Mastering Microcontroller : TIMERS,

PWM, CAN, RTC,LOW POWER

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STM32 Cube Framework Program Flow
main.c stm32f4xx_hal.c
main(){} HAL_Init(){}

HAL_Init() HAL_MspInit()
/* Init the low level hardware */
SystemClock_Config() • Setting up of priority grouping ,
• Enabling required system exceptions
/* Configure the system clock */ • Setting priorities for system exceptions
• Other Processor specific settings as
per your application need

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 HAL_Init()

SysTick timer init to Other Processor Specific

Flash Interface Init Low level init
generate interrupt for 1ms
Application
Requirement for Cube HAL specific
Stm32f4xx_hal_conf.h APIs to work properly

HAL_MspInit()

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 SysTick Init
SysTick is used as time base for the HAL_Delay()
function, the application
need to ensure that the SysTick time base is
always set to 1 millisecond to have correct HAL
operation.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Application code and other source files

STM32-CUBE Layer ( STM32Fx_HAL_DRIVER)

(The HAL hardware abstraction layer, enabling portability between different STM32 devices via standardized API
calls) Startup file for mcu

CMSIS-CORE STM32Fx HAL go through CMSIS-CORE

(Core Access, Functions, Peripherals and when it wants to configure processor
Interrupt Definitions) specific features.

Microcontroller
NVIC SYSTICK
CAN USART CRC
TIMERS SPI I2C
MPU SCB
ARM Cortex Mx Processor GPIO PWR SDIO I2S DMA RTC

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 Application(main.c) msp.c It.c

Driver API Interrupts handlers

Callbacks Peripheral
Initialization

STM32 Cube HAL

Microcontroller
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 Hal_uart_msp.c
Application(main.c) It.c

Uart_transmit_it() Uart_Msp_init()
2 4 Interrupt
6 3
Interrupts Processing
Callbacks 1 handlers
Uart_init() 5

STM32 CUBE HAL

Stm32f4xx_hal_uart.c

Microcontroller
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 Peripheral Handle Structure
Garden Spade With Handle

Handle UART_HandleTypeDef huart2;

UART peripheral
Spade of the MCU

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UART Handle Structure

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 Peripheral Handle Structure
Used to hold Peripheral Register Base
Addresses
Used to hold Peripheral
Configurable parameters
Handle Structure

XXX_TypeDef XXX_InitTypeDef

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 Handle Structure of different
Peripherals in STM32 Cube
Peripheral Handle Structure Driver file
Timer TIM_HandleTypeDef stm32f4xx_hal_tim.h
RTC RTC_HandleTypeDef stm32f4xx_hal_rtc.h
SPI SPI_HandleTypeDef stm32f4xx_hal_spi.h
I2C I2C_HandleTypeDef stm32f4xx_hal_i2c.h
USART UART_HandleTypeDef stm32f4xx_hal_uart.h
CAN CAN_HandleTypeDef stm32f4xx_hal_can.h
RCC
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 Handle Structure of different
Peripherals
Peripheral Handle Structure
DMA DMA_HandleTypeDef stm32f4xx_hal_dma.h
SDIO SD_HandleTypeDef stm32f4xx_hal_sd.h
GPIO
MII ETH_HandleTypeDef stm32f4xx_hal_eth.h
FLASH FLASH_ProcessTypeDef stm32f4xx_hal_flash_ex.h
ADC ADC_HandleTypeDef stm32f4xx_hal_adc.h
CRC CRC_HandleTypeDef stm32f4xx_hal_crc.h
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 XXX_TypeDef
This structure you will find in device specific
header file
For example, in the case of STM32F446RE MCU,
it is stm32f446xx.h
This structure describes the register details of a
particular peripheral in the order they appear in
the memory map.
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XXX_TypeDef: Example

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 Linking Handler Structure and
Peripheral
Linking happens by means of base address of
the peripheral.

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 How to find out the base address of
the peripheral ??
1. Find out on which bus the peripheral is
connected
2. Find out the base address of the Bus on which
the peripheral is connected. (Reference manual )
3. Find out the offset of the peripheral from the
base address of the bus on which it is connected
4. Add “offset” to base address of the bus
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 Address calculation : Example
Find out the base address of the UART4
peripheral
1. Refer to the microcontroller datasheet or RM
to find out on which bus it is connected

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 Address calculation : Example
2. Find out the base address of the bus in the
processor memory map

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 0xFFFF_FFFF

External memory

0x5000_0000
Peripheral
0x4000_0000
Processor
memory map
SRAM
0x2000_0000
Embedded Flash
0x0800_0000

0x0000_0000
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 Peripheral base = 0x4000_0000

APB1 APB2 AHB1 AHB2

offset : 0 offset : 0x00010000 offset : 0x00020000 offset : 0x10000000

BA=0X4000_0000 BA=0X40001_0000 BA=0X4002_0000 BA=0X5000_0000

UART4 offset : 0X4C00

BA = 0x4000_4C00

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 Address calculation : Example
3. Find out the offset of the peripheral from the
base address of the bus on which it is connected

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 Peripheral Register Address
Calculation
APB1 Status register (USART_SR) offset : 0x00
BA=0X4000_0000
Data register (USART_DR) offset : 0x04
Baud rate register
(USART_BRR) offset : 0x08

Status register (USART_SR) offset : 0x0C

UART4
Control register 1 (USART_CR1) offset : 0x10
offset : 0X4C00
BA = 0x4000_4C00 Control register 2 (USART_CR2) offset : 0x14
Control register 3 (USART_CR3) offset : 0x18
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 Linking Handler Structure and
Peripheral

Handle
UART_HandleTypeDef huart2;

UART peripheral
Spade Copyright © Bharati software 2018. of the MCU
 STM32 Cube Header File Hierarchy
#include "stm32f4xx.h" This is for MCU family
This describes your
microcontroller , its IRQ
#include "stm32f446xx.h" This is for the device definitions, memory map, register
(MCU) details of the peripheral, clock
management macros and other
#include “stm32f4xx_hal.h” This is for Cube HAL useful macros.

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 Exercise
Write a program to send characters over UART to MCU . MCU should convert
all the lower case letters in to uppercase and send it back to the user

Consider the below UART Parameter settings

Baudrate = 115200
No of data bits = 8
Stop bits = 1
Parity = None
No UART hardware flow control.
Use USART2 peripheral of the MCU in Asynchronous mode(i.e UART mode)

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 Low Level Hardware Initializations
• Processor Specific
– Configure the Priority group of the processor
– Enable required Processor System Exceptions
• Bus fault , mem manage, usage fault , Systick , etc
– Configure the priority of system exceptions
– Other Initializations related to MPU, Floating point
unit, Sleep mode , etc
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 Peripheral Initializations : UART2
• First define a handle variable to Handle the
required peripheral as a global variable in the
program
• Link as well as initialize the handle variable
• Use the init. API of the Peripheral to initialize
the peripheral .
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Low level initializations of the peripheral
UART2

Low level Inits

(Pin settings or pin muxing
High Level Inits
Clock enable
(parameters initializations)
IRQ enable
NVIC settings )

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 Low level initializations of the peripheral
• First enable the Required Peripheral clock
• Do pin muxing configurations
• Enable the peripheral IRQ in the NVIC
• Set the priority as per your application need.

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 Pin Muxing Configurations
• UART needs 2 pins for Communication . One is
called Tx Pin and another one is called Rx Pin
• We can use 2 GPIOs of the MCU for TX and RX
functionalities of the UART.
• Before using GPIOs for UART communication
purpose , we have to configure their mode as
alternate functionality mode.
• In this case alternate functionality mode is UART.
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 Identifying Pin Packs
Identify all Pin Packs of the MCU on which
USART2 communicates.
Hint : Refer to the datasheet of the MCU

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 Summary
• HAL_Init(); must be the very first API should be called
in a project which uses stm32 cube HAL. This call also
sets up systick timer ticking for every 1 ms which is the
heart beat of stm32 cube project (mandatory )
• HAL_Init(); calls HAL_MspInit(); to do application
specific low level processor inits. (optional )
• At this time you are good to go since most of the basic
Inits are done
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 Summary
• SystemClock_Config() has to be called next if you have any
special clock requirements as per you application .
• Then we did , UART peripheral initialization ( high level
inits). That is the parameter settings of the UART peripheral
• Then the cube framework calls for low level peripheral
inits. , which we did in the msp.c . like enabling the
peripheral clock, pin mux configuration and NVIC settings.
• After this, both your processor and microcontroller
peripheral is good to go. Use data handling APIs to play
with the peripheral .
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 Handing interrupts in the project
• Populate the it.c file with required IRQ handlers definitions
• The name of the IRQ handler you can get from the startup
file
• STM32 Cube Framework gives IRQ processing API for every
peripheral . For example : it gives HAL_UART_IRQHandler()
to process UART global interrupt, which must be called
from the IRQ handler.
• The IRQ handler then call the callbacks to the user
application.

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 It.c

Other system exceptions

Systick handler Peripheral IRQ handlers
handlers
Mandatory Optional As per application
Used to increment the requirements
global tick variable
__IO uint32_t uwTick;
Defined in
stm32f4xx_hal.c

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 Hal_uart_msp.c
Application(main.c) It.c

Uart_transmit_it() Uart_Msp_init()
2 4 Interrupt
6 3
Interrupts Processing
Callbacks 1 handlers
Uart_init() 5

STM32 CUBE HAL

Stm32f4xx_hal_uart.c

Microcontroller
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Stm32 Cube Peripheral Data Handling
API Flavors
• Non Interrupt based ( Polling )
• Interrupt based
• DMA based ( Uses DMA and Interrupts )

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 Timers
• What exactly is a Timer ?
– Its one of the peripheral of the Microcontroller .

• What are the uses of a Timer ?

