Page 21

contiguous zone extends 24 nautical

from the groundline towards the open ocean.
right to collect
Custom Duty
economical activities
Dandkaranya
part of South
89078 sq. km. in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Telangana,
Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh
mean sea level of India
measured
reference to Chennai coast.
India
total coastline is 7516.6 km.
consists of Bay of Bengal in the east, Indian Ocean
in south and Arabian Sea in the west.
coastline extends to nine States and four Union
Gujarat– 1214.70km Maharashtra– 652.60 km Goa– 118 km Karnataka– 280
km Kerala– 569.70 km Tamil Nadu– 906.90 km Andhra Pradesh– 973.70 km Odisha– 476.40
km
West Bengal– 157.50 km Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu – 42.50 km
Lakshadeweep–
132 km Puducherry– 30.60 km Andman Nicobar Island– 1962 km
length of mainland India's
coastline is 5422.6 km
offshore is 2094 km
Tharangambadi"
in
Nagapattinam district
colony of Denmark from 1620 to
1845
New Jerusalem Church and Zion church
by Danish
people
They left this place in 1845 after selling it to the British
The western coastal area is a
narrow stretch of a plain/ flat land
between the western Ghats and Arabian Ocean.
northern part of the western coastal area is called Konkan coast
central
called Kanara Coast
southern part is called Malabar Coast
Eastern coastal
deltas of Rivers like Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.
Eastern coasts are very fertile.
falling between river
Mahanadi and river Krishna is called Northern Circars
Coromandel coast
Krishna delta
to cape Comorin (Kanyakumari) in Tamil Nadu.
important harbours situated on the western coast are - Mumbai (Maharashtra),
Janjira
(Maharashtra), Udupi (Karnataka), Cochin (Kerela), New Mangalore etc
important harbours
on the eastern coast are Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Haldia (West Bengal),
Paradip
(Odisha) Ennore (Tamil Nadu) and New Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu).
divisions along India's coastline
indicate underwater coastal relief contours. These show the depth of the sea floor.
On this basis,
there are four relief zones in the sea region – continental coast, continental
slope, Deep sea plains
and sea trough Janjira– Located in Raigad district of Maharashtra
Sindhudurg – Located in
Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra. Kannur– Located in Kannur district of Kerala.
Nagercoil – It is
located in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu
Janjira – It is located in Raigad district of
Maharashtra. Udupi– Udupi, is located in the state of Karnataka. Auroville – It is
located in
Tamilnadu and Puducherry along the Coromandel coast.
Page 22
Coromandel Coast runs between False Divi point
to the Cape Comorin of Tamil Nadu in the south (Kanyakumari).
located
between Krishna delta and Cape comorin
Western part of the peninsula cracked and
submerged in the Arabian sea during the early tertiary period.
eastern plank titled east and
northward forming western ghats.
western ghat can be considered as a block mountain. -
Coastal erosion is caused
by ocean waves, tides, currents, Tsunami waves etc
maximum coastal
erosion is caused by ocean waves
Andaman
separated by Nicobar
by 10º
width
50 kms,
also the channel lies parallel to the 10º North latitude.
highest peak of Andaman
Saddle Peak
732 meters above sea level.
located in North Andaman
near
Diglipur.
highest peak of the Nicobar
Mount Thullier (642 m),
Andaman and Nicobar
group consists of 572 islands
550 are in Andaman
22 are in Nicobar
*Barren Island
in the Andaman sea lies 135 kms,
only active volcano of
South Asia
Narcondam
located in
Andaman sea,
is a Dormant volcano.
Andaman island
result of
the extension of the Arakan Yoma
Limestone, sandstone and shale are
the most prominent rock features of this island group.
Eastern coastal state of Andhra
lies the lake Pulicat.
second largest
backish water lake in India after Chilka Lake.
Sriharikota Island is situated in the Pulicat lake.
Island separates the lake from the Bay of Bengal.
Adam’s Bridge (Ram
setu) starts as a chain of shoals from the Dhanushkodi,
western coastal plain is divided into 3 regions
Konkan Coast, the Kanara Coast, and the Malabar Coast.
northern portion of west coast is
called 'Konkan' and southern portion 'Malabar'.
western coastal plain of India is narrow,
Barren Island is located in Andaman.
480 km away from Port Blair.
Indonesian island Sumatra is
geographically closest to Great Nicobar as compare to Borneo, Java and Sri Lanka.
Java is an
island of Indonesia to the south of Sumatra. Borneo is located to the east of
Sumatra.
Page 23
*Kori creek and Niveshika are tidal creeks.
Sir Creek is a
96 km long tidal estuary in the Rann of Kutch region.
separates Gujrat from the Sindh
Sriharikota island is located near
Pulicat Lake of Andhra Pradesh.
separates Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal
from th
Satish Dhawan
Space Centre is located in Sriharikota Adam Bridge is also known as 'Ram Setu'.
Pamban island is semi connected to Indian mainland by 2.2 km long Pamban Bridge.
Lakshadweep
is a group of islands in the Arabian sea.
island group is built of coral deposits.
36 islands out of which 10 are inhabited.
Minicoy
second largest island
separated from other islands by 9o Channel.
Kavaratti is the capital of Lakshadweep.
largest
island of Lakshadweep is Andrott.
220 - 440 km off the
Kerala coast.
Kerala, near Malabar coast lies an archipelago of 12 atolls, 3 reefs and 5
submerged banks with a total of about 36 islands and islets.
archipelago is known as
Lakshadweep
earlier it was
known as the Laccadive,
total area of 32 sq/ kms.
Northern end of Lakshadweep island is called Aminidivi whereas the southern end
is called Minicoy. Minicoy island is separated from the rest of the islands by 90
channel.
Kavaratti is the capital of Lakshadweep,
Elephanta island is located near Mumbai at a distance of 10 km from the Gateway of
India.
Salsette island is in the state of Maharashtra on India’s West coast.
Offshore Island - from the deltaic regions of Ganga to
Eastern and Western coasts of India, to Gulf of Mannar,
Piram Lakshadweep is a coral island located in the Arabian sea and its capital is
Kavaratti. It is
located in South West of India.
Page 24
Salsette Island
island in the Maharashtra
total area of Port Blair is greater than that of Mumbai
from Township perspective it is lesser
Minicoy is one of the remotest islands from
Indian Coast. Bhatkal, Arnala, and Henry come in the category of penisular island.
Viyant Syodhar -Gulf of Kutch Piram-Gulf of Cambay (Khambhat) Dwarka-Coast of
Arabian sea.
Diu-Coast of Kathiawar.
Elephanta Island : It
is located at a distance of 10 kilometers from Gateway of India (Mumbai). Nicobar
Island : It is
located in southeast of Bay of Bengal between 6º -12º north latitude and 92º-94º
East Longitude.
It consists of 22 islands The Kori Creek is a tidal creek in the Rann of Kutch
region of Gujarat.
Telangana shares borders with Chhatisgarh,
Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
*Karnataka shares its boundary with six states - Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
Maharashtra,
Goa, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. *Kerala shares its border with two states - Karnataka
and Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu shares its border with three states - Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra
Punjab shares its boundary with Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and
Kashmir.
*Chhattisgarh shares its boundary border with Uttar Pradesh (North), Madhya Pradesh
(North
West) Odisha and Jharkhand (North East), Andhra Pradesh (South), Maharastra (West)
and
Telangana (South West)
seven sister states
Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. *Assam is surrounded by 7
states
namely West Bengal, Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya. Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and
Tripura.
cover a 22,327 square kilometers area which is 0.7% of the total area of India.
1843 square kilometer of river basin
8% of the total area of Manipur whereas 92% of
the area is hilly
Phumdis are a series of floating islands
Loktak
Lake in Manipur state, in north-eastern India
heterogeneous masses of
vegetation, soil and organic matter in different stages of decay.
80% of land area of
Arunachal Pradesh
under forestry and more than 12% of its forestry falls under the
network of protected areas.
*Desert of Rajasthan
densely populated desert in the
world
density of 83 person/sq.km.
40%
to 60% of the area is suitable for farming.
Karnataka stands 8th largest while it is 6th largest state in terms of
area in India.
Page 25
National Capital Region (NCR) includes sub-regions of Faridabad, Gurugram,
Mewat, Rohtak, Sonepat, Rewari, Jhajjar, Panipat, Palwal, Bhiwani, Mahendragarh,
Jind and Karnal
districts of Haryana sub region; Meerut, Ghaziabad, Hapur, Gautam Budh Nagar,
Bulandshahar,
Muzaffarnagar, Shamli and Baghpat districts of Uttar Pradesh and, Alwar and
Bharatpur of
Rajasthan.
According to Registrar general of Home Ministry
largest state in descending order of area are Rajasthan (342,239.00 sq.km), Madhya
Pradesh
(308252 sq. km.), Maharashtra (307,713 sq. km.), Uttar Pradesh (2,40,928 sq. km.)
and Gujarat
(196,244 sq. km.). *In terms of population five largest states in India are Uttar
Pradesh
(199812341), Maharashtra (112374333), Bihar (104099452), West Bengal (91276115) and
Andhra
Pradesh (84580777) respectively.
Uttar Pradesh shares
eight states and one
Union Territory - Delhi.
eight states are Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar
Madhya Pradesh shares border
with five states i.e. Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and
Maharashtra.
Andhra Pradesh re-organisation (amendments) Act,
2014,
shares boundary with Odisha, Chhatisgarh, Telangana, Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu
Vidarbha is the north-eastern region of the State of Maharashtra.
there
are two divisions under this region – Nagpur and Amravati.
'Pat Region is located in the Chotanagpur region
has high hill peaks.
Maximum part of Chotanagpur plateau lies in the State of Jharkhand
*Karnataka is known as the ‘Silicon state’ of
hub of Information and Technology
silicon valley of India is a nickname of Indian city
Malnad (Malenadu) is a mountainous region of Karnataka which is covered
with dense forests
*World
famous Kohinoor diamond was found from Kollur mines of Andhra Pradesh
state
was called as the Kohinoor of India
Jhumri Telaiya is a city in the Koderma
district of Jharkhand State of India
famous Kohinoor diamond
from the
Kollur mine in Andhra Pradesh.
height of 631 metres above sea level.
Manipur
22,327 square kilometers area which is 0.7% of total area of India.
1843
square kilometers of river basin which is 8% of the total area of Manipur whereas
92% of the area
is hilly
Malnad is a region in Karnataka not in Andhra Pradesh
covered with dense forest.
Phumdi is heterogenous masses of vegetation, soil and organic matters
at different stages
solid form, often found in
Loktak lake of Manipur.
home to the endangered deer species called Sangai in Manipuri
Page 26
matched cities with their States
Aurangabad – Maharashtra Palanpur-Gujarat Hubli-Karnataka Guntur-Andhra Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh currently shares border with five States namely Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.
Bhopal is located to the south of the
Tropic of Cancer,
. Punjab shares boundaries with Rajasthan,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
Arunachal
Pradesh has two national parks namely Mouling National Park and Namdapha National
Park.
correct sequence of towns/cities
from west to east is Bikaner (Rajasthan) , Aligarh
(Uttar Pradesh), Darbhanga (Bihar), Nagaon (Assam).
Andhra Pradesh has an area of 160205
sq km, Gujarat has an area of 196,024 sq. km. and Karnataka has a total area of
191,791 sq. km.
Page 58 The total area of India is 3,287, 263 sq. km. which is 2.4% of the total
area of the world.
Rajasthan ( 3,42, 239 sq. km) 2.
Madhya Pradesh (3,08,252 sq. km) 3. Maharashtra (3,07,713 sq. km ) StatesAreas
(Km2)
Chhattisgarh-135,192,sq. km Jharkhand-79,716 sq. km Himachal Pradesh-55,673 sq. km
Uttarakhand-53, 483 sq. km
(4) Uttar
Pradesh (240, 928 sq. km)
Karnataka
(191,791 km2) and Tamil Nadu (130,060 km2).
Uttarakhand-53483 sq
Chhattisgarh does not have a common border with Bihar
shares border with Uttar Pradesh (North), Madhya Pradesh (North West) Odisha and
Jharkhand (North East), Andhra Pradesh (South), Maharashtra (West) and Telangana
(South West)
The total area of India is 3,287,263 sq. km.
altitude (height)
sea level of given
cities is as follows : Bengaluru. – 910m, Delhi – 218m, Jodhpur – 250-300m and
Nagpur – 312.
41m.
Page 27
Assam is surrounded by 7 States namely West Bengal,
Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Tripura. It does not
share
boundary with any Union Territories
Desert of Rajasthan
densely populated
density of 83 person/ sq
40% to 60% of the area is suitable for farming.
Sundarvan Mangroves are found in West Bengal in the delta region formed by Ganga
and
Brahmaputra
Bengaluru
lies on the longitude near to the Delhi because the
longitude of Nagpur, Hyderabad,
After Shriramulu's
death, the Telugu speaking areas Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 1
October, 1953
with Kurnool as its capital city.
1956, Hyderabad was made capital of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh was bifurcated in 2014 and a separate state of Telangana was formed.
Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 Hyderabad will remain the de
Jure capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for a period not exceeding 10
years.
de
facto capital city of Andhra Pradesh is Amaravati
number of dictricts
Madhya Pradesh- 52 Maharashtra- 36 Tamil Nadu- 38 Uttar
Pradesh- 75 (71 according to 2011 census) Uttar Pradesh has maximum number of
districts in
India i.e (As on February, 2021).
Kutch district in Gujarat is the largest areawise district (45,652 km2) in India.
Kutch
(45,652 km2) > Leh (45,110 km2) > Jaisalmer (39,313 km2) > Barmer (28,393 km2)
Sonbhadra was
carved out from Mirzapur
Sonbhadra borders 4 States namely – Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar.
Imphal is the capital of Manipur while Aizawl is the
capital of Mizoram Gandhinagar is the capital of the state of Gujarat.
Andhra Pradesh borders with
Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
Karnataka shares boundaries with six States – Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
Maharashtra,
Goa, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Kerala shares border with 2 States – Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
capital city of Rajasthan is Jaipur
also known
as Pink City.
Itanagar is the capital city of Arunachal Pradesh
Telangana is the 29th State of India with Hyderabad as its capital.
Page 28
StateCapital Assam-Dispur
Meghalaya-Shillong Mizoram-Aizawl Nagaland-Kohima
percentage of Schedule Caste
(1) Sikkim 4.6%, (2) Arunachal Pradesh 0%, (3) Nagaland 0%, (4) Manipur 3.8%, (5)
Mizoram 0.1%,
(6) Tripura 17.8%, (7) Meghalaya 0.6% and (8) Assam 7.2%.
population of Scheduled Castes in the North eastern State of India is very small
North Eastern State
Jhum cultivation is also practiced by a few indigenous people.
Daman is the capital of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
Lakshadweep is the smallest union
territory of India in terms of Area (32 sq.km.).
Puducherry is divided into four separate districts, two of which (Karaikal and
Puducherry) are situated near Tamil Nadu.
Yanam is located near Andhra Pradesh and Mahe is
located near Kerala.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands is located at 6-14º
N latitude and 92-94º E longitude.
located to the north of 10ºN latitude is called
Andaman
south of 10ºN latitude is called Nicobar
Andaman and Nicobar is 8249 sq. km.
Ladakh is largest in area among union territories.
(Union territory)(Area sq.km) Delhi-1483 Puducherry-490
Chandigarh-114 Daman and Diu -111 Hence, Delhi has the largest area among the Union
Territories
Four Negrito tribes are found in Andaman Island namely Great
Andamanese, Jarawa, Onge, Sentinelese. Port Blair is the capital of Andaman &
Nicobar.
Area of Chandigarh is 114 km2
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
by the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra.
two parts first one is Dadra and another one is Nagar Havel
Page 29
Tripura is
surrounded by Bangladesh from three sides Lakshadweep is the smallest Union
Territory of India
having an area of 32 sq.
Daman and Diu
is a
Union Territory of India.
divided into two parts Daman (on the Arabian sea coastline of
Maharashtra and Gujarat) and Diu (Saurashtra, coast of Gujarat).
Its capital is Daman and Gulf of
Khambhat is located between Daman and Diu.
Daman was acquired by the Portuguese from Shah
of Gujarat. There after it was under the rule of Portuguese (not the British)
Puducherry consists of four small unconnected districts : Yanam
Surrounded by Andhra Pradesh Puducherry – Surrounded by Tamil Nadu Karaikal –
Surrounded by
Tamil Nadu Mahe – Surrounded by Kerala
Dadra is surrounded by the
State of Gujarat and Nagar Haveli lies on the border of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
capital of
Dadra and Nagar Haveli is Silvassa.
Tribal areas of India can be divided into 7
parts - (1) Northern Region, (2) North Eastern Region, (3) Eastern Region, (4)
Central Region, (5)
Western Region, (6) Southern Region, (7) Island groups
largest population of schedule tribes is
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Odisha.
Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi & Puducherry are the states and union
territories where no
tribal population/group is found. *
largest tribal group of India is
Bhil
*Gond is the second largest tribe of India (pop -
13256928). Santhals (6,570,807) and Naikda (3787639) are at 3rd & 4th place
respectively.
Tharu - This tribe resides mostly in the
Nainital district of Uttarakhand to the Terai regions of U.P. and Bihar. They
believe in Hinduism.
One unique feature of this tribe is that they celebrate Diwali as a sorrow.
live in joint families
and are believed to be descendants of Kirate clan.
It is the largest tribal group of the state of
Uttarakhand.
Bhotia - This tribe resides in the hilly regions of Uttarakhand and Terai
regions of Uttar Pradesh. Bhotias belong to the Mongoloid race. The tribe is known
for its
migratory pastoralists nature. *Jaunsari - They reside in the state of Uttarakhand
and practice
agriculture. They practice polyandry. *Buksa - They reside in Nainital, Pauri and
Garhwal districts of
Uttrakhand and in some places in Uttar Pradesh.
Page 30
Buxa tribe claims to be related with the Rajput clan. *Raji - This
tribe resides in Uttrakhand.
known by the name Banrawat
practice
Hinduism.
Jhum cultivation is very prevalent in the tribe. *Kharwar - They reside in Deoria,
Ballia,
Ghazipur, Varanasi and Sonbhadra districts of Uttar Pradesh
known for their ill temper
and strong physical features
second largest tribe of Uttar Pradesh.
Gaddi - The
tribe resides in Kangra and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh
area falls in Dhauladhar
range of Western Himalayas.
ancient tribe of the Dhauladhar
believe themselves to be descendants of Garhwal rulers of Rajasthan.
prominent tribes of the Dhauladhar range are Laddakhi, Gujjar, Bakarwal, Lahauli,
Bari etc
Gond -
They are native to Gondwanaland hence they got the name Gond. The tribe is found in
the states
of Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh,
Odisha, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Gujarat
food resources, the tribe mostly
depends upon hunting and fishing
very fewer clothes in their attire,
Animal
sacrifice is practiced.
Gond is the largest tribal group of U.P.
Bhil - The name Bhil is believed to
have been derived from villu or billu, which in the most Dravidian language is the
word for “bow”
in reference to the weapon that, until the Desert times,
belong to proto-Australoid race
famous for their Ghoomar dance.
found in
the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Tripura, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana and Rajasthan.
Santhal - The tribe is a native of Santhal Pargana hence theyare
called Santhals.
reside in the states of Bihar, Tripura, West Bengal,
Jharkhand, and Odisha.
physical structure is very similar to that of the Dravidians.
Rice is
their staple diet
Munda - The tribe resides in the states of Jharkhand, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh, Tripura, Odisha and Bihar. The Munda tribe practises many
festivals. Mage,
Phagu, Karam, Sarhul and sohrai are some of the important festivals. The festival
of Sarhul is
celebrated between March and April and is basically a festival of flowers
*Korba - Mostly found in
the states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. Mostly hunting and gathering is practised
though some
of them practises agriculture too. *Kol - found in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand,
Odisha,
Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, the Kol tribe is mostly agrarian in
nature.
*Manganiyar - They reside in the desert regions of Rajasthan and practise Islam as
religion. They
are known for the musical/folk legacy. They are also in the Sindh Province of
Pakistan.
*Khasi -
found in the North-Eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam and Mizoram, the tribe
practises Jhuming
cultivation.
*Toda - They reside on the Nilgiri Hills, and are also known by the name of Todi or
Tuda. They claim themselves to be descendants of Aryans. They mostly practise
pastoralism.
Polyandry is prominent among the Todas.
Jarawa - It is the most primitive Tribe of India. They
reside in the Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands. Mostly found on the southern
and Middle
Andaman Islands their area of residence is protected by law in our country, hence
human activity
is completely prohibited in the region
*Onges - They reside in the western Part of little Andaman
island (Andaman & Nicobar group of Islands).
Shompen - The indigenous people of Great
Nicobar, part of Andaman & Nicobar islands.
Sentinels - Andaman & Nicobar islands *Naga - The
Tribe resides in the states of Nagaland, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh. They
practise Jhum
cultivation and most of the time are found in naked state