into two classes.凯恩斯说人分为两类。

 brand differentiation 品牌差异，品牌区别·There can be no differentiation without

contrast. 有比较才有差别。

【paragraph 7】

Nongfu Spring has another edge: it is seen as close to Chinese officialdom. At high-level

political summits, rows of Nongfu bottles arranged on tables are a common sight. As

sources of advantage go, it doesn’t get better than this in China.

农夫山泉还有另一个优势：大家认为他和中国的官场走的很近。在高层政治首脑会议上，桌

上摆着成排的农夫山泉已是司空见惯的场面了。相比于其它优势来说，在中国没有什么比跟

官场走的更近的更大优势了。

 edge 这里复习一下，可以表示优势，代替 advantage，还记得我们在第 14 篇经济学人

《Testy times》中分享过的 hold the aces 吗？请大家把意思打在弹幕上~

 officialdom 官场; 官僚(government departments or the people who work in them –

used when you think they are not helpful)【复习】bureaucracy，red tape

 rows of 表示成排的，相当于 a row of

 a common sight 常见的景象，司空见惯的场面。

·The gadgets are a common sight

in other cities such as Nampo, not far from the capital, and increasingly are owned by

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non-officials.像在像平壤附近的南浦等小城市，手机也已经不再是什么稀罕物了，越来

越多的民众都拥有了自己的手机。【复习】popularize 普及

 as…go 与…相比 (In comparison to how the thing being discussed often or typically

is) ·As museum tours go, this one is quite good—I really think it will hold your interest.

与其它家的博物馆展览相比，这家更好一些，我真的认为你会非常感兴趣的。
【同义表

达】in comparison

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Wuhan’s recovery 武汉的崛起

Washing away the tears 擦掉眼泪

WUHAN 武汉

A bruised city becomes a showcase for the state

这个伤痕累累的城市成为了中国展示自己的窗口

公众号后台回复【0919】获取本期的经济学人 PDF，
【0919 音频】获取音频资料，回复【0919 笔记】 获

取本期的精读笔记~

 bruise noun 青瘀，伤痕，擦伤(a purple or brown mark on your skin that you get

because you have fallen, been hit etc) •minor cuts and bruises 小小的伤口和瘀伤；

verb 打击，挫伤〔某人的自信心〕(to affect someone badly and make them feel less

confident)【搭配】bruise sb's pride / ego •The incident had bruised his pride.这件事

【同义词】discourage sb’s pride / ego 【反义词】boost sb’s

挫伤了他的自尊心。

confidence / morale；bruised 是形容词，表示受伤的，伤痕累累的。

 showcase 显示优点的场合(机会)(an event or situation that is designed to show the

good qualities of a person, organization, product etc)•The new musical is a good

showcase for her talents.这出新的音乐剧充分展示了她的才华。

【背景知识】

方方，湖北省原作协主席。2020 年 1 月 25 日，方方在网上发布《方方日记》
，开始记录她

心中疫情下的武汉。https://www.duhougan.com.cn/doc/35837.html

【paragraph 1】

IN A CANDID online diary of life under quarantine, Fang Fang, a celebrated author living

in Wuhan, recorded her worry that residents’ memories of the agony would fade too quickly.
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“We can’t let the sadness of the situation consume us,” she wrote on day 12 of the city’s

lockdown. But, she added, “I just hope we can remember- ...those who suffered a wrongful

death, remember these grief-stricken days and sorrowful nights, remember just what it was

that interrupted our lives...”

在一本武汉封城期间的线上更新的生活日记中，住在武汉的著名作家方方直言不讳地记录了

她的担心。她担心居民对这段痛苦的记忆会过快消失。她在武汉市封锁的第 12 天写道：“我

们不能让局势的悲伤吞噬我们。” 然而，她又补充说：
“我只是希望我们能记住……那些遭

受意外死亡的人，记住这些令人悲痛的日子和悲伤的夜晚，记住那些打断我们原本平静生活

的事……”
。

 candid 坦诚的，率直的，直言不讳的(telling the truth, even when the truth may be

unpleasant or embarrassing) •He was remarkably candid with me.他对我非常坦率。

 agony 极大的痛苦(very severe pain) •the agony of arthritis 关节炎的剧烈疼痛【记忆

方法】agony=爱过你，爱过你是让我最痛苦的事情。

 wrongful 不公正(非法)的逮捕/判决/入狱/解雇等(a wrongful arrest etc is unfair or

illegal because the person affected by it has done nothing wrong)【搭配】wrongful

arrest / conviction / imprisonment / dismissal • She's threatening to sue her

employers for wrongful dismissal.她扬言要控告雇主非法解雇。

 grief-stricken 感到极度悲伤的，悲痛欲绝的(feeling very sad because of something

that has happened)•The grief-stricken widow refused to leave her dead husband's

side.那遗孀悲痛欲绝，不忍离开死去的丈夫的身旁。
【拓展】stricken 受灾的; 患病的;

受困扰的; 受苦的(very badly affected by trouble, illness, unhappiness etc)•a country

stricken by severe economic problems 遭受严重经济问题困扰的国家【复习-印象笔记】

be dogged / afflicted / beset / plagued / stricken by / be in the grip of sth / …-

stricken

 -stricken 表示“饱受…困饶的；…情感非常充沛的；极度….的” 如 drought-stricken

极度干旱的(深受干旱困扰的) / cancer-stricken 饱受癌症折磨的(身患癌症的)/ tragedy-

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stricken 极度悲观的 / poverty-stricken 极度贫穷的 / panic-stricken 惊恐万分的 •

drought-stricken farmers 深受干旱困扰的农场主【写作推荐-连字符连接的形容词】

 sorrowful 伤心的，悲伤的(very sad) •a sorrowful expression 悲伤的表情; sorrowful

有三个意思：(1)“感觉伤心的”，如 a sorrowful man。(2)“表示伤心的”，如 a sorrowful

song。(3)“使人伤心的”，如 a sorrowful sight

【paragraph 2】

Less than six months after Wuhan emerged from a gruelling 76-day lockdown, only the

heartless would deny its people the chance to celebrate and relax. The central city, where

covid-19 was first detected and 3,869 died with the coronavirus—four-fifths of the country’s

total covid-related death toll—has recorded no cases since mid-May. That month a tiny

flare-up led to a vast drive to screen Wuhan’s 11m residents within two weeks—an example

of China’s mass-campaign approach to the epidemic that has proved effective, even if

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harsh.

在武汉经历了长达 76 天辛苦的封锁后不到 6 个月的时间里，只有那些铁石心肠才会拒绝让

武汉人民享受庆祝和放松的机会。自 5 月中旬以来，没有发现任何病例发生在这个中心城

市，…….. ，3,869 人死于新冠状肺炎，占中国与新冠疫情相关的总死亡人数的五分之四。

当月，一场小规模的疫情复发促使了医护人员的巨大动力，仅在两周之内便对武汉的 1100

万居民进行了筛查——这是中国对于此次疫情采取大规模运动方法的例子之一，尽管这种方

法强度很大，但很有效。

 heartless 无情的，冷酷的(cruel and not feeling any pity) •How can you be so

heartless?你怎么能如此无情呢？原文中的 the heartless 表示无情的，没良心，铁石心

肠的人。

 drive 干劲，魄力（determination and energy to succeed）

·Brian has got tremendous

drive. 布赖恩干劲十足。原文中的 vast drive 也表示干劲十足。

 screen 筛查，检查（to do tests on a lot of people to find out whether they have a

particular illness） •It is now possible to screen babies for diabetes.现在可以给婴儿

作糖尿病筛查了。

 mass-campaign 大规模活动/运动·Many of the affected areas still cannot be reached

by road, complicating a mass vaccination campaign.许多受影响地区仍然道路不通，

这导致大规模疫苗接种活动复杂化。【复习】mass market 面向大众的市场，mass

entertainment 大众娱乐。

 harsh 恶劣的，艰苦的，严峻的（harsh conditions are difficult to live in and very

uncomfortable） •The hostages are being held in harsh conditions .人质被扣留在恶

劣环境中

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【paragraph 3】

The testing helped boost confidence. Revellers now throng shopping streets and spill out

of karaoke joints. The carefree doff their masks in the open air. Swimmers take dips in the

Yangzi river, which bisects Wuhan (in July residents were in terror of another disaster:

widespread floods). Visitors pack the city’s famous Yellow Crane Tower. “They all think

Wuhan is a city of heroes and want to come and see us,” beams Zhang Hanye, a tourism

worker. A survey by an official think-tank in late April—soon after the lockdown was lifted—

found that Wuhan was China’s most popular destination, up from eighth before the virus

hit.

全城范围的核酸排查有助于增加武汉市民的信心。如今，解除隔离的狂欢者们涌向购物街，

从卡拉 ok 场所进进出出。无忧无虑的人们在露天环境下摘下口罩。市民跳入将武汉一分为

二的长江中游泳(今年 7 月，居民们担心另一场灾难:大范围的洪水)。游客大批的涌入这座饱

受磨难城市著名的黄鹤楼。旅游业工作人员张汉业笑着说：“他们都认为武汉是英雄之城，

想来看看我们”
。4 月底，在武汉解除封锁后不久，官方智囊团进行的一项研究发现，目前

武汉是中国最受欢迎的旅游目的地，在新冠疫情前武汉仅排在第八位。

 reveller 狂欢者，寻欢作乐者（someone who is having fun singing, dancing etc in a

noisy way）【拓展】revel 狂欢，纵酒，作乐（to spend time dancing, eating, drinking

etc, especially at a party）

【短语】revel in sth 陶醉于，沉湎于（to enjoy something

very much）•He revelled in his new-found fame.他因新获得的名声而飘飘然。

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 throng verb〔人群〕蜂拥，群集，挤满〔某地〕
（if people throng a place, they go there

in large numbers）•Tourists thronged the bars and restaurants.游客挤满酒吧和餐馆。

【同义表达】flock into，flood into，swarm into，spill out of，crowd，congregate，

cramped，clogged，jammed，crowded；noun 一大群人; 人群（a large group of

people in one place）•a throng of excited spectators 一大群兴奋的观众 •She got lost

in the throng.她消失在人群中。
【同义词】crowd •a crowd of angry protesters 一群愤

怒的抗议者

 spill 〔人群〕涌出（if people or things spill out of somewhere, they move or fall out

in large numbers）•Crowds from the theatre were spilling onto/out of the street.人群从

戏院里涌到街上。

 joint 廉价酒馆（俱乐部，餐厅）
（a cheap bar, club, or restaurant）
•a hamburger joint

汉堡包店【反义】clip joint（a nightclub that charges an unfairly high price for drinks）

索价昂贵的夜总会，专门敲顾客竹杠的场所，高价商店【经济学人超精讲-乔治弗洛伊

德的讣告中分享过 joint】，原文的 karaoke joint 卡拉 ok 场所

 carefree 无忧无虑的，无牵挂的，不担心的（having no worries or problems）

•a carefree

attitude 无所谓的态度；

 doff 把…放在一边；撇开；丢弃，抛弃，扔掉，摆脱，除去，废除(习惯等)·He doffed

his stupid ideas and joined our side.他抛弃了他的愚蠢观念并参加到我们方面来。

【同

义表达】stamp out，get rid of，put aside，quit，abolish，terminate

 dip 蘸，浸（to put something into a liquid and lift it out again）•He dipped his hand in

the water.他把手浸入水中。原文中的 take dips in 表示跳入水中游泳。

 bisect 把…一分为二; 把…二等分（to divide something into two equal parts）

•A long

cobbled street bisects the town from east to west.一条长长的鹅卵石街道把镇子分为

东西两半。

 in terror of 非常害怕;对…胆战心惊· I lived in terror of her sudden caprices and

moods. 她任性易变喜怒无常，让我整天提心吊胆。

 pack 挤进，涌进; 塞满，挤满（to go in large numbers into a space, or to make people

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or animals do this, until the space is too full）

•50,000 fans packed into the stadium.5

【打包记忆】throng, spill out of, pack into, flood into, swarm

万名球迷涌进了体育场。

into, flock into, cram(cram memerorization), congregate，crowd

 Yellow Crane Tower 黄鹤楼，Hot Dry Noodles 热干面，Cherry blossom 樱花

 beam 笑，眉开眼笑（to smile very happily）

·Sherman looked at his sons and beamed

proudly.

 think-tank 智囊团〔就某方面问题出谋划策的专家小组〕

【paragraph 4】

All this is propaganda manna for China’s government, which early in the pandemic was

widely criticised even within China for silencing doctors in Wuhan who had warned of a

new virus, and for bungling its initial response. When images spread last month of

thousands of people at a music festival at a water park in Wuhan—cheek-by-jowl and

maskless—Global Times, a state mouthpiece, crowed that it was “never too late to learn

from Wuhan”

这段就不翻译了。

 manna 天赐之物; 意外收获(something very good that you get when you did not

expect to, just when you really need it) 【搭配】manna from heaven 天赐之物，意

外收获。·That cheque for ￡1000 from my aunt came like manna from heaven as I

had three or four big bills to pay. 我姑妈给的 1 000 英镑的支票真像是及时雨，因为

我手边有三四张大额账单要付。

 silence 使封口，压制〔反对意见或批评，尤用于新闻报道〕
（to make someone stop

expressing opposition or criticisms – used especially in news reports）

•attempts to

silence the rumours 平息传闻的努力。

【复习类似表达】placate，appease，mollify，

pacify，assuage，alleviate，relieve

 bungle 搞砸〔尤用于新闻报道〕(to fail to do something properly, because you have

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made stupid mistakes – used especially in news reports) • The whole police

operation was bungled.警方的这次行动整个都给弄砸了。bungled 失败的，搞砸了的

•a bungled rescue attempt 一次失败的救援行动。

 cheek-by-jowl ( 与 …) 紧 挨 着 (very close to someone or something else) • an

expensive French restaurant cheek by jowl with a cheap clothes shop 一家高级法国

餐馆，它和一家廉价服装店离得很近

 mouthpiece 〔政府或政治组织的〕代言人，喉舌，传声筒(a person, newspaper etc

that expresses the opinions of a government or a political organization) • The

newspaper was the mouthpiece of the National Democratic Party.该报纸是国家民主

党的喉舌。

 Global Times 《环球时报》是由中国共产党中央委员会机关报社人民日报社主办与

出版的国际新闻报刊，创刊于 1993 年 1 月。原名《环球文萃》，1997 年改名为《环

球时报》。2009 年 4 月 20 日，
《环球时报》英文版创刊，这是中国第二份面向全国发

行的英语综合性报纸。也是唯一向国外传达符合中国基本国情综合新闻的一份报媒。

 crow 得意洋洋地谈论，夸口〔含贬义〕(to talk about what you have done in a very

proud way – used to show disapproval) •He was crowing over winning the bet.他在

大吹自己打赌赢了。
【复习】boast，brag

【paragraph 5】

This month the Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries, a

state-linked body, hosted the bosses of 20 multinational firms on a highly choreographed,

three-day tour of the city. The trip’s aim, in the words of Lin Songtian, the association’s

president, was to “witness the full recovery of Wuhan”.

本月，中国人民对外友好协会(一个政府机构)邀请了 20 家跨国公司的老板们对这座城市进

行了为期三天的精心安排的访问。用协会会长林松添的话来说，这次旅行的目的是为了见证

武汉的全面恢复。

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 Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries 中国人民对

外友好协会

 multinational firm 跨国公司，这里的 multinational 是形容词，其本身也可以作为名词

表示跨国公司，如 •Multinationals have made large investments in Thailand.跨国公司

在泰国进行了大量投资。

 choreograph 给…设计舞蹈动作， 给…编舞；设计，安排，统筹（to arrange how

dancers should move during a performance ）• The show is very cleverly

choreographed.这个节目舞蹈动作设计得非常好。choreographed 安排好的，原文的

highly choreographed 表示精心安排好的

【paragraph 6】

The itinerary included a makeshift hospital—now emptied of beds and equipment—a fancy

supermarket (billed as a “wet-market 3.0”) and an elite primary school. Those interviewed

gushed with praise for the Communist Party. Liu Tiezhu, a district official, showed off a

mobile hospital that was converted from a wedding venue. He said covid-19 had made

everyone realise that “the people cannot pull through without the party”.

行程包括参观一间临时医院，这间医院现已清空床铺和设备、一家高档超市（称为“菜场 3.0”）

和一所精英小学。那些接受采访的人对共产党表示赞赏。一位地方官员刘铁柱展示了由婚礼

场地改建的流动医院。他说，此次新冠疫情让每个人都意识到了“没有党，人民就无法渡过

此次磨难”。

 itinerary 旅 行 计 划 ; 预 定 行 程 （ a plan or list of the places you will visit on a

journey）
·tourists following a demanding itinerary 按照非常紧张的旅行日程出行的游

【复习】还记得我们在第 14 篇经济学人分享中学过的 gruelling 吗？•The cast took

客。

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a break from their gruelling schedule.演员们在累人的工作日程中忙里偷闲，休息了一

【高级代低级】繁忙的日程/行程：我们就不要再说 busy arrangements 了，可以

会儿。

说 demanding itinerary 或者 gruelling schedule.

 makeshift 权宜的，临时（代用）的（made to be used for a short time only when

nothing better is available）•The refugees slept in makeshift tents at the side of the

road.逃难者睡在路边临时搭建的帐篷里。

 emptied adj. 耗尽的；已清除的。empty 可以做形容词也可以做动词，过去式为 emptied，

表示倒空，倾空，腾空，也可以用为 empty out，如•He emptied out the ashtray.他倒

空了烟灰缸。

 bill as 把…宣传为…（to advertise or describe something in a particular way）•The

castle bills itself as the oldest in England.这个城堡号称是英格兰最古老的城堡。

【复习】

describe…as 把...描述为，cast…as 把…称/描述为，hail…as 把…称/称赞/誉为，

tout…as 把…吹捧为。【熟词僻义】

 wet-market 菜市场，农贸市场，传统市场 ·It used to be a wet market, but has been

restored and is a food centre.它曾经是一个农贸市场，但经过了重建，现在是一个小吃

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中心。

 elite （社会）精英; 上层人士（a group of people who have a lot of power and influence

because they have money, knowledge, or special skills）【搭配】political / social /

economic elite 政治/社会/经济精英。

 gush 吹捧; 夸张地表达（to express your praise, pleasure etc in a way that other

people think is too strong）

•'I simply loved your book,' she gushed.“我就是喜欢你的

书。”她吹捧道。涌出，喷出〔大量液体〕
（if something gushes a liquid, the liquid pours

out quickly and in large quantities）

•The wound gushed blood.伤口大量出血。
【同义/

类似表达】tout，rave，overstate，superlative

 show off 卖弄，炫耀

 convert 改建; 改装; 转换（to change into a different form of thing, or change into

something that can be used for a different purpose or in a different way）•a sofa that

converts into a bed 可改作床用的沙发

 pull through （帮助）克服困难，渡过难关（to succeed in doing something very

difficult, or to help someone to do this）•He relied on his experience to pull him through.