– Time base generation
– Measuring/counting input signal frequency (measuring time periods
of waveforms)
– Producing different Waveforms
– Measuring pules width
– Generating pulse width modulation (PWM) signals
– triggering external devices
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 Timers
• What does a timer do ?
– A timer at the basic level just counts from 0 to some
pre-programmed value ( up counting ) or from some
pre programmed value to 0 ( down counting )

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Job of the Timer Peripheral is to count

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 Types of STM32 Timers
• Basic Timers ( Available in All STM32 MCUs)
• General Purpose timer ( Available in All
STM32 MCUs)
• Advanced Timer (not available in all STM32
MCUs)

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 Timer availability
• Refer to the timer availability table in
application note

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 Summary
• The number of timer peripherals and their respective features differ
from one STM32 microcontroller family to another, but they all
share some common features and operating modes.
• For example, the STM32F100 microcontrollers embed a timer
peripheral named TIM17, but the total number of timer peripherals
embedded by these microcontrollers is less than 17
• In general, across the STM32 microcontrollers families, the timer
peripherals that have the same name also have the same features
set, but there are a few exceptions
• The level of features integration for a given timer peripheral is
decided based on the applications field that it targets.

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 Basic Timers
• These timers have basic counting engine and
majorly used for time base generation
• These timers do not have input/output
channels associated with them

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Stm32 Basic Timer Assembly (Block Diagram)

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 Time base unit
Time base unit includes,
1. 16-bit upcounter
2. Counter Register (TIMx_CNT)
3. Prescaler Register (TIMx_PSC)
4. Auto-Reload Register (TIMx_ARR)

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 We need to understand …..
• TIM_CLK ?? → Timer Clock
• CLK_PSC ?? → Prescaler output clock
• CLK_CNT ??→ Counter Clock
• ARR ?? → Auto Reload register

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 Exercise
Use the basic timer to generate interrupt for
every 100 ms. Toggle the GPIO or LED inside the
Timer IRQ handler and verify using logic analyzer

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 We need more info ….
• What is the peripheral bus clock to which the
timer peripheral is connected ?
• Use peripheral bus clock to deduce the Timer
clock(TIM_CLK) frequency
We at least need to know the Timer Clock
frequency to generate desired time base
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Time base Handle Structure
TIM_HandleTypeDef (stm32f4xx_hal_tim.h)

TIM1 TIM2 TIM3 TIM4

TIM5 TIMx

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Time base Handle Structure

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Timers and STM32 Cube Layer

Time base unit of the Timer

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How prescaler affects TIMx_CLK??

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How pre-scaler affects counting ??

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How prescaler affects counting ??

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Period (ARR value)

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Time base generation formula

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 The Time-Base unit
• The time-base unit is made by the timer counter in addition to a prescaler stage and a repetition
counter. The clock signal fed into the time-base unit passes first through a prescaling stage before
reaching the time-base counter.
• Depending on the content of the TIMx_PSC timer prescaler register, the counting signal frequency
may be scaled down before reaching the counter stage. The output signal of the prescaling stage is
the clock counting signal for the timer counter stage.
• The timer counter is controlled by two timer registers: • The TIMx_CNT timer register is used to
read and write the content of the timer counter. • The TIMx_ARR timer register contains the reload
value of the timer counter. – If the timer counter is up-counting and it reaches the content of the
timer autoreload register (TIMx_ARR), then the timer counter resets itself and a new counting cycle
is restarted.
• Each time a new counting cycle is restarted, a timer “update event” is triggered as long as the
content of the repetition counter is null. If the content of the repetition counter is not null, then no
“update event” is triggered, but a new counting cycle is restarted and the content of the repetition
counter is decreased by one. Next to each “update event” the content of the repetition counter is
set to the value stored by the TIMx_RCR timer register

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 The master/slave controller unit
• The master/slave unit provides the time-base
unit with the counting clock signal (for
example the CK_PSC signal), as well as the
counting direction control signal. This unit
mainly provides the control signals for the
time-base unit.

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 The timer-channels unit
• The timer channels are the working elements of
the timer; they are the means by which a timer
peripheral interacts with its external environment
• In general, the timer channels are mapped to the
STM32 microcontroller pins
• A timer channel mapped to an STM32
microcontroller pin can be used either as an input
or as an output.
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 The timer-channels unit
• Timer channel configured as output
• When configured as an output, the timer channel is
used to generate a set of possible waveforms. As long
as the channel is configured in output mode, the
content of the TIMx_CCRy channel register is compared
to the content of the timer counter.
• The output signal of the channel output stage is
mapped to the microcontroller pins as alternate
function.
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• Timer channel configured as an input
– When configured as an input, the timer channel
can be used to time-stamp the rising and/or the
falling edge of external signals. To handle this
function, the channel input is mapped to one of
the microcontroller pins.

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 Master slave
• It is possible to configure one slave timer to increment
its counter based on a master-timer events such as the
timer update event. In this example the master-timer
event is signaled by the master timer master/slave
controller unit. This controlling unit uses the master
timer output-TRGO signal. The master timer output-
TRGO signal is connected to the slave timer TRGI-input
signal. The master/slave controller unit of the slave
timer is configured to use the TRGI-input signal as clock
source to increment the slave timer counter.
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 Timer clocking using external clock-
source
• The STM32 timer peripherals can be clocked by
an external source clock, but it does not mean
that the APB (advanced peripheral bus) clock is
not required. An STM32 timer peripheral
synchronizes the external clock signal with its
own core clock (which is the APB clock). The
resulting synchronized clock signal is fed into the
timer’s prescaler which by turn feeds the timer’s
counter.
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There are two ways to synchronize (or externally clock) an STM32 timer:
• External source clock mode 1: by feeding the external clock signal into one of the
timer channel inputs, TIx inputs. • External source clock mode 2: by feeding the
external clock signal into the timer ETR input (if it is implemented and available).

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 Exercise

To measure the time period of a

signal using a Timer
Use LSE and HSI as input signal to Timer

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 Timer with input capture block

Apply your
signal here

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Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 Input Signal 2
4
Rising event-1 occurred here Rising event-2 occurred here

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
1 Timer Counter TIM_CNT_CLK = 1KHz
1ms
3
5
54 61

Capture /Compare register Capture /Compare register

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 Rising event1 occurred here

Rising event2 occurred here

Input Signal
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
Timer Counter TIM_CNT_CLK = 1KHz
1ms

54 54
Capture /Compare register Capture /Compare register

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 536 Seconds

0 1 2 --- 0x55 0x56 0x57 0x58 --- 0x600 0x601 0xFFFFFFFF

32 bit counter TIM_CNT_CLK = 8MHz

0.125µS
Counts from 0 to 0xFFFFFFFF

Max period = (0xFFFFFFFF+1) * 0.125µS

= 536 Seconds
Min Frequency = 1 /536 = 0.002Hz

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 Working with Timer Input Channel
and STM32 Cube

1) Initialize the TIMER Input 2) Configure Input Channel of

Capture Time base the Timer

HAL_TIM_IC_ConfigChannel(TIM_Ha
HAL_TIM_IC_Init(TIM_HandleTypeDef *htim) ndleTypeDef *htim,
TIM_IC_InitTypeDef* sConfig,
uint32_t Channel)

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 STM32 Cube structure for
Configuring TIM Input Channel

HAL_TIM_IC_ConfigChannel(TIM_HandleTypeDef *htim, TIM_IC_InitTypeDef* sConfig, uint32_t Channel)

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Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
How to measure the period of an input
signal ??
• The elapsed time between two consecutive rising edges CC2Rtn - CC2Rtn-1
represents an entire period of the reference signal

• When the capture event occurs, the CC2IF (register TIM2_SR) is set to 1. If the
DMA function is enabled, it will generate a DMA request. If the capture occurs,
CC2IF flag has been set, then the over sampling flag CC2OF is set.
• When a rising edge comes, numerical timer current meter (TIM2_CNT) will write in
the TIM2_CCR2. Wait until the next rising edge to, there will be another counter
value in TIM2_CNT records. According to the two data value, we can calculate the
cycle of input data. Overflow timer is not allowed.

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 Working with Timer Output
Channels and STM32 Cube

1) Initialize the TIMER output 2) Configure output channel of

Compare Time base the timer

HAL_TIM_OC_ConfigChannel(TIM_Ha
HAL_TIM_OC_Init(TIM_HandleTypeDef *htim) ndleTypeDef *htim,
TIM_OC_InitTypeDef* sConfig,
uint32_t Channel)

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 STM32 Cube structure for
Configuring TIM Input Channel

HAL_TIM_IC_ConfigChannel(TIM_HandleTypeDef *htim, TIM_IC_InitTypeDef* sConfig, uint32_t Channel)

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Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 Timer Modes
1. Basic Time base generation
2. Input Capture Mode
3. Output Compare Mode
4. PWM Mode
5. One Pulse Mode

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 TIMER Output Compare Mode
Exercise :
Write an application by using TIMER2 , to
produce square wave forms of
500Hz, 1KHz, 2KHz and 4KHz on 4 different
output channels.

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TIM_OCMODE_TOGGLE

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TIMER Output Compare Mode
TIM2_CH1 500Hz

TIM2_CH2 1KHz

TIMER-2
TIM2_CH3 2KHz

TIM2_CH4 4KHz

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How are we going to produce
waveforms using OC mode?

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Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 Exercise
By using PWM mode, generate PWM signals of
25%, 45%, 75% and 90% Duty cycle on TIMER2’s
channels .

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 Controller Area Network
• CAN Bus Protocol and its features
(Fundamentals )
• Operating Principles of the CAN Bus
• Different Message Formats
• Working with STM32 bxCAN Peripherals
• Various Examples
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 Intro to CAN Bus
• The Controller Area Network Protocol was originally
developed during the late 1980’s by the German company
Robert Bosch for the automotive industry
• It is a multi-master serial communication bus whose basic
design specification called for high speed, high noise-
immunity and error-detection features
• CAN offers data communication up to 1 Mbit/sec
• the Error Confinement and the Error Detection features
make it more reliable in noise-critical environments. In the
automotive industries
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 CAN's most attractive features
• Low cost
• Extreme robustness
• High data transmission speeds (up to 1 MBit/sec).
• Reliability. Excellent error handling and Error Confinement abilities.
• Automatic re-transmission of faulty messages.
• Automatic bus disconnection of nodes that are suspected to be
physically faulty.
• Functional addressing – data messages do not contain source or
destination addresses, only identifiers relating to their function
and/or priority.

