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a tonumen fru
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yet \ Cader. \
a - Cag Dept: GEE
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Subsecd ;- MICROCONTROLLER ¢, eEnpisa
Gor SS
a2 7S) aan
Module-Os:. ALM Embeddeg Sytem
me ALM Vee Fundo ment
= = ae
Toptc.—ot -
—— 1
Mifcro pooce s878 Werguny (V1 Fom cont vollexg
Quest Pons
\
1. Deffeent matey fom processéx ana Witcrecentraller
Ans e nN J
pie 5 !
ie lweero processiay! Miao con! raller
a Mfcr0 processor iCarfatns | * MM? Cro controle; ““Contams
ALU, Ceneval purpose the circotty Ae
es Cossoy ™ ate
| Register. Stack power. k Ries, hee ao kee
| program, ‘couder., clecls |) ase ae
Seana eave & Talescpl Bam, T/o devices, Fimeg
a, & cosmters.
Civeatt.
a A hee man Tngtruitm| «It has one @ wwe lwo
-s t Moe data Belneen onslifon, +o Moe data
Actween Memory &, CR.
f9e-01
Meenovy & CPU.It hos
Oe) * it hos Mony bet
| 40 bt hanatling handling nz niclions .
| —fo
anal ral fons,
|e Access Hoes fer x less Access Finer
ee meee for Buslt—tm- Memarg
devPces are move @ Dfo pevece?-
He MPI proces¢ on | Bacect| ‘kK Mecrecaat roller Based
| Syatero Requires Septters Requires less
moe —+Hardwere, hordwore Reducing PCB
Cize & Tocreashg the |
Letiabsletg. |
* Mecvo processor Basea | x Lek Fleatble
Nps em 1 more Pleg;) Aestgn poml of vireo, |
J ble m deston |
pol of, vrepo-
r Tt bor Sepoote Memar |
a gt hax Single Vee ae nap eae
for deta & code! | 'Y an
map
| Code. ahi n
a Less womber pins! + More) (Vumb ey POR 4
ore Multi - funclfored are > mull? funal?oned.10 pSc-0g
i x
€ RI gc Des%Gn Philo sophy.
— 2 Se See
2. Explam Brsefly The RISC oes%o
ph*losophy.
Ang +
RIsc- + Reduced Tngl rel (on Set Com pifey.
1
Regtove 5 sf RI éc
comlva st wi th
* Tt, 3. .daxtensted Oso ; ‘
CTée Machines phech we Complex
Anetiddton Set Compateys
es PAnvAd ) Jy
« Most RT ge Processors URe +Hordwi tea
control.
= Keno yume ammlingg RT Se proce s4org
Use Ba-bet Anitudtfoo,,
| rr fa
+ They have very -fero Angst uitions,
jis _
The Tastyutffons are predominantly
Register Based. ¥
*
cae
Page-oa+ the Limited (3b 5S Addressing eden
re
a Used by hese processors.
* s Memory Ace ss Cycle o Bro Fen
FIO pipel*nedt Acce 44 opera.
* TAs Dnvowes the Use of Coches off
and wor k tog
Re gs ters,
x ff large Reg? ster fle & Seporate
To sturkto» & data caches ie Useck.
ss Us%¢ Hardwired tant 70! the Cloele
cycte per In stud Poo CRPPY are Reduced
etoeee Poy most Raise In iets wictions.
2 PI s¢ Avchttediore 95 ses eae
tore s z | 1
aa!