他依赖他的经验来渡过难关。〔从重病或重伤中〕恢复健康; 帮助（某人）康复（to

stay alive after you have been very ill or badly injured, or to help someone do this）
•

His injuries are severe but he's expected to pull through.他的伤势很重，但有望康复。

【写作推荐】

【paragraph 7】

Such cheer is shared by many ordinary citizens. A 50-year-old driver, who served in a fleet

that ferried doctors, food and medicine during quarantine, described the decision-making

of Xi Jinping, China’s leader, as “remarkable”. Young volunteers at a lakeside jog arranged

for the visitors said they were “chill” about the risk of a second wave. As they pressed

colourful “Wuhan, we can” tattoos onto the arms of passers-by, they repeated a new

catchphrase: “Wuhan is the safest place now.” Philippe Klein, a French doctor who stayed

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in Wuhan during lockdown, says many people in the city want to “forget that we were at

the origin of the disaster”. A young father sums up a commonly held feeling: “Why think of

the unpleasant?”

许多普通民众都应享有成功的喜悦。一名 50 岁的驾驶员曾在封城期间加入接送医护人员，

运输食品和药品的车队，他认为中国领导人习近平总书记的决策是“非同凡响的”。在为参

访者安排湖边慢跑活动的年轻志愿者们说，他们对第二次疫情到来所带来的风险感到挫败。

当他们在过路人的手臂上按下彩色的“武汉，我们能行”的图章时，他们重复了一句新的口

号:“武汉现在是最安全的地方”
。法国医生菲利普·克莱因在武汉封城期间一直呆在那里。他

说，武汉的很多人都想忘记我们是灾难的始发地。一位年轻的父亲总结了市民们普遍存在的

感觉:“为什么要去想那些不愉快的事情的呢？”

 …. be share by sb 这个表达在经济学人中以往分享的文章中也出现过，翻译的时候

，其实就是表示前面的事情或者观点被分享给 sb，sb 表示接

不必直接的翻译成“分享”

受，赞同或适用于 sb，同样共享于 sb 的意思，暗含“也有同样的…”意思。Such cheer

is shared by many ordinary citizens.许多普通市民也有同样的欢呼。·Two of them

eating and breathing are shared by members of the animal kingdom.其中的两项——

【高级代低级】the same as，可以用 be shared by

吃和呼吸，和动物王国的成员一样。

来代替。

 serve 为…工作; 供职; 服役（to spend a period of time doing useful work or official

duties for an organization, country, important person etc）•Ann serves on various local

committees.安在当地的多个委员会里任职。

 fleet 〔某家公司控制的〕车队（a group of vehicles that are controlled by one company）

•a fleet of taxis 出租车队

 ferry 摆渡，渡运（to carry people or things a short distance from one place to another

in a boat or other vehicle）•The ship was used to ferry supplies to Russia during the

war.这艘船在战时被用来往俄罗斯运送补给。

 lakeside 湖边的，湖滨的（beside a lake）•a lakeside restaurant 湖滨饭店

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 chill 受挫，寒心，丧失斗志（To make discouraged，dispirit）

·The news of the city's

surrender chilled the soldiers 城市投降的消息让士兵们丧失斗志。

【同义词】cast down,

deject, depress, dismay, dispirit, demoralise

 tattoo 文身；
（在皮肤上刺的）花纹

 passer-by n. 过路人；经过的人【同义词】onlooker，bystander，pedestrian

 catchphrase 〔演员或政治家首先使用，以后人们一听到就会想起此人的〕名言，时

髦话，流行语，醒目的广告用语；(政治宣传中的)标语；口号（a short well-known phrase

made popular by an entertainer or politician, so that people think of that person when

they hear it）

【总结】不同的“话”：经常挂在嘴上的-口头禅 pet phrase, catch phrase;

随口说说的话-空口答应的话 lip service；夸赞的话-赞美之词 superlative；活跃气氛

的话-俏皮话 quip；有份量的话-名言/时髦话/宣传口号 catchphrase

 sum up 总结

 be commonly held 普遍认为，或者是 be generally/widely held

【paragraph 8】

The instinct to move on has been shrewdly exploited by the state’s relentless spin doctors.

In the officially sanctioned narrative Li Wenliang, a doctor who was harassed by police for

sounding the alarm about covid-19 before dying of it, is now a fallen patriot. The party’s

belated and grudging embrace of him has defused much of the public anger that once

surrounded his demise. Zhang Hai, a local whose father died of covid-19, has abandoned

a crowdfunded project to build a memorial to Wuhan’s victims—calling it “too difficult”

(police had questioned him).

这段就不翻译了

 shrewd 善于判断的，精明的，敏锐的（good at judging what people or situations are

really like）
•Malcolm is a shrewd businessman.马尔科姆是个精明的商人。判断准确

的，英明的（well judged and likely to be right）

•a shrewd decision 英明的决定。shrewdly

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表示精明地。

 exploit verb 剥削，压榨〔含贬义〕

（to treat someone unfairly by asking them to do

things for you, but giving them very little in return – used to show disapproval）•

Homeworkers can easily be exploited by employers.在家工作的人容易被雇主剥削。

利用（to try to get as much as you can out of a situation, sometimes unfairly）
•The firm

has been successful in exploiting new technology to the full.这家公司在充分利用新技

术方面很成功。noun 英勇的行为(a brave and exciting adventure that someone has

had)·His courage and exploits were legendary.他的勇气与开拓精神是出了名的。【熟

词僻义】

 relentless  严 格 的 ; 无 情 的 ; 坚 决 的 (strict, cruel, or determined, without ever

stopping) •a regime that was relentless in its persecution of dissidents 无情地迫害持

不同政见者的政权。〔不愉快的事〕不间断的，没完没了的（something bad that is

relentless continues without ever stopping or getting less severe）•the relentless crying

of a small baby 一个小宝宝没完没了的哭声。

【同义表达】endless

 spin doctor 舆论导向专家, 公关专家, 政治化妆师（someone whose job is to give

information to the public in a way that gives the best possible advantage to a politician

or organization）也可以写为 spindoctor。也可以译为政治化妆师，是指政治公关顾问，

透过一系列公关手段，影响传媒的报道，从而改变舆论。

 sanction noun〔对某国的〕制裁，经常用作复数(official orders or laws stopping

trade, communication etc with another country, as a way of forcing its leaders to make

political changes) •the threat of trade sanctions 贸易制裁的威胁。正式许可（批准，

（official permission, approval, or acceptance）

接受） •Apparently, the aide had acted

without White House sanction.这名助理的所作所为显然未经过白宫的批准。

【同义词】

approval；verb 批准，准许（to officially accept or allow something）•The church

refused to sanction the king's second marriage.教会拒绝批准国王的第二次婚姻。

【同

义词】approve；还可以表示支持，赞赏·an opinion sanctioned by common persons

大 众 都 能 赞 成 的 观 点 。【 高 级 代 低 级 】 an opinion is widely agreed by common

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persons=an opinion widely shared by the masses=an opinion widely sanctioned by

the masses.【短语】be sanctioned by sth 为某事物所认可（to be made acceptable

by something）•a barbaric custom, but one sanctioned by long usage 一种野蛮但由来

已久的风俗。

 narrative 叙述，记叙(a description of events in a story, especially in a novel) •a

narrative poem 叙事诗

 harass 骚扰（to make someone's life unpleasant, for example by frequently saying

offensive things to them or threatening them ）• A number of black youths have

complained of being harassed by the police.一些黑人青年投诉受到警察骚扰。

【搭配】

sexually / racially harass sb 性骚扰/种族骚扰 •One woman engineer claimed that

she had been sexually harassed by a male manager.一位女工程师声称遭到过一位男

性经理性骚扰。

 sound the alarm，sound 在这里是动词，表示发出响声。整体表示敲钟，发出警告，

相当于 alert。

 patriot 爱国者〔含褒义〕
（someone who loves their country and is willing to defend it

– used to show approval）

·He was represented as a true patriot. 他被描绘成真正的

爱国主义者。patriotism 表示爱国主义

 belated 延误的，迟来的（happening or arriving late）•a belated birthday present 迟到

的生日礼物

 grudging 勉强的，不情愿的；勉强给(或批准)的·He grudgingly acknowledged having

made a mistake. 他勉强承认他做错了。

【同义词】unwilling，reluctant，hesitant，

half-hearted，unenthusiastic。grudge noun 怀恨，怨恨(a feeling of dislike for

someone because you cannot forget that they harmed you in the past)【搭配】 have

/ bear / hold a grudge 心存不满，存在怨恨。verb 勉强做〔某事〕; 勉强给〔某物〕

（to do or give something very unwillingly）

【搭配】grudge doing sth •I really grudge

paying for poor service.服务不好，我实在是不愿意付钱。

【高级代低级】unwilling to do

sth=grudge doing sth

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 embrace 欣然接受，乐意采纳（to eagerly accept a new idea, opinion, religion etc）•

Most West European countries have embraced the concept of high-speed rail

networks with enthusiasm.大多数西欧国家都非常积极，乐意接受修建高速铁路网的想

法。【高级代低级】adopt your attitude/opinion=embrace your attitude/opinion 采纳/接

受你的态度/观点。
【熟词僻义】

 defuse 缓和，平息（to improve a difficult or dangerous situation, for example by

making people less angry or by dealing with the causes of a problem）

【搭配】defuse

tension / anger 缓和紧张的局势/生气•The agreement was regarded as a means of

defusing ethnic tensions.这份协议被认为是缓和种族紧张局势的一种手段。

【同义词】

placate，appease，mollify，pacify，assuage，alleviate，relieve，slience

 demise  死 亡 • the mystery surrounding Elena's untimely demise (=when death

happens sooner than is normal or expected)埃琳娜突然死亡之谜。

【同义表达】death,

decease (均以 de 开头) 〔曾经存在的某物的〕终止，结束，消亡(the end of something

that used to exist)·The war brought about the industry’s sudden demise.战争导致这

【搭配】political demise 下台=step down •the events which

个行业就这么突然垮了。

contributed to his political demise 导致他下台的事件。

 local 本地人，当地居民（someone who lives in the place where you are or the place

that you are talking about）

•We asked one of the locals to recommend a restaurant.我

们请一位当地人推荐一家餐馆。

 crowdfund 众筹·A business can crowdfund investment to help fund production runs

in return for rewards from backers 企业可以众筹获取资金支持生产，生产获利又可以

回馈投资者。crowdfunding，crowd-funding，crowdfinancing 都可以表示众筹

 memorial 纪念物，〔尤指〕纪念碑（something, especially a stone with writing on it,

that reminds people of someone who has died）•An appeal has been launched to build

a lasting memorial to the composer.已经发出呼吁为这位作曲家建一座永久的纪念碑。

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【paragraph 9】

Amid America’s fumbling of the pandemic, Chinese are readier to accept the party line.

Fang Fang, the 65-year-old online diarist (her real name is Wang Fang), was soon vilified

by state media for exposing only the “dark side”. Despite her millions of online followers,

readers turned against her in startling numbers. One critic is a 28-year-old student

counsellor at one of Wuhan’s universities, who says that Fang Fang’s “negative information”

does not “do much good to the public psyche”.

在美国还在此次疫情中手足无措的摸索时，中国人已更愿意接受党的路线。65 岁的网络日

记作者方方(她的真名是汪芳)很快就因为只揭露疫情中的“黑暗面”而受到了官方媒体的诋

毁。尽管她在网上有数百万粉丝，但反对她的读者数量惊人。一位来自武汉一所大学 28 岁

的学生辅导员表示，方方的负面信息对公众心理没有多大好处。

 fumble 笨手笨脚地做，胡乱摸找（to try to hold, move, or find something with your

hands in an awkward way）•She dressed, her cold fingers fumbling with the buttons.

她穿上衣服，冰冷的手指笨拙地扣着纽扣。
【辨析】grumble，crumble，fumble。文

中的 fumbling 是名词

 party line 政党的路线（the official opinion of a political party or other organization,

which its members are expected to agree with and support）

【搭配】follow / toe the

party line 遵循/服从党的路线。

【拓展】toe the line〔不管同意与否〕听从命令，服从

纪律，按规定行事

 diarist 日记作者〔尤用于该日记日后获得发表时〕（someone who writes a diary,

especially one that is later sold）

 vilify 诬蔑，中伤，诽谤（to say or write bad things about someone or something）•

Johnson was vilified in the press for refusing to resign.约翰逊因为拒绝辞职在报刊上

【用法】vilify sb (for) doing sth。

遭到诋毁。 【同义词】defame，slander

 counsellor 顾问; 辅导员(someone whose job is to help and support people with

problems)

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 psyche 心灵; 灵魂，精神(someone's mind, or their deepest feelings, which control

their attitudes and behaviour) •A characteristic of the feminine psyche is to seek

approval from others.女性心态的一个特征就是寻求他人的认同。

【paragraph 10】

The mood of Wuhan’s citizens was a topic that Fang Fang turned to repeatedly in her diary.

She wrote of a “strange, unspeakable stress” in the city during lockdown. On day 40, in

early March, she wrote that residents were “reaching their psychological breaking point”.

Elsewhere she noted that everyone had been “traumatised” by the outbreak. “Looking back,

none of us feel lucky, we just feel like survivors.”

武汉市民的心情是方方在日记中反复提到的一个话题。她写道：“在封锁期间，武汉城里充

斥着一种奇怪的、难以形容的压力”“在 3 月初封城的第 40 天，市民们已经到了心理崩溃

。

的临界点”。此外她还表示每个人都受到了疫情的创伤。回顾过去，我们没有人感到幸运，

我们只是觉得自己是幸存者。

 psychological breaking point 心理极限点，临界点

 traumatise 使受精神创伤（to shock someone so badly that they are affected by it for

a very long time） •He was traumatised by his war experiences.战争经历使他饱受精

【同义表达】mental scar
神创伤。

【paragraph 11】

She is right that the city was scarred. One destination for the bosses was Tongji hospital,

which has set up a recovery unit for covid-19 survivors with mental-health conditions and

other after-effects. The hospital’s director confirmed that some who had avoided covid-19

were also coming in with signs of depression. He would not give numbers. The visitors

were shown only the entrance hall and were stopped from speaking to staff or patients.

她说的没错，这座城市已经伤痕累累。老板们的目的地之一是同济医院，该院为有精神疾病

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和其他后遗症的新冠肺炎幸存者设立了康复中心。经该院院长证实，一些未感染新冠的患者

也出现了抑郁症状，他不愿透露具体数字。参观者只能参观到门厅，不得与工作人员或病人

交谈。

 scar 使〔精神上〕受创伤（if an unpleasant experience scars you, it leaves you with

a feeling of sadness or fear that continues for a long time）•She was scarred by her

father's suicide.父亲的自杀使她心理受到创伤。battle-scarred 身经百战的【熟词僻义】

 unit 科; 室; 部门（a group of people working together as part of a larger group）•The

man is in the hospital's intensive care unit .那名男子在医院的重症监护室。原文的 a

recovery unit 康复中心，a recovery ward 康复病房，an isolation ward 隔离病房【拓

展】重症监护室 ICU 全称为 Intensive Care Unit。【熟词僻义】

 after-effects 后遗症；由于印象与先前兴奋的后效；后效。
【同义表达】post- traumatic

symptoms 创伤后遗症；sequela 后遗症，续发症，遗患

 come in 出现·That's where the trouble often comes in.那就是经常出现纠纷之处。

【paragraph 12】

At Changchun primary school the group was shown how pupils were being encouraged to

draw as a way of coping with trauma. A display of their artwork evinces a strong preference

for catharsis-by-patriotism. In one painting, a smiling Mr Xi looks down on Wuhan, with the

line: “In the battle against the epidemic, Grandpa Xi is with us.” There are numerous

portraits of Zhong Nanshan, a lung doctor picked by the party to deliver the news that the

virus was spreading between people. There is also one of the whistle blower, Li Wenliang.

在长春街小学，工作人员向参观者展示了他们是如何鼓励学生绘画以应对疫后创伤。他们的

绘画作品展览充分显示了对爱国主义宣泄的强烈偏好。在一幅画中，习近平总书记面带微笑，

低头看着武汉，画上写着“在抗击流行病的斗争中，习近平爷爷与我们同在”
。还有许多钟

南山的画像，国家选择了这名肺部医生向大家宣告病毒可以在人群中传播。还有另外一位吹

哨人----李文亮。

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 trauma 心理创伤（a mental state of extreme shock caused by a very frightening or

unpleasant experience）•the emotional trauma of rape 遭受强奸的心理创伤

 evince 表明，表露〔感情或品质〕(to show a feeling or have a quality in a way that

people can easily notice) •She evinced no surprise at seeing them together.她看到他

们在一起并未表露出惊讶。

 catharsis-by-patriotism 爱国主义宣泄。catharsis〔通过写作、谈话、演戏等进行的〕

情感宣泄，精神发泄（the act or process of removing strong or violent emotions by

expressing them through writing, talking, acting etc）

•Music is a means of catharsis for

me.音乐对我来说是宣泄情感的一种手段。

 numerous 许多的，很多的（many）•Numerous attempts have been made to hide the

truth.为掩盖事实作了很多尝试。

 portrait 〔人的〕画像，照片，肖像（a painting, drawing, or photograph of a person）

•a family portrait 全家福

 whistle blower 吹哨人

【paragraph 13】

Amid the elation, there are signs of fear and suffering. Few people are willing to give their

names to foreign journalists. It is hard to overlook still-darkened shops with for-sale signs.

Daily metro trips are still only three-quarters what they were last September. An engineer

in his mid-30s, living in one of the districts that was hardest hit, says he has stockpiled

masks at his home. “You have to be prepared,” he says quietly. In public, this is a city raring

to go. Privately, many in Wuhan may recall Fang Fang’s words of warning: “We still have

many more tears left to cry.”

在欢欣鼓舞的同时，也有恐惧和痛苦的迹象。很少有人愿意把自己的名字透露给外国记者。

人们很难忽视那些挂着“待售”牌子、依然漆黑一片的商店。每天乘坐地铁的人数仍只有去

年 9 月的四分之三。一位 35 岁左右的工程师住在疫情最严重的地区之一，他说自己家里储

备了口罩。他平静地说道：
“你必须有所准备”。在大众眼中，武汉城是个大家都期待去的地

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方。然而，私下里，许多在武汉的人可能还记得方方的警告：我们还有许多眼泪要哭。

 elation 兴高采烈，欢欣鼓舞（a feeling of great happiness and excitement）

·I felt a

strange sense of elation.我有一种异常的兴奋感觉。

 overlook 忽视，忽略（to not notice something, or not see how important it is）
•Nobody

could overlook the fact that box office sales were down.谁也无法忽视票房销售额在下

降这个事实。
【反义词】heed

 metro 地下铁道系统，地（下）铁（道）
（a railway system that runs under the ground

below a city）
•a metro station 地铁站。metro 来自法语，全称为 metropolitan railway；

【subway，metro，underground 的区别】https://www.sohu.com/a/285218372_179092。

北京、纽约的地铁目前称为 Beijing Subway；广州和上海称为 Metro；日本混用；英国

伦敦用 underground

 stockpile 贮存，积聚〔物资、武器等〕(to keep adding to a supply of goods, weapons

etc that you are keeping ready to use if you need them in the future) •to stockpile the

producing materials 堆放生产材料。 积累·to stockpile knowledge 积累知识【写作

推荐】比如某种话题，大学生应该去兼职多增加社会阅历还是老老实实的学习？可以说

在大学阶段是积累知识的一个阶段，应减少体力性质的兼职。Being an undergraduate

should bends over backwards to stockpile abundant knowledge rather than being

engaged in physical-demanding and relatively less meaningful part-time jobs. 作为一

名大学生，应该努力积累丰富的知识，而不是从事对体力要求高、相对没有意义的兼职

工作。

 raring to go 巴不得马上开始(very eager to start an activity) •They woke up early and

were raring to go.他们很早就醒来，急着开始干。不知道还记不记得开始分享经济学人

时学到的【复习】hit the ground running。【搭配】raring to do sth 极想（渴望）做

某事•The children were raring to get outdoors.孩子们急着要到外面去。

【高级代低级】

eager to do sth=raring to do sth

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Microblogging 微博

Weibo woes 微博之忧

BEIJING 北京

No light at the end of the tunnel for China’s answer to Twitter

中国对推特的回应没有尽头

公众号后台回复【0926】获取本期的经济学人 PDF，
【0926 音频】获取音频资料，回复【0926 笔记】 获

取本期的精读笔记~

 woe 困 难 ; 难 题 (the problems and troubles affecting someone) • the country's

economic woes 该国的经济困难；在文学中表示悲伤; 悲哀(great sadness)【搭配/复

习】share weal and woe 同甘共苦; 同甘苦; 患难与共

【paragraph 1】

THREE YEARS after Twitter launched in 2006, Chinese techies created a similar

microblogging service in China. Weibo (literally “microblog” in Chinese) boasted an

average of 241m daily active users in March, more than Twitter. Like its American cousin,

Weibo allows users to follow other users, tweet, retweet and browse a real-time list of

trending topics (though it steers clear of politics, out of bounds in its communist homeland).

And like Twitter, it relies heavily on advertising revenue.

在 Twitter 于 2006 年成立三年后，中国的科技公司创建了类似推特的短小博客服务。

Weibo(中文 microblog 的字面意思)在三月份的日均活跃用户为 2.41 亿，超过推特。像美国

的推特(尽管避开了政治问题，但在中国大陆无法使用推特)一样，微博的功能包括关注其他

用户，发帖，转发及实浏览实时热搜榜单等，而且微博也同样严重依赖于广告收入。

 microblogging 微博。micro-表示小的，blog 或 web log 网络日志，博客；blogger 博

主 。 Microblogging is a broadcast medium that exists in the form of blogging. A

microblog differs from a traditional blog in that its content is typically smaller in both

actual and aggregated file size. Microblogs "allow users to exchange small elements

of content such as short sentences, individual images, or video links", which may be

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the major reason for their popularity. These small messages are sometimes called

microposts.

 literally 按照原义，根据字面意思(according to the most basic or original meaning

of a word or expression) •The name of the cheese is Dolcelatte, literally meaning

'sweet milk'.这种奶酪名叫 Dolcelatte，字面意思是“甜牛奶”。 true 的确，确实〔用

于加强语气，尤指数目庞大〕(used to emphasize that something, especially a large

number, is actually) •The Olympic Games were watched by literally billions of people.

【扩展】literal-minded 缺乏想象力的 (not showing much

奥运会确实有几十亿人观看。

imagination)【注意】额外补充的知识点一般都是可以用在写作或口语表达中的，话题

内容大家要开动小脑筋哟~比如说 literal-minded，我们可以说中国式的教育有时候会导

致 学 生 缺 乏 想 象 力 Chinese-style education sometimes leads to students’ literal-

mindedness【写作推荐】
；再如之前在讲到 myopia 的时候分享过 short-sighted 表示

眼光狭隘的，目光短浅的，可以想到的主题是 Selfish parenting literally leads to children

to be sight-sighted to a certain extent【写作推荐】

 tweet 〔小鸟〕啾啾地叫(to make the short high sound of a small bird)；发推特

"Tweet", a message sent using Twitter

 retweet 转发(to post or post another user's post on the Twitter website for one's own

followers)

 browse 〔在计算机或因特网上〕浏览(信息)(to search for information on a computer

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or on the Internet) •I browsed the Web looking for interesting web sites.我在网上进行

浏览，寻找有趣的网址。

 trending 热门的，流行的(Currently popular or widely discussed online, especially on

social media websites)，文中的 trending topic 热点话题。

【写作推荐】A trending topic

on sp is spark/ignite/fuel/elicit/incite furious/heated discussion/debate/controversy

over….主题….

 steer clear of 避开【复习】steer 的两个重点意思？clear 在这里的词性？

 out of bounds 〔场所〕不得进入(if a place is out of bounds, you are not allowed to

go there) •The path by the railway line is officially out of bounds to both cyclists and

walkers.铁路沿线的小路按规定禁止骑车者和步行者进入。
【作文推荐】共享单车按规定

不能进入校园/小区。Campus and residential areas are officially out of bounds to

shared bikes and “takeaway lads”, also known as waimai xiaoge, alike.

【paragraph 2】

So as coronavirus-induced uncertainty led advertisers to slash budgets, Weibo saw

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advertising revenue, which accounts for nearly 90% of sales, plunge. In the first quarter it

fell by a fifth year on year, to $275m. Operating profit plummeted by more than half, to

$58m. Delayed second-quarter results, due on September 28th, may be less terrible. China

was the first to be hit by covid-19 but began to recover just as the West went into lockdown

随着冠状病毒引发的不确定性导致广告主大幅削减预算，占微博销售额近 90%的广告收入

大幅下降。今年第一季度，这一数字同比下降了五分之一，降至 2.75 亿美元。营业利润骤

降逾一半，跌至 5800 万美元。推迟到 9 月 28 日公布的第二季度业绩可能没那么糟糕。中

国是第一个感染新冠肺炎的国家，但就在西方国家进入封锁状态时，中国才开始复苏。

 slash 大幅度削减〔数量、价格等; 尤用于报纸及广告中〕(to greatly reduce an amount,

price etc – used especially in newspapers and advertising)•The workforce has been

slashed by 50%.劳动力已削减了 50%。

 see 查看，发现〔信息或事实〕(to find out information or a fact)•From this graph, it

can be seen that some people are more susceptible to the disease.从这张图表可以看

出，有些人更容易得这种疾病。

 year on year (尤指数字、价格等)与上年同期相比的·The producer price index fell 3.1

percent year on year in the month.本月生产价格指数同比下降 3.1%。

 operating profit 营业利润

 【同义词】骤降，下降：a sharply decrease，plunge，nosedive，plummet，

【复习】

slump，crash，a spectacular decrease(印象笔记)

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 due adj 预定，预期(expected to happen or arrive at a particular time) •The final

results of the experiment are due on December 9.试验的最终结果预计在 12 月 9 日

出来。•She's pregnant and the baby's due in April.她怀孕了，预产期是在 4 月份。

，due north 正北，due south 正南【熟词僻义】。

adv 表示方向的“正的” 【复习】向

东南西北方向 northbound 向南的，southbound 向北的。

【paragraph 3】

But Weibo also confronts a longer-term challenge. Yujun Shao of Westwin, a Shanghai-

based digital-marketing firm, notes that for much of the past decade two firms—Weibo and

Tencent (which owns WeChat, a messaging service)—sucked in the vast majority of

advertising spending on Chinese social media. Today the “big two” are competing for ad

yuan with another behemoth, ByteDance, which operates Douyin, an addictive short-video

app (as well as TikTok, its global version). Other rising internet stars, such as Pinduoduo,

which offers bargain shopping, are also muscling in on the advertising market.

然而微博也面临着一个长期挑战。总部位于上海的数字营销公司西窗科技的邵宇军指出，在

过去十年的大部分时间里，微博和腾讯(旗下包括通讯服务软件微信)公司承包了中国社交媒

体上的绝大多数广告支出。如今，这两大巨头正与另一家巨头——字节跳动争夺广告份额。

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微博【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 17-p63】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

字节跳动旗下运营着令人上瘾的短视频应用抖音，以及它的全球版本 TikTok。其他正在崛起

的互联网新星，比如提供特价购物服务的拼多多，也在努力地挤入广告市场。

 suck 含在嘴里吮食，咂(to hold something in your mouth and pull on it with your

tongue and lips)•Don't suck your thumb, dear.不要吮大拇指，宝贝。

【短语】be sucked

in 卷入某事〔尤指坏事〕(to become involved in a situation, especially a bad situation,

when you do not want to)•The US has no intention of getting sucked into another war

in Europe.美国不想卷入欧洲的又一场战争中。

 behemoth 庞然大物；巨兽；巨型公司(something that is very large)•a trade behemoth

that shipped abroad $800 billion worth of goods 向国外运输了价值 8000 亿美元货物

的贸易巨头。【同义词】giant, titan, powerhouse, magnate(印象笔记)

 addictive 使人成瘾的(if a substance, especially a drug, is addictive, your body starts

to need it regularly and you are unable to stop taking it)•Tobacco is highly addictive .

烟草很容易使人上瘾

 bargain shopping 特卖，减价销售。bargain noun 便宜货，减价品(something you buy

cheaply or for less than its usual price)•There are no bargains in the clothes shops at

the moment.这阵子服装店里没有什么便宜货。
【短语】bargain for sth 考虑到，估计

到，预料到(经常用在否定句当中)(to expect that something will happen and make it

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part of your plans)•They hadn't bargained for such a dramatic change in the weather.

他们没有料到天气会有如此大的变化。【熟词僻义】

 muscle in 强行控制(干预)〔含贬义〕(to use your power to get involved in or take

control of something that someone else was doing, especially in business – used to

show disapproval) •Banks are muscling in on the insurance business.银行在插手保

【高级代低级】muscle in=intervene in；

险生意。 【熟词僻义】muscle 表示实力; 影响力

(power or influence)【搭配】military / economic / political muscle •The unions have

a lot of political muscle.工会有着很大的政治影响力。

【paragraph 4】

Weibo already boasts more than half a billion registered users in China. But user growth

has slowed. To keep advertisers on board, Weibo must therefore boost user engagement.

The company understands this. It already sports a richer array of functions than Twitter, for

example a popular question-and-answer service in the mould of Quora. It is constantly

adding new ones. In 2018 it acquired Yizhibo, in which people live-stream stand-up comedy,

moonwalks and other acts for tips. Last year it launched a photo-sharing service akin to

Instagram called Oasis. Still, Weibo’s revenues per user have been declining since 2018,

and its share price with them (see chart). That is one more feature it has in common with

Twitter—but is the opposite of what you would expect from a platform with strong network

effects, such as Facebook.

微博在中国已经拥有超过 5 亿的注册用户，但用户增长已经放缓。为了留住广告商，微博必

须提高用户参与度，该公司明白这一点。它已经拥有了比推特更丰富的功能，比如一个受欢

迎的问答服务，类似于美国的 Quora(美国一个在线回答问题的网站，类似知乎)，不断地增

加新的功能。2018 年，该公司收购了一直播，人们可以在一直播平台上直播单口相声、月

球漫步和其他表演来获得网友打赏。去年，微博推出了一款类似 Instagram 的照片分享服务

Oasis(绿洲)。尽管如此，微博的每用户收入自 2018 年以来一直在下降，其股价也随之下降

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(见图表)。这是它与推特的另一个共同点，但这与你对一个具有强大网络效应的平台，例如

脸书的预期正好相反。

 on board 有(工作上的)联系(或来往)；原为的 keep advertisers on board 表示留住广

告商

 engagement ( 与 … 的 ) 密 切 关 系 (when you become involved with someone or

something in order to understand them)•a strategy of engagement and cooperation

with China 与中国保持联系和合作的策略。原文的 engagement 表示参与度

 sport 炫耀，夸示·She always sports her beautiful baby to every friend coming into

her house.她向每一位来她家的朋友炫耀她美丽的小宝贝。原文就简单理解成拥有的意

思即可。

 an array of 大量的，一系列

 mould 模具; 铸模(a hollow container that you pour a liquid or soft substance into, so

that when it becomes solid, it takes the shape of the container)【搭配】in the same

mould (as sb / sth)和…相同类型；in the mould of sb / sth 以…的模式 ·a young

politician in the mould of the great statesmen of the past 与过去那些伟大的政治家如

出一辙的一名年轻政治家。

 acquire 购得，得到，收购(to obtain something by buying it or being given it)

 stand-up comedy 单人说笑喜剧，单口相声

 moonwalk 登月式舞步，太空漫步

 tip 小费，小账(a small amount of additional money that you give to someone such as

a waiter or a taxi driver)【拓展】这里的 tip 本意是给小费，用在现在的网络用语中表示

打赏。现在很多商场都推出了扫码打赏的活动，比如海底捞的手部按摩服务，我就斥巨

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资扫码打赏了 5 块钱，小姐姐还一直不收，觉得我们学生不赚钱太不容易了，我就坚持

觉得她服务很好，仅表示感谢~那么这个“扫码打赏”怎么说呢？tipping via QR code。

 akin to sth 与某物相似的，与某物类似的•Something akin to panic overwhelmed him.

一种类似惊恐的感觉使他不知所措。

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China’s fintech champion 中国金融科技领域的冠军

On the march 不断向前

The blockbuster listing of Ant Group shows how fintech is revolutionising finance

蚂蚁集团的轰动上市表明，金融科技正在给金融业带来革命性的变化

公众号后台回复【1010】获取本期的经济学人 PDF，
【1010 音频】获取音频资料，
【1010 笔记】 获取精

读笔记~

【背景知识】

蚂蚁集团的愿景是构建未来服务业的数字化基础设施，为世界带来更多微小而美好的改变。我们

不追求大，不追求强，追求成为一家能健康成长 102 年的好公司。旗下的支付宝大家肯定很熟

悉。支付宝已经从一个支付工具，成长为一站式数字生活平台。通过开放平台战略，引入数字金

融、政务民生、本地生活等各领域服务方，为消费者提供一站式数字生活服务。在全球范围内分

支付宝和数字钱包伙伴共同服务全球约 13 亿用户，提供移动支付和数字普惠金融服务。
享技术，

10 月 8 日晚，5 只计划战略配售蚂蚁集团的基金全部售罄，总规模约 600 亿元。支付宝理财销

售页面显示，累计认购人数超 1000 万人。

 fintech 金融科技，是 financial technology 的缩写 •A fintech startup treats student

loans a serious investments.一家新兴金融科技公司把学生贷款作为正经投资。

 march noun 示威游行，抗议游行；行进，进军等。

【搭配】on the march〔军队〕在

行军中，在前进中。verb 前进，行进 •march westbound/westward 向西行进。

【熟词僻

义】

 blockbuster 风靡一时的事物，尤指轰动一时的电影(或小说等)，极为成功的电影(或戏

剧)；消耗巨资拍摄的大片(或巨片)；卖座；重磅炸弹(a book or film that is very good or

successful)•the latest Hollywood blockbuster 好莱坞最新大片【搭配】Hollywood

blockbuster 好 莱 坞 大 片 ； hit/blockbuster products 拳 头 产 品 ； American

blockbuster 美国大片。【同义词】sensation，hit，smash/smash-hit(a box-office

smash 高票房电影)，take sth by storm

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 listing 上市；listed 上市的，如 listed shares 上市股票；listed company 上市公司【反

【拓展】IPO，全称为 initial
义词】delist 除名，从表上划除，从上市股票名单中除名。

public offering〔股票的〕首次公开发行(the first time that stock in a company is available

for the public to buy on the stock market)

 Ant Group 蚂蚁集团(https://www.antgroup.com/en/)

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【paragraph 1】

IN 1300 OR SO Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant, introduced Europeans to a monetary

marvel witnessed in China. The emperor, he wrote, “causes the bark of trees, made into

something like paper, to pass for money all over his country”. Eventually the West also

adopted paper money, some six centuries after China invented it. More recent foreign

travellers to China have come back agog at the next big step for money: the total

disappearance of paper, replaced by pixels on phone screens.