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 CAN's most attractive features
• It’s a broadcast type of Bus(Unlike a
traditional network such as USB or Ethernet,
or i2c , CAN does not send data point-to-point
from node A to node B under the supervision
of a central bus master )

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 It’s a broadcast type of Bus

All devices can hear the transmission

No way to send a data specifically to a nod

its address or something

All nodes will pick up the traffic on the bus

The CAN standard defines a communication network that links all the
nodes connected to a bus and enables them to talk with one another.
There may or may not be a central control node, and nodes may be
added at any time, even while the network is operating (hot-
plugging).
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 Closer look at the CAN node

Note that a transmitting node constantly monitors each bit of its own transmission

This is the reason for the transceiver configuration of Figure 4 in which the CANH and
CANL output pins of the driver are internally tied to the receiver's input

Because each node continuously monitors its own transmissions,

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Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 Details of a CAN Bus

r. Connection to the physical medium is then implemented through a line transceiver

such as TI's SN65HVD230 3.3-V CAN transceiver to form a system node as shown in

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 CAN signaling
• Signalling is differential which is where CAN derives its robust noise immunity and fault tolerance
• Balanced differential signalling reduces noise coupling and allows for high signalling rates over
twisted-pair cable
• Balanced means that the current flowing in each signal line is equal but opposite in direction,
resulting in a field-cancelling effect that is a key to low noise emissions
• The use of balanced differential receivers and twisted-pair cabling enhance the common-mode
rejection and high noise immunity of a CAN bus.
• The cable is specified to be a shielded or unshielded twisted-pair with a 120-Ω characteristic
impedance (Zo)
• The ISO 11898 Standard defines a single line of twisted-pair cable as the network topology as
shown in, , terminated at both ends with 120-Ω resistors. which match the characteristic
impedance of the line to prevent signal reflections

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CAN signaling

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 CAN signaling
A CAN bus is based in differential signalling. The two lines, CAN-High (CAN+) and CAN-
Low (CAN-), are both at the same potential when the bus is idle. To send bits, a CAN
transmitter puts a differential voltage on the lines of about 2 volts.

A CAN transmitter first sees if the bus is idle and if it is, starts to transmit. How the
arbitration works is that a transmitter monitors the bus as it's transmitting.
Transmission is done as above by either keeping the two lines at the same potential or
at a differential potential. So if the transmitter transmits a bit by keeping the lines at
the same potential (sic), but it sees that the two transmit lines have a differential
potential, that means that some other node is transmitting and the first transmitter
has lost the arbitration. It must then stop transmitting.

When a node first starts transmitting, the bits transmitted are the same until the
address of the transmitting node which are obviously different. If two nodes start
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transmitting together, they will transmit together in sync till the address part is
The Bit Fields of Standard CAN and
Extended CAN

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 The Error Frame
• The error frame is a special message that violates the formatting
rules of a CAN message
• It is transmitted when a node detects an error in a message, and
causes all other nodes in the network to send an error frame as wel
• The original transmitter then automatically retransmits the
message
• An elaborate system of error counters in the CAN controller ensures
that a node cannot tie up a bus by repeatedly transmitting error
frames.
• It is transmitted when a node detects a fault and will cause all
other nodes to detect a fault – so they will send Error Frames, too

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 The Error Frame
• The Error Frame consists of an Error Flag, which is 6 bits of the same value
(thus violating the bit-stuffing rule) and an Error Delimiter, which is 8
recessive bits
• The Error Delimiter provides some space in which the other nodes on the
bus can send their Error Flags when they detect the first Error Flag
• an active error frame consists of six dominant bits—violating the bit
stuffing rule
• This is interpreted as an error by all of the CAN nodes which then generate
their own error frame.
• It is important to note that the retransmitted message still has to contend
for arbitration on the bus

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Error Frame

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 A valid frame
• A message is considered to be error free when
the last bit of the ending EOF field of a
message is received in the error-free recessive
state. A dominant bit in the EOF field causes
the transmitter to repeat a transmission

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 error-checking procedure
• The CAN protocol incorporates five methods of error checking:
– three at the message level and two at the bit level
• If a message fails any one of these error detection methods, it is not
accepted and an error frame is generated from the receiving node
• This forces the transmitting node to resend the message until it is
received correctly
• y. However, if a faulty node hangs up a bus by continuously
repeating an error, its transmit capability is removed by its
controller after an error limit is reached

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 error-checking procedure
• Error checking at the message level is enforced by the CRC and the ACK slots displayed in Figure 2
and Figure 3.
• The 16-bit CRC contains the checksum of the preceding application data for error detection with a
15-bit checksum and 1-bit delimiter.
• . The ACK field is two bits long and consists of the acknowledge bit and an acknowledge delimiter
bit.
• Also at the message level is a form check. This check looks for fields in the message which must
always be recessive bits. If a dominant bit is detected, an error is generated. The bits checked are
the SOF, EOF, ACK delimiter, and the CRC delimiter bits
• At the bit level, each bit transmitted is monitored by the transmitter of the message. If a data bit
(not arbitration bit) is written onto the bus and its opposite is read, an error is generated. The only
exceptions to this are with the message identifier field which is used for arbitration, and the
acknowledge slot which requires a recessive bit to be overwritten by a dominant bit.
• The final method of error detection is with the bit-stuffing rule where after five consecutive bits of
the same logic level, if the next bit is not a complement, an error is generated

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 The Overload Frame

• It is very similar to the Error Frame with

regard to the format and it is transmitted by a
node that becomes too busy.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Arbitration
• Bus access is event-driven and takes place randomly. If two nodes try to
occupy the bus simultaneously, access is implemented with a
nondestructive, bit-wise arbitration
• Nondestructive means that the node winning arbitration just continues on
with the message, without the message being destroyed or corrupted by
another node.
• the Arbitration Field, which determines the priority of the message when
two or more nodes are contending for the bus.
• \The Arbitration Field contains:For CAN 2.0A, an 11-bit Identifier and one
bit, the RTR bit, which is dominant for data frames.
• For CAN 2.0B, a 29-bit Identifier (which also contains two recessive bits:
SRR and IDE) and the RTR bit.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Arbitration
• . An actual application may include a temperature
sensor sending out a temperature update that is
used to adjust the motor speed of a fan. If a
pressure sensor node wants to send a message at
the same time, arbitration ensures that the
message is sent.
• sending a '0' is dominant over a '1', which results
in the lowest address winning arbitration

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Arbitration
• Example : Will be most grateful if you could just clear
this up: Lets say the identifiers are "1011001" and
"1000110" when the third bit is reached the first
transmitter is sending "1" and second one is sending
"0"; so as per CAN protocol the dominant bit is 0, and it
overwrites the recessive bit. So now the Bus holds "0";
the first module detects this and will stop transmission
while the second one will keep on transmitting. Is my
understanding correct ??

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Message Transfer : Example

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Message priority
• The allocation of priority to messages in the identifier is a feature of CAN
that makes it particularly attractive for use within a real-time control
environment
• The lower the binary message identifier number, the higher its priority
• . An identifier consisting entirely of zeros is the highest priority message
on a network because it holds the bus dominant the longest
• Therefore, if two nodes begin to transmit simultaneously, the node that
sends a last identifier bit as a zero (dominant) while the other nodes send
a one (recessive) retains control of the CAN bus and goes on to complete
its message. A dominant bit always overwrites a recessive bit on a CAN
bus.
• The allocation of message priority is up to a system designe

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 CAN arbitration process
• handled automatically by a CAN controller
• Because each node continuously monitors its
own transmissions,

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 CAN arbitration process
• displays the CAN arbitration process that is handled automatically
by a CAN controller. Because each node continuously monitors its
own transmissions, as node B's recessive bit is overwritten by node
C’s higher priority dominant bit, B detects that the bus state does
not match the bit that it transmitted. Therefore, node B halts
transmission while node C continues on with its message. Another
attempt to transmit the message is made by node B once the bus is
released by node C. This functionality is part of the ISO 11898
physical signaling layer, which means that it is contained entirely
within the CAN controller and is completely transparent to a CAN
user.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
R D R D D R D R

Node A

Node B

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 CAN Message Types
• There are 4 different message types(or
frames) in CAN Protocol
Data Remote Error Overload
Frame Frame Frame Frame

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Most Common Message Types in CAN Communication .
Data
We use it very frequently
Frame
A Node uses this frame to send a message to other
nodes on the Can bus.

Here is a message !
CAN
Node

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Data Frame Format

Data
Frame

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Arbitration Field
The Arbitration Field, which determines the
priority of the message when two or more
nodes are contending for the bus. The
Arbitration Field contains: For CAN 2.0A, an 11-
bit Identifier and one bit, the RTR bit, which is
dominant for data frames.

Identifier establishes the priority of the

message. The lower the binary value, the
higher its priority.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Standard CAN Vs Extended CAN
• The original specification is the Bosch specification Version 2.0
• Version 2.0 specification is divided into two parts
– Standard CAN (Version 2.0A). Uses 11 bit identifiers.
– Extended CAN (Version 2.0B). Uses 29 bit identifiers.
• The difference between these two formats is that the length of bits, i.e., the
standard CAN Frame format supports 11-bits length for the identifier, whereas
the extended frame supports 29-bits length for the identifier, which is made
up of 18-bit extension and an 11-bit identifier.
• Most 2.0A controllers transmit and receive only Standard format messages.
• 2.0B controllers can send and receive messages in both formats.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Standard CAN Vs Extended CAN
• If you have a CAN network which Consists of both 2.0A and 2.0B based CAN
devices and if you use extended frame format ( 29 bit identifiers ), then your
network will not work, because 2.0A devices will generate an error

• 2.0B controllers are completely backward compatible with 2.0A controllers

and can transmit and receive messages in either format.

• 2.0A controller based devices are capable of transmitting and receiving only
messages in 2.0A format (standard format). With this type of controller,
reception of any 2.0B message will flag an error.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Extended Frame Format or CAN 2.0 B

The IDE bit differs CAN extended frame format and the CAN standard frame
format wherein IDE is transmitted as dominant in an 11-bit frame case and
recessive in a 29-bit frame case.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

RTR bit (Remote Transmission Request )

A dominant (logic 0), RTR bit indicates that the

message is a Data Frame

A recessive (logic 1) value indicates that the

message is a Remote Transmission Request
(known as Remote Frame.) A Remote Frame is
a request by one node for data from some
other node on the bus. Remote Frames do not
contain a Data Field.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

DLC, DATA and CRC Fields
The 4-bit data length code (DLC)
contains the number of bytes of
data being transmitted

The Data Field, which contains

zero to eight bytes of data.

The CRC Field contains a 15-bit

checksum calculated on most
parts of the message. This
checksum is used for error
detection
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 ACK Bit

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 ACK Bit
It is worth noting that the presence of an
Acknowledgement Bit on the bus does not mean
that any of the intended devices has received the
message.
It just means that one or more nodes on the bus
has received it correctly and Transmitter concludes
that message sent successfully .
If Transmitter sees recessive state at the ACK slot ,
then it retransmits the message until it sees
dominant state. That’s the reason when there is
only one node on the bus, transmitter keep sending
the same message since no one is there to ack it.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 ACK Significance
• Every node receiving an accurate message overwrites this recessive bit in the
original message with a dominate bit, indicating an error-free message has been
sent. If a receiving node detects an error then it leaves this bit recessive, it discards
the message and the sending node repeats the message after re-arbitration. In this
way, each node acknowledges (ACK) the integrity of its data. ACK is 2 bits, one is
the acknowledgment bit and the second is a delimiter
• Because all receivers must participate in the acknowledgment algorithm regardless
of whether the message is intended for them or not, an acknowledgment to the
transmitter may occur even if the expected receiver is not present on the network
• This means that the CAN Acknowledgment does not guarantee that a data transfer
has occurred between the transmitter and a designated receiver. It does not
confirm that a requested action has been understood or performed. CAN
Acknowledgment only confirms that all resident network nodes agree that the
CAN message did not violate any Data Link Layer rules.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 End of Frame and IFS
End of Frame : 7 Recessive State
IFS ( Inter Frame Spacing ) : 3 Recessive state

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 SOF
SOF–The single dominant start of frame (SOF) bit marks the start
of a message, and is used to synchronize the nodes on a bus after
being idle.

Beginning of Next
Data or Request
Previous Frame
Frame
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 OK ! The bus
SOF Bus is idle ,
and I
has become detected a
idle Lets send dominant bit ,
message must be SOF.
Lets listen

Node Node
A Transmitter B Receiver

*sends a message using data frame . *when Bus is idle, it detects a dominant
The first bit of the frame will be dominant bit(SOF) , hence understands that
which marks the start of frame(SOF) someone is transmitting

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 • The intended purpose of the remote frame is to
solicit the transmission of data from another node
Remote • The remote frame is similar to the data frame, with
Frame two important differences. First, this type of
message is explicitly marked as a remote frame by a
recessive RTR bit in the arbitration field, and
secondly, there is no data.

Consider this request

CAN and send me some data

Node

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 • If, say, node A transmits a Remote Frame with the
Arbitration Field set to 123, then node B, if properly
initialized, might respond with a Data Frame with the
Remote Arbitration Field also set to 123.
Frame • Remote Frames can be used to implement request-
response type communication between nodes.

• Most CAN controllers can be programmed either to

automatically respond to a Remote Frame

Consider this request

CAN and send me some data

Node
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
Remote
RTR bit is Recessive and there is no Data
Frame

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 BUS access from Multiple Nodes
The CAN communication protocol is a carrier-sense, multiple-access
protocol with collision detection and arbitration on message priority
(CSMA/CD+AMP).

CSMA means that each node on a bus must wait for a prescribed
period of inactivity before attempting to send a message. CD+AMP
means that collisions are resolved through a bit-wise arbitration, based
on a preprogramed priority of each message in the identifier field of a
message

The higher priority identifier always wins bus access.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Bitwise Bus arbitration in CAN
Nodes Arbitration ID

NODE-1 0x65D (110 0101 1101 b)

NODE-2 0x676 (110 0111 0110 b)

NODE-3 0x659 (110 0101 1001 b)

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R

Node-1

Node-2

Node-3

CANH
Bus State D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R

Node-1

Node-2

Node-3

CANH
R
Bus State D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R

Node-1

Node-2

Node-3

CANH
R R
Bus State D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R

Node-1

Node-2

Node-3

CANH
R R
Bus State D D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R

Node-1

Node-2

Node-3

CANH
R R
Bus State D D D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R

Node-1

Node-2

Node-3

CANH
R R R
Bus State D D D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R

Node-1

Listen only
Node-2

Node-3

CANH
R R R
Bus State D D D D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R

Node-1

Listen only
Node-2

Node-3

CANH
R R R R
Bus State D D D D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R

Node-1

Listen only
Node-2

Node-3

CANH
R R R R R
Bus State D D D D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R
Listen only
Node-1

Listen only
Node-2

Node-3

CANH
R R R R R
Bus State D D D D D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R
Listen only
Node-1

Listen only
Node-2

Node-3

CANH
R R R R R
Bus State D D D D D D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R
Listen only
Node-1

Listen only
Node-2

Node-3

CANH
R R R R R R
Bus State D D D D D D D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R
Listen only
Node-1

Listen only
Node-2

Node-3

CANH
R R R R R R
Bus State D D D D D D D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 S R
Identifier
O T Data
F 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Control
R
Listen only
Node-1

Listen only
Node-2

Node-3 Any Data

CANH
R R R R R R Any Data
Bus State D D D D D D D
CANL
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 ST’s BxCAN Controller
The bxCAN(Basic xtended CAN ) module handles
the transmission and the reception of CAN
messages fully autonomously. Standard
identifiers (11-bit) and extended identifiers (29-
bit) are fully supported by the hardware

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 ST’s bxCAN features
• 2 CAN Controllers are available CAN1 and CAN2
• CAN1 is called Master bxCAN and CAN2 is slave
• Both Supports CAN protocol version 2.0 A, B
• Bit rates up to 1 Mbit/s
• Three transmit mailboxes
• Two receive FIFOs with three stages
• 28 filter banks shared between CAN1 and CAN2
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
What application can do with bxCAN ?
• Configure CAN parameters, e.g. bit rate, bit
timings , etc
• Transmissions
• Handle receptions
• Manage interrupts
• Get diagnostic information
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 bxCAN block Diagram
Refer to RM : Figure 383. Dual CAN block
diagram

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 bxCAN Master and Slave
As mentioned in reference manual RM0390

"- CAN1: Master bxCAN for managing the communication between a Slave
bxCAN and the 512-byte SRAM memory.

-CAN2: Slave bxCAN, with no direct access to the SRAM memory."

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 BxCAN Test Modes
CAN_TX =1 CAN_TX CAN_TX =1 CAN_RX
CAN_RX CAN_RX

TX RX TX RX TX RX
CAN Controller CAN Controller CAN Controller
Silent Mode Loop Back Mode Silent+ Loop Back Mode

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Silent Mode
CAN_TX =1
CAN_RX • Tx line is internally looped back to RX line

• CAN TX is held at recessive state

• bxCAN is able to receive valid frames

TX RX
• It just listens and doesn’t change the bus state
CAN Controller by putting dominant bit

• Can be used as a sniffer which just analyzes

the traffic on the bus.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Loop Back Mode
CAN_TX CAN_RX • bxCAN can Transmit frames on the bus .

• Also the frames are looped back to the RX

line internally

TX RX • bxCAN will not listen to the bus, but just

receives its own message which is looped
CAN Controller back.

• loop back mode is provided for self test

functions

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Silent Look Back Mode
CAN_TX =1 CAN_RX
• bxCAN controller is totally disconnected
from the bus

• It neither transmits nor listens to the bus

TX RX
• TX is internally looped back to the RX,
CAN Controller hence receives its own messages.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 CAN Bit Timings Configuration
Each bit on the CAN bus is, for
timing purposes, divided in to 4
segments
1) Synchronization Segment
2) Propagation Segment
3) Phase Segment 1
4) Phase Segment 2

Width of these segments have to be adjusted properly to get desired bit rate on the CAN
bus. Width of each segment is mentioned in terms of time quanta

The Time Quanta is the smallest time unit for all configuration values.
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 bXCAN Block Diagram(TX-Path)
• Three transmit mailboxes are provided to the software for setting up messages.

• The transmission Scheduler decides which mailbox has to be transmitted first.

• In order to transmit a message, the application must select one empty transmit
mailbox, set up the identifier, the data length code (DLC) and the data before
requesting the transmission

• Request Transmission by setting TXRQ bit in the control register.

• Immediately after the TXRQ bit has been set, the mailbox enters pending state
and waits to become the highest priority mailbox
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 bXCAN Block Diagram(TX-Path)
• As soon as the mailbox has the highest priority it will be scheduled for
transmission.

• The transmission of the message of the scheduled mailbox will start (enter
transmit state) when the CAN bus becomes idle

• Once the mailbox has been successfully transmitted, it will become empty again

• The hardware indicates a successful transmission by setting the RQCP and TXOK
bits in the CAN_TSR register.

• If the transmission fails, the cause is indicated by the ALST bit in the CAN_TSR
register in case of an Arbitration Lost, and/or the TERR bit, in case of transmission
error detection Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
bxCAN Tx and STM32 Cube

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 bxCAN Tx and STM32 Cube

HAL_CAN_AddTxMessage(CAN_HandleTypeDef *hcan,
CAN_TxHeaderTypeDef *pHeader,
uint8_t aData[], uint32_t *pTxMailbox)

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

bXCAN Block Diagram(RX-Path)

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 CAN_TX
TX Parallel to Serial PA11 TX
Mailbox Converter

(3)
Processor

I/O Pins

FIFO 1 CAN_RX
Acceptance Serial to Parallel
Converter PA12 RX
Filter banks
(28)
FIFO 2

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 bxCAN RX Path
• Two receive FIFOs are used by each CAN
Controller to store the incoming messages
• Three complete messages can be stored in
each FIFO
• The FIFOs are managed completely by
hardware
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 RX Filtering
• The controller will read any frames it sees on the bus and hold them
in a small FIFO memory. It will notify the host processor that this
data is available which the processor then reads from the controller

• The controller also contains a hardware filter mechanism that can

be programmed to ignore and discard those CAN frames you do not
want passed to the processor. This saves processor overhead.

• Acceptance filtering is introduced to manage the frame reception

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Acceptance filtering
• There are 28 filter banks shared between
Master bxCAN ( CAN1) and slave bxCAN(
CAN2)
• Each Filter bank has 2 , 32 bit associated filter
registers.
• You can use filter banks to filter the incoming
messages. Lets see some examples.
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 Filter Banks
FB0_R1(32bit) FB1_R1(32bit)
Filter Bank 0 Filter Bank 1
FB0_R2(32bit) FB1_R2(32bit)

FB2_R1(32bit) FBx_R1(32bit)
Filter Bank 2 Filter Bank x
FB2_R2(32bit) FBx_R2(32bit)

X = 0 to 27

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Frame acceptance Rules: Example
1. Accept frames only if first 3 msbs of the standard identifier are 1s
e.g. 111xxxx

2. Accept frames only if first 3 msbs of the standard identifer are 0s and last 2 lsbs are 1s

3. Accept frames only if standard identifier value exactly = 0x65D or 0x651

4. Accept only Request frames

5. Accept only Extended Id Frames

6. Accept all frames

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 FB0_R1(32bit)
Filter Bank 0
FB0_R2(32bit)

Identifier Register
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Mask Register
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

fields Mapping
R
ID
STID[10:3] STID[2:0] EXID[17:13] EXID[12:5] EXID[4:0] E
T 0
R

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 FB0_R1(32bit)
Filter Bank 0
FB0_R2(32bit)

Identifier Register-1
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Identifier Register-2
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

fields Mapping
R
ID
STID[10:3] STID[2:0] EXID[17:13] EXID[12:5] EXID[4:0] E
T 0
R

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Receive FIFO State Machine
Refer RM : Figure 389. Receive FIFO states

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

bxCAN Interrupts

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 When does bxCAN issue interrupts ?
1. Transmit Request Completed
2. Frame is received in RX FIFO0
3. Frame is received in RX FIFO1
4. During CAN status change or Error
Four interrupt vectors(IRQs) are dedicated to bxCAN1
Four interrupt Vectors(IRQs) are dedicated to bxCAN2

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Exercise
Find out the bxCAN1 and bxCAN2 IRQ numbers
for STM32F446RE microcontroller
Hint : Refer Vector table information in RM

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 bxCAN interrupt generation
Refer RM : Figure 396. Event flags and interrupt
generation

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Reception related interrupts
• Once a message has been stored in the FIFO
• interrupt request is generated
• When the FIFO becomes full interrupt is
generated
• On overrun condition

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Loop Back mode connection
+vcc

3.3v
CAN_TX
PA11 TX CAN_TX
CANH

120Ω
Transceiver RL

CANL
CAN_RX
PA12 RX CAN_RX
ground

PA12
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
Loop Back mode connection

3.3v
CAN_TX
PA11 TX CAN_TX
CANH

CANL
CAN_RX
PA12 RX CAN_RX 3.3KΩ +vcc
ground
3.3V
PA12
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
SN65HVD230 CAN Transceiver
Schematic

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 CAN Normal Mode
LED1 LED2 LED3 LED4

+vcc +vcc
3.3v 3.3v

CAN_TX 3.3v CAN Bus 3.3v

CAN_TX
PA12 T CAN_TX CAN_TX TX PA12
X CANH CANH

120Ω 120Ω
N-1 Transceiver
R
L
R
L Transceiver N-2
CANL CANL
CAN_RX CAN_RX
PA11 RX CAN_RX CAN_RX RX PA11
ground ground

PA12 PA12
• N1 sends a message(led number) using Data Frame for every 1sec to N2
• After the reception of message(led number) N2 has to glow the corresponding LED
• N1 also sends a Remote frame to request 2 bytes of data for every 4sec
• N2 upon receiving the Remote frame should send back 2 bytes of data using Data Frame
• Use Interrupt driven Code
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 CAN Normal Mode Exercise
Timer6 CAN1

CAN1_Init()
TIMER_Init()
CAN1_FilterConfig()
HAL_TIM_Base_MspInit()

HAL_CAN_MspInit()
TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler()

HAL_TIM_PeriodElapsedCallback() HAL_CAN_XXX_Callback()

CAN1_XX_IRQHandler()

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 N1 and N2 GPIO Inits
LED1 LED2 LED3 LED4

PC8 PB8
PC6
3.3v
CAN_TX
PC9

PC13
N-1 Button
N-2

CAN_RX

PA12

PA12

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 FB0_R1(32bit)
Filter Bank 0
FB0_R2(32bit)

FilterIdHigh FilterIdLow
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4
Identifier
3 2 1
Register
0

FilterMaskIdHigh FilterMaskIdLow
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4
Mask
3 2
Register
1 0

31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

fields Mapping
R
ID
STID[10:3] STID[2:0] EXID[17:13] EXID[12:5] EXID[4:0] E
T 0
R

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Low Power Modes

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 MCU Low power modes
• A number of low-power features are available in the
Cortex-Mx processor.
• In addition, microcontroller vendors usually also implement
a number of low power modes in their Cortex-Mx-based
microcontrollers. This we call as device specific low power
modes or features .
• Details for microcontroller-specific low-power features are
usually available in user manuals or application notes
available from the microcontroller vendor Web sites

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 MCU Low Power Modes
A Microcontroller can be in Run mode or in Low Power mode.

In Run mode the processor will be clocked always and it will be

doing its normal operation and it will be consuming the power for
its operation .

When processor has got nothing to do , you can send it to low

power mode. Otherwise it will be in busy idle loop wasting CPU
cycles thus consuming the power. For battery operated
applications this is not a good design.
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 MCU Modes

Run Mode Low Power Modes

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Low Power modes

Vendor
Processor Specific
Specific(MCU) Low
Low Power Modes
Power modes (e.g ST)
Additional sleep modes are
introduced by MCU vendors using
device-specific programmable
registers
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
Processor Specific Low Power modes
ARM Cortex Mx

SLEEPDEEP feature is RESET SLEEPDEEP feature is SET

Normal Sleep Deep Sleep

Instruction : WFI and WFE

Instruction : WFI and WFE
Feature : Sleep on exit
Feature : Sleep on exit

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Normal Sleep Vs Deep Sleep
• Inside the processor, the selection between normal sleep mode and deep
sleep mode is defined by the SLEEPDEEP bit in the System Control
Register(SCR)
• Normal sleep mode stops the processor clock
• Deep sleep mode stops the system clock and switches off the PLL and flash
memory ( This is highly dependent on vendor who designs the
microcontroller )
• The Exact behavior of Normal and Deep Sleep mode is Microcontroller
vendor specific .
• For more information about the behavior of the sleep modes see the
documentation supplied by your device vendor.
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 How to Enter Normal Sleep
• SLEEPDEEP bit of the ARM Cortex Mx processor must
be reset
• Use instructions like WFI or WFE to trigger entering
the sleep mode
• You can also use SLEEPONEXIT feature of the ARM
Cortex Mx processor to enter in to sleep mode.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 How to Enter Deep Sleep
• SLEEPDEEP bit of the ARM Cortex Mx processor
must be set
• Use instructions like WFI or WFE to trigger entering
the sleep mode
• You can also use SLEEPONEXIT feature of the ARM
Cortex Mx processor to enter in to sleep mode.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Summary : Entering Low Power Mode
In ARM cortex Mx based processor there are only 3 ways by which
you can make processor enter in to the low power mode
• execution of a WFE instruction
• execution of a WFI instruction
• using the Sleep-On-Exit feature

If you enable the Sleep on Exit the processor enters sleep

automatically when it exits ISR
Lets explore Sleep-On-Exit feature, WFI and WFE one by one

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Entering SLEEP mode using Sleep-on-Exit feature
✓ Sleep on exit is a feature given by the ARM Cortex Mx processor .
✓ Remember its not an instruction
✓ When this feature is enabled, the processor automatically enters a sleep mode when exiting
an exception handler if no other exception is waiting to be processed
✓ It does not cause the processor to enter sleep if the exception handler is returning to another
exception handler (nested interrupt).

When to use this ?

When your application does all its work in an Interrupt handler , then while exiting ISR the
Processor will automatically go to sleep if you enable this feature to save power .
• You would like to use this when processor runs only when an interrupt service require
servicing.
• interrupt driven applications to stay in sleep mode as often as possible.
• The Sleep-On-Exit feature is ideal for interrupt-driven applications
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
Entering SLEEP mode using Sleep-on-Exit feature
✓ SLEEPONEXIT bit in the SCR of the ARM cortex Mx processor
has to be set after all the initialization of your application
✓ No instruction is needed to enter sleep mode with this feature
enabled
✓ When ISR finishes executing all the instructions you have
written , processor goes in to sleep mode automatically without
returning back to thread mode ( No thread related un-stacking
happens , because processor is not going back to thread mode )

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Entering SLEEP mode using Sleep-on-Exit feature
Note :
In interrupt-driven applications, do not enable Sleep-On-Exit
feature too early during the initialization. Otherwise if the
processor receives an interrupt request during the initialization
process, it will enter sleep automatically after the interrupt
handler executed before the rest of the initialization process
completes.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Exercise
• Write an application in which TIM6 triggers
Update interrupt for every 10ms and in the
ISR of TIM6 send some data over UART2.
▪ Measure the Current consumption without sleep mode
▪ Measure the Current Consumption With Sleep mode (
Enter sleep mode using SLEEPONEXIT feature )

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Reset

Processor Mode : Run Initialization

Processor Mode : Run Entry in to TIM6 ISR
Processor Mode : sleep

Enable SLEEPONEXIT Processor Mode : Run UART2 data send

Processor Mode : Run
feature

Processor Mode : Run Exit from ISR

Processor Mode : Run Start Timer

Processor Mode : Run Wait in while(1) Processor Mode : Sleep Sleeping

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Waking up from SLEEPONEXIT
• when the processor enters sleep mode using the Sleep-On-Exit feature or executing the WFI
instruction the processor stops instruction execution, enters sleep mode and wakes up when
a higher priority interrupt request arrives and needs to be serviced.(This what ARM Says, but
MCU vendor may implement wakeup procedure differently , e.g in ST’s Case processor wakes
up for any interrupt, i.e priority don’t care )

• If the processor enters sleep in an exception handler, and if the newly arrived interrupt
request has the same or lower priority compared to the current exception, the processor will
not wake up and interrupt will remain in pending state. (This what ARM Says, but MCU
vendor may implement wakeup procedure differently )

• The processor can also be woken up by a halt request from the debugger or by reset

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Power

Power consumption in Run mode Power consumption in Sleep mode

ISR entry ISR exit

Thread Thread Handler Handler Handler

Initialization While(1)
Sleeping Sleeping Sleeping

time
Enter Sleep automatically
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 WFI(Wait For Interrupt)
• It is a 16 bit Thumb instruction
• When Cortex-Mx ( 0, 0+,3,4,7… ) processor executes
a WFI instruction it stops executing instructions and enters
sleep mode(Clocks to the processor is stopped ), until the
arrival of an interrupt or if the processor enters a debug state
• Enter sleep unconditionally
• Can be used with both normal sleep and deep sleep mode

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 WFI(Wait For Interrupt)
• The WFI instruction is a Cortex-Mx instruction which cannot
be directly accessible by ANSI C. The CMSIS (Cortex
Microcontroller Software Interface Standard) provides an
intrinsic function to generate a WFI instruction and is
supported by C compiler. If a C compiler does not support the
WFI intrinsic function, then the user will have to use assembly
code to execute WFI instruction.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Waking up from WFI
• When processor goes to sleep executing WFI instruction in a thread mode , any
interrupt request , debug request or reset can wake up the processor.

• If the processor executes WFI instruction in an exception handler and enters sleep
mode then only higher priority interrupt request ( > current level) can only wake
up the processor. If the newly arrived interrupt request has the same or lower
priority compared to the current exception, the processor will not wake up and
the newly issued interrupt will remain in pending state. .(This what ARM Says, but
MCU vendor may implement wakeup procedure differently )

• The processor can also be woken up by a halt request from the debugger or by
reset

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 WFI WFI executed
summary Is
SLEEPDEEP
set ?

Normal Sleep(Wait Deep Sleep(Wait

until interrupt ) until interrupt )

Interrupt /Debug Req/Halt

Exit Sleep and Execute

next instruction in
Run mode

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Exercise
• Write an application in which TIM6 triggers
Update interrupt for every 10ms and in the
ISR of TIM6 send some data over UART2.
▪ Measure the Current consumption without sleep mode
▪ Measure the Current Consumption With Sleep mode (
Enter sleep mode using WFI Instruction)

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Tips to Reduce the Power
Consumption
• Stopping clock to the processor and to some or all the
peripherals (clock gating )
• Reducing Clock frequency.
• Reducing Voltage to various parts of the microcontroller
• Turning off the power supply to some parts of the
microcontroller
• Keeping unused pins in the analog mode

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

• 500 milliamps for one hour before being
"dead”
• 500 1 hour
• 2.7 ? 185 hour – 1 week

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 WFE(Wait for Event)
• It is a 16 bit Thumb instruction
• Enter sleep conditionally
• Its intended usage is as part of a power saving strategy in
spinlock loops in RTOS
• It is possible that execution of a WFE instruction will complete
immediately without causing the processor to go into a low
power (sleeping) state
• WFE success depends upon event register of the processor
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 Event register of the Processor
• Inside a Cortex-M processor, there is a single-bit event register.
• This event register bit will be 0, after reset
• The event register is used to hold an event which happened in the past,
• When set, an Event Register indicates that an event has occurred

• When any event occurs this bit is set to 1

• When you execute WFE and if WFE sees that event register bit is 1, it makes it 0
and doesn’t cause processor to go to sleep. (A WFE instruction clears the Event
Register.)
• WFE succeeds (i.e puts processor to sleep) only when event register bit is 0 at the
time of executing the WFE instruction .
• Software cannot read or write the value of the Event Register directly.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Event register of the Processor
• The event register can be set by any of the following events:
– An interrupt request arrives and need servicing
– Exception entrance and exception exit
– New pending interrupts (only when SEVONPEND bit in SCR is set),
even if the interrupts are disabled
– An external event signal from on-chip hardware (MCU specific )
– Execution of an SEV (Send Event) instruction
– Debug event
• When multiple events occur while the processor is awake, they will
be treated as just one event because the event register is only one
bit.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 WFE WFE executed
yes
Is
summary event_reg
is set ?
Clear the event reg. and
proceed to next
instruction in run Mode
no
no Is yes
SLEEPDEEP
set ?

Normal Sleep(Wait Normal Sleep(Wait

until Event ) until Event )
Event/Interrupt Pend /Debug Req/Halt

Exit Sleep and Execute

next instruction in
Run mode
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 Wakeup from WFE
• When the WFE instruction is used to enter sleep, it can be woken up by
– The execution of an SEV(Send Event) instruction
– Any exception entering the Pending state if SEVONPEND in the System Control Register is set
– An asynchronous exception at a priority that preempts any currently active exceptions
– An event from another processor/peripheral

• WFE can also be woken up by interrupt requests if they have a higher priority than the current interrupt’s
priority level,

• The SEVONPEND feature can wake up the processor from WFE sleep even if the priority level of the newly
pended interrupt is at the same or lower level than the current interrupt. However, in this case, the
processor will not execute the interrupt handler and will resume program execution from the instruction
following the WFE.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 WFI and WFE sleep wake-up behavior
WFI behavior PRIMASK SEVONPEND Wake Up ISR execution
IRQ priority > current level
0 N/A Yes Yes
IRQ priority <= current level
0 N/A No No
IRQ priority > current level
1 N/A Yes No
IRQ priority <= current level
1 N/A No No

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 WFI and WFE sleep wake-up behavior
WFE behavior PRIMASK SEVONPEND Wake Up ISR execution
IRQ priority > current level
0 0 Yes Yes
IRQ priority <= current level
0 0 No No
IRQ priority > current level
0 1 Yes Yes
IRQ priority <= current level(or IRQ
disabled
0 1 Yes No
IRQ priority > current level
1 0 No No
IRQ priority <= current level
1 0 No No
IRQ priority > current level
1 1 Yes No
IRQ priority <= current level
1 1 Yes No

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Exercise
• Write an application in which TIM6 triggers
Update interrupt for every 10ms and in the
ISR of TIM6 send some data over UART2.
▪ Measure the Current consumption without sleep mode
▪ Measure the Current Consumption With Sleep mode (
Enter sleep mode using WFE Instruction)

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Differences and similarities of WFI and WFE
Similarities
▪Wake up on Interrupt requests
▪Wake up by debug events
▪Can be used to produce normal or deep sleep

Differences
▪WFI puts the processor immediately to sleep, where as WFE puts the processor to sleep only if event
register value is 0
▪No relation between event register and WFI , but WFE works along with event register .
▪New pending of a disabled interrupt can wake up the processor from WFE sleep if SEVONPEND is set
▪WFE can be woken up by an external event signal

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 When to use what ?
Use WFI instruction in interrupt driven applications and
stand Alone application.
Use WFE in idle loops , Spinlocks , busy waiting and RTOS
related scenarios where processor will go to sleep if there
are no events are pending to be processed.
WFI is targeted at entering either standby, dormant or
shutdown mode, where an interrupt is required to wake-
up the processor.
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
usage for WFE

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 EVENTI
Processor-2

EVENTO
Processor-1 EVENTI
Processor-3

EVENTI
Processor-4

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 How to generate events ?
• The STM32F446xx microcontrollers are able to handle external or internal events in order to wake
up the core (WFE). The wakeup event can be generated by:
– enabling an interrupt in the peripheral control register but not in the NVIC, and enabling
• the SEVONPEND bit in the Cortex®-M4 with FPU System Control register. When the
• MCU resumes from WFE, the peripheral interrupt pending bit and the peripheral NVIC
• IRQ channel pending bit (in the NVIC interrupt clear pending register) have to be
• cleared.
• • or configuring an external or internal EXTI line in event mode. When the CPU resumes
• from WFE, it is not necessary to clear the peripheral interrupt pending bit or the NVIC
• IRQ channel pending bit as the pending bit corresponding to the event line is not set.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 How to generate events in STM32 MCU
1. Execute the SEV instruction .
2. Use Peripheral Interrupt as an event .
- Make SEVONPEND bit as 1
- Disable peripheral interrupt in the NVIC
- Make peripheral issue an interrupt
- Applicable to all peripherals
3. Use peripheral event
- Applicable to Some of the peripherals
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 How to generate events ?
• To generate the event, the event line should be configured and enabled
• This is done by programming the two trigger registers with the desired
edge detection and by enabling the event request by writing a ‘1’ to the
corresponding bit in the event mask register
• When the
• selected edge occurs on the event line, an event pulse is generated
• pending bit
• corresponding to the event line is not set.
• Configure the mask bits of the 23 event lines (EXTI_EMR)
• Configure the Trigger selection bits of the event lines (EXTI_RTSR and
EXTI_FTSR)

