Graphic Latin Grammar 1

1. REGULAR VERBS
In Latin the verb is especially important. It causes the subject either the -re from the present infinitive. The three perfect indicative active
to act or to be acted upon . It expresses mood, voice, tense, person, and tenses are formed from the perfect stem, obtained by removing the
number. It includes four participles, the gerund, and the supine. -i from the third principal part. The three perfect indicative passive
The present, imperfect, and the future indicative tenses, active and tenses are formed from the fourth principal part, the entire perfect
passive, are formed from the present stem, obtained by removing passive participle .
First Conjugation
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF LAUDO INFINITIVES SUPINE
laud6, Pres. Ind., Act., 1st Sing. , I praise ACTIVE laudatum to praise
laudare, Pres. Inf. Act., to praise Present: laudare to praise laudatii to praise
laudavi, Perf. Ind. Act. , 1st Sing. , I have praised, I praised Perfect: laudavisse to have praised
laudatus, Perf. Pass. Part., having been praised Future : laudatiirus esse to be about to praise IMPERATIVE ACTIVE
PASSIVE PRESENT
PARTICIPLES Present : laudari to be praised Sing . : lauda praise
Present Active : laudans praising Perfect: laudatus esse to have been praised Plur .: laudate praise
Perfect Passi ve : laudatus, -a, -urn having been praised Future : laudatum iri (rare) to be about to be praised
Future Active : laudatiirus, -a, -urn being about to praise
Gerundive: laudandus, -a, -urn worthy to be praised GERUND IMPERATIVE PASSIVE
Nominative : laudare praising PRESENT
INDICATIVE ACTIVE Genitive : laudandi of praising Sing.: laudare be praised
Present Perfect Dative : laudand6 for praising Plur .: laudamini be praised
laud6 I praise laudavi I have praised Accusative: laudandum praising
laudas you ... laudavisti you have .. . Ablative : laudand6 by praising
laudat he praises laudavit he has ...
laudamus we praise laudavimus we have .. . SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE 1 SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE
laudatis you . . . laudavistis you have . . . Present Perfect Present Perfect
laudant they . . . laudaverunt they have .. laudem laudaverim Iauder laudatus, -a, -urn sim
Imperfect Pluperfect laudes laudaveris lauderis laudatus, -a, -urn sis
laudabam I was praising laudaveram I had praised laudet laudaverit laudetur laudatus, -a, -urn sit
laudabas you were .. . laudaveras you had .. . laudemus laudaverimus laudemur laudati, -ae, -a simus
laudabat he was .. . laudaverat he had .. . laudetis laudaveritis laudemini laudati, -ae, -a sitis
laudabamus we were . . laudaveramus we had . . laudent laudaverint laudentur laudati, -ae, -a sint
laudabatis you were ... laudaveratis you had . . . Imperfect Pluperfect Imperfect Pluperfect
laudabant they were . . laudaverant they had . . . laudarem laudavissem laudarer laudatus, -a, -urn essem
Future Future Perfect laudares laudavisses laudareris laudatus, -a, -urn esses
laudabo I shall praise laudaver6 I shall have praised laudaret laudavisset laudaretur laudatus, -a, -urn esset
laudabis you will .. . laudaveris you will have . . . laudaremus laudavissemus laudaremur laudati, -ae, -a essemus
laudabit he will .. . laudaverit he will have .. . laudaretis laudavissetis laudaremini laudati, -ae, -a essetis
laudabimus we shall . laudaverimus we shall have . laudarent laudavissent laudarentur laudati, -ae, -a essent
laudabitis you will . . . laudaveritis you will have . . . 1No meanings are given for the subjunctive because of the great variety of its
laudabunt they will . . . laudaverint they will have . . . uses . Each use calls for its own, special translation.

INDICATIVE PASSIVE
Present Future Pluperfect
laud or I am (being ) praised laudabor I shall be praised laudatus, -a, -urn eram I had been praised
laudaris you are .. . laudaberis you will be . . . laudatus, -a , -urn eras you had been .. .
laudatur he is .. . laudabitur he will be .. . laudatus, -a, -urn erat he had been . . .
laudamur we are . . . laudabimur we shall be .. . laudati, -ae, -a eramus we had been . . .
laudamini you are .. laudabimini you will be .. . laudati, -ae, -a eratis you had been .. .
laudantur they are .. . laudabuntur they will be .. . laudati, -ae, -a erant they had been .. .
Imperfect Perfect Future Perfect
laudabar I was being praised laudatus, -a, -urn sum I have been praised laudatus, -a, -urn er6 I shall have been praised
laudabaris you were .. . laudatus, -a, -urn es you have been . . . laudatus, -a, -urn eris you will have been .. .
laudabatur he was . . . laudatus, -a, -urn est he has been . . . laudatus, -a, -urn erit he will have been .. .
laudabamur we were . . . laudati, -ae, -a sumus we have been . . . laudati, -ae, -a erimus we shall have been .. .
laudabamini you were .. lauc:lii.ti, -ae, -a estis you have been .. . laudati, -ae, -a eritis you will have been . . .
laudabantur they were. laudati, -ae, -a sunt they have been .. . laudati, -ae, -a erunt they will have been .. .
Second Conjugation
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF MONEO SUPINE PARTICIPLES GERUND INFINITIVES
mone6 I warn monui I have warned monitum Present Act.: monens warning Nom.: monere ACTIVE
monere to warn monitus warned monitii Perfect Pass.: monitus, -a, -urn Gen. : monendi Present : rnonere
Future Act.: monitiirus, -a, -urn Da t . : monend6 Perfect : monuisse
INDICATIVE ACTIVE INDICATIVE PASSIVE Gerundive: monendus, -a, -urn Ace.: monendum Future : monitiirus
Present Perfect Present Perfect Abl.: monend6 PASSIVE esse
mone6 monui moneor monitus, -a, -urn sum Present: moneri
mones monuisti moneris monitus, -a, -urn es IMPERATIVE ACT. IMPERATIVE PASS. Perfect : monitus esse
monet monuit monetur monitus, -a, -urn est PRESENT PRESENT Future : monitum iri
monemus monlUmus rnonemur moniti, -ae, -a sumus Sing .: mone Sing .: monere
monetis monuistis monemini moniti, -ae, -a estis Plur .: monete Plur . : monemini
monent monuerunt monentur moniti , -ae, -a sunt SUBJUNCTIVE ACT. SUBJUNCTiVE PASS.
Imperfect Pluperfect Imperfect Pluperfect Present Perfect Present Perfect
monebam monueram rnonebar monitus, -a, -urn eram moneam monuerim monear monitus, -a, -urn sim
monebas monueras monebaris monitus, -a, -urn eras moneas monueris monearis monitus, -a, -urn sis
monebat monuerat monebatur monitus, -a, -urn erat rnoneat monuerit moneatur monitus, -a, -urn sit
monebamus monueramus monebamur moniti, -ae, -a eramus rnoneamus monuerimus moneamur moniti, -ae, -a simus
monebatis monueratis monebamini moniti, -ae, -a eratis moneatis monueritis moneamini rnoniti, -ae, -a sitis
monebant monuerant monebantur moniti, -ae, -a erarit moneant monuerint moneantur moniti, -ae, -a sint
Future Future Perfect Future Future Perfect Imperfect Pluperfect Imperfect Pluperfect
monebo monuer6 monebor rnonitus, -a, -urn er6 monerem monuissem monerer monitus, -a, -urn essem
monebis monueris rnoneberis monitus, -a, -urn eris moneres monuisses monereris monitus, -a, -urn esses
monebit monuerit monebitur monitus, -a, -urn erit moneret monuisset moneretur monitus, -a, -urn esset
monebimus monuerimus monebimur moniti, -ae, -a erimus moneremus rnonuissemus moneremur moniti, -ae, -a essemus
monebitis monueritis monebimini moniti, -ae, -a eritis moneretis monuissetis moneremini moniti, -ae, -a essetis
monebunt monuerint monebuntur moniti, -ae, -a erunt monerent monuissent monerentur moniti, -ae, -a essent

~P~pan<dby
fi:.~ James P. Humphreys
BOLCHAZY-CARDUCCI PUBLISHERS, INC.
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Copyright ©, 196 1, by
Charles E. Merrill Books, Inc.
2 Third Conjugation
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF DUCO The future active of the third conjugation is formed by adding -am, -es, -et,
diico I lead duxi I have led etc. to the present stem minus -e. To form the passive, -ar, -eris, -etur, etc .
ducere to lead ductus havinll been led are added to the present stem minus -e.
INDICATIVE ACTIVE INDICATIVE PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE ACT. SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE INFINITIVES
Present Perfect Present Perfect Present Perfect Present Perfect ACTIVE
duco duxi ducor ductus, -a, -urn sum ducam duxerim ducar ductus, -a, -urn sim Pres.: ducere
ducis duxisti duceris ductu~ . -a, -urn es ducas duxeris ducaris ductus, -a, -urn sis Perf.: duxisse
ducit duxit ducitur ductus, -a, -urn est ducat duxerit ducatur ductus, -a, -urn sit Fu t .: ducturus esse
ducimus duximus ducimur ducti, -ae, -a sumus ducamus duxerimus ducamur ducti, -ae, -a simus PASSIVE
ducitis duxistis ducimini ducti, -ae, -a estis ducatis duxeritis ducamini ducti, -ae, -a sitis Pres.: duci2
ducunt duxerunt ducuntur ducti, -ae, -a sunt ducant duxerint ducantur ducti, -ae, -a sint Perf.: ductus esse
Imperfect Pluperfect Imperfect Pluperfect Imperfect Pluperfect Imperfect Pluperfect Fut.: ductum iri
ducebam duxeram ducebar ductus, -a, -urn eram ducerem duxissem ducerer ductus, -a, -urn essem
diicebas duxeras ducebaris ductus, -a, -urn eras duceres duxisses ducereris ductus, -a, -urn esses 2To form t he present
passive infinitive, re-
ducebat duxerat ducebatur ductus, -a, -urn erat duceret duxisset diiceretur ductus, -a, -urn esset place the -ere of the
ducebamus duxeramus ducebamur ducti, -ae, -a eramus diiceremus duxissemus ducercmur ducti, -ae, -a essemus active form with -i .
ducebatis duxeratis ducebamini ducti, -ae, -a era tis duceretis duxissetis ducerernini ducti, -ae, -a essetis
ducebant duxerant ducebantur ducti, -ae, -a erant ducerent duxissent ducerentur ducti, -ae, -a essent
SUPINE
Future Fut. Perf. Future Future Perfect ductum
diicam duxero ducar ductus , -a , -urn ero IMPERATIVE ACTIVE IMPERATIVE PASSIVE
ductu
duces duxeris duceris ductus, -a, -urn eris SiniJ. : duc 1 SiniJ .: ducere
ducet duxerit ducetur ductus, -a, -urn erit Plur. : ducite Plur. : ducimini GERUND
ducemus duxerimus ducemur ducti, -ae, -a erimus PARTICIPLES Nom. : ducere
ducetis duxeritis ducemini ducti, -ae, -a eritis 1There are 4 verba whose Present Active : ducens, ducentis Gen. : ducendi
ducent duxerint ducentur ducti, -ae, -a erunt imperative omits the final Perf. Passive : ductus, -a, -urn Dat. : ducendo
ue" in the sin11ular : die, dUe,
fer , fac . Fut. Active: ducturus, -a, -urn Ace.: ducendum
Gerundive: ducendus, -a, -urn Abl. : ducendo
Fourth Conjugation
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF AUDIO audio I hear audivi I have heard
audire to hear auditus havi nll been heard
INDICATIVE ACTIVE INDICATIVE PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE ACT. SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE INFINITIVES 1
Present Perfect Present Perfect Present Perfect Present Perfect A CTIVE
audio audivi audior auditus, -a, -urn sum audiam audiverim audiar auditus, -a, -urn sim Pres. : audire
audis audivisti audiris auditus, -a, -urn es audias audiveris audiaris auditus, -a, -urn sis Perf. : audivisse
audit audivit auditur auditus, -a, -urn est audiat audiverit audiatur auditus, -a, -urn sit Fut.: auditurus esse
audimus audivimus audimur auditi, -ae, -a sumus audiamus audiverimus audiamur auditi, -ae, -a simus PASSIVE
audii:is audivistis audimini auditi, -ae, -a estis audiatis audiveritis audiamini auditi, -ae, -a sitis Pres. : audiri
audiunt audiverunt audiuntur auditi, -ae, -a sunt audiant audiverint audiantur auditi, -ae, -a sint Perf.: auditus esse
Imperfect Pluperfect Imperfect Pluperfect Imperfect Pluperfect Imperfect Pluperfect Fut.: auditum iri
audiebam audiveram audiebar auditus, -a, -urn eram audirem audivissem audirer auditus, -a, -urn essem tThe present passive
audiebas audiveras audiebaris auditus, -a, -urn eras audires audivisses audireris auditus, -a, -urn esses infinit ive of the 1st,
audiebat audiverat audiebatur auditus, -a, -urn erat audiret audivisset audiretur auditus, -a, -urn esset 2nd , and 4th conju&a-
audiebamus audiveramus audiebamur auditi, -ae, -a eramus audiremus audivissemus audiremur auditi, -ae, -a essemus tiona is formed by re·
placin& the final -e of
audiebatis audiveratis audiebamini auditi, -ae, -a eratis audiretis audivissetis audiremini auditi, -ae, -a essetis the present active infin.
audiebant audiverant audiebantur auditi, -ae, -a erant audirent audivissent audirentur auditi, -ae, -a essent with an i.
Future Fut. Perfect Future Future Perfect IMPERATIVE ACT. PARTICIPLES
audiam audivero audiar auditus, -a, -urn ero GERUND
SiniJ . : audi Present Active : audiens
audies audiveris audieris auditus, -a, -urn eris Plur.: audite Perf. Passive: auditus, -a, -urn Nom.: audire
audiet audiverit audietur auditus, -a, -urn erit Fut. Active : auditurus, -a, -urn Gen. : audiendi
audiemus audiverimus audiemur auditi, -ae, -a erimus IMPERATIVE PASS. Gerundive : audiendus. -a, -urn Dat.: audiendo
audietis audiveritis audiemini auditi, -ae, -a eritis SiniJ.: audire SUPINE Ace.: audiendum
audient audiverint audientur auditi, -ae, -a erunt Plur .: audimini auditum, auditu Abl. : audiendo

2. ORTHOGRAPHIC-CHANGING AND IRREGULAR VERBS

The Irregular Verb Sum The Irregular Verb Possum

The -io Verbs of the 3rd Conjugation
PRINCIPAL PARTS: PRINCIPAL PARTS
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF CAPIO: sum I am fui I have been possum I am able potui I have
capio I seize cepi I have seized esse to be futurus beinll about to be posse to be able been able
capere to seize captus havinll been seized
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE Present Perfect Present Perfe-ct Present Perfect Present Perfect
The six tenses of the indicative active are sum fui sim fuerim possum potui possim potuerim
conjugated like audio (4th conjugation) ex - es fuisti sis fueris potes potuisti possis potueris
cept that the -i of capio is short throughout est fuit sit fuerit potest potuit possit potuerit
the present tense. sumus fuimus simus fuerimus possumus potuimus possimus potuerimus
In the indicative passive, the second person estis · fuistis sitis fueritis potestis potuistis possitis potueritis
singular, present passive, differs from its sunt fuerunt sint fuerint possunt potuerunt possint potuerint
parallel in audio : caperis, audiris. Imperf. Pluperf. Imperf. Pluperf. Imperfect Pluperf. Imperf. Pluperf.
eram fueram essem fuissem poteram potueram possem potuissem
SUBJUNCTIVE erii.s fueras esses fuisses poteras potueriis posses potuisses
The imperfect subjunctive of capio, both erat fuerat esset fuisset poterat potuerat posset potuisset
active and passive, is formed from the 2nd eramus fueramus essemus fuissemus poteramus potueriimus possemus potuissemus
principal part, capere, while audio performs eratis fueratis essetis fuissetis poteratis potueratis possetis potuissetis
the same way. For example: erant fuerant essent fuissent poterant potuerant possent potuissent
ACTIVE PASSIVE Future Fut. Perf. Future Fut. Perf.
caperem audirem caperer audirer erii fuero IMPERATIVE' potero potuero
etc. etc. etc. etc. eris fueris Present poteris potueris INFINITIVES
erit fuerit es be thou poterit potuerit Present
erimus fuerimus este be ye poterimus potuerimus posse
INFINITIVES IMPERATIVE eritis fueritis poteritis potueritis Perfect
ACTIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE erunt fuerint •The futu re imperative poterunt potuerint potuisse
of aum, eeto, aome-
Pres .: capere cape capere timea meano So be j.t .
Perf. : cepisse capite capimini
Fut.: capturus esse PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
INFINITIVES
PASSIVE GERUND Present Perfect Future Present
Pres . : capi AND SUPINE potens (Gen. potentia).
Perf. : captus esse These are formed like esse fuisse futurus, -a, -urn
Fut .: captum iri counterparts in audio. Future futilrus esse
 3
Deponent Verbs (Passive in form; active in meaning)
coniins trying (1st conjug. ) Present: conarl to try
There are deponent verbs in all four conjugations. All are regu- coniitus having tried Perfect: coniitus esse to have tried
larly passive in form. Exceptions are the future infinitive and coniitiirus being about to try Future: coniitiirus esse to be about
the present and future participles, which are active in form (see co nand us worthy to be tried to try
conor, on the right ).

The Irregular Verb Fero IMPERATIVE- PASSIVE

SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE IMPERATIVE ACTIVE
PRINCIPAL PARTS : Present Perfect Present Present
fero I bear tuli I have borne fer am tulerim Sing . : fer Sing. : ferre
ferre to bear latus having been borne feras tuleris Plur. : ferte Plur .: ferimini
INDICATIVE PASSIVE fer at tulerit
INDICATIVE ACTIVE INFINITIVES- ACTIVE INFINITIVES- PASSIVE
etc . etc .
Present Perfect Present Perfect lmperf. Pluperf. Present Present
fer o tuli fer or latus, -a, -urn sum ferre m tulissem ferre ferri
fer s tulisti fer ris latus, -a, -urn es ferre s tulisses Perfect Perfect
fer t tulit fer tur latus, -a, -urn est ferret tulisset tulisse latus esse
fer imus tulimus ferimur etc . etc. Future Future
etc.
fer tis tulistis ferimini liitiirus esse latum iri
feru nt tulerunt feruntur SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE PARTICIPLES- ACTIVE
lmperf. Pluperf. lmperf. Pluperfect Present Perfect Present
ferebam tul era m ferebar latus, -a, -urn erarr ferar latus, -a, -urn sim ferens PARTICIPLES- PASSIVE
ferebiis tuleriis ferebiiris latus, -a, -urn eras feraris latus, -a, -urn sis Future Perfect
ferebat tulerat ferebiitur latus, -a, -urn erat feriitur latus, -a, -urn sit liitiirus, -a, -urn latus, -a, -urn
etc . etc . etc . etc . etc. etc. Gerundive
Fut . Fut . Perf. Future Future Perfect Imperfect Pluperfect SUPINE ferendus, -a, -urn
feram tuler6 ferar latus, -a, -urn ero ferrer latus, -a, -urn essem latum liitii
fer es tuleris fer eris latus, -a, -urn eris ferreris latus, -a, -urn esses
fer et tulerit fer etur latus, -a, -urn erit ferretur latus, -a, -urn esset GERUND
etc. etc. etc . etc . etc . etc . Nom . : ferre Ace.: ferend um
Gen .: ferendi Abl.: ferend a
The Irregular Verbs Volo, Nolo, and Malo Dat . : ferenda
Nolo is made up from ni-volo, while malo is curtailed from magis-volo. The Irregular Verb fiC) Note : Fio is the irregular
passive of facio . Even
PRINCIPAL PARTS : PRINCIPAL PARTS though it is conjugated
volo I wish Note : With the exception of the present tense, the fio I am made actively in the present,
velle to wish forms of nolo and malo are similar to volo. For forms fieri to be made future, imperfect, it al-
volui 1 have wished not given below, see volo, which is complete. factus having b~!ide ways has passive meaning .
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE PRINCIPAL PARTS
Present Perfect Present Perfect nolo I do not wish INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
volo volui velim voluerim nolle to be unwilling Present Perfect 1 Present Perfect
vis voluisti velis volueris nolui I have been unwillin4 fio factus, -a, -urn sum fiam factus, -a,
vult voluit velit voluerit fis etc . fias -urn s1m
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE fiat etc .
volumus voluimus velimus voluerimus Present Present fit
vultis voluistis velitis volueritis fimus fia m u s
nolo nolim fia t is
volunt voluerunt velint voluerint non vis nolis fitis
Imperfect Pluperfect Imperfect Pluperfect non vult fiunt fian t
nolit lmperf. Pluperfect
volebam volueram vellem voluissem lmperf. Pluperfect
nolumus nolimus factus, -a ,
volebiis volueriis velles voluisses non vultis noli tis fiebam factus, -a, -urn eram fie rem
volebat volu erat vellet voluisset fiebiis etc . fieres -urn essem
nolunt nolint fieret etc .
volebiimus volueriimus vellemus voluissemus fiebat
volebatis volueriitis velletis voluissetis IMPERATIVE' fie bam us fierem us
valebant voluerant vellent voluissent Sing .: noli fiebatis fiere tis
Future Future Perfect Plur . : nolite fieb an t fierent
volam voluero PRINCIPAL PARTS (These forms, plus a com- Future Future Perfect
voles volueris malo I prefer plementary infinitive, ex- fiam factus, -a, -urn ero
volet voluerit malle to prefer press a negative com- fies etc . IMost compounds of faciO
volemus voluerimus miilui I have preferred mand. ) fiet become -fici6, white factus
1 M810 and volO do no t have
voletis volu eritis INDIC. SUBJ imperative forms . Malo is fiemus becomes -fectua. They are
volent voluerint Present Present deficient in participles also. fie tis conjugated like capiO. But
malo malim the passive of aatiafaciO is
fient satisfiO .
IMPERATIVE mavis millis INFINITIVES
(none) miivult miilit nolle
INFINITIVES miilumus miilimus noluisse PARTICIPLES INFINITIVES
miivultis melitis Present : (none) Present : fieri
Present : velle Perfect : factus
Perfect : voluisse miilunt malint PARTICIPLES Perfect : factus esse
PARTICIPLES nolens Gerundive : faciendus Future : factum iri
INFINITIVES
Present : volens miille nolentis (Gen .)
(Gen . volentis) miiluisse
The Irregular Verb e"5 1 The Defective Verbs Coepi, Odi, and Memini
PRINCIPAL PARTS eo I Ao ii (ivi) I have gone These verbs have forms in the perfect system only, the present, im-
INDICATIVE ire to go itum (est) it has been gone perfect, and future tenses having been displaced. Coepi is the only one
PresentFuture Pluperf. of the three to have passive forms ; the other two are conjugated only
eo ibo ieram SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE in the perfect active systems. The conjugations of all three are other-
is ibis ieriis Present Perfect Present wise perfectly regular and have not been reproduced below .
it ibit ierat earn ierim SinA. : i
PRINCIPAL PARTS INFINITIVES PARTICIPLES
imus ibimus ieramus eas ieris Plur .: ite Perfect
. eat ierit INFINITIVES coepi I began 1 Perfect
itlS ibitis !era tis earn us ierimus Pres. : ire coepisse to have begun coepisse coeptus
eunt ibunt 1erant - . coeptus begun Future Future
lmperf Perfect Fut. Perf. eeaantlts ieritis Perf.: iisse
· ierint Fut . : itiirus esse (Note past meaning.) coeptiirus esse coeptiirus
1,~b:a-~t
::sti ::~fs {rr;;:erf. Pluperfect GERUND
Odi
Odisse
I hate
to hate
Perfect : odisse
Future : osiirus esse
Perfect: osus
Future: osiirus
iit ierit ires iissem (issem ) Nom . ire
ibamus iimus ierimus iret !!sses Gen. :.. eundi osus hated, hating Odi lacks imperatives.
ibatis iistis ieritis 11sset Dat. : eundo (Note present meaning .)
ibant ierunt ierint iremus iissemus Ace.: eundum memini I remember Perfect : meminisse IMPERATIVE
iretis iissetis Abl.: eundo mem1msse to remember Sing . : memento
PARTICIPLES irent j · sent (Note present meaning. ) Plur .: mementote
Present : iens (euntis) IS SUPINE
Future: itiirus, -a, -urn itum to go
Gerundive : eundus itii to go
1For a present meaning of " begin ," use incipio. Coepi has no im -
tAdeO, ine6, and triin~O are transitive and may therefore be conjua:ated in the
passive . QueO and nequeO are conjugated like eO . perative forms.
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3. SYNTAX OF VERBS
Indicative Mood Subjunctive Mood-Dependent Uses Syntax of the Infinitive
1. The historicat present is used to make 1. Any subordinate clause introduced by an 1. In indirect statement when the statement
the past more vivid : Milites iter faciunt. interrogative word is an indirect ques- made by a speaker is reported by someone,
The soldiers made a journey. tion . It ordinarily depends upon a verb the subject is in the accusative case, the
2. lam with any expression of time, plus of knowing , telling, seeing, hearing, verb becomes an infinitive , and any
the present, equals the English perfect : or any expression of uncertainty . The subordina te verb becomes subjunctive.
lam diu in America est. He has been. verb of the indirect question goes in In deciding upon the tense of any
lam plus the imperfect equals the the subjunctive. The tense of the sub- subordinate verb , the sequence of
English pluperfect : lam multos annos junctive clause depends upon whether tenses is followed . In dec iding upon the
regnabat.. He had been .. . the action of the indicative verb in the tense of the infinitive , the problem may
3. Dum (while ) plus the present equals the main clause is continuing or complete. be resolved by returning the sentence to
English past. Dum pugnant, imperator There are two sequences of tenses (de- direct statement, and then using the
pervenit. While they were fighting . .. pending upon the two possible times of same tense of the infinitive .
4 . Quamquam and etsi (although ) take the main verb) : Dicit se venire . He says that he is corn-
any tense of the indicative : Quamquam A . Primary (main verb in present time): ing . (direct: I arn corning. )
Romae est . . . Although he is in Scit quid faciam. He knows what I arn Dixit se venire. He said that he was
Rome . . . doing. corning . (direct: I arn corning .)
5. Postquam (after ), ubi (when ), simul Scit quid facturus sim.' He knows what Dicit se venisse . He says that he ha s
atque (as soon as) , plus the Latin I shall do. come. (direct : I have come . )
perfect, equal English pluperfect : Post- Scit quid fecerim. He knows what I did Dixit se venisse . He said that he had
quam ad oppidum pervenit . . . After B . Secondary (main verb in past time ) : come . (direct : I have come. )
he had arrived at the town . . . Scivit quid facerem. He knew what I Dicit se venturum esse. He say s that he
6. Causal clauses introduced by quod or was doing . will come. (direct: I shall come. )
quoniam employ the indicative: Fortis- Scivit quid facturus essem. ' He knew Dixit se venturum esse. He said that he
simi sunt illi viri quod longissime absunt. what I was going to do . would come. (direct : I shall come .)
Those men are the bravest because Scivit quid fecissem. He knew what I Subordina te clauses occurring within an
they are the farthest away . had done . indirect statement are often conditions.
7. Temporal clauses introduced by cum !Since in this instance a future form of the subjunc- In such cases, the " if clause" is in the
tive is needed, the present and imperfect forms of
and showing true time are in the indica- the verb sum are used , along with the future parti- subjunctive and the " conclusion" is an
tive: Tum cum multi res magnas amlser- ciple , to take the place o f the missing form. infinitive construction. Dixit si iret,
ant ... At the time when many men 2. Purpose Clauses - Adverbial. The pur- neminem secuturum esse. He said that
had lost great fortune s .. . pose clause modifies the introducing if he should go , no one should follow .
8. Relative clauses are usually in the verb . Venit ut me videat . He comes to 2. Complementary Infinitive. An infinitive
indicative : . . . in partes tres, quarum (literally, in order that he rnay ) see without a subject is used to complete
unam incolunt Belgae . . . . into three rne. the action of certain verbs :
parts; of which the Belgians inhabit 3. Purpose Clauses - Relative. The pur- possum - I arn statue - I de-
one . (For relative clauses in subjunctive, pose clause is adjectival. Misit explora- able terrnine
see below.) torem qui milites duceret. He sent a vole - I wish conor - I try
scout to lead the soldiers . nolo - I do not tempto - I try
4. Purpose Clauses - Substantive. The
Subjunctive Mood-Independent Uses clause is the object of a verb of asking,
wish audeo - I dare
m·a lo - I prefer debeo - I ought
1. Deliberative or dubitative questions commanding, etc. Eis persuadebit ut ex-
cupio - I desire constituo - I de-
(rhetorical or expressing doubt) use the eant. He will persuade them to leave.
patior - I allow cide
subjunctive : Quid agam, iudices? What 5. Result Clauses - Adverbial. Tam fortis
dubito - I hesi- para - I prepare
arn I to do, jurors? erat ut vinci non posset. He wa s so
tate desisto - I cease
2. Statements of potential (possible action) brave that he could not be con- incipio - I begin videor - I seem
employ subjunctive: Dicat quispiam . . . quered . Bellum inferre possunt . . . They are
Someone may say . . . 6. Result Clauses - Substantive. Accidit
able to make war on . . .
3. Commands of the 1st or 3rd person are ut sit luna plena. It happens that the
3. Objective Infinitive. Many v erbs which
in subjunctive (hortatory subjunctive ) : moon is full.
ordinarily would take a complementary
Laudemus ... Let us praise . . . 7. After verbs of fearing . Germani vere-
infinitive take an objective infinitive
Laudet . . . Let hirn praise .. . bantur ne Caesar capias trans Rhenum
when the subject of the verb is different
(BUT 2nd person commands are in im- traduceret . The Germans feared that
from the subject of the infinitive. Eum
perative: Lauda . .. (You) Praise . . . ) Caesar would lead troops across the
abire jusserunt. They ordered hirn to
4 . Wishes possible of fulfillment are in Rhine. Note: After verbs of fearing, ne
go away.
present subjunctive : Utinam vivatl Oh replaces ut, and ut becomes negative
4. Subjective Infinitive. F a cile est hoc
that he might live (go on living )! " that not ."
facere. To do this is easy.
Wishes impossible of fulfillment are in 8 . In Cum Clauses (when cum means
5. Historical Infinitive. The infinitive, with
imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive: when, since, or although ). Cum id
a nominative subject, is sometimes used
Utinam viveret! If he were only alive! nuntiatum esset ... When this was an-
to express past time more vividly . Ego
5. Conditional ("if-then" ) sentences pos- nounced . . . Quae cum ita sint . . .
instare ut mihi responderet. I kept
sible of fulfillment employ present sub· Since this is so .. . Cum primi ordines urging hirn to reply to rne .
junctive in both clauses : Si pater tecum concidissent . . . Although the first
loquatur, nonne audire debeas? If your ranks had fallen . ..
father speaks, shouldn' t you listen? 9 . After Dum (meaning until) . Dum Syntax of Participles
6. Conditional sentences impossible of ful- reliquae naves convenirent, ad nonam 1. Participles are verbals which perform as
fillment (or contrary to fact ) employ the horam exspectavit. He waited until ( to ) adjectives . Milites morituri proelium com-
imperfect subjunctive or the pluperfect the ninth hour, until the rest of the miserunt. The soldiers who were about
subjunctive : Si hoc accidisset , Cl6dius ships would assemble. to die engaged in battle .
non mortuus esset. If this had hap- 10 . Clauses of comparison introduced by 2. Future passive participles (sometimes
pened, Clodius would not have died . utsi, velutsi, quasi. Dicit velutsi sit called gerundives) exprtss necessity or
amens . He speaks as if he were rnad. obligation . Vir 1audandus. A rnan
11. Negative exprel>sions of doubt and hin- worthy to be praised. The F.P.P . used
Some Special Verb Rules dering: Non est dubium quin milites sint with some form of sum is called the
1. A finite verb agrees with its subject fortes . There is no doubt that the second periphrastic conjugation. Puetla
in person and number . soldiers are brave . est amanda . The girl ought to be loved.
2. A question expecting the answer 12. Relative Clause of Description- He was 3. The future active participle combined
" maybe" has the suffix -ne attached to a soldier who would fight bravely. Erat with sum (first periphrastic conjugation)
the most important word in the sentence. miles qui fortiter pugnaret. is a way of expressing futurity , even in
past time. Ducem moniturus eram. I was
I A question introduced by nonne expects
"yes;" num expects 14 no." about to advise the general.
3. Verbs meaning favor , help , please, trust (and their opposites) and believe , persuade, 4 . The gerund is a verbal noun which is
command, obey , serve, resist, envy, pardon , and spare take the dative case. declinable only in the singular. The
gerund, as a verb, may take an object .
4. Many verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, and super Ars bene disserendi . . . The art of
take the dative ca se. speaking well . . .
5. The direct objec t of a transitive verb is in the accusative case. 5. The supine, ending in -urn, is used to
6 . The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative case. express purpose with verbs of motion .
7. The deponent verbs, utor, fruor, fungor , potior, vescor take the ablative case. Pugnatum venerunt. They carne to
8. Verbs of fearing take the subjunctive with ne ( that ) and ut or ne non ( tliat not) . fight. Ending in -u, the supine is used
9. Attraction means that a verb ordinarily indicative is attracted into the subjunctive mood with certain adjectives. Difficile factii . . .
by the proximity of another subjunctive. Difficult to do .. .
 5
NOUNS
Nouns are the names of persons, places, or things. In Latin, nouns, relations to the other words in the sentence. These inflectional end-
pronouns, and adjectives are inflected to show their grammatical ings are usually equivalent to prepositional phrases in English.

The names of the cases and their functions are as follows :

LATIN CASE USE IN THE SENTENCE ENGLISH CASE EXAMPLE Inflection in General
Nominative Subj ect or subj. complement. Nominative Puer ( the or a boy )
The inflectional ending of a word shows its
Genitive Shows possession and other Possessive or the ob· Pueri (of the boy,
or of a boy )
number, gender , and case . The general
relationships. jective, with "of."
concepts of number and case are similar. .to
Dative Indirect object and other re- Objective, often with Puero ( to or for
their counterparts in English (singular-plural,
lationships. "to" or "for." the boy )
case structure outlined above ) . However ,
Accusative Direct object Objective Puerum (boy, or
gender in Latin is often gramn1atical only,
· the boy )
and unrelated to natural gender. Although
Ablative Occurs in adverbial phrases, Objective, as object of Puero (by the boy,
there are the same three genders (masculine,
usually with a preposition. many prepositions. from , with , on,
feminine, neuter) in Latin as in English, it
at, etc. )
is not uncommon for a word like nauta
There are two additional cases which occur infrequently, and are not usually given with the (sailor ), which is naturally male, to appear
declensions : in a feminine declension (1st declension). In -
Vocative Case of address. (The Latin Nominative of Puer! (Boy! ) flected words are comprised of two parts :
inflectional ending is the address. the base and the inflected portion. The base
same as in the nominative is that part of the word which remains un -
with exceptions noted, p. 7. ) changed, and the base of any noun may be
Locative Case of "place at which," with Objective, with " at." Romae (at Rome) determined by removing the ending of the
cities, towns , small islands , genitive singular form . The base of terra
and domus (home) only. is terr- ; the base of ager is agr-, and so on .

4. NOUNS
The gender of most 1st declension nouns is feminine. That of most 2nd declension
First and Second Declension Nouns nouns is neuter (ending in -urn) or masculine (ending in -us or -er) .
1st Declension - Fern. 2nd Declension - Mas. 2nd D eclension - Neut. 2nd Declension Mas. Ending in -er
Sing . Plur . Sing. Plur . Sing . Plur . Sing . Plur . Sing . Plur .
Nom . terr a (lan d ) -ae dominus ( lord ) -i caelum (sky ) -a ager (fie/d) agri puer (boy ) -i
Gen . terr ae -arum domini -orum caeli -orum a gri -orum pueri -orum
Dat . terr ae -is domino -is caelo -is agro -is puer o -is
Ace. terr am -as dominum -os cael um -a agrum -os puer um -os
Abl. ten a -is domin o -is caelo -is agro -is puer o -is
Third Declension Nouns The trade-mark of the 3rd declension is the ending -is in the genitive
singular. It is added to tht! base. All genders are represented in the 3rd declension. 1
(light ) (soldier ) (ship ) (night) (sea ) ( type ) (river )
Sing . Plur. Sing. Plur . Sing . Plur . Sing. Plur . Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur . Sing. Plui.
Nom . lux lud !s miles milit es navis -es nox noct es mar e -ia genus genera flumen flumin a
Gen . luc is -urn militis -urn nav is -ium noc tis -ium maris -ium gener is -urn flumin is -urn
Dat . luci -ibus militi -ibus nav i -ibus noc ti -ibus mari -ibus gener i -ibus flumin i -ibus
Ace. luc em -es militem -es nav em -es (-is) noc tem -es (-is) mar e -ia genus -a flumen -a
Abl. luc e -ibus milit e -ibus nave -ibus noc te -ibus mari -ibus genere -ibus flumin e -ibus
1 Nouns ending in -is or -es that have the same number of
Nouns whose b ases end in double conso n ants take Neuter nouns ending in -e, -al , or -ar take -i in t he
syllables in the genitive and the nominative take -ium in -ium in the genitive plural and, sometimes, -is in the ablative singular, -ia in the nominative and ac c usa-
the genitive plural and, sometimes, -is in the accusative accusative plur al. tive plural. and -ium in the genitive plural.
plural.
Irregular Nouns of the Third Declension
A. Bos, bovis (ox, cow ) has bourn in the genitive plural, and bobus F. Sus, suis (swine ), mas. and fern . , has suum in the gemttve plura l,
or bubus in the dative and ablative plural. and subus (suibus ) in the dative and ablative plural.
B. Caro., carnis ( flesh ) , fern., has carnium in the genitive plural. G . The declension of Iuppiter (jupiter ) : Iuppiter, Iovis, Iovi, lavern,
C. Vis (force in sing., strength in plur. ) , fern ., is declined vis, vis, love.
vi, vim, vi, (plur.) vires , virium, viribus, vires, (-is) , viribus. H. Iter, itineris (route, march, journey ), neuter.
D. Turris , turris (tower ), fern ., and sitis, sitis (thirst ), fern ., have -im I. Heros , herois , heroi, heroa, heroe is a Greek mas . noun meaning
in the accusative singular, and -i in the ablative singular. hero .
E . Senex, senis (old man ) , mas., has senum in the genitive plural. J. Ilias, Iliados (The Iliad ), fern., is declined like heros .
Fourth Declension Nouns
Mas. (port ) Fern. (house ) Neut. (knee)
Most fourth declension nouns are masculine and are formed from the Sing . Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing . Plur.
4th principal part of the verb . Feminine nouns of the 4th declension Nom. port us -us domus -us gen u -ua
are: anus (old woman ), manus (hand) , domus (house), tribus Gen. port us -uum dom us (-i) -uum (-orum) gen us -uum
(tribe ) . There are also a few names of trees, such as pmus (pine) and Dat . port ui (-u) -ibus dom ui (-o) -ibus gen u -ibus
ficus (fig ). There are very few neuters in the 4th declension ; cornu Ace. port urn -us dom um -os (-us) gen u -ua
(horn ) and pecu (cattle ) are two. The ending -ubus sometimes re- Abl. port u -ibus dom o (-u ) -ibus gen u -ibus
places -ibus in the dative and ablative plural; tribus and lacus (la ke )
are common examples. Note: Domus has forms in both 2nd and 4th declensions.
Fifth Declension Nouns All 5th declension nouns are feminine except dies, which is occasionally
feminine, and meridies, which is masculine.
Only 3 nouns in the 5th declension are declined throughout: dies, Sing . Plur. Sing . Plur .
res, and meridies (noon , south ). Nom. di es (day) di es r es (matter) r es
The following are used in the singular throughout, but only in the Gen . di ei -erum r ei r erum
nominative and the accusative plural : acies (sharp edge , line of Dat. di ei -ebus r ei r ebus
battle ), effigies (likeness ), facies (face ) , glacies (ice) , series Ace. di em -es r em r es
(series, succession ), species (appearance ) , and spes (hope) . Abl. di e -ebus re r ebus
Defective Nouns
I Many Latin nouns are defective in case. Outstanding are nouns having the plural: arma, armorum, neut . (arms) ; castra, castrorum, neut.
only two cases: fors, nominative (chance), forte, ablative (by chance ) ; (camp) ; Kalendae, Kalendarum, fern. ( the Kalends ); insidiae, in-
and spontis, genitive (accord) , sponte, ablative (of one's accord). sidiarum, fern. (a mbush ) ; inferi, -orum, mas. ( the dead, the under-
Other nouns are defective in number. These nouns are used only in world).

5. ADJECTIVES Masculine Feminine Neuter

First and Second Declension Adjectives Sing . Plur . Sing. Plur . Sing. Plur.
Nom . bon us -i bon a -ae bonum -a
Adjectives agree with cheir nouns in gender, number, and case. Those Gen . boni -orum bon ae -arum boni -orum
in the predicate after sum (be ) agree with the subject, as in English. Dat . bono -is bon a e -is bono -is
Most masculine adjectives are declined like ager, puer, or dominus, Ace. bonu m -os bon am -ii.s bonu m -a
neuter adjectives like caelum, and feminine adjectives like terra. Abl. bon o -is bona -is bono -is
6 Third Declension Adjectives
Third declension adjectives fall into four (1) acer (keen ) (2) omnis (all )
distinct categories : (1) Three-termination, Mas . . Fern. Neut. Mas. & Fern. Neut.
with separate endings for all three genders, Sing. Plur . Sing. Plur . Sing . Plur . Sing. Plur . Sing . Plur .
like acer ; (2) two-termination , with the Nom . acer acr es acris -es acre acr ia omn is -es omne -ia
sa me endings for m asculine and feminine , Gen . acri s -ium acris -ium acris -ium omn is -ium omni s -ium
like omnis ; (3) one-termination , with the Dat . acr i -ibus acri -ibus acr i -ibus omni -ibus omn i -ibus
nominative singular the same in all genders, Ace. acr em -es (-is) acr em -es (-is) acr e -ia omn em -es (-is) omne -ia
like potens ; and (4) the comparative of all Abl. acr i -ibus acri -ibus acri -ibus omni -ibus omni -ibus
ad jectives, like longior. Present participles
a re declined like potens.
(3) potens (powerful) ( 4 ) longior (longer ) (S) plUs (more)
Mas. & Fern. Neut. Mas. & Fern. Neut. N eut . Mas. & Fern.
Sing . Plur. Sing . Plur . Sing . Plur. Sing . Plur . Sing . Plur. Plur.
Nom . potens potentes patens potent ia longior -es longius longiora piUs plura p!Ur es
Gen . potentis -ium potent is -ium longior is -urn longior is -urn pluris -ium -ium
Dat . potent i -ibus potent i -ibus longior i -ibus longior i -ibus p!Uri -ibus -ibus
Ace . potentem -es (-is) patens -ia longiorem -es longius -a plus -a -es (-is)
Abl. potent i (-e) -ibus potenti (-e) -ibus longiore -ibus longior e -ibus plur e -ibus -ibus
The Nine Irregular Adjectives
totus whole, all Mas. Fern. Neut .
There are nine adjectives ("the naughty nine " ) which are nlius other, another alter the other Nom. tot us tot a tatum
regular in the plural and irregular in the singular. The (neut. - aliud ) (gen. - alterius) Gen . tot ius t ot ius tot ius
plurals of these words are declined like bonus. With the ullus any nullus no, none Dat. toti tot i tot i
exceptions noted , the singulars of these adjectives linus one, alone solus alone, only Ace . tat um tot am tatum
a re declined like totus. neuter neither uter which of two Abl. toto tot a toto
(gen . - neutrius ) (gen. - utrius )
Comparison of Adjectives
REGULAR FORMS
There are three degrees of comparison in Latin, just as there are in English : Positive Comparative Superlative
positive, comparative, and superlative. The comparative is formedby adding longus, -a, -urn longior, longius longissimus, -a, -urn
-ior for the masculine and feminine, and -ius for the neuter to the base of the fortis, forte fort ior, forti us fort issimus, -a, -urn
posi tive . The s uperlative is formed by adding -issimus, -a, -urn to the base.
The comparative is declined like longior on page 6 of this chart; the positive IRREGULAR COMPARISONS
is declined like bonus for 1st and 2nd declension, like omnis for third declension Positive Comparative Superlative
adjectives. The superlative is declined like bonus. bonus (good) melior optimus
Note : Six adjectives ending in -lis (facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis, malus (bad) peior ·pessimus
magnus (large ) maior maximus
humilis) add -limus instead of -issimus to the base to form the superlative .
(Facilis, facilior, facillimus.) multus (much ) plus plurimus
multi (many ) plures plurimi
Note : Adjectives ending in -er add -rimus instead of -issimus to form the su- parvus (small ) mmor-minus minimus
perlative. miser, -a , -urn miserior, miserius miserrimus, -a, -urn maledicus (slanderous ) maledicentior maledicentissimus
acer, ·is , -e acrior, acrius acerrimus, -a, -urn malevolus (spiteful ) malevolentior malevolentissimus
Note : Adjectives ending in -ius or -eus add magis to form the comparative
and maxime to form the superlative: idoneus, magis idoneus, maxime idoneus.
6. PRONOUNS Possessive Pronouns (or Adjectives)
Pronouns, as the name implies, take the place of nouns. At times, they are used 1st Person Sing, 1st Person PI.
as adjectives , to modify nouns. Under those circumstances, they agree with the meus, -a, -urn my , mine noster, nostra, nostrum
nouns in gender , number, and case. (Declined like bonus) (Declined like pulcher )
Personal Pronouns 2nd Person Sing. 2nd Person PI.
1st Person 2nd Person tuus, tua, tuum your vester, vestra, vestrum
Sing . Plur. Sing . Plur . 3rd Person Reflexive Possessive
Nom. ego I nos we suus, sua, suum his, her, its, their
tu you vas you
Gen. mei of me nostrum , nostri of us tui of you vestrum, vestri of you Suus refers to the subject and agrees with the
Dat . mihi to me nobis to us tibi to you vobis to you noun modified in gender, number, and case.
Ace. me me nos us te you vas you
Abl. me by, etc. , me nobis by, etc., us te by, etc., you vobis by, etc., you
Reflexive Pronouns
3rd Person : A demonstrative pronoun is used as the pronoun of the 3rd person.
The reflexive pronoun of the third person
The Demonstrative Pronouns (or Adjectives) has a single declension for singular and
plural, and all three genders.
There are 5 demonstratives used to point from the speaker. It also means that famous . Nom . (none) Note : The oblique cases of
out special objects or persons. Is, ea, id are most commonly used for he, Gen . sui the 1st and 2nd person of the
Hie ( this here) refers to what is near the she, or it . They may also mean this or that . Dat. sibi personal pronouns are used
speaker in place, time, or thought. Sometimes Iste (that - nearby or that of yours ) is Ace. se reflexively.
the word may also mean he, she, or it . gften used contemptuously . Abl. se am6 me (J love myself)
Ille ( that there) refers to something remote Idem means the same .
Mas . Fern . Neut .
Ma s. Fern . Neut . Mas . Fern . Neut . idem eadem idem The Intensive Pronoun Ipse
hie haec hoc ille ilia illud eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem
huius huius huius illius illius illius eidem eidem eidem Ipse is used to emphasize nouns and pronouns
hui c huic huic illi illi illi eundem eandem idem of any person and agrees with the pronoun
hunc hanc hoc ilium ill a m illud eadem eadem contained in the verb. Legatus ipse haec dixit.
eadem
hoc hac hoc ilia ilia ilia The envoy him self said this .
eidem eaedem eadem
eorundem earundem eorundem Sing. Plur .
hi hae haec illi illae ilia eisdem eisdem eisdem
horum harum horum ill arum illarum ill arum ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa
eosdem easdem eadem i psi us i psi us i psi us ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
his his his illis illis illis eisdem eisdem eisdem ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis
has has haec ill as ill as ilia
his his his illis illis illis Indefinite Pronouns ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsiis ipsa
Quis, quispiam, aliquis, and· quidam are the ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis
Ma s . Fern . Neut. Mas. Fern. Neut . indefinite pronouns. Quis is usually used im-
is ea id iste ista istud mediately after si, nisi, ne, and num . Only Relative Pronouns
eius eius eius istius istius istius the quis and qui of the indefinites may be de- Qui, quae, quod (who) is the most commonly
ei ei ei isti isti isti clined : quis is declined like the interrogative used of the relative pronouns (or adjectives).
eum earn id is tum is tam istud below ; qui is declined like the relative.
eo ea eo is to ista is to Sing . Plur .
Interrogative Pronouns Mas . Fern . Neut . Mas . Fern . Neut.
ei eae ea isti istae ista The interrogative pronoun, as its name im- qui quae quod qui quae quae
eorum earum eorum is to rum istarum istorum plies, introduces a question. Quis means who. cui us cUi us cuius quorum quarum quorum
eis eis eis is tis istis is tis and quid means what . Declension is like the cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
eos eas ea istos istas ista relative, quis for qui, quid for quod, with the quem quam quod quos quas quae
eis eis eis istis is tis istis plural declined the same. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus
 7. SYNTAX OF CASES 7
Nominative Case Dative Case Ablative Case
1. The subject of a finite verb is nominative . 1. Indirect object : Filio fabulam narravit. 1. Object of certain Prepositions (all those
Caesar veniet. Caesar will come. He told his son a story . not listed as governing the accusative
2. Predicate Nominative (Subject Comple- 2. Indirect object with an intransitive verb. case). The more common ones are : a, a b ,
ment ). After the verb to be or any form Credite mihi. Believe me. cum, de, e, ex, in , prae, prO, sine, sub .
thereof the subject complement replaces Tibi persuadebo ut discedas. I shall per- 2. Personal agent, expressed with a passive
an object of the verb. It is in the same suade you to go away . Note: When verb and a person, with a, ab . Caesa r
case as the subject. Hercules filius Alc- these verbs are in the passive, the in- a Bruto interfectus est. Caesa r wa s
menae erat. Hercules was the s on of direct object is retained, and the verbs killed by Brutus .
Alcmena . become impersonal. Tibi persuadebitur 3. Separation. With a verb of motion , the
ut discedas. You will be pers uaded to ablative is alwa ys used . Hostes a finibus
Vocative Case leave. prohibent. They keep the enemy from
3. Indirect Object with Compounds. Some their territory .
1. The vocative case is used for direct 4. Place from which. Ex urbe egressus est.
address. Its forms are exactly like those verbs compounded with ad, ante, con,
in, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super in He left the city .
of the nominative case, except for 2nd
such a way as to change their meanings 5. Ablative of Cause. Timore commotus est.
declension nouns ending in -us or -ius He was frightened (moved by fear ).
Et tu, Brute! You , too, Brutus! call for a dative object. Caesar Brutum
exercitui praefecit. Caes ar put Brutus 6. Ablative of Means. With the deponent
Mi ftli! M y son ! in charge of the army . verbs utor (use) , fruor (enjoy ), fungor
4. Dative of Possession (with the verb to (accomplish ), potior (gain ), and vescor
Genitive Case be). Imperatori est gladius. The emper- (feed on ), the ablative is usua lly used .
or has a sword. Gladiis usus est. He used swords .
1. Possession: Equus Caesaris. Caesar's 5. Dative of agent is used ·with the gerund- 7. With opus and usus (meaning need) .
horse. BUT : Equus meus . . . My horse ive and some of the perfect passive con- Opus est armis. There is need of arm s .
. . . (Possessive adjective ) structions to show the "doer" of the 8. Ablative of accordance. Sua sponte . . .
2. Quality (When a noun is modified): Vir action. Oppidum Caesar! est oppug - Of his own accord .. . Nostris moribus
magnae virtutis . . . A man of great nandum. The town ought to be be- .. _ According to our customs . . .
courage . sieged by Caesar. Mihi deliberatum 9. Ablative of place where (with in only ).
3. Subjective : Adventus Caesaris . . . The ar- est. I have deliberated . If in is omitted with names of towns,
rival of Caesar . (If the noun "arrival" 6. Dative of Purpose. Venit auxilio castris. domus, rus, and humus, the locative case
were changed to a verb, Caesar would He came as an aid to the camp . The is used (see below). In urbe est. He is
become the subject of it. ) following words are most commonly in the city .
4. Objective : Amor pecuniae . .. The love used with this construction : 10. Ablative of Comparison. When quam
of money . . . If the noun "love" were auxilium- aid, praesidium- IJuard, (than ) is omitted in comparisons, the
changed to a verb, money would be the cur a - care, subsidium - reserve ablative is used. Mare est altius flumine .
object of it. Note : These are nouns of 7. Dative of Reference. The person or thing The sea is deeper than the river.
a ctic,n, agency , and feeling. affected in the sentence .. . quibus locus 11. Specifica tion. This abla tive tells in wha t
5. Partitive : Nihil vini . . . No wine .. paratur . . . for whom a place is being respect something is done or is true .
(Nothing of wine ), Pars exercitus . .. made ready . Note: When the datives Mons magnus altitudine .. . A mountain
Part of the army ... Note: The follow- of purpose and reference are used to- IJreat in heillht .. .
ing adjectives modify their noun directly gether, they are called the double dative.
and are not followed by the genitive : 12. Degree of Difference. After comparatives,
Flumen erat magna impedimenta Gallis. this ablative shows the extent or degree
omnis - all of summus - top of The river was a IJreat hindrance to
totus- whole of medius - middle of to which the objects differ. Puer est
the Gauls . altior quam puella uno pede. The t oy
Cardinal numerals and quidam take ex 8. Dative of Separation. Occasionally, after
or de plus the ablative case rather than is taller than the girl by a foot .
compounds with ab, de, ex, ad, the 13. Ablative of manner, telling how , may
the partitive genitive. dative occurs instead of the usual abla-
6. A possessive, partitive, or genitive of omit the usual cum if the noun is modi-
tive. Hunc timorem mihi eripe. Take fied . Magna (cum) celeritate fU gerunt.
quality may stand in the predicate of a this fear from me.
sentence. Hie gladius est Caesaris. This They fled with great speed.
9. The dative occurs with adjectives of 14. Accompaniment (regularly with cum).
sword is Caesar' s . fitness (aptus), nearness (proximus) ,
7. With verbs of remembering and for- Cum coniugibus . .. With wives . . .
likeness (similis) , friendline s s (amicus) , 15. Ablative of means or instrument of an
getting. Ipse matris suae meminerat. He and their opposites. Galli sunt proximi
remembered (was mindful of) his action occurs without a preposition in
Germanis. The Gauls are near the most cases. Milites gladiis vulnerati era n t .
mother . Note : To remember or forget Germans.
a thing is rendered by memini plus the The soldiers had been wounded by
accusative case: Omnia meminit. He re- Accusative Case s words .
members everything . 16. Ablative of time when, without a preposi -
1. Direct Object of a trans1ttve verb. tion. Primo anno . . . In the fir s t y ear .
8. Verbs of reminding take the accusative Brutus Caesarem vulneravit. Brutus
of the person and the genitive of the 17. Ablative Absolute. This construction con-
wounded Caesar .
thing. Cicero Catilinam facinorum ad- 2. Subject of the infinitive. In indirect state- sists of a ·noun or pronoun in the ablative
monebat. Cicero was warning Catiline case plus a present active or perfect pas-
ments and after iubeo (order), patior
of his crimes . (allow ), and sino (permit) , the subj~ct sive participle, or two nouns in the abla-
9 . Verbs of accusing or condemning take tive case, or a noun and an adjective,
of the infinitive goes into the accusative with the participle understood. The con -
the genitive. Me inertiae damnat. He case. Dixit ducem fUgisse . He said that
condemns me for laziness. the leader had fled . struction is usually translated by a clause
10. With miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, and referring to time (when ), cause (since),
3. Predicate accusative or object comple-
taedet, the genitive is used as the cause concession (although ), condition (i f).
ment where a second accusative is used In any given instance any of the above
of the feeling. Me paenitet inimicitiae. I after appello (name), deligo (choose ),
arn sorry for my unfriendliness . translations may obtain, depending upon
creo (make) . Pompeium consulem cre- the sense of the rest of the context. Militi-
11. Interest (it is to the interest of) and averunt. They elected Pompey consul.
refert (it interests ) take the genitive of bus vulneratis, dux fugit . When the
4. After verbs of asking and teaching , two
the person. Ciceronis intererat Clodium soldiers were wounded the leader
accusatives are found: one of the direct fled . (This could also be: Because the
mori. It was to Cicero' s interest for object, the other the things asked or
Clodius to die . soldiers .. . )
taught . Me sententiam rogavit. He 18. Quality or Description. Vir magna
12. With potior, sometimes the genitive is asked me my opinion . virtute . . . A man oi great courage .
used instead of the usual ablative. Op- 5. Time hOMT long. Multas horas pugna-
pidi potitus est. He took possession of verunt. They fought for many hours . Locative Case
the town . 6. Extent of Space. Multa milia passuum
13. Preceding causa and gratia (for the sake iter fecerunt... They marched many The locative case is used only to indicate
I of) a gerund in the genitive or a noun
modified by a gerundive , both genitive,is
miles .
7. Object of certain prepositions. These
"place where" or "place at which" with
names of towns or cities, humus (soil),
often used to express purpose. Pugnandi' prepositions take an accusative object: domus (horne), and rus (the country) . In
causa, in order to fight; urbis expugnan- ad, ante, circum, contra, inter, intra,_ob, all other cases the ablative of " place where"
dae causa, in order to capture the city. per, post, prope, propter, super, trans, with the preposition in is used. The locative
14. Genitive of mdefinite value is expressed ultra. Per hos annos _ . . During these endings are :
by tanti (of such value) , quanti (of years . . . SiniJ . Plur .
how ~reat value) , magni (of /lreat 8. Ad with the accusative gerund or a noun 1st Declension -ae -is
value), parvi (of little value), and modified by the gerundive, both accusa- 2nd Declension -i -is
their comparative or superlative geni- tive, is often used to express purpose. Ad 3rd Declension -i or -e -ibus
tive forms . Est mihi tanti. It is worth- pugnandam, in order to fight; ad urb~m Romae - in Rome, domi at home,
while (it is of s uch value ) to me. expugnandam,.i n order to capture the c1ty. ruri- in the country
8 NUMERALS, PREPOSITIONS, AND ADVERBS
8. NUMERALS 10. FORMATION AND COMPARISON
OF ADVERBS
Of the numerals, only linus, duo, tres, the hundreds, and the plural of mHie are declined.
UNUS DUO TRES MILLE Positive adverbs are formed regularly by
M. F. N. M. F. N. M . &F. N. P . only adding -e to the base of adjectives of the
Nom . linus iina iinu m duo d uae duo tres tria milia 1st and 2nd declensions (Ionge) . Adjectives
Gen . iini:us iini:us iini:us duorum d uiirum duorum trium trium milium of the 3rd declension may be changed to
Dat . iini: iini: iini: duo bus d uiibus duo bus trib us tribus milib us adverbs by adding -iter to the base (fortiter ).
Ace. iinum iina m iinum duos d uiis duo tres (-is) tria milia Those with a b ase of -nt simply add -er
Abl. uno una uno duo bus d uiibus duo bus tribus trib us milibus (priidenter) . Examples are below.

There are four types of numerals : Cardinal Numerals (adjectives) one, two, etc.; Ordinal Positive Comparative Superlative
Numerals (adjectives) first , second, etc.; Distributives (adjectives) one by one, two by two,
Ionge longius longissime
three each, etc.; Numerical Adverbs (once, twice, etc.) .
fortiter forti us fortissime
misere miserius miserrime
Cardinals Ordinals Distributives Adverbs Numerals acriter acrius acerrime
facile facilius facillime
1 Unus, · a, -urn primus, -a, -urn singuli, -ae, -a semel I priidenter pruden ti us priidentissime
2 duo, duae, duo secundus bini bis II bene melius optime
3 tres, tria tertius terni (trini) ter III male peius pessime
4 quattuor quartus quaterni quater IV m a gnopere magis maxime
5 quinque quintus quini quinquiens v multum plus pliirimum
6 sex sextus seni sexiens VI par urn minus mini me
7 septem septimus septeni septiens VII diii diutius diiitissime
8 octo octavus octoni octiens VIII
9 nov em non us noveni noviens IX Adverbs of Location
10 decem decimus deni deciens X
11 iindecim iindecimus iindeni iindeciens XI h1c (here) hinc (hence) hiic (hither)
12 duodecim duodecimus duodeni duodeciens XII ibi ( there) inde ( thence ) eo (thither )
13 tredecim tertius decimus terni deni terdeciens XIII illic ( there ) illinc ( thence) illiic ( thither)
14 quattuordecim quartus decimus quaterni deni quater deciens XIV istic ( there ) istinc ( thence ) istiic ( thither)
15 quindecim quintus decimus quini deni quindeciens XV ubi (where ) unde (whence) quo (whither)
16 sedecim sextus decimus seni deni sedeciens XVI hac (by this way ) usqua m (anywhere )
17 septendecim septimus decimus septeni deni septiens deciens XVII ea (by that way ) nusquam (nowhere)
18 duodeviginti duodevicesimus duodeviceni duodeviciens XVIII ilia (by that way ) intra (inwardly, from
(octodecim) (octavus decimus) (octoni deni) (octiens deciens) ista (by that way) the outside in )
19 iindeviginti iindevicesimus iindeviceni iindeviciens XIX qua (by w hat way ) extra (outwardly, from
(novendecim) (no nus decimus) (noveni deni) (noviens deciens ) ultra (beyond) the inside out )
20 viginti vicesimus viceni viciens XX
21 viginti linus linus et vicesimus viceni singuli viciens semel XXI Adverbs of Time
30 triginta tricesimus triceni triciens XXX primum (first ) iam (already )
40 quadraginta quadragesimus quadrageni quadragiens XL deinde (next ) iam diii (long ago )
50 quinquaginta quinquagesimus quinquageni quinquagiens L semper (always ) iam non (no longer )
60 sexaginta sexagesimus sexageni sexagiens LX umquam (ever ) pridie ( the d ay before)
70 septuaginta septuagesimus septuageni septuagiens LXX numquam (never) saepe (often )
80 octoginta octogesimus octogeni octogiens LXXX cum (when ) hodie ( today )
90 nonaginta nonagesimus nonageni nonagiens XC ut (when ) cotidie (daily )
100 centum centesimus centeni centiens c quando (when? ) heri (yesterday )
101 centum iin us centesimus primus cen teni singuli centiens semel Cl mox (soon ) eras (tomorrow )
200 ducenti, ae, a duocentesimus duceni ducentiens cc dum (while ) n6ndum (not yet)
300 trecenti trecentesimus treceni trecentiens CCC
400 quadringenti quadrigentesimus quadringeni quadringentiens ecce Interrogative Adverbs
500 quingenti quingentesimus quingeni quingentiens D
1000 mme mHiesimus mHieni mHiiens M :!_le, an enclitic, expects the answer " maybe ."
2000 duo milia bis mHiesimus bina milia bis mHiiens MM Enume rabisne puer6s? (Will you count
the boys? )
N6nne expects the answer " yes. " 0
.....
9. PREPOSITIONS, PREFIXES Nonne ibis? (You will go , won't y ou? )
Most of the prepositions in Latin are used to govern the use of the accusative case. About Num expects the a nswer " no ."
one third of them govern the ablative, and a few govern both cases, depending upon the Num manebis? ( You won ' t stay, will y ou? ) <Xl

verb used in the sentence (see Syntax of Verbs, page 4) . Many prepositions are also com- An, -ne, anne, utrum , num , introducing in- t-

monly used as prefixes. Attached to the front of a word, they give it a different shade of direct questions, a ll mean " whether. "
meaning. Examples are below. Nesci6 utrum veniam an earn. (I don ' t know
whether I'm coming or going. )
Preposition Case Meaning Derivative Meaning Negative Adverbs (Particles)
a,ab Ablative away from abdiic6 lead away non (not ), ne , in a prohibition (not ),
ad Accusative to ad diico lead to, influence haud (not;,ne, in a purpose clause (Jest ),
ante Accusative before ante cedo go before minime (not at all ), ne, after verb of fearing(that ),
apud Accusative at, among nee, neque (and not) neve, neu (and not )
circum Accusative around, about circum fer6 carry around neque ... neque , nee ... nee (neither . . . nor),
contra Accusative against contradico speak against ne .. . quidem, with the emphasized word be-
cum, con, com Ablative with con traho draw together tween (not even ),
de Ablative down from de scendo climb down non s6lum .. . sed etiam (not only . . . but also ),
ex, e Ablative out from ex pello drive out ne quis, ne quid (so that no one, s o that
in Accusative into in icio hurl into nothing )
in Ablative in (place where)
inter Accusative between, among intermitto interrupt Relative Adverbs
ob Accusative on account of oc•c urro run-. to meet
through perrumpo Relative adverbs introduce certain clauses:
per Accusative break through
after put after ubi (where ) Nesci6 ubi puer sit. (I don 't
post Accusative post pone
in front of know where the boy is .)
prae Ablative prae ficio put in command
quo (whither) cogn6vi quo fiigisset . (I
praeter Accusative along by, past praetereo go past
in front of prof undo pour forth learned whither he had fled . )
pro Ablative
unde (whence) cum (when, since, although )
propter Accusative on account of propter ea on that account
re-, red - Prefix only back re dimo buy back quare (why )
sub Accusative up from under sub verto upset Adverbs of Degree
sub Ablative under sub traho draw from under quam (how) ergo, itaque, igitur ( therefore)
super Accusative above super gredio r step over tam (so) propterea (on this account )
trans Accusative across trans eo go across paene (almost) ita, sic ( thus, so)
ultra Accusative beyond ultra mundanus out of this world ut, uti (how) ciir, quare (why )
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