大约在 1300 年，威尼斯商人马可·波罗向欧洲人介绍了他在中国见证的金融奇迹。他写道，

“中国的皇帝让下属用树皮做成纸一样的东西，在整个国家作为货币流通”。最终，西方在

中国发明纸币后的六个世纪也采用了纸币。近期来到中国的外国游客对中国在货币下一大步

的改革上充满期待：纸币全部消失，取而代之的是手机屏幕上的一个个像素。

 or so 大约，将近·Take a kilo or so of sugar? 买一公斤左右白糖？【同义表达】

approximately，about，some，roughly，around，just about，close to，more or

less

 Venetian (意大利东北部港市)威尼斯的

 merchant 商人; 批发商(someone who buys and sells goods in large quantities) ·We

bought a ton of sand from the builders’ merchant.我们从建筑材料商那里买了 1 吨沙

子。【拓展】merchandise 商品；推销

 bark 树皮(the outer covering of a tree)

 agog 兴奋地期待的; 急切的，渴望的(very excited about something and wanting to

find out more) ·The children were all agog to see their presents. 孩子都兴奋地急着

要看给他们的礼物。
【同义词】eager，yearn，avid，long

 pixel 像素，像点〔指计算机屏幕上图像最小的单元〕(the smallest unit of an image on

a computer screen)

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【paragraph 2】

China’s pre-eminence in digital money is likely to be on display in the next few weeks with

the monster listing of Ant Group, its largest fintech firm, in Hong Kong and Shanghai.

Measured by cash raised, it will probably be the biggest initial public offering in history,

beating Saudi Aramco’s last year. Once listed, Ant, which was formed in 2004, could have

a similar value to JPMorgan Chase, the world’s biggest bank, which traces its roots to 1799.

Ant’s rise worries hawks in the White House and enthralls global investors. It portends a

bigger transformation of how the financial system works—not just in China but around the

world.

未来几周，随着中国最大的金融科技公司蚂蚁集团(Ant Group)在香港和上海两地上市，中

国在数字货币领域的卓越地位可能会得到彰显。若以筹资额来衡量，这可能将成为历史上规

模最大的首次公开发行，超过去年的沙特阿美。成立于 2004 年的蚂蚁金服一旦上市，市值

可能与摩根大通相当。摩根大通是全球最大的银行，其历史可追溯至 1799 年。蚂蚁集团的

崛起令白宫的鹰派深感担忧，并吸引着全球投资者。这预示不仅在中国，乃至全世界的金融

体系的运行方式的更大转变。

 pre-eminence 卓越，杰出；对应的形容词为 pre-eminent/preeminent 卓越的，杰出

的，超群的•his pre-eminent position in society 他在社会上的显要地位

 on display 展览，公开展出·The birds were put on display at the zoological society.

这些鸟类将在动物协会展出。

 initial public offering，缩写为 IPO，

〔股票的〕首次公开发行(the first time that stock

in a company is available for the public to buy on the stock market)

 trace 追溯; 追查(to find the origins of when something began or where it came from)

•The style of these paintings can be traced back to early medieval influences.这些绘

画的风格可以追溯到中世纪早期的影响。

 root 起源; 基础; 根本(the origin or main part of something such as a custom, law,

activity etc, from which other things have developed)•Jazz has its roots in the folk

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songs of the southern states of the US.爵士乐起源于美国南部诸州的民歌。

【搭配】

root and branch 彻底地，永久地〔把坏事物消除〕(if you destroy or change something

root and branch, you get rid of it or change it completely and permanently because it

is bad)•Racism must be eliminated, root and branch.必须根除种族主义。

【高级代低

级】root and branch=completely=radically；【拓展】rad-就是从 root 演变来的，表示

【写作推荐】今年的“Black Lives Matter”，缩写为“BLM”，黑人人权运动，

“根本的”。

意为“黑人的命也是命”；或者性侵事件(性别歧视)。….不良恶习 should/must be

eliminated/eradicated/stamped out radically/root and branch.

 hawk 鹰派人物，主战派人物(a politician who believes in using military force)【反义

词】 dove〔政治上的〕鸽派人物〔指主张和平与对话、反对战争的人〕(someone in

politics who prefers peace and discussion to war)【拓展知识】在货币政策立场上，美

联储官员可分为鹰派和鸽派两大类。从字面上来理解，美国的鹰派带有激进的意义，鸽

派有温和的意义。在货币市场上，当央行官员支持采取加息以对抗通胀时，我们称它们

为鹰派官员，尽管这样做会对经济增长和就业造成不利影响，市场上常说的美联储鹰派

即偏向于美联储尽早收紧货币政策。而美联储鸽派则是偏向于维持宽松的政策更长的时

间，或者是较晚加息，鸽派官员倾向于通过收紧利率来促进经济增长并提高就业人数。

对于某一事件或行动，他们也会表现出非激进性立场。

 enthral 迷住〔某人〕，使〔某人〕着迷(to make someone very interested and excited,

so that they listen or watch something very carefully)•The children were enthralled by

the story she was telling.孩子们被她讲述的故事迷住了。enthralling 迷人的，非常有趣

的【同义词】gripping，alluring，captivating

 portend 预示〔不祥之事〕
，为…的凶兆(to be a sign that something is going to happen,

especially something bad)•strange events that portend disaster 预示着灾难的奇怪事

【paragraph 3】

Jamie Dimon, JPMorgan’s boss, and others have kept a wary and admiring eye on Ant for

years. Spun off from Alibaba, an ecommerce firm, it has over 1bn users, mostly in China,

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and its payments network carried $16trn of transactions last year, connecting 80m

merchants (see Briefing). Payments are just the appetiser. Users can borrow money,

choose from 6,000 investment products, and buy health insurance. Imagine if main-street

banks, Wall Street’s brokers, Boston’s asset managers and Connecticut’s insurers were all

shrunk to fit into a single app designed in Silicon Valley that almost everyone used. Other

Chinese firms, notably Tencent, which owns the WeChat app, also operate cutting-edge

fintech arms.

摩根大通(美国最大的金融服务机构之一)老板杰米·戴蒙和其他人多年以来一直对蚂蚁集团

保持留意和赞赏的态度。蚂蚁集团是从电子商务公司阿里巴巴中剥离出来的，旗下拥有超过

10 亿的用户，大部分都在中国。其支付网络去年的交易额达到 16 亿美元，与之关联的商人

数达到 8000 万(请参阅简报)。支付只是其功能的开胃小菜，用户可以在此平台上借钱，选

择多达 6000 种投资产品进行投资，还可以购买健康保险。想象一下，如果大街银行、华尔

街的经纪人、波士顿的资产管理公司和康涅狄格的保险公司全部缩小规模，以适应一个几乎

人人都在使用的、在硅谷设计的应用程序，会是什么样子。其他的中国公司，尤其是推出

Wechat 应用的腾讯，同样运营着尖端的金融科技部门。

 wary 小 心 翼 翼 的 ， 谨 慎 的 (someone who is wary is careful because they think

something might be dangerous or harmful)【搭配】be wary of doing sth •I'm a bit

wary of driving in this fog.我有点害怕在这样的雾天开车。

【同义词】cautious。原文的

【搭配】keep a wary eye on sth 表示对 sth 表示警惕/注意 •Keep a wary eye on the

weather before you set sail.出航前要密切注意天气。

 spin off (使)从〔原来公司〕脱离出去(to make part of a company into a separate and

partly independent company, or to become a separate company)，spin 表示旋转，可

以想象下洗衣机滚筒洗衣机，一直在 spin，把一件衣服 spin off 了，就表示从中脱离了

出去 •At the time of the merger, Loral spun off its space divisions into a separate firm.

合并时，罗拉公司让它的太空部脱离出去组成一家独立的公司。

 payment network/system 支付网络

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 carry 支持，承担(to support a weight or responsibility) •a student who carries a

heavy course load.承担了繁重学业任务的学生。有保险/保用期等(to have insurance

etc) 【 搭配 】carry a guarantee 保质期 为 •All our products carry a 12-month

guarantee.我们所有的产品均有一年的保用期。【熟词僻义】

 appetizer 〔餐前的〕开胃小吃(a small dish that you eat at the beginning of a meal)

 main-street 〔美国许多小城镇的〕大街，主街(the most important street, with many

shops and businesses on it, in many small towns in the US) 〔信仰美国传统价值观

的〕普通大众，老百姓(ordinary people who believe in traditional American values) •

The President's new proposals won't go down too well on Main Street.总统的新提议

不太会受到普通老百姓的欢迎。

 broker 〔为别人买卖股票或外汇的〕经纪人，证券(股票)经纪人(someone who buys

and sells things such as shares in companies or foreign money for other people)。【同

义词】stockbroker

 asset 资产，财产(the things that a company owns, that can be sold to pay debts)•

the value of a company's assets 公司的资产价值 有利条件; 长处; 有用的人

(something or someone that is useful because they help you succeed or deal with

problems)•A sense of humor is a great asset in this business.在这一行业中，幽默感

【同义表达】advantage，edge，forte，merit，strong point，speciality，
是一大有利条件。

hold the aces

 insurer 承保人; 保险公司(a person or company that provides insurance)

 notably 格外地; 特别地(used to say that a person or thing is a typical example or the

most important example of something)【同义表达】especially，in particular

 cutting-edge adj〔某事物发展的〕尖端，最前沿的(the newest and most exciting stage

in the development of something)•cutting-edge scientific discoveries 最尖端的科学发

现。noun 优势，有利方面•The team are relying on Gregg to give them a cutting edge .

【同义表达】advantage，edge，forte，merit，strong
球队指望格雷格给他们带来优势。

point，speciality，hold the aces，a cutting edge

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 arm 职能部门; 分支机构(a part of a large group that is responsible for a particular

type of activity)•Epson America is the US marketing arm of a Japanese company.爱

普生美国有限公司是一家日本公司在美国的营销机构。【熟词僻义】

【paragraph 4】

China is not alone. The pandemic has supercharged activity elsewhere (see Finance

section). Alongside the surge in global ecommerce and remote working there has been an

accompanying boom in digital payments, which have jumped by 52% at Venmo, an

American network, compared with last year, and by 142% at Mercado Pago, a Latin

American fintech. Parisian farmers’ markets, pizza firms and Singaporean hawkers have

upgraded their systems so they can be paid instantly without physical contact or cash.

Investors sense a tectonic shift, like the one that shook retailing. Conventional banks now

account for only 72% of the stockmarket value of the global banking and payments industry,

down from 96% in 2010.

中国并不孤单。这次全球范围的新冠疫情给其他地区的经济活动增加了动力(见金融部分)。

随着全球电子商务和远程办公的蓬勃发展，数字支付也随之繁荣起来。与去年相比，美国网

络公司 Venmo 的数字支付增长了 52%，拉丁美洲金融科技公司 Mercado Pago 的数字支付

增长了 142%。巴黎农贸市场，比萨饼公司和新加坡小贩对其系统进行了升级，因此无需亲

身接触或现金就可以立即付款。投资者感觉到了一种结构性的转变，就像撼动零售业的那次

一样。传统银行现在只占全球银行和支付行业股票市值的 72%，低于 2010 年的 96%。

 supercharge 使超负荷；使超载；使过度，使过分(紧张等) •We were all supercharged

with anger by his behaviour.他的行为令我们全都愤怒到了极点。

 remote working 远程工作〔通过与办公室的计算机联网在家里工作〕(when people do

their work at home, using a computer that is connected to the computer system in an

office)•Remote workers understand this. Many barrage their bosses with progress

reports to prove they are on the job.远程工作者对此心知肚明。因此许多人不断向老板

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发送进展报告来证明他们正在工作。

 boom 〔生意〕繁荣，兴旺，激增(a quick increase of business activity)•The boom has

created job opportunities.经济繁荣创造了就业的机会。【反义词】slump〔经济的〕不

景气，萧条。

 Alongside the surge in global ecommerce and remote working there has been an

accompanying boom in digital payments 这句话可以很好的应用于疫情期间的远程工

作 及 无 接 触 、 无 需 面 对 面 的 在 线 电 子 支 付 上 ， 多 多 积 累 哟 ~ 注 意 alongside 及

accompanying 的应用，很好的 A 和 B 都如何，随着 A 如何 B 怎样的表达【写作推荐】

。

【 高 级 代 低 级 】 Alongside…. ， there has been an accompanying….. 来 代 替

As/With… , ….；in the wake of

 jump 〔数量〕激增，暴涨(to increase or improve suddenly and by a large amount)•

Profits jumped to ￡2.6 million last year.去年利润猛增至 260 万英镑。

【熟词僻义】本

段中出现了三个激增的表达：jump，surge，boom—词汇的丰富性

 Parisian 巴黎人(someone from the city of Paris in France)

 farmers’ market 农贸市场，

【复习】还记得第 16 篇经济学人中出现的 wet market 吗？

表示传统市场，一般就是售卖新鲜的肉、海鲜、蔬菜等农产品，与之对应的为 dry market，

售卖一些能够存放住的商品，比如衣服或者电子产品等。

 Singaporean 新加坡人

 hawker (叫卖)小贩(someone who carries goods from place to place and tries to sell

them)。可以将这个词汇和 gig economy，street stall economy 结合到一起啊，热点话

题啊宝宝们~下面的截图中的词汇也都最好积累下来，题目本身就是很好的写作素材。

【同义词】vendor〔尤指街头上的〕小贩 •the shouts of street vendors 街头小贩的吆

喝声

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 sense 感觉到，意识到(if you sense something, you feel that it exists or is true, without

being told or having proof)•Perhaps he sensed your distrust.也许他感觉到了你的不信

任。【熟词僻义】

 tectonic 构造的,建筑的。原文的 a tectonic shift 表示结构性转变，貌似在经济学中出

现的频率较高(我不是这个专业的，可能就是在胡说八道，哈哈哈，欢迎相关专业的小

伙伴给我普及下呀~)

 shake 使震惊，使难以置信(to make someone feel very upset or shocked)•The murder

shook the whole town.这桩谋杀案震惊了全镇的人。过去式为 shook，过去分词为

shaken。 【搭配】shake sb's confidence / beliefs 动摇某人的信心/信仰•His

confidence was badly shaken.他的自信心受到很大的打击。

【复习】bruise，bruise/boost

one’s confidence 打击/激励某人自信心

【paragraph 5】

If the surge in digital finance is universal, the business models behind it are not. In Latin

America look out for digital banks and e-commerce pioneers such as Nubank and

MercadoLibre, owner of Mercado Pago. In South-East Asia Grab and Gojek, two ride-

hailing services, are becoming “super-apps” with financial arms. Fintech firms now provide

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the majority of consumer loans in Sweden. In America credit-card firms such as Visa (the

world’s most valuable financial firm), digital-finance giants such as PayPal (the sixth) and

the big banks both co-operate and compete. Tech giants such as Apple and Alphabet are

dipping their toes in, tempted by the financial industry’s $1.5trn global pool of profits.

如果数字金融的激增是普遍的，那么背后的商业模式就不是。在拉丁美洲，要寻找数字银行

和电子商务先驱，例如 Nubank(巴西的一家数字金融服务公司)和 Mercado Pago(拉美支付

服务)的所有者 MercadoLibre(拉美科技公司，被称为“拉美淘宝”)。在东南亚，两家叫车

服务公司 Grab 和 Gojek 正成为拥有金融分支的超级应用。目前，金融科技公司提供了瑞典

大部分的消费贷款。在美国的信用卡公司(例如 Visa(世界上最有价值的金融公司))中，数字

金融巨头(例如 PayPal)(排名第六)和大型银行都进行了合作和竞争。受金融业 1.5 万亿美元

的全球利润的吸引，苹果和 Alphabet 等科技巨头也开始涉足此行业。

 universal 通用的;普遍的;万能的(true or suitable in every situation)•a universal truth

普遍的真理

 ride-hailing services 叫车/网约车服务 •The ride hailing company Uber has said

plans to give out millions of face masks to its drivers around the world as part of efforts

to stop the spread of the virus 打车公司优步表示自己计划分发上百万只口罩给世界各

地的旗下司机，以此举作为阻止疫情传播的部分努力。【复习】hail，a hail of，hail a

taxi，hail sth/sb as sth

 loan 〔银行等的〕贷款(an amount of money that you borrow from a bank etc)【搭配】

repay / pay off / pay back a loan 偿还贷款

 dip a/your toe in 小心尝试，探索，摸索(to start very carefully to do or become involved

in something that you are not experienced at)

 tempt 诱惑，引诱，诱使(to make someone want to have or do something, even though

they know they really should not)•It would take a lot of money to tempt me to quit this

job.得要很多钱才会让我动心放弃这份工作。

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【paragraph 6】

There is much to be excited about. At its best, fintech offers big gains in efficiency. If the

world’s listed banks cut expenses by a third, the saving would be worth $80 a year for

every person on Earth. Ant makes razor-thin margins on payments and takes minutes to

grant a loan. Gone are the days of getting gouged by money-changers in airports. Firms

such as TransferWise and Airwallex offer exchange services that are cheaper and faster.

有很多令人兴奋的事情。最好的情况下，金融科技能大幅提高效率。如果全球的上市银行削

减三分之一的支出，那么每个地球人每年节省的费用将达到 80 美元。蚂蚁支付的利润率极

低，发放贷款也需要几分钟时间。在机场被货币兑换商敲诈的日子已经一去不复返了。诸如

TransferWise 和 Airwallex 之类的公司可以提供更便宜，更快捷的交换服务。

 razor 剃(须)刀; 刮胡刀(a tool with a sharp blade, used to remove hair from your skin)

•a disposable razor 一次性剃须刀。

【搭配】be on a razor / razor's edge 处于险境

(to be in a difficult position where a mistake could be dangerous)•Politically we are

on a razor edge.我们在政治上处于险境。

 margin 〔竞赛或选举中胜方和负方在选票上或得分上的〕差数(the difference in the

number of votes, points etc that exists between the winners and the losers of a

competition or election) •They're a world-class team and it was no surprise that they

won by such a wide margin.他们是世界一流水平的队伍，以如此大的分差赢得比赛不

【熟词僻义】原文中的 margin 表示“利润”相当于 profit •Margins are low

足为奇。

and many companies are struggling.利润很少，很多公司在苦苦挣扎。

 razor-thin margin/victory 〔选举〕险胜的/微弱的优势(in an election, a razor-thin

victory is won by only a small number of votes)。【搭配】razor-thin profits 极其微薄

的利润；hold a razor-thin majority 占有些微优势，对比下 hold all the aces 占有绝对

优势地位；
【拓展】paper-thin 薄如纸的，极薄的:

 grant a loan 发放贷款

 gouge 诈取，诈骗钱财；向…要价太高；向…敲竹杠；本意表示在〔某物表面〕凿洞，

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凿槽•He took a knife and gouged a hole in the bottom of the boat.他拿了一把刀，在

船底凿了一个洞。【复习】clip joint

 money-changer 货币兑换商；[金融] 钱币兑换器；银行家；金融家 A money changer

is a person or organisation whose business is the exchange of coins or currency of

one country, for that of another. This trade is generally thought to be the origin of

modern banking in Europe.

【paragraph 7】

Digitisation also promises to broaden the spread of finance. Reaching customers will be

easier and data will make loan underwriting more accurate. Firms like Square and Stripe

help small businesses connect to the digital economy. In India and Africa digital finance

can free people from dodgy moneylenders and decrepit banks. By creating their own digital

currencies, governments may be able to bypass the conventional banking system and tax,

take deposits from, and make payments to citizens at the touch of a button. Compare that

with the palaver of Uncle Sam posting stimulus cheques this year.

数字化还有望扩大金融的传播范围。接触客户将更加容易而且数据将使贷款承保更加准确。

像 Square 和 Stripe 这样的公司帮助小企业与数字经济建立关系。在印度和非洲，数字金融

可以把人们从不大靠谱的放债人和破旧的银行中解放出来。通过创建自己的数字货币，政府

只需按一下按钮，便可以绕开传统的银行系统和税收，从居民那里存款并向公民付款。相比

之下，美国今年邮递经济刺激支票真是件麻烦事儿。

 underwrite (同意)负担〔活动、商业计划等〕的费用，以金钱支持(to support an activity,

business plan etc with money, and to take financial responsibility if it fails)• The

government has agreed to underwrite the project with a grant of ￡5 million.政府同意

拨款五百万英镑资助该项目。认购(未售出的证券、股票等)·They underwrote the coal

mine's bonds 他们同意买下该煤矿的未认购的股票。原文 loan underwriting 贷款承销

售 Loan underwriting is the process of a lender determining if a borrower's loan

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application is an acceptable risk

 dodgy 可疑的，看似不可靠的，不大靠谱的(seeming to be false, dishonest, or not to

be trusted)•dodgy share dealings 不可靠的股票交易

 moneylender〔尤指高息〕放款人，放债人(someone whose business is to lend money

to people, especially someone who makes people pay back a lot more money than

they have borrowed)【拓展】moneylending 高利贷•Most of his fortune came from

moneylending.他的大部分财富都是放高利贷赚来的。

 decrepit 衰老的; 破旧的(old and in bad condition)•The buildings were in a decrepit

state.这些建筑物破旧不堪。
【同义词】shabby，(obsolete， antiquated，out-of-date，

old-fashioned，outdated，outmoded 强调过时的，不时髦的，淘汰的)

 bypass 绕过〔规定、制度或某个官员〕(to avoid obeying a rule, system, or someone

in an official position)•Francis bypassed his manager and wrote straight to the director.

弗朗西斯绕过他的经理，直接写信给董事。

 palaver 〔不必要的〕麻烦，不便，烦恼(unnecessary trouble and anxiety that makes

something seem more important than it really is)•We could have done without all this

palaver.我们本可以不那么麻烦的。

 post 邮寄，寄出〔信件、包裹等〕(to send a letter, package etc by post)•I posted Barry

the cheque last Friday.上星期五我把支票寄给巴里了。

 stimulus cheques 刺激支票【拓展】stimulus package 刺激计划·To try to lessen the

impact of all this on the U.S economy, the federal government has been passing

stimulus packages.为了减轻肺炎对美国经济的影响，联邦政府通过了一系列经济激励

方案。

【paragraph 8】

Yet the fintech conquest also brings two risks. The first is that it could destabilise the

financial system. Fintech firms swarm to the most profitable parts of the industry, often

leaving less profit and most of the risk with traditional lenders. Fully 98% of loans issued

through Ant in China ultimately sit on the books of banks, which pay it a fee. Ant is

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eventually expected to capture a tenth or more of Chinese banking’s profits. Lumbering

lenders in the rich world are already crushed by low interest rates, legacy IT systems and

huge compliance costs. If they are destabilised it could spell trouble, because banks still

perform crucial economic functions, including holding people’s deposits and transforming

these short-term liabilities into long-term loans for others.

然而，金融科技的胜利也带来了两个风险。首先，它可能破坏金融体系的稳定。金融科技公

司纷纷涌向该行业最赚钱的部分，往往把较少的利润和大部分风险留给传统贷款人。在中国，

通过蚂蚁金服发放的贷款中，有 98%最终都在银行的账上，由银行向蚂蚁金服支付费用。

发达国家步履蹒跚的放贷者已经被低利率、遗留的 IT 系统和巨大的合规成本压垮了。如果

它们不稳定，则可能会带来麻烦，因为银行仍然履行重要的经济职能，包括持有人民的存款

并将这些短期债务转化为他人的长期贷款。

 conquest 击败，征服(the act of getting control of a country by fighting)•the Spanish

conquest of the Inca Empire 西班牙人对印加帝国的征服

 destabilise 破坏政府的稳定·Because reserves are so often held in the form of dollar-

denominated bonds, they can destabilise the American economy.由于储备常常都是以

美元计价的债券的形式被持有，它们能够动摇美国经济。

 swarm 成群结队地移动，蜂拥，涌往(if people swarm somewhere, they go there as a

large, uncontrolled crowd)•The museum was swarming with tourists.博物馆里挤满了

【复习】swarm，flood，crowed，throng，spill out of
观光客。

 book 账目，账簿，会计簿(written records of the financial accounts of a business)•

They have ￡50 billion worth of orders on the books.他们账上有价值 500 亿英镑的

订单。
【熟词僻义】

 capture 攻取; 夺取，夺得〔属于敌人的地方或物品〕•The Dutch fleet captured two

English ships.荷兰舰队虏获了两艘英国船舰。

 lumbering 笨拙移动的；动作迟缓的· Bob was big, lumbering, gentle sort.鲍伯块头

大，举止笨拙，却温文尔雅。

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 rich world 发达国家。【拓展】economy 义为“经济体”就经济体制而言指代“国家”

在写作中，发达国家除了用 the developed world, the rich world 表达外，还可以说

advanced economies 发达经济体。而以中国为代表的发展迅速的国家，可以用

emerging economies 新兴经济体来表达。【写作推荐】【熟词僻义】

 crush 打击，粉碎(to make someone lose all hope, confidence)【搭配】crush sb's

hopes / enthusiasm / confidence 粉碎某人的希望/热情/信心。【同义词】cruise

 legacy 遗留问题，后遗症(something that happens or exists as a result of things that

happened at an earlier time) •The invasion left a legacy of hatred and fear.这次入侵

留下的是仇恨和恐惧。遗产，遗赠物(money or property that you receive from

someone after they die) •She received a small legacy from her aunt.她从姨妈那里继

承了一小笔遗产。

 compliance cost [税收] 税务执行费用，合规成本，顺服成本

 spell 招致(带来)麻烦/灾难/危险等(if a situation or action spells trouble etc, it makes

you expect trouble etc)【搭配】spell trouble / disaster / danger etc 招致(带来)麻烦

/灾难/危险等。
•The lack of rain could spell disaster for farmers.少雨会给农民带来灾难。

【熟词僻义】
【同义词】incur

 liability 负债，债务(the amount of debt that must be paid)麻烦的人(事物)(someone

or something that is likely to cause problems for someone)•The outspoken minister

has become a liability to the government. 这位快人快语的部长成了政府的麻烦。【同

义词】palaver 不必要的麻烦，不便。

【paragraph 9】

The second danger is that the state and fintech “platform” firms could grab more power

from individuals. Network effects are integral to the fintech model—the more people use a

platform the more useful it is and likely that others feel drawn to it. So the industry is prone

towards monopoly. And if fintech gives even more data to governments and platforms, the

potential for surveillance, manipulation and cyber-hacks will rise. In China Ant is a cog in

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the Communist Party’s apparatus of control—one reason it is often unwelcome abroad.

When Facebook, a firm not known for its ethical conduct, launched a digital currency, Libra,

last year, it caused a global backlash.

第二个危险是，国家和金融科技平台公司可能会从个人手中攫取更多权力。网络效应是金融

科技模式中不可或缺的一部分，使用一个平台的人越多，这个平台的影响力越大，其他人可

能也会被它吸引。因此，该行业倾向于垄断。而且，如果金融科技公司向政府和其他平台提

供更多数据的话，受到监视，操纵和网络黑客袭击的可能性将会增加。(此处省略一句) 去年，

当不以道德行为著称的脸书公司推出数字货币 Libra 时，引起了全球的强烈反对。

 integral 〔构成整体所〕必需的，不可缺少的(forming a necessary part of something)

•Vegetables are an integral part of our diet.蔬菜是我们膳食中不可缺少的一部分。

【搭

配】be integral to 对…而言是必不可少的•Statistics are integral to medical research.

统计数字是医学研究中不可或缺的。【高级代低级】be integral to=necessary=be

important to=be indispensable to

 draw 吸 引 (to attract someone or make them want to do something) • Beth felt

strangely drawn to this gentle stranger.被这个温文尔雅的陌生人所吸引，贝丝感觉很

奇怪。

 prone 易于发生某事〔尤指不好或有害的事〕的; 很可能…的; 有…倾向的(likely to do

something or suffer from something, especially something bad or harmful)•Kids are

all prone to eat junk food.孩子往往都喜欢吃垃圾食品。【拓展】-prone 经常倾向于发生

什么的，accident-prone / injury-prone 经常容易出事故/经常受伤 •He's always been

accident-prone.他总是出事故。

 monopoly 垄断; 独占; 专营(if a company or government has a monopoly of a

business or political activity, it has complete control of it so that other organizations

cannot compete with it)•Men held a near monopoly of power in the church at that time.

那时在教会中，男子几乎拥有独占的权力。

 surveillance 监视，侦察(when one country watches the military activities of another

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country to see what they are planning to do)•a surveillance mission 侦察任务•a

surveillance camera 监控摄像头

 manipulation 操控，操控•People think that the investigation was independent, but in

fact a lot of political manipulation went on.人们以为调查是独立进行的，但事实上有很

多政治力量的操控。

 cyber attack 网络攻击 •The cyber attackers were not identified 发动攻击的黑客尚未

确定。【拓展】cyber attacker 黑客=hacker；cyber-计算机的，因特网的(relating to

computers, especially to messages and information on the Internet) •cyber-shoppers

网上购物者。【写作推荐】阿里巴巴双十一购物嘉年华 Alibaba’s Singles Day shopping

extravaganza is a well-known shopping event nationwide. Crazy cyber-shoppers are

prone to binge shopping sprees.

 cog 无足轻重的人物，小人物(someone who only has a small unimportant job in a

large organization) 【搭配】a cog in the machine / wheel 微不足道的人物/一环•The

firm tries hard to make its employees feel that they are more than simply cogs in the

wheel. 公司尽力使员工感到他们不是微不足道的小职员。齿轮(a wheel with small

bits sticking out around the edge that fit together with the bits of another wheel as they

turn in a machine)【同义词】pipsqueak 无足轻重的人，小人物(someone that you think

is not worth respecting or paying attention to, especially because they are small or

young)【反义词】a big shot 要人，大人物; 有权势的人。

【复习】mogul 大亨

 apparatus 机构，组织(the way in which a lot of people are organized to work together

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to do a job or control a company or country) •the apparatus of government 政府机构

【同义词/复习】body

 unwelcome 〔尤指因可能引起尴尬或问题而〕不希望要的，不受欢迎的(something that

is unwelcome is not wanted, especially because it might cause embarrassment or

problems)•unwelcome publicity 不受欢迎的宣传

 ethical conduct 伦理行为，道德行为【辨析】ethnical(人种的,种族的)和 ethical(道德

的，伦理的)

 currency 货币，通货(the system or type of money that a country uses)•The bank

can supply you with foreign currency .这家银行能为你提供外币。

【拓展】hard currency

硬通货，强势货币(主要指美元)(money that is from a country that has a strong economy

and is therefore unlikely to lose its value)流传，通行; 被接受，传播(the state of being

accepted or used by a lot of people)•Marxism began to gain currency .马克思主义开

始被人们所接受•The argument has received wide currency .这一论点被广泛接受了•

The idea was common currency in European political life.这一观点在欧洲的政治生活

中 被 广 泛 接 受 。 相 当 于 acceptance ， gain/receive common/wide currency=wide

acceptance。

 backlash 〔尤指对政治或社会事件的〕强烈反应，反对(a strong negative reaction by

a number of people against recent events, especially against political or social

developments)•The 1970s saw the first backlash against the women's movement.20

世纪 70 年代妇女运动首次遭遇强烈的抵制【拓展】强烈批评 slam，rebuke，
lambaste，

reprimand，reproach，denounce，censure，criticize，blame

【paragraph 10】

As the fintech surge continues, governments should take a holistic view of financial risk

that includes banks and fintech firms—Chinese regulators rightly snuffed out Ant’s booming

business in loan securitisation, which had echoes of the subprime fiasco. Governments

should also lower barriers to entry so as to boost competition. Singapore and India have

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cheap, open, bank-to-bank payment systems which America could learn from. Europe has

flexible banking that lets customers switch accounts easily. Last, the rise of fintech must

be tied to a renewed effort to protect people’s privacy from giant companies and the state.

So long as fintech can be made safer, open and respectful of individual rights, then a

monetary innovation led by China will once again change the world for the better.