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Device Specific (MCU) Low Power
Modes

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Device Specific (MCU) Low Power Modes
Low Power modes of the MCU is further extended by the device vendor using
Power modes given by arm cortex M Processor

Architectural Low power mode

ARM Cortex M4
SLEEPDEEP feature is SET
SLEEPDEEP feature is RESET

Normal Sleep Deep Sleep

MCU extension

STOP Stand By

Specific to Vendor of the MCU

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Cortex®-M4 with FPU core stopped, peripherals kept running
Power Consumption

all clocks are stopped

all clocks are stopped

+ 1.2 V domain powered off

Run Sleep STOP STANDBY Modes

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Device Specific (MCU) Low Power Modes
• Sleep mode
– In Sleep mode, only the CPU is stopped
– All peripherals continue to operate and can wake
up the CPU when an interrupt/event occurs
– You can always do additional settings to save
some more power ( like running the CPU at lower
clock , disabling the peripheral clocks , etc )

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Voltage Domains

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 VBAT

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 STM32F4x Voltage Regulator
1.7 to 3.3V
1.2V
Core, SRAM,
Digital
Peripherals

Backup
Domain(RTC,BKP
SRAM and others)

An embedded linear voltage regulator supplies all the digital circuitries except for the
backup domain and the Standby circuitry. The regulator output voltage is around 1.2 V.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Regulator modes
Low Power
Main Regulator Regulator

Normal Mode Normal Mode

Over Drive Mode Over Drive Mode

Under Drive Under Drive

Mode Mode

Power Down Power Down

You can select either MR or LPR by configuring

the LPDS bit in the PWR power control register
(PWR_CR)

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Main regulator Modes
Normal mode: The CPU and core logic operate
Main Regulator at maximum frequency at a given
voltage scaling (scale 1, scale 2 or scale 3)
Voltage scaling can be configured by VOS bit in
Normal Mode
PWR_CR
Over Drive
Mode Use “Normal Mode” in your RUN mode or in
Under Drive STOP Mode
Mode

Power Down

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Voltage Scaling
• There are 3 Voltage Scales are available in STM32F4x
Microcontroller (Scale 1 , scale 2, scale 3). The main goal of
this is to reduce the power consumption by controlling the
output voltage of the voltage regulator with respect to
operating frequency
• Refer Table 16. General operating conditions In Datasheet

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Voltage Scaling
The voltage scaling and over-drive mode are adjusted to fHCLK
frequency as follows:
❑Scale 3 for fHCLK ≤ 120 MHz
❑Scale 2 for 120 MHz < fHCLK ≤ 144 MHz
❑Scale 1 for 144 MHz < fHCLK ≤ 180 MHz. The over-drive is
only ON at 180 MHz.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Main regulator & Low power regulator Modes
Main Regulator(MR) or
Low Power Regulator(LPR) Over Drive mode is used to run the CPU and
Core logic at maximum possible frequency . In
STM32F446RE microcontroller it is 180Mhz.
Normal Mode The output voltage of the Main regulator will
Over Drive be more than typical 1.2V thus consuming
Mode more power of your application
Under Drive
Mode If your application demands using 180Mz, then
Power Down you have to turn on the over drive mode.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Main regulator Modes
Main Regulator(MR) or
Low Power Regulator(LPR)
Under-drive mode: the 1.2 V domain is
preserved in reduced leakage mode
Normal Mode
This mode of the regulator is can be used in
Over Drive
Mode STOP mode.
Under Drive If the Under-drive mode was enabled, it is
Mode automatically disabled after
Power Down
* exiting Stop mode.
* When the voltage regulator operates in
Under-drive mode, an additional
* startup delay is induced when waking
up from Stop mode.
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 Main regulator Modes
Main Regulator(MR) or
Low Power Regulator(LPR)
Power-down is used in Standby mode. The
Power-down mode is activated only when
Normal Mode entering in Standby mode. The regulator
output is in high impedance inducing zero
Over Drive
Mode consumption. The contents of the registers and
Under Drive SRAM are lost
Mode

Power Down

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

Summary

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Device Specific (MCU) Low Power Modes
• STOP mode
– The Stop mode achieves the lower power consumption compared to sleep
mode.
– All clocks in the 1.2 V domain are stopped (clocks to CPU, SRAM, digital
peripherals )
– Since Voltage regulator is not powered down , SRAM content will be retained
– You can either use MR or LPR
– The voltage regulator can be in either Normal mode or under drive mode
– PLL, the HSI RC and the HSE crystal oscillators are disabled.
– The device can be woken up from the Stop mode by any of the EXTI line (the
EXTI line source can be one of the 16 external lines, the PVD output, the RTC
alarm / wakeup / tamper / time stamp events, the USB OTG FS/HS wakeup).

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Device Specific (MCU) Low Power Modes
• Stand by mode
– The Standby mode is used to achieve the lowest power consumption
– The internal voltage regulator is powered down so that the entire 1.2 V
domain is powered off
– SRAM loses its data since voltage regulator is powered down
– The PLL, the HSI RC and the HSE crystal oscillators are also switched off
– After entering Standby mode, the SRAM and register contents are lost except
for registers in the backup domain and the backup SRAM when selected.
– The device exits the Standby mode when an external reset (NRST pin), an
IWDG reset, a rising edge on the WKUP pin, or an RTC alarm / wakeup /
tamper /time stamp event occurs.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 STOP Mode wakeup time
• In stop mode, wakeup time depends on the voltage regulator and
the Flash memory wakeup time
• For example, if the voltage regulator is in run mode and the MCU is
configured in stop mode, the wakeup time is about 13 μs.
• However when the voltage regulator and the Flash
• memory are configured in low power mode, the wakeup time
increases to reach 110 μs(for
• more details about the wakeup time, please refer to the STM32F2xx
datasheet).

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 STOP Mode wakeup time
• Observation:
• ● Current consumption and wakeup time in stop
mode depends on the voltage regulator
• configuration (run mode or low power mode) and
Flash memory configuration (stop
• mode or deep power mode)
• ● A lower current consumption means a longer
the wakeup time
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 Standby mode
• Standby mode is based on the Cortex-Mx deep sleep mode, with the
voltage regulator
• disabled. The 1.2 V domain is consequently powered off. The PLL, the HSI
oscillator and
• the HSE oscillator are also switched off. SRAM and register contents are
lost except for
• registers in the Backup domain and Standby circuitry.
• The Standby mode current consumption depends on the backup SRAM
and RTC
• configuration, which is between 5.8 μA when both backup SRAM and RTC
are enabled, and
• 2.5 μA when both backup SRAM and RTC are disabled
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 Stand by Mode wakeup time
• Observation:
• ● Standby mode returns the lowest power
consumption
• ● The wakeup time from Standby mode is the
highest wakeup time. It is about 375 μs
• (refer to the section “Wakeup time from low-
power mode” in the STM32F20xx/21xx
• datasheet)
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 Conclusion
• Conclusion:
• The global wakeup time of the device can be viewed as the sum of the following:
• ● Wakeup time of the main voltage regulator (if it is switched off during the low-power
• mode)
• ● Stabilization time of the oscillator (if it is switched off during the low-power mode)
• ● Wakeup time of the Flash memory (if it is switched off during the low-power mode)
• ● Interrupt latency for the wake up event trigger
• The results above shows the trade-off between consumption and wakeup time in the
• STM32F2. Generally, the lower the power consumption is, the longer the wakeup time. You
• should therefore try to find the best trade-off according to the application constraints.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

How to put MCU in STOP mode?

Architectural Low power mode

ARM Cortex M4
SLEEPDEEP feature is SET
SLEEPDEEP feature is RESET

Normal Sleep Deep Sleep

MCU extension

STOP Stand By

Specific to Vendor of the MCU

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 How to put MCU in STOP mode?
SLEEPDEEP = 1

0 1
PDDS

SLEEPONEXIT/WFI/WFE SLEEPONEXIT/WFI/WFE

STOP Mode Standby Mode

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Voltage Regulator Settings in STOP Mode
Remember Voltage Regulator will not be OFF in STOP mode

MR/LPR

Normal Mode Under Drive Mode

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Voltage Regulator Normal Mode

MR LPR

MR ON+ FLASH ON(FPDS=0) MR ON+ FLASH PD(FPDS=1

LPR ON+ FLASH ON(FPDS=0 LPR ON+ FLASH PD(FPDS=1

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Voltage Regulator Under Drive Mode
MR LPR

MR UD+ FLASH PD(FPDS=X) LPR UD+ FLASH PD(FPDS=X)

Main regulator in Low-power regulator in

deepsleep under-drive mode deepsleep under-drive mode

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

mA/Micro sec In Stop mode, the power consumption can be further reduced by using additional settings in
the PWR_CR register. However this will induce an additional startup delay when waking up
191 from Stop mode

164
117
108
89

45

MR ON+ FLASH ON(FPDS=0) LPR ON+ FLASH ON(FPDS=0) MR UD+ FLASH PD(FPDS=X)
STOP Sub modes

MR ON+ FLASH PD(FPDS=1) LPR ON+ FLASH PD(FPDS=1) LPR UD+ FLASH PD(FPDS=X)
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 Exercise
• Test the Current Consumption in below STOP mode
conditions
– STOP + MR ON + FLASH ON
– STOP + MR ON + FLASH Power Down
– STOP+ LPR ON + FLASH ON
– STOP + LPR ON + FLASH Power Down
– STOP + MR Under Drive + FLASH Power Down
– STOP + LPR Under Driver + FLASH Power Down
– Waking up using Button interrupt (EXTI)
Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 Wakeup From STOP Mode
• When exiting Stop mode by issuing an interrupt or a wakeup event, the
HSI RC oscillator is selected as system clock
• If the Under-drive mode was enabled, it is automatically disabled after
exiting Stop mode.
• When the voltage regulator operates in low-power or low voltage mode,
an additional startup delay is incurred when waking up from Stop mode.
By keeping the internal regulator ON during Stop mode, the consumption
is higher although the startup time is reduced.
• When the voltage regulator operates in Under-drive mode, an additional
startup delay is induced when waking up from Stop mode.
• Wakeup latency Refer to Table 17: Stop operating modes in RM

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

How to put MCU in Standby Mode?

Architectural Low power mode

ARM Cortex M4
SLEEPDEEP feature is SET
SLEEPDEEP feature is RESET

Normal Sleep Deep Sleep

MCU extension

STOP Stand By

Specific to Vendor of the MCU

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 How to put MCU in Standby Mode?
SLEEPDEEP = 1

0 1
PDDS

SLEEPONEXIT/WFI/WFE SLEEPONEXIT/WFI/WFE

STOP Mode Standby Mode

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Who is alive in Standby ?
• RTC registers and RTC backup registers
• backup SRAM
• Standby circuitry(WKUP Logic and IWDG)
• LSI and LSE
secondary clock sources:
• 32 kHz low-speed internal RC (LSI RC) which drives the independent watchdog and,
optionally, the RTC used for Auto-wakeup from the Stop/Standby mode.
• 32.768 kHz low-speed external crystal (LSE crystal) which optionally drives the RTC
clock (RTCCLK)
Each clock source can be switched on or off independently when it is not used, to optimize
power consumption.

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 Exercise
• Test the Current Consumption in below STANDBY mode
conditions
– STANDBY + BKP SRAM ON + RTC ON
(wakeup using RTC automatic wake up after 20s)
– STANDBY + BKP SRAM OFF + RTC ON ON
(wakeup using RTC automatic wake up after 20s)
– STANDBY + BKP SRAM ON + RTC OFF
(wakeup using wakeup pin)
– STANDBY + BKP SRAM OFF + RTC OFF
(wakeup using wakeup pin)

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 RTC Intro
• What is “Real time” ??

Copyright © Bharati software 2018.

 RTC Intro
• A real-time clock (RTC) is a peripheral of the MCU that keeps track
of the current time and date information
• The real-time clock (RTC) embedded in STM32 microcontrollers acts
as an independent BCD timer
• Although RTCs are often used in personal computers, servers and
embedded systems, they are also present in almost any electronic
device that requires accurate time keeping.
• As long as the supply voltage remains in the operating range, the
RTC never stops regardless of the device status (Run mode, low
power mode or under reset).

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 RTC Main features
• Calendar with sub-seconds, seconds, minutes, hours (12h
or 24h format), day (day of week), date (day of month),
month, and year.
• Two programmable alarms with interrupt function. The
alarms can be triggered by any combination of the calendar
fields.
• Automatic wakeup unit generating a periodic flag that
triggers an automatic wakeup interrupt.
• 20 backup registers (80 bytes). The backup registers are
reset when a tamper detection event occurs
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RTC calendar

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 RTC Clock Sources

The RTC features several prescalers that allow delivering a 1 Hz clock to

calendar unit,
regardless of the clock source. Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 RTC Features

calendar, programmable alarm

interrupts

automatic wakeup
unitto
manage low power
modes

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 Backup SRAM
• Backup SRAM is part of the backup domain
• In stm32f446re MCU , there is 4KBs of Backup SRAM
• This is introduced in order to hold some data like the serial
numbers, cryptographic keys, or any other application data, even if
the Vdd is removed. (Supported by VBAT)
• It can be considered as an internal EEPROM when VBAT is always
present.
• It is by default write protected (Actually all back domain
peripherals are write protected , you need to first get the access in
order to change any settings or content of the back up domain
peripherals )

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 Backup SRAM
• Dedicated voltage regulator called backup
voltage regulator is used to preserve the
contents of the backup SRAM when in standby
mode(if selected) or in VBAT modes

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 RTC Important features
RTC
RTC Calendar RTC Alarm

RTC Tamper Detection RTC Wakeup Unit

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 RTC Calendar Unit
• A calendar keeps track of the time (hours, minutes and seconds) and date (day,
week, month, year).
• Calendar comes with :
– sub-seconds (not programmable)
– seconds
– minutes
– hours in 12-hour or 24-hour format
– day of the week (day)
– day of the month (date)
– Month
– Year
• The STM32 RTC calendar is provided in BCD format
• Automatic management of 28-, 29- (leap year), 30-, and 31-day months

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Copyright © Bharati software 2018.
 BCD vs Binary
Decimal BCD Binary
0 0000 0000
1 0001 0001
2 0010 0010
3 0011 0011
9 1001 1001
10 0001 0000 1010
15 00010101 1101
56 01011100 111000

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 RTC Calendar BCD fields Example
• Lets see an example
– Program 2:40:58 AM in to RTC Time register
– Program 12th June 2018 in to RTC Date register
• BCD of 2 ➔ 0010
• BCD of 40 ➔ 0100 0000
• BCD of 58 → 0101 1000
• BCD of 12 → 0001 0010
• BCD of 6(june) ➔ 0110
• Bcd of 2018 → 18 → 0001 1000
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RTC Block Diagram

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 RTC Clock Source
The RTC can be driven by three clock sources LSE, LSI or HSE

RTCSEL bits are part of RCC_BDCR register

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 Generating 1Hz from different clock sources
Remember calendar unit needs 1Hz clock to update time

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 RTC and STM32 Cube
1. RTC Clock Selection
2. RTC Init
3. RTC Set Time and Date
4. RTC Get Time and Date
5. RTC Set/Get Alarm
6. RTC Deactivate Alarm
7. RTC Set/Deactivate Wakeup Timer
And various others.
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 RTC Clock Selection Procedure
1. Turn on the Required Clock (HSE/LSI/LSE)
For this we use :
HAL_RCC_OscConfig(RCC_OscInitTypeDef *RCC_OscInitStruct)
2. Select the RTCCLK source as HSE/LSI/LSE in
RCC_BDCR register
For this we use :
HAL_RCCEx_PeriphCLKConfig(RCC_PeriphCLKInitTypeDef
*PeriphClkInit)

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 RTC Init Procedure
For RTC Init, STM32 Cube layer provides below
handle structure and API

HAL_RTC_Init(RTC_HandleTypeDef *hrtc)

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 Exercise
• Write a program to set the current time, day and Date information
in to the RTC and then print back the Date, time, day information
via UART whenever user button is pressed.
Case 1 : Time format 12h
Case 2 : Time format 24h
Case 3 : Do a system reset and observe the effect on your
configuration made to the RTC
Case 4 : See the effect on RTC when microcontroller exits Standby
mode.

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 RTC Alarm
• STM32 RTC embeds two alarms, alarm A
and alarm B, which are similar.

• An alarm can be generated at a given time

or/and date programmed by the user.

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RTC Alarm Fields

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 Example of RTC Alarm Masking
Example 1 :
Set Alarm @ 23:15:07 Every day
The above alarm means that,
1. We want alarm everyday , so date or day is don't
care(mask it for comparison )
2. RTC calendar must be configured in 24h format
3. Alarm must be generated when calendar fields
Hh:mm:ss exactly match with configured alarm fields

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 Example of RTC Alarm Masking
Example 2 :
Set Alarm @8AM on Every Sunday
The above alarm means that,
1. We want alarm only on Sunday
2. We are interested to compare day not date, so WDSEL bit
of RTC_ALRMAR has to be 0
3. RTC calendar must be configured in 12h format
4. Alarm minutes and seconds fields are don't care (so just
mask them for comparison )
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 Example of RTC Alarm Masking
Example 3 :
Set Alarm @ XX:45:09
The above alarm means that,
1. We want alarm at 45mins , 09 seconds every
hour
2. Hour field is don't care
3. Date/Day field is don't care

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RTC Alarm and STM32 Cube APIs

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 Exercise
• Write a program to Set an Alarm @ xx:45:09
– An interrupt must be triggered during alarm
– Use buzzer(you can turn on led if you don't have
buzzer) to indicate the alarm
– Configure the RTC calendar and Alarm in Button
ISR

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 Exercise
• Write a program to Set an Alarm @ 12:00:15 PM
Every day
– An interrupt must be triggered during alarm
– Use buzzer(you can turn on led if you don't have a
buzzer) to indicate the alarm
– Configure the RTC calendar and Alarm in Button ISR

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 Exercise
• Write a program to Set an Alarm @ 8AM Every
Sunday
– An interrupt must be triggered during alarm
– Use buzzer(you can turn on led if you don't have a
buzzer) to indicate the alarm
– Configure the RTC calendar and Alarm in Button ISR

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 Exercise
• Write a program to wake up the MCU from
STANDBY mode @ 23:15:30 Every day
– Use RTC Alarm Interrupt as the wakeup source
– Use buzzer(you can turn on led if you don't have a
buzzer) to indicate STANDBY exit

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 Exercise
• Write a program to wake up the MCU from STOP
mode @ 23:15:30 Every day
– Use RTC Alarm Interrupt as the wakeup source
– Use buzzer(you can turn on led if you don't have a
buzzer) to indicate STOP mode exit
– Configure the RTC calendar and Alarm in Button ISR

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RTC Time Stamp Feature

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 Exercise
• Write a program which prints the time stamp
of the LED ON Event by TIMER’s time base
interrupt
– Use Timestamp feature of the RTC
– Use RTC Time Stamp interrupt to print the time
stamp details .
– Use TIM6 time base generation for every 5 sec
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 RTC periodic wakeup unit
• The STM32 features a periodic timebase and
wakeup unit that can wake up the system when
the STM32 operates in low power modes.
• This unit is a programmable down-counting auto-
reload timer.
• When this counter reaches zero, a flag and an
interrupt (if enabled) are generated.
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 Wakeup Unit Features
• It has Programmable down-counting auto-reload timer.
• Specific flag and interrupt capable of waking up the
device from low power modes
• Wakeup alternate function output which can be routed
to RTC_ALARM output (unique pad for alarm A, alarm
B or Wakeup events) with configurable polarity.
• A full set of prescalers to select the desired waiting
period.
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RTC Block Diagram

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Wakeup Timer Clock Config-1

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Wakeup Timer Clock Config

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