AIS Destgn ; e i
« RISC pwlessar ove Des% *Gned to Exec
Semple Bat powesfot Ty geuck ong re 2
ple ey ale a at a high Clock iSpeea.
g 3 ee ‘ 13 > ,
7~ RESC processors fotlors—the
oor Maye Design Bude
1. Tp glrucl tow 8
22 camel 0 a
Reduced Numb ey ish Tn gl rictton + 3 prides
as strudions, ‘phith
Lem? ted number
ontt
Steopliftes the de syn & lonlrol
~* Simple Tagtuttt. format wilh fined
Toxtvattfon lenglh. \
£ The Ingtnidtt, length A%ned on ord
Boun doves
4 Hordwired En zlract to, ) | A
to ei aa
» There & Mo need for Pers Hotott fone ,
a The Machtoe DAnstnichfong Con be, 74
1
Hox dai red. lag , if ,
2 These ainsiuslitegs ave Execitea faste
fron the In gtruchens \ AImplementedk
wilh motore ans tructfons ,One Uns buclton
aie per Cycle
+~-KhT 6c pce Seor Cxecite one Ingtrucl ton
maw Stage cycles, [Oba
*« In RIE Se precessors, there :
One In 2 tut Pon perv Machine Cycle
Ss aq
fe
1
2. PSpdl nes
Untts that wrk tm parables,”
| he C Pu conlan § Ceveral Tydependeat
* One & —thery fetches the Tn structions
Evolher Ovex Decode & > Fyecube
there. 23 oe i
« AU RI Se procecsarg
Pipelining - feature,
provide Taare +
x LIE prcesgoy most! Tnshuttin, ove
Legister to Kegtter, 22! Colla
Ja age lacs
There ove “TWO phose } ! > A on}
Engl viditoe eek
2, Enecete CE).k Ty Cage a loock & bore Instill ons
Three ploses ove fequined.
1. Tnat rth Po5 Fetch Cry
De Excite,
&. nota “yon Br Cpy.
feges ise
a Re geste, to Leg ister Operations
= Re RTS¢ processors have wo torge
number of genera porpose Beg?s less
& they Use Effectent complex
techno log -+tO optimize Ceges tey
Usage. lil
2 DS 2s) ale most Importen!
Chovactetstrcs G- FT de proce s$on,
+ Ths firchetediure Encourages the eae
_atfor cS) Re gester.
Foge-oe4. Load ~Stoye Aye he tecture
* PTC proce shor Operate Pec
heb ™ Regis tev.
* loodt §& toe Instructions Hans fey
dato Retween “the Register Bank
€&. Encteonol Memorg +on Refureen
os
Compare
ihe
RTS ¢
=
Pag, €-05
Chovactentst Pcs RI @ee2 sbi” xsi gq eer are
hk Tastruct %o oat aan a .
are Eee Oo Marteg OO
wae 4 2
2. Tastructoo A Bt
Lenglk “aad |b 2 OA bylee
L —
2. Number Z 09)
Css
es Some pore
~ ea T el
Hi] [4 Tastucttor’ |i Caay. (quick fo decider Sect Csloe ia 7
O| decoding ) decode,
> 5. Tystructtoo 1 Almost Piloays ane vores from Simple
Semen Pct | S?rople Operdiioo 40 Cormmplen +
i ‘ ( Peete oar fl
; dependen operation
rk pew Tnstactton.
é
oHBetween
Compare 25 on
G ‘ve Ine ©
13
LEE ¢
Bs
0
|
and
Anas.
Choractessst Pes erete bln 5g eT OXK 2 e
T 2 7 ¥ y — v
ts Tastract %o cre oo 5 Pabotygytee > BOM Z
Size y " 9epeab nee Oe
2. Tastrurtivon
eae 4- Bytes WS ba 7 G4 byles E
oie ee
2B. Nurober ot Less J >
4. Tnstuctton
decoding
Easy (quick fo decode,
poe
Serial C£ loos) oon
» decode.
ele; gtruct ton’
Semenl Pct
ji detivedt Alioays ane
| SPrmople Operbion.
ore eo
vavtes fron trope
40 Complen-
possebly mar |
ee Oeclst
sk per Tnsts xuction,.|6. Addressing
Mode.
Complex Address
modest are Syathesteed
% Softoore.