随着金融科技热潮的持续，各国政府应该对包括银行和金融科技公司在内的金融风险采取整

体看法。中国监管机构正确地扼杀了蚂蚁金服蓬勃发展的贷款证券化业务，这与次贷危机如

出一辙。政府还应降低进入壁垒，以促进竞争。新加坡和印度拥有廉价、开放的银行间支付

系统，美国可以向它们学习。欧洲拥有灵活的银行制度，可以让客户很容易地更换账户。最

后，金融科技的崛起必须与保护人们隐私不受大公司和政府侵害的新的努力紧密相连。只要

金融科技可以更安全，开放并且尊重个人权利，那么由中国领导的货币创新政策将再次使世

界变得更好。

 holistic 整体(论)的，全面的(considering a person or thing as a whole, rather than as

separate parts)•a holistic approach to design 设计的整体方法。 【拓展】holistic

medicine 整体医学(medical treatment based on the belief that the whole person must

be treated, not just the part of their body that has a disease)；alternative medicine 另

类疗法，另类医学，非传统医学，替代医术(如采用顺势疗法、按摩、推拿等中医治疗

法)

 snuff 掐灭，闷熄〔蜡烛〕(to stop a candle burning by pressing the burning part with

your fingers or by covering it)【短语】snuff out〔突然地〕消灭，扼杀(to stop or end

something in a sudden way)•a rebellion that will snuff out democracy 将会扼杀民主的

一场叛乱。

 loan securitization 资产证券化·Third, many securitization markets remain impaired,

reducing an important source of funding for bank loans. 第三，许多证券化市场仍然受

损，减少了银行贷款的重要资金来源。

 echo 十分相似的东西，如出一辙的事物(something that is very similar to something

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that has happened or been said before)•The article contains echoes of an earlier

report.这篇文章与先前的一篇报道如出一辙【熟词僻义】
。【复习】akin to

 subprime 准最低贷款利率的·The sub-prime mortgage crisis hit it hard.次贷危机给

它带来的打击是沉重的。

 fiasco 惨败，彻底的失败(an event that is completely unsuccessful, in a way that is

very embarrassing or disappointing)•The first lecture I ever gave was a complete

fiasco .我的第一次讲课完全失败了。

 be tied to 和某物联系在一起; 依附于某物(to be related to something and dependent

on it) •Interest rates are tied to the rate of inflation.利率和通货膨胀率紧密联系在一起。

【高级代低级】be related to=be tied to

 renewed 再次发生的; 再次兴起的(starting again, especially with increased interest

or strength)•The festival went ahead, despite renewed protests.尽管抗议再度爆发，

节庆活动还是继续进行

 monetary 货币的，金融的(relating to money, especially all the money in a particular

country)•the government's tight monetary policy 政府从紧的货币政策

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Economic rebound 经济反弹

A big splash 大轰动

In a world mired in recession, China manages a v-shaped recovery

在这个陷入经济衰退的世界中，中国实现了 V 型复苏

公众号后台回复【1024】获取本期的经济学人 PDF，
【1024 音频】获取音频资料，
【1024 笔记】 获取精

读笔记~文章最后一段视频的最后会列出个人认为重点掌握，很好用的词汇~

【背景介绍】

今年 8 月 15 日武汉玛雅海滩水公园夜场电音节的场景

 rebound 〔价格、价值等下跌后〕回升; 反弹(if prices, values etc rebound, they

increase again after decreasing) •Share prices rebounded today after last week's

losses.股票价格在上周下跌之后，今天出现了反弹。
【同义词】recover 【搭配】on the

rebound 反弹，回升•The market seems to be on the rebound.市场好像在反弹。【短

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语】rebound on / upon sb(if something bad or unpleasant you have done rebounds

on you, it has a bad effect on you)使自食恶果，使自作自受=backfire •Your selfish

behaviour will rebound on you sooner or later.你的自私行为早晚会得到报应。

【注意】

过去式及过去分词为 rebind(也表示重新装订，注意区分)

 splash 惹人注目，引起轰动(to do something that gets a lot of public attention) •

Russell's new show made a big splash in New York.拉塞尔的新节目在纽约引起很大

【同义/类似表达】sensation, hit, blockbuster, take sth by storm 【拓展】

的轰动。

a splash of=a dash of 一点点…

吃煎饼果子，阿姨问要葱吗？a dash of 葱花~

 mire verb 使为难；陷入泥坑；进退不得(To hinder, entrap, or entangle) •to be mired

in emotion 陷入情感的困境；noun 泥潭，泥坑；困境; 艰难的处境•The Party sank

deeper into the mire of conflict.该党在冲突的泥潭里陷得更深了。

【拓展】mired 陷入

困境的; 处境艰难的(stuck in a bad situation and unable to get out or make progress)

•a government mired in scandal and controversy 身陷丑闻和争议泥潭的政府。

【同义

表达】mired in，plunged into 后面往往加不太好的状态，陷入之中，如 plunge into

depression

【paragraph 1】

ONE SCENE more than any other from China’s coronavirus recovery has caught the

world’s attention: a giant pool party in August in Wuhan, the city where the pandemic

began. Nearly four months after their 11-week lockdown, revellers were crammed

together in waist-high water, jumping and shouting in exhilaration as a DJ spun bass-

heavy beats. The video went viral. It was a moment of pure release and a sign of how

China is far ahead of most other countries in returning to normality (of a sort). Economic

data are rarely as exciting as pool parties, but China’s latest GDP figures, released on

October 19th, were, roughly speaking, the statistical equivalent of Wuhan’s aquatic

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festivities.

中国从新冠肺炎疫情的恢复后，武汉八月份举行了一场大型泳池派对，这场派对比以往任何

场面都更能引起世界的关注。在封闭 11 周近 4 个月后，狂欢者们扎堆在齐腰高的水里，随

着 DJ 放的低音重节拍兴奋地跳着喊着。现场的视频火爆刷屏。这是纯粹释放的时刻，也是

中国遥遥领先于大多数其他国家(在某种程度上)，回归正常生活的标志。然而财政数据却不

像泳池派对那样令人兴奋，中国 10 月 19 日发布的最新 GDP 数据，粗略地说，在统计上相

当于武汉的水上电音节。

 more than any other 比较级表示最高级；•Hydropower, hydroelectricity is used more

than any other renewable.利用水电比利用其他任何可再生能源的时候都多。

 catch sb’s attention 吸引某人注意，可以用在作文中的开头句子，引出话题。The

extensive short-sightedness of Chinese teenagers has caught authorities’ and parents’

attention alike……直接明了的引出话题

 【复习】reveller，binge drinking，binge eating，revel in 都是什么意思，请打在公

屏上~

 【复习】关于蜂拥而至，拥挤的单词有哪些？cram, jam, flood, throng, swarm, spill

out of【经济学人 16-Washing away the tears】

 waist-high 齐腰高的(地)(high enough to reach your waist)•waist-high grass 齐腰高

的草

 exhilaration 兴奋; 激动(a feeling of being happy, excited, and full of energy)•She

enjoyed the exhilaration of jet-skiing.她玩水上摩托玩得很开心。

 bass 男低音(歌手)，男低音部，
〔乐谱的〕低音部；bass-heavy 重低音‘

 beat 节拍； 咳咳，DJ, Drop the beat！哟哟，切克闹，煎饼果子来一套，如果我是 DJ

你还会爱我吗~hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

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 normality 正常状态(a situation in which things happen in the usual or expected way)

We're hoping for a return to normality as soon as possible.我们期望尽快恢复正常

 but 而是〔用于否定成分之后，强调句子第二部分是真实的〕，Economic data are rarely

as exciting as pool parties, but China’s latest GDP figures, released on October 19th,

were, roughly speaking, the statistical equivalent of Wuhan’s aquatic festivities. 【生

僻用法】

 statistical 统计(上)的；统计学(上)的

 equivalent 等同物; 等价物; 对应物(something that has the same value, purpose, job

etc as something else)•The word has no equivalent in English.这个词在英语中没有对

应词。如煎饼果子(又上线了，hhh)，油条，烤冷面，手抓饼，大拉皮，辣条，臭豆腐，

小酥肉，锅盔，鸡蛋灌饼，手抓饭，冷吃牛肉，大饼子，发糕，烧卖，凉糕，这些英语

没有对应词啊，都得好几个词形容。哈哈哈哈哈，带牙套的我好馋…..快到吃饭点了~

 aquatic 水中的，水上的(involving or happening in water) •aquatic sports 水上运动

【paragraph 2】

Officials reported that the economy expanded by 4.9% in the third quarter compared with

a year earlier, just shy of its pre-pandemic pace. Whereas most other countries are mired

in recession and grappling with a new wave of covid-19 cases, China has just about

completed the upward leg of a v-shaped rebound. Analytically, its success is easy to

explain. China got one crucial thing right. By almost stamping out the virus it was able to

allow activity to resume with few restrictions. Schools are fully open, factories are

humming and restaurants are buzzing. China is also lucky in one crucial way. It is better

insulated from weak global demand than smaller peers such as New Zealand that have

done a good job of containing the pandemic, too. Until vaccines are rolled out, others will

struggle to match China’s feat.

官方报告称，第三季度经济同比增长 4.9%，仅略低于疫情爆发前的增速。当其他大多数国

家还在陷入经济衰退、应对新一波 covid-19 病例时，中国刚刚完成了 v 型反弹的上行阶段。

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简单分析一下，就会发现中国的成功很容易解释。中国做对了一件至关重要的事情，在几乎

消灭病毒的前提下，民众几乎可以在没有限制的条件下恢复正常生活。学校全部开学，工厂

和饭店也热火朝天的复工。中国在一个关键方面也同样幸运，虽然小规模国家新西兰在控制

疫情方面也做得很好，但中国更能免受全球需求疲软的影响。在疫苗上市之前，其他国家将

很难与中国匹敌。

 be shy (of sth) 不足，未达到(…的)所需数量(to have less than a particular amount of

something)•Jessica died Monday. She was one week shy of her 13th birthday.杰茜卡

是星期一死的，还有一个星期就是她的十三岁生日了(这个例句有点悲伤…)。

 grapple 扭打，揪斗，搏斗(to fight or struggle with someone, holding them tightly)•

Two men grappled with a guard at the door.两个男人和一个门卫在门口扭打。

【搭配】

grapple with 尽力解决，设法理解〔某困难问题〕(to try hard to deal with or understand

something difficult) • The Government has to grapple with the problem of

unemployment. 政 府 不 得 不 努 力 解 决 失 业 问 题 。【 高 级 代 低 级 】 grapple

with=handle=settle=resolve

 upward 向上的(moving or pointing towards a higher position) •Stroke the cream onto

your skin in an upward direction.把护肤霜在皮肤上轻轻向上抹。

 leg 〔旅程或赛程的〕一段，一程(one part of a long journey or race) •the final leg of

the Tour de France 环法自行车赛的最后一程【熟词僻义】

 upward leg 升弧段，就是指图表中向上走势的一段

 analytically 分析地，分析法地

 stamp out 扑灭，消灭，镇压•The fire in the grass was stamped out.草地上的火被扑

灭了。•Government was trying to stamp out the increasing wave of drug addiction in

young people. 新 政 府 在 竭 力 消 除 年 轻 人 中 日 趋 严 重 的 吸 毒 之 风 。【 写 作 推 荐 】

(radically/fundamentally)stamp out racism/stereotype/prejudice

 hum 〔场所〕忙碌，活跃〔含褒义〕(if a place hums, it is full of activity – use this to

show approval) •The streets were humming with life.大街上很热闹。

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 buzz 充满热闹(兴奋活动)•a classroom buzzing with activity 一个闹哄哄的教室。【复

习】boom 生意兴隆，slack 生意惨淡

 insulate 使绝缘; 使隔热; 使隔音(to cover or protect something with a material that

stops electricity, sound, heat etc from getting in or out)•Pipes may need insulating

against the cold.管道可能需要隔热以防冰冻。

【搭配】insulate from 隔绝；免受，免

遭，免于【反义】suffer from

 peer 同龄人; 社会地位相同的人(your peers are the people who are the same age as

you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc)•American children did less

well in math than their peers in Japan.美国儿童的数学成绩比不上日本的同龄儿童。

 roll out 在市场上推出某物(to make a new product available for people to buy or use)

•The company expects to roll out the new software in September.公司希望在九月份

推出这款新软件。【同义词】launch

 feat 业绩，功绩，壮举(something that is an impressive achievement, because it needs

•an incredible feat of engineering 工程技术上了不起的

a lot of skill, strength etc to do)•

成就。【搭配】perform / accomplish / achieve a feat 实现壮举•the woman who

performed the feat of sailing around the world alone 实现独自环球航行壮举的女性。

【原文】match one’s feat 与某人匹敌；rival

【paragraph 3】

Yet China’s headline resilience has masked an unbalanced recovery. Back in February,

when the government began cautiously to relax its lockdown, it focused on reopening

factories and launching infrastructure projects. It correctly reasoned that maintaining strict

health protocols in factories and on construction sites, which can be managed as semi-

closed environments, would be easier than in shopping malls or schools. On top of that,

China’s meagre provisions for unemployment insurance meant that the millions of people

who found themselves out of work had to cut back on spending. Early in its recovery,

China’s economy was thus fuelled by factory production and investment. Capital

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formation—the category in GDP accounting that encompasses these endeavours—

contributed five percentage points to growth in the second quarter, whereas consumption

subtracted more than two percentage points. Back then that left China with a 3.2% year-

on-year growth rate.

然而，中国非常值得提到的应变能力掩盖了复苏的不平衡。今年 2 月，当政府开始谨慎地放

松封锁时，其重点在于重新开放工厂和启动基础设施项目。中国正确地推断出，在工厂和建

筑工地这种可以实施半封闭管理的场所保持严格的卫生规程比在购物中心或学校更加容易。

除此之外，中国对失业保险的供应不足，这意味着数以百万计的失业者不得不削减开支。因

此，在复苏初期，中国经济得到了工厂生产和投资的推动。GDP 核算中包含这些努力的资

本形成对第二季度的增长贡献了 5 个百分点，而消费却减少了超过 2 个百分点。当时，中国

经济同比增长 3.2%。

 headline adj 标题中值得一提：非常值得注意(deserving mention in a headline : very

noteworthy)

 mask 掩饰，隐瞒，掩盖(to hide your feelings or the truth about a situation) •Men often

mask their true feelings with humour.男人常常用幽默来掩饰他们真实的情感。

【熟词僻

义】

 reason 论证，推断，推论(to form a particular judgment about a situation after carefully

considering the facts)•They reasoned that other businesses would soon copy the idea.

他们推断其他企业也会很快仿效这个办法。

 protocol 〔协议的〕文本; 草案(a written record of a formal or international agreement,

or an early form of an agreement)

 construction sites 建筑工地

 semi-closed 半封闭式的

 on top of 除…之外(还有其他问题)(if something bad happens to you on top of

something else, it happens when you have other problems) •On top of everything

else, I now have to go to work next Saturday!最糟糕的是，我下周六还要上班！完全

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控制某事物; 对某事物摸得一清二楚(in complete control of a situation) •Don't worry;

I'm back on top of things now.不要担心，我现在又完全控制了局面。

 meagre 〔食物、钱等〕不足的，微薄的(a meagre amount of food, money etc is too

small and is much less than you need)【搭配】meagre income / earnings / wages

微薄的工资 •a meagre diet of bread and beans 不足以裹腹的面包和豆子。

【反义词】

prodigious，copious

 provision 提 供， 供给; 为 … 做 好准 备， 为…预 先采 取措 施 (when you provide

something that someone needs now or in the future) • provision for people with

disabilities 满足残疾人士的需要 〔协议或法律中的〕规定，条款，条件(a condition

in an agreement or law)•Under the provisions of the Act, employers must supply safety

equipment.按法令规定，雇主必须提供安全设备。

 cut back〔员工或政府开支等的〕削减，裁减(a reduction in something, such as the

number of workers in a company or the amount of money a government or company

spends)•The shortage of teachers was blamed on government cutbacks.教师短缺归

罪于政府削减经费。
【同义词】slash

 capital formation [经] 资本形成；集资

 encompass 包含，包括(to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc)•The study

encompasses the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.这项研究包

含了这一情况的社会、政治和经济三方面。【高级代低级】encompass=include

 endeavour 尝试; 努力(an attempt to do something new or difficult)•They made every

endeavour to find the two boys.他们竭尽全力寻找那两个男孩。

【同义表达/复习】spare

no effort to do sth, strain every nerve to do sth, bend over backwards to do sth,

make every endeavour to do sth

【paragraph 4】

The latest data reflect a slightly more balanced recovery (see chart). The contribution to

third-quarter growth from capital formation fell to less than three percentage points, in

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line with the pre-pandemic norm, as infrastructure spending tailed off. Consumption

added nearly two percentage points, which was below its pre-pandemic heights but a big

improvement—easily noticeable in the crowds that have returned to tourist sites,

restaurants and shops. Trade was the cream on top. China’s share of global merchandise

exports has risen to a record high during the pandemic. It received a boost by being the

first manufacturing power to resume operations, in addition to being the world’s biggest

producer of protective equipment, from masks to surgical gowns.

最新的数据表明，中国经济的复苏势头稍显平衡(详见图表)。随着基础设施支出减少，资本

形成对第三季度增长的贡献降至不到 3 个百分点，与疫情前的平均水平保持一致。消费增加

了近 2 个百分点，低于疫情前的峰值，但这一显著改善很容易从去旅游景点、餐馆和商店的

人群中察觉。贸易是重中之重。在疫情期间，中国在全球商品出口中所占的份额已升至历史

最高水平。中国是第一个恢复生产的制造业大国，同时也是全球最大的防护设备(从口罩到

手术服)生产商，这对中国的发展起到了推动作用。

 reflect 显示; 反映(to show or be a sign of a particular situation or feeling)•The drop

in consumer spending reflects concern about the economy.消费支出的下降反映出人

们对经济的担忧。【高级代低级】reflect=show=illustrate=demonstrate=see

 in line with sth 与 某 事 物 一 致 ， 按 照 某 事 物 (if something changes in line with

something else, it changes in the same way and at the same rate as it)•Pensions will

be increased in line with inflation.退休金会随着通货膨胀而增加。

【类似表达】in accord

with sth 符合，一致 •These results are in accord with earlier research.这些结果和先

前的研究一致。

 norm 正常(平均)水平(the normal or average standard)•28% of children tested below

the norm.有 28% 的儿童化验结果低于正常水平。

 tail off 变得越来越少(小); 逐渐消失(to become gradually less, smaller etc, and often

stop or disappear completely) •Profits tailed off towards the end of the year.利润到年

底几乎减为零了。

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 height 很高的水平(程度)(a very great level or degree)•War fever had reached new

heights.战争狂热创了新高。【熟词僻义】

 cream …中的精英; …中的精华(the best people or things from a group)，

【用法】the

cream of sth •The students at this college are the cream of the crop (=the best of all) .

这所大学的学生是天之骄子。【原文】Trade was the cream on top 贸易是重中之重。

【熟词僻义】

 gown 女礼服；长袍 wedding / evening / ball gown 外科手术服(a long loose piece

of clothing worn in a hospital by someone doing or having an operation)•The WHO is

sending surgical masks, gowns and gloves to hospitals in more than 50 countries.世

界卫生组织正在向 50 多个国家的医院运送外科口罩、手术服和手套。
【熟词僻义】
【复

习】protective gear 防护设备。

 It received a boost by being the first manufacturing power to resume operations, in

addition to being the world’s biggest producer of protective equipment, from masks to

surgical gowns.【写作推荐-素材积累】

【paragraph 5】

Whenever Chinese data look so rosy, it is natural to ask whether they are believable. In

this case a range of non-GDP indicators, including other countries’ exports to China, lend

credence to the picture of a robust rebound. The bigger worry is whether the recovery

has been at the expense of efforts to rein in debt. The initial sharp economic slowdown

followed by a government-directed boom in bank lending will push China’s debt-to-GDP

ratio to about 275% this year, up by 25 percentage points. It will be the biggest annual

increase since 2009 during the global financial crisis

每当中国的数据看起来如此乐观时，人们自然会质疑这些数据是否可信。在这种情况下，包

括其他国家对中国出口在内的一系列非 GPD 衡量指标，为中国经济强劲反弹的前景增添了

可信度。更令人担忧的是，经济复苏是否以控制债务为代价。在政府指导下的银行贷款激增

之后，最初的经济急剧放缓将把中国今年的债务与 GDP 之比推高 25 个百分点，至 275%

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左右。

 rosy 充满成功希望的，美好的(seeming to offer hope of success or happiness)•a

company that sees a rosy future for itself 认为业务前景一片光明的公司。

【同义词】

promising

 indicator 指 示 物 ; 指 示 者 ； 指 标 (something that can be regarded as a sign of

something else)•All the main economic indicators suggest that trade is improving.所

有主要的经济指标都表明贸易情况正在改善。

 credence 相信; 信任(the acceptance of something as true)【搭配】lend credence

to sth 增加某物的可信度•The DNA results lend credence to Hausmann's claims of

innocence.DNA 测试的结果使得豪斯曼声称自己无辜的说法变得更加可信了。gain

credence 得到认可; 获得信任•His ideas quickly gained credence among economists.

他的观点很快就得到了经济学家的认可。give credence to sth 相信某事•I don't give

any credence to these rumors.我一点都不相信这些谣言。

【高级代低级】give credence

to=believe

 picture〔某地方、组织等的〕情况，局面(the general situation in a place, organization

etc)•the wider political picture 更广泛的政治局面

 robust 〔系统、组织等〕强大的，稳固的(a robust system, organization etc is strong

and not likely to have problems)•The formerly robust economy has begun to weaken.

原本强劲的经济开始衰退。

 at the expense of sb/sth 以损害某人/某物为代价•The growth in short breaks, at the

expense of longer package holidays 以牺牲时间较长的包价旅游为代价的短假增多.

 rein in 开始对〔某种情况〕严加控制(to start to control a situation more strictly) •The

government is reining in public expenditure.政府正在收紧公共开支。【搭配】keep a

tight rein on sb / sth 对某人/某事物严加控制【高级代低级】keep a tight rein on

sb/sth=strictly control sb/sth

 to 〔用于表示两个不同度量或数量之间的关系〕(used to show the relationship between

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two different measurements or quantities)•The scale of your map is one inch to the

mile.你这张地图的比例尺为一英寸比一英里。
【原文】China’s debt-to-GDP ratio 中国

的债务与 GDP 的比值

【paragraph 6】

Yet China is far from alone. Governments around the world have run up huge tabs to

lessen the economic fallout from the pandemic. With its growth back on track, China has

a chance to tighten the spigots again. s&p, a credit-rating agency, notes that the

country’s real lending rates (ie, adjusted for inflation) have recently climbed to a five-year

high, a dampener on investment. If successful, China will confine irrational exuberance

to pools.

然而，中国并不是唯一这样做的国家。世界各国政府已经为减轻疫情带来的经济影响而支付

了巨额费用。随着经济增长重回正轨，中国有机会再次收紧出口。信用评级机构标准普尔指

出，中国的实际贷款利率(即根据通货膨胀调整后的利率)最近已经攀升至五年来的最高点，

这抑制了投资。如果成功的话，中国将把非理性繁荣限制在泳池中。

 run up 积欠，签下【搭配】run up a debt / bill 积欠大量债务/账单•She ran up an

enormous phone bill.她积欠下一大笔电话费。

 tab 账款; 账目(an amount of money that you owe, or a record of an amount of money

that you owe)•The tab for the campaign was nearly $500 million.活动的费用将近 5

亿美元。
【熟词僻义】

 fallout 〔尤指预料不到的〕影响，结果(the results of a particular event, especially when

they are unexpected)•The political fallout of the affair cost him his job.这一事件的政

治影响使他丢了工作。

 spigot 〔大容器的〕塞子，栓(a tap in a large container that controls the flow of liquid

from it)•The spigot of racial hatred had been turned back on.种族仇视的水龙头再次拧

开了。

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 credit-rating 信用等级，信用评级(a judgment made by a bank or other company

about how likely a person or business is to pay their debts)

 dampener 令人扫兴的人，阻尼器。
【复习】dampen 抑制，减退〔热情、积极性等〕

(to make something such as a feeling or activity less strong)•Raising interest rates

might dampen the economy.提高利率可能会抑制经济发展。

 confine 把…局限于; 把…限制于(to keep someone or something within the limits of

a particular activity or subject)•We confined our study to 10 cases.我们把研究限定在

十个案例以内。

 exuberance 兴 高 采 烈 ; 活 跃 ; 愉 快 ; 茁 壮 • Irrational exuberance Stockmarkets

continued to swing wildly 不合理的繁荣股票市场继续剧烈波动。

重点掌握词汇及词组清单

词汇 释义
splash 惹人注目，引起轰动
mire 使为难；陷入泥坑；进退不得
be shy (of sth) 不足，未达到(…的)所需数量
grapple with 尽力解决，设法理解〔某困难问题〕
stamp out 扑灭，消灭，镇压
on top of 除…之外(还有其他问题)
encompass 包含，包括
in line with sth 与某事物一致，按照某事物
cream …中的精英; …中的精华
rein in 开始对〔某种情况〕严加控制
tab 账款; 账目
dampen 抑制，减退〔热情、积极性等〕
hum 〔场所〕忙碌，活跃〔含褒义〕
buzz 充满热闹(兴奋活动)
insulate from 隔绝；免受，免遭
roll out 在市场上推出某物
feat 业绩，功绩，壮举
cut back 〔员工或政府开支等的〕削减，裁减
endeavour 尝试; 努力
tail off 变得越来越少(小); 逐渐消失
credence 相信; 信任
at the expense of sb/sth 以损害某人/某物为代价
fallout 〔尤指预料不到的〕影响，结果
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confine 把…局限于; 把…限制于

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Samsung 三星集团

The Lee way 李氏之道

SEOUL 首尔

Where the death of its patriarch leaves South Korea’s biggest firm

三星集团掌门人李健熙去世后，这家韩国最大的公司将何去何从

公众号后台回复【1031】获取本期的经济学人 PDF，
【1031 音频】获取音频资料，
【1031 笔记】 获取精

读笔记~ 文章最后一段视频的最后会列出个人认为重点掌握，很好用的词汇~

【背景知识】

三星集团是韩国最大的跨国企业集团，三星集团包括众多的国际下属企业，旗下子公司有：

三星电子、三星物产、三星人寿保险等，业务涉及电子、金融、机械、化学等众多领域。三

星集团成立于 1938 年，由李秉喆创办。三星集团是家族企业，李氏家族世袭，旗下各个三

星产业均为家族产业，并由家族中的其他成员管理。李健熙是三星集团创始人李秉哲的儿子，

是三星集团第二任会长，于 2020 年 10 月 25 日去世。李健熙的儿子李在镕现为三星集团副

会长，也是三星集团实际控制人。追求效率和卓越的作法并非一直都是三星最看重的东西。

在 1995 年，李健熙曾一度感到心灰意冷，原因是他得知自己作为新年礼物送出的手机不能

使用。然后，他派下属在 Gumi 园区中堆起 15 万部手机，然后将其付之一炬，当时有 2000

多名员工见证了这一场景。火头熄灭以后，推土机夷平了剩下来的灰烬。当时李健熙说道：

“如果你们继续生产像这样质量低劣的手机，那么我还会回来做同样的事情。”

 patriarch 〔年长而受人尊敬的男性〕家长; 族长; 创始者；创办人；老前辈；鼻祖年高

德劭的男人(an old man who is respected as the head of a family or tribe)【反义词】

matriarch。
【拓展】patri-表示“父系的”，matri-表示“母系的”，可以用 patriarchal 来

表示“重男轻女”

【paragraph 1】

IN THE SPRING of 1995 word got to Lee Kun-hee that a batch of Samsung’s brand-new

mobile phones, which it had doled out as new-year gifts, did not work. Incensed, the

group’s chairman ordered employees at the factory that had made the offending devices

to pile up tens of thousands of them in a courtyard. A cool $45m-worth of equipment

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then went up in flames.

在 1995 年的春节，当三星集团董事长李健熙得知一批作为新年礼物的三星新手机不能使用

后勃然大怒。他派生产该批手机厂子的员工将上万部手机堆放在园区中烧掉。就这样，价值

整整 4500 万美元的手机随即在大火中烧毁。

 batch 一批; 一组(a group of people or things that arrive or are dealt with together)

•She was in the kitchen taking a batch of bread out of the oven.她在厨房里把一批面

包从烤箱里取出来。批〔指计算机成批处理的作业〕(a set of jobs that are dealt with

together on a computer) •an overnight batch file 夜间批处理文件；计算机的批量化处

理。

 brand-new 全新的，崭新的，未用过的(new and not yet used) •His clothes looked

brand-new.他的衣服看上去是全新的。

 dole verb 发放(to distribute, esp in small portions)【短语】dole out 发放，分发〔钱、

食物等〕; 〔给多于一个人〕提供〔建议〕•Vera was doling out candy to all the kids.维

拉正在给所有的孩子分发糖果。noun 救济金(money given by the government in the

US to people who need financial help) •How many people are on the public dole ?有

多少人在领政府救济金

 incensed 极为愤怒的(very angry) •Passengers are incensed that rail companies

make huge profits while service remains poor.铁路公司盈利丰厚，但服务质量依然低

劣，乘客对此极为愤怒。【同义词】furious；【拓展】incense 使〔某人〕十分愤怒

•Spectators were incensed by the referee's decision.观众对裁判的判决极为愤怒。作

为名词表示“香火”

 offending 引起问题的…，造成不便的…(the thing that is causing a problem – often

used humorously) •I decided to have the offending tooth removed.我决定把这颗讨厌

的牙拔掉。违法的; 肇事的(relating to or guilty of an illegal offence) •the offending

vehicle 肇事车辆

 pile noun 一大堆(a large amount of something arranged in a shape that looks like a

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small hill) •He began to sweep the pieces of glass into a pile .他动手把碎玻璃片扫成

【搭配】a pile of；verb 把…堆积(堆叠)起来(to arrange things in a pile)【短语】

一堆。

pile up 堆起来 • •The work has a tendency to pile up if I'm not careful.我一不注意工

【拓展/同义/复习】flock，flood，spill out of，throng，swarm，jam

作就会积压起来。

表示蜂拥而至，pile in/into sp 也表示蜂拥而至到某场所 •Pierre came to pick them up,

and they all piled in.皮埃尔开车来接他们，他们一拥而上。

 cool 整整(Entire; full) •worth a cool million 价值整整 100 万。

【原文】A cool $45m-

worth of equipment 整整价值 4500 万美元的设备。

【用法】放在数字前面。

【paragraph 2】

The episode is emblematic of the way Mr Lee (pictured), who died on October 25th aged

78, turned a South Korean maker of knock-off electronics into a technology powerhouse.

He was obsessed with quality and demanded total devotion from executives. Every

decade or so he made bold bets. His last one, on smartphones and semiconductors, paid

off handsomely. Samsung Electronics, the group’s crown jewel, has a market value of

$311bn, more than JPMorgan Chase, America’s biggest bank.

这个小插曲是李先生做事风格的象征(如图)。他于今年的 10 月 25 日去世，享年 78 岁，他

将南韩山寨电子产品制造商一手打造成电子科技帝国。他对产品质量要求极高，并要求高管

们全心投入。每十年左右他就会立下勇敢的赌约，他上一个赌约是关于智能手机和半导体的，

最终获得了丰厚的回报。他倾尽心血打造的三星电子可谓是三星集团的“皇冠上的明珠”，其

市值达 3110 亿，比美国最大的银行摩根大通还要高。

 episode 一段经历； 一段时期；人生或故事的片段(an event or a short period of time

during which something happens) •She decided she would try to forget the episode

by the lake.她决定要尽量忘掉湖边的那段经历。

 emblematic 象征性的; 标志性的(seeming to represent or be a sign of something)

•The Vespa scooter became emblematic of sophisticated urban culture across Europe.

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【同义词】representative
韦士柏牌小型摩托车在欧洲成了高雅时尚的都市文化的象征。

 knock-off 〔贵重物品的〕廉价仿制品(an illegal imitation of a well-known product)【搭

配】knock-off market 山寨市场

 powerhouse 强大的组织，重要的地方；权势集团(an organization or place where

there is a lot of activity or where a lot of things are produced) •Europe's industrial

powerhouse 欧洲的工业重镇

 obsess 使痴迷，使迷恋，使心神不宁〔含贬义〕(if something or someone obsesses

you, you think or worry about them all the time and you cannot think about anything

else – used to show disapproval)【搭配】 be obsessed by / with sth / sb •A lot of

young girls are obsessed by their weight.许多少女都过于担心自己的体重。

 devotion 奉献，忠心(the loyalty that you show towards a person, job etc, especially

by working hard) •the soldier's courage and devotion to duty 这些士兵的勇气和忠于

职守

 bold 果敢的，敢于冒险的，大胆的(not afraid of taking risks and making difficult

decisions) •In a surprisingly bold move, he is threatening court action against the

company.他做出一个大胆的惊人举动，威胁说要起诉这家公司。【辨析】bold，bald

 pay off 取得成功; 奏效(if something you do pays off, it is successful or has a good

result) •Teamwork paid off.团队合作获得了成功。付清(还清)债务(to give someone

all the money you owe them) •He finally paid his overdraft off.他终于还清了透支款。

【拓展】payoff〔做某事之后的〕良好结果(an advantage or profit that you get as a

result of doing something) •With electric cars there is a big environmental payoff.使用

电动汽车，环境会得到很大的改善。
【反义词/复习】fallout

 handsomely 堂皇地，气派地；美观地 •The investor believes that his investment will

pay off handsomely soon.这个投资者相信他的投资不久会有相当大的收益。

 crown 王冠，冕(a circle made of gold and decorated with jewels, worn by kings and

queens on their heads)

 jewel 宝石饰物，珠宝首饰(jewellery or other objects made with valuable stones and

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used for decoration) •She loved dressing up and wearing priceless jewels.她喜欢穿着

【搭配】the jewel in the crown(the best

体面正式的服装、佩戴价值连城的珠宝首饰。

or most valuable part of something)皇冠上的珠宝〔指某物最好或最有价值的部分〕

•Puddings are the jewel in the crown of British cookery.布丁是在英国烹饪中的精品。

【复习】the cream of sth；【原文】crown jewel 最为宝贵的东西(the best or most

valuable thing that a person or place has) •Innsbruck's crown jewel is the old town

centre.因斯布鲁克最珍贵的是它的老城区。

【paragraph 3】

The patriarch’s death was not unexpected—he had been incapacitated since a heart

attack in 2014. It will not prompt leadership changes. But it highlights two challenges

facing South Korea’s biggest chaebol (conglomerate). The group must find growth

beyond maturing smartphone markets. And it has to grapple with Mr Lee’s other legacy:

an over-cosy relationship with politics that has embroiled his company, as well as his son

and successor, Lee Jae-yong, in corruption cases.

李健熙的死并非不可预料—他早在 2014 年就因心脏病丧失生活能力。在这种情况下并不会

促使领导层的变化。但它凸显了韩国最大的财阀(集团)所面临的两大挑战。该集团必须在成

熟的智能手机市场之外找到发展空间。此外，三星还必须处理李健熙留下的其他遗留问题:

其与政客过于亲密的关系，使得他的公司以及他的儿子、继任者李在镕卷入了腐败案件。

 incapacitate 使无能力〔正常生活和工作〕(to make you too ill or weak to live and

work normally) •Her mother has been incapacitated by a fall.她母亲摔了一跤后，失去

了正常生活能力。使〔系统、设备等〕停止正常工作，使瘫痪(to stop a system, piece

of equipment etc from working properly) •A successful attack would incapacitate

military training camps.成功的攻击能使军事训练营陷入瘫痪。

 chaebol [韩语]财阀 • Medicine, law, finance and government remain popular, but the

chaebol now take the cream.制药，法律，金融和政府部门依然十分的受欢迎。但是财

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阀们招纳了最优秀的人才。

 conglomerate 大型联合企业(a large business organization consisting of several

different companies that have joined together) •So when South Korea's biggest

chaebol (conglomerate) announced with much fanfare in early August 所以 8 月初，

当韩国最大财阀(企业集团)多少带有炫耀意味地宣布。

 mature 变理智;〔举止〕变成熟(to become sensible and start to behave sensibly and

reasonably, like an adult) •He has matured a lot since he left home.自从离家之后他成

熟多了。

 over-cosy 过度舒适的

 embroil 使卷入〔困境〕(to involve someone or something in a difficult situation)【搭

配】embroil sb / sth in sth •I became embroiled in an argument with the taxi driver.

我与出租车司机起了争执。

 corruption 〔尤指有权势者的〕贪污， 贿赂，受贿，腐败(dishonest, illegal, or immoral

behaviour, especially from someone with power)【搭配】political / official corruption

政治腐败/官员的腐败

【paragraph 4】

The rise of Samsung mirrors that of South Korea. When Lee père took over from his

father in 1987, the country was an emerging economy that had yet to make the transition

to democracy. When he fell ill in 2014 it was rich, thriving and democratic. On his watch

Samsung abandoned the “fast follow” strategy adopted by South Korean firms since the

1970s and allowed himself “to imagine that his company could be number one in its own

right”, says Park Ju-gun of CEO Score, a corporate watchdog. This entailed some

mistakes, such as an expensive foray into carmaking. But it mostly brought success.

三星的崛起映射了韩国的崛起。当李健熙于 1987 年从父亲李秉喆手中接管三星时，韩国还

是一个尚未过渡到民主的新兴经济体。当他在 2014 年病倒时，该国变得富有，繁荣且民主。

公司监管机构 CEO Score 的 Park Ju-gun 表示，在他的任期内，三星放弃了韩国公司自 20

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世纪 70 年代以来采用的快速跟进策略，并允许自己想象其公司可以凭借自身实力成为世界

第一。这样的想法导致了一些错误，比如在汽车制造行业中的一次昂贵的尝试。但三星的尝

试一般都会成功。

 mirror 反映〔相似的情况等〕(if one thing mirrors another, it is very similar to it and

may seem to copy or represent it) •The economic recovery in Britain was mirrored in

the US.英国的经济复苏在美国得到了呼应。【同义词】reflect【熟词僻义】

 père 父(常与姓氏连用以区别父与子，也可译作“大”，相当于英语的“Senior”)

 watch 值班时间(a period of time when it is someone's duty to stay somewhere and

look for signs of danger) •Who's on watch tonight?今晚谁值班？【熟词僻义】

【类似表

达】stint

 emerging economy 新兴经济体，也可以指发展中国家=developing country

 in one’s own right 凭借自身，靠自己(used to say that you have something or achieve

something on your own, without depending on other people) •She's a very wealthy

woman in her own right.她凭自己的能力成为十分富有的女人。

 watchdog 监察委员会，监察人员(a person or group of people whose job is to protect

the rights of people who buy things and to make sure companies do not do anything

illegal or harmful) •a consumer watchdog 保护消费者权益的监督员

 entail 使必要; 需要(to involve something as a necessary part or result) •The journey

will entail changing trains twice.这趟旅程必须转两次火车。

 foray 〔尤对某项非本行的艰难工作或活动的〕短暂尝试(a short attempt at doing a

particular job or activity, especially one that is very different from what you usually do)

•It will be my first foray into local government.这将是我首次尝试进入地方政府。

【同义

词】attempt

【paragraph 5】

Although the group maintains businesses from shipbuilding and life insurance to

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amusement parks, the younger Mr Lee, de facto boss since 2014, has kept a focus on

electronics. Today Samsung is the world’s biggest maker of smartphones and its second-

biggest of memory chips. It has defended its position in mobile devices against

competition from China. Lee fils has forged global partnerships, including with competitors

such as Apple, which Samsung Display, a subsidiary, supplies with screens for iPhones.

He has also begun to move the company away from producing solid but unsexy hardware

towards an emphasis on design and software, which accounts for American big tech firms’

trillion-dollar valuations.

尽管该集团经营着从造船，人寿保险到游乐园的业务，但自 2014 年以来该公司的实际老板

李在镕一直专注于电子产品。如今，三星是世界上最大的智能手机制造商和第二大内存芯片

制造商。面对来自中国的竞争，三星捍卫了自己在移动设备领域的地位。李在镕已经和多家

公司建立了全球合作伙伴关系，其中包括与苹果等竞争对手的合作，三星子公司 Samsung

显示器为 iPhone 提供屏幕。他还开始让公司从生产稳定但缺乏吸引力的硬件转向注重设计

和软件，这在美国大型科技公司中占了数万亿美元的估值。

 de facto 〔法律未承认但〕实际上存在的(really existing although not legally stated to

exist) •a de facto state of war 实际存在的战争状态

 memory chip 内 存 芯 片 •And South Korean firms are the world's dominant

manufacturers of memory chips.韩国公司是世界上内存芯片的主要制造商。

 fils 子，儿子，小辈，加于姓后，区别于父

 forge 形成，缔造〔尤指与其他的人、团体或国家形成牢固的关系〕(to develop

something new, especially a strong relationship with other people, groups, or countries)

【搭配】forge a relationship / alliance / link with sb •The two women had forged a

close bond.这两个女人形成了紧密的同盟。
【短语】forge ahead 〔尤指迅速地〕取得

进展，突飞猛进(to make progress, especially quickly) •Jo's forging ahead with her

plans to write a film script.乔创作电影剧本的计划正在顺利进行。【同义表达/复习】by

leaps and bounds，如 As digital technology advanced by leaps and bounds/As digital

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technology forged ahead

 subsidiary 子公司，附属公司(a company that is owned or controlled by another

larger company) •a company that is owned or controlled by another larger company

附带的，附属的; 次要的(connected with, but less important than something else)

•a subsidiary hypothesis 一个附带假设

 solid 〔成就或工作〕相当好的，经得起时间考验的(solid achievement or solid work is

of real, practical, and continuing value) •five years of solid achievement 五年的出色

成绩【熟词僻义】

【paragraph 6】

It has not all gone the Lees’ way. Wielding economic influence to preserve a corporate

structure that benefits the founding family has landed them in trouble. Lee père was twice

convicted for corruption, including bribing the president—and twice pardoned when

politicians deemed his continued involvement in Samsung to be in the national interest.

His son has already spent time in prison, for bribing a confidante of Park Geun-hye, a

former president, to gain approval for a merger, which prosecutors allege helped him

consolidate control over the Samsung empire. Ms Park was removed from office and Mr

Lee is facing retrial on those charges, plus a fresh one on related accusations of

manipulating stock prices to facilitate the merger. Mr Lee and Samsung deny

wrongdoing.

公司的发展并没有完全按照李氏的方式发展。试图利用经济影响力来维持有利于创始家族的

企业结构的做法，让他们陷入了困境。李健熙曾两次被判犯有腐败罪，其中包括贿赂总统，

后又两次被赦免，原因是政界人士认为他继续参与三星集团的发展对国家有益。他的儿子已

因贿赂韩国前总统朴槿惠的亲信以获得公司合并的批准而入狱。检方称，公司的兼并帮助他

巩固了对三星帝国的控制。朴槿惠已被免职，李在镕正面临这些指控的重审，以及操纵股价

以促成合并的新指控，其本人及三星均否认有过不当行为。

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 wield 运用；行使(权利、影响等) (to have a lot of power or influence, and to use it)【搭

配】wield power / influence / authority •The Church wields immense power in

Ireland.在爱尔兰，教会操纵着大权。

 land 使某人陷入困境/住院/卷入官司等(to cause someone to have serious problems

or be in a difficult situation) •Connie's going to land herself in big trouble if she keeps

arriving late for work.康妮要是上班老迟到，她会给自己惹上大麻烦的。

【熟词僻义】
【复

习】land a job=secure a job?

 bribe 贿赂，收买(to illegally give someone, especially a public official, money or a gift

in order to persuade them to do something for you) •The only way we could get into

the country was by bribing the border officials.我们要进入这个国家，唯一的办法

是贿赂边境官员。

 pardon 赦免(to officially allow someone who has been found guilty of a crime to go

free without being punished) • The two spies were pardoned yesterday by the

President.那两名间谍昨天获得了总统的赦免。

 deem 认为，视为(to think of something in a particular way or as having a particular

quality) •They deemed that he was no longer capable of managing the business.他

们认为他没有能力再管理这家企业了。

 confidante 女性知己(密友)(a female confidant)

 prosecutor 检察官，检控方律师(a lawyer who is trying to prove in a court of law that

someone is guilty of a crime) •The judge has sustained the prosecutor's objection.法

官确认原告反对为有效

 allege 〔在未证实的情况下〕断言，宣称，声称，指控(to say that something is true or

that someone has done something wrong, although it has not been proved) •It was

alleged that the policeman had accepted bribes.有人声称那位警察收受贿赂。

 consolidate 加强，巩固(取得的权力、成功等)(to strengthen the position of power or

success that you have, so that it becomes more effective or continues for longer) •

The company has consolidated its position as the country's leading gas supplier.这家

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公司巩固了作为该国主要煤气供应商的地位。

 retrial 重审，复审(a process of judging a law case in court again) •The jury was

dismissed and the judge ordered a retrial.陪审团被解散，法官下令复审案件。

 accusation 控告，指控; 指责(a statement saying that someone is guilty of a crime or

of doing something wrong) •His administration now faces accusations of corruption.

【搭配】wild accusations 无端指责，诬告；make

他的政府现在面临贪污腐败的指控。

an accusation (against sb)控告(指责)(某人)；bring / level an accusation (against

sb) ( = make an accusation )(对某人)提出控告(指责)【同义词】charge，indict

 facilitate 促进; 使便利(to make it easier for a process or activity to happen) •

Computers can be used to facilitate language learning.计算机可以用来方便语言学习。

 wrongdoing 不法行为; 不道德行为; 坏事(illegal or immoral behaviour)【拓展】

wrongdoer 做坏事的人；违法犯罪者

【paragraph 7】

If either case lands Mr Lee in prison, his leadership may be in jeopardy. That need not

spell doom—the day-to-day running of the company is in the hands of professional

managers. But it may make it harder to perform the late patriarch’s occasional,

sweeping changes of direction.

如果任何一个案件使李先生入狱，他的领导地位可能会处于危险之中。这并不一定意味着厄

运，因为公司的日常运营是掌握在职业经理人手中的。但这可能会让已故三星掌门李健熙的

方式更难实现偶尔且彻底的方向转变。

 land in prison 入狱

 be in jeopardy 在危险中〔指会失去或受到危害〕 •Thousands of jobs are in jeopardy.

数千份工作受到威胁。

 day-to-day 按日的，一天一天的，日复一日的(planning for only one day at a time,

usually because you are unable to plan for longer) •The manager is responsible for

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the day-to-day running of the hotel.经理负责酒店的日常管理工作。

 in the hands of sb 掌握在某人手里

 late 已故的(dead) •late husband / wife

 occasional 偶尔的，不经常的(happening sometimes but not often or regularly) •He

made occasional visits to London.他有时候会去伦敦。

 sweeping 影 响 大 的 ; 范 围 广 的 ; 彻 底 的 (affecting many things, or making an

important difference to something)【搭配】sweeping changes / cuts / reforms •

They want to make sweeping changes to education policies.他们想对教育政策进行彻

底的改革。

【paragraph 8】

Some of his son’s bets seem to be working. Samsung Biologics, the listed biotech

subsidiary, is building a new $1.5bn factory. Its share price is up by 50% this year. That

of Samsung SDI, a battery affiliate, has nearly doubled (see chart); it has invested $2.1bn

since January and is eyeing the electric-car market. It is planning to expand a factory in

China and build a new one in Hungary. But at a combined value of $63bn they look small

next to Samsung Electronics. And competition in both areas is hot.

他儿子的一些赌注似乎奏效了。三星集团旗下的三星生物科技，是一家上市的生物技术子公

司，正斥资 15 亿美元新建一家工厂，它的股价今年上涨了 50%。电池子公司三星 SDI 的销

售额几乎翻了一番(见图表)。自今年 1 月以来，该公司已投资 21 亿美元，并正着眼于电动

汽车市场。该公司计划在中国扩大一家工厂的规模，并在匈牙利新建一家工厂。但它们的总

市值为 630 亿美元，与三星电子相比显得微不足道。这两个领域的竞争都很激烈。

 affiliate verb(使)附属(隶属)(if a group or organization affiliates to or with another larger

one, it forms a close connection with it) •The Society is not affiliated with any political

party.该 社 团 不 隶属 任何政 党。 noun 支会 ; 分 社 ; 子 公 司 ; 附属 机构 (a company,

organization etc that is connected with or controlled by a larger one) • Volvo's

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微博【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 20-p57】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

Japanese affiliate, Mitsubishi 沃尔沃在日本的联营公司三菱。【同义词】subsidiary,

affiliate

 eye 端详，审视，细看〔尤因不相信或想得到某物〕(to look at someone or something

carefully, especially because you do not trust them or because you want something) •

The man behind the desk eyed us suspiciously.书桌后面的男子怀疑地端详着我们。

 Hungary 匈牙利(欧洲中部共和国,首都布达佩斯) 全称 the Republic of Hungary 匈牙

利共和国

 combined value 合并价值，组合价值

 next to 与…相比(in comparison with someone or something) •Next to her, I'm a very

poor cook.和她比起来，我的厨艺太差了。仅次于，在…之后(used to give a list of

things you like, hate etc in order to say what is first on the list) •Next to soccer, I like

playing tennis best.我最喜欢踢足球，其次是打网球。

【paragraph 9】

Samsung Electronics’ third-quarter results on October 29th beat forecasts. It plans to

spend around $10bn on its contract-manufacturing chip business over the next ten

years. American sanctions against Chinese technology firms, which have already hurt its

smartphone rivals such as Huawei, may help with that—and with its flagging foray into

5G telecoms. But the firm warned of lower chip demand in the short term. And the market

share of its chip “foundries” lags behind Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company,

the industry leader. No new mega-bet in the style of Lee père is on the horizon.

三星电子在 10 月 29 日公布的第三季度财报超过了预期。该公司计划未来 10 年在芯片代工

制造业务上投入约 100 亿美元。美国对中国科技公司的制裁已经对华为等智能手机竞争对

手造成了伤害，这可能有助于解决这一问题，并有助于其进军 5G 电信领域。但是该公司警

告短期内芯片需求将减少。而且其芯片“代工厂”的市场份额落后于行业领先者中国台湾半

导体制造公司，未来不会出现像李健熙风格式的新豪赌了。

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微博【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 20-p57】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

 beat 打破〔纪录〕; 突破(to do something better, faster etc than what was best before)

•The company's profits are unlikely to beat last year's ￡10 million.公司不太可能突破

去年的千万英镑利润。【搭配】beat a record / score；【熟词僻义】

 contract-manufacturing 合同制造；契约制造

 sanctions noun〔对某国的〕制裁(要用复数)(official orders or laws stopping trade,

communication etc with another country, as a way of forcing its leaders to make

political changes) •the threat of trade sanctions 贸易制裁的威胁

 flagging 疲倦的; 逐渐衰弱的，萎靡的(becoming tired or losing strength)【搭配】

flagging spirits / energy / morale •concern for the country's flagging economy 对

国家经济出现萎缩的担忧

 foundry 铸造车间; 铸造厂(a place where metals are melted and poured into moulds

(=hollow shapes) to make parts for machines, tools etc) •an iron foundry 铸铁厂

 lag behind 落后，落在后面；慢于，落后于 •We must achieve modernization of

science and technology, otherwise we will lag behind other nations.我们必须实现科学

技术现代化，否则我们要落后于其他国家。

 mega-bet 大赌注

 on the horizon 即将来临(或出现)的；初露端倪的(to seem likely to happen in the

future) •Business is good now, but there are a few problems on the horizon.目前的生

意很好，但有几个问题已露端倪了。

【paragraph 10】

Lee fils has apologised for his group’s run-ins with the law and vowed to break with

tradition and not pass control to his own progeny. The Lee family says it plans to pay the

full inheritance tax on the patriarch’s $16bn shareholdings. Honouring his positive

legacy may prove harder.

李在镕已经为他的团队触犯法律道歉，并发誓要打破传统，不会把对公司的控制权传给自己

的后代。李氏家族表示，他们计划支付 160 亿美元所持股份的全部遗产税。要尊重他的积极

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微博【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 20-p57】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

遗产可能会更加困难。

 run-in 〔尤指与公务人员的〕争吵，争执(an argument or disagreement, especially with

someone in an official position) •Michael got drunk and had a run-in with the police.

迈克尔喝醉了，跟警察发生了争执。

 progeny 〔动植物的〕后代，后裔(the babies of animals or plants)【同义词】offspring

 inheritance tax 遗产税 (a tax that you have to pay when you receive money or

property from someone who has died)

 shareholding 股权(if you have a shareholding in a business, you own shares in it) •

In 1992, United Distillers acquired a 75% shareholding in the company.1992 年，联

合酿酒集团购得了这家公司 75% 的股权。

重点掌握词汇及词组清单

词汇 释义
batch 一批; 一组
brand-new 全新的，崭新的，未用过的
incensed 极为愤怒的
offending 引起问题的…，造成不便的…；违法的; 肇事的
pile 一大堆
pile in/into sp 蜂拥而至到某场所
cool 整整
knock-off 〔贵重物品的〕廉价仿制品
powerhouse 强大的组织，重要的地方；权势集团
obsess 使痴迷，使迷恋，使心神不宁〔含贬义〕
bold 果敢的，敢于冒险的，大胆的
pay off 取得成功; 奏效
payoff 〔做某事之后的〕良好结果
crown jewel 最为宝贵的东西
incapacitate 使〔系统、设备等〕停止正常工作，使瘫痪
embroil 使卷入〔困境〕
corruption 贪污， 贿赂，受贿，腐败
mirror 反映〔相似的情况等〕
watch 值班时间
emerging economy 新兴经济体
in one’s own right 凭借自身，靠自己

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微博【燃燃要燃了】 【经济学人超精读 20-p57】 公众号【燃燃的英语日记】

watchdog 监察委员会，监察人员
entail 使必要; 需要
foray 短暂尝试
forge 形成，缔造
forge ahead 〔尤指迅速地〕取得进展，突飞猛进
subsidiary 子公司，附属公司
solid 〔成就或工作〕相当好的，经得起时间考验的
wield 运用；行使(权利、影响等)
land 使某人陷入困境/住院/卷入官司等
bribe 贿赂，收买
consolidate 加强，巩固(取得的权力、成功等)
allege 〔在未证实的情况下〕断言，宣称，声称，指控
facilitate 促进; 使便利
wrongdoing 不法行为; 不道德行为; 坏事
be in jeopardy 在危险中〔指会失去或受到危害〕
sweeping 影响大的; 范围广的; 彻底的
affiliate (使)附属(隶属)
eye 端详，审视，细看〔尤因不相信或想得到某物〕
next to 与…相比；仅次于，在…之后
beat 打破〔纪录〕; 突破
sanctions 〔对某国的〕制裁(要用复数)
flagging 疲倦的; 逐渐衰弱的，萎靡的
lag behind 落后，落在后面；慢于，落后于
on the horizon 即将来临(或出现)的；初露端倪的
run-in 〔尤指与公务人员的〕争吵，争执

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