Suppat Gmplexr paddress
~ing ao
+. Tostructio Me dfum RSH pws as Clow:
Execiifo :
|_eeea | |
§@. Instuctfoo %y Hox ware, SPrple By MFCD program . Coroplex
Execution Tas tudlfors talcing one Taetuctdes Faking nowltt
| : & cycte- S —ple . cycles:
q. Regis ters eT Geneva purpose Few _ oF be pected
ci ele bee ieee purpose. _
[opted Not @mbined wilh operat Corobmrect wi lh opead®ons
I] Raferanices “|SRiag tie loodfigine -tnckite| tm rong tft tataigp
| _ cture. TosbuclPons 2
aeorore Limple
L
=}
ae
Comp lecaded.
=a Ramee19. florduoe | tale the Advealager of | Take Aauarlage. of Poo {3?
design Tenplementall fone Wl gre| ~code Tmple réntattons. &
focus pred tne & No m?crcede
Nee Memory
sal \
Access, cea aa
14. Dostradhfon Requlor - cone ee bent Fretd place meat vorfes,
Lorena placement” +f fProlts
|
15. Pipelines) Highly — pipdlinedt net pipdlineh @)
| | (e48 pipelined.
\\é- Cndtttonat (00 be Bese om a Conaitiinas Semmes
Jump eet Any where Pn Cnuattes Razed on ¢betoe
Mecnoxy @
| 14. Compilers | Compltcated
| x
Regs ter act,
Pw le
}-
18. Enomples trlel x96 , motorola 6800
aaa | Sexier oe
DRM S51 ATMEL, ave
ete,o9pPc-o 2
The 2M
Des%o philosophy
Que sttons |
4 Ey plat Beef i athe, ARM, “Des Sr
philosophy.
Ans
The , Features of RO&C wahoech are
Accepted By -Akm proces tang
ft A Lovge Oniferm, » geg?ster fle 4s
FRM proce eer cemlams © wo ilarge! pumbey
4 Regteter shea RT Kc.
Los aA ee
2. A lod ~ Core Archttetture
ARM processey Utes & OF de Aachted
ee 7 eS ue!
ae Tt conlawns a loge, num bes. Hh Reges tere
Con, ET ae a ea
“lg; aa eee* The Te¢trurtfon Gat _(Galats Seperate
lord = & Uf tore Tri tution -for Transl
~ OF dato Kebiseen “the Register Bank
& iz Eorter nat Memorg.
+ SPeple Radre 4s ing Modes, wrth alt
loodf Store Addresses Bema aleemind
frive Regist,
fretds cold.
A Uns foren ae & fixed - length (22-b% bet)
ie —_ ‘Anetra too fidd's
* ARM procesir i Tyetvudtion . > ; 3
~ 2 sob
Sefloserre A brtathron fiom tes
wed Prieta
ee a
be
3
aig
> be8, Biolos
% plam ARM (me Gatelots wndedee
wrlh o neat pe
\ AL TORR
@P jel 0g 29
aa es
Ans: -
= Ke See alone dlathoe.-Ploos moded &
Von Neumann Z mplementel tor ob the
ARM. ;
* firce fem proceesoy Ss Rast Peo lee
RIst processor, Pt User o load ¢tore
Pechttevture
LOAD:. Ther _Tngtediatton Copkes ai dato.
fr Memo to Regislevt om the
processor Core,
pepe
OIG 12 esa copter Loom
Pewisters % the (processor Core to
esi
Sake
a Page tsdato Rus
+The pata Eaters the ABM
Cre. through
he data Ros,
~*~ The patn % She om he
an Instudlton
fom %
Opeotde ® palo Ther,
ace Controst- wth +Hadvarg
Arc hetedtre
Buses,
+ Thes
which Uses too of fa, af
Tystrud%n “decoder :
i
“Ths Unit olecodes the Tn Ftnich em
Optde Read sae the Meno rig on
“then the" Tn stuitin ‘Oo, ea)
: 1, 5K
Perea
, i “9
ms fo Bonk oe ae
ED sf Sling data ober aU
sae ALi |) Coven aaean 18 2- bet— Proce
+ $0 mest Sp etpectten £ the nem Pecan
Trex’ Kegitess os hold
oy in eA @ Cage
Baber values. : yee* when the
prcesgor Reade S%ocd t5°L @
16-bit number from memo the £9,
Extend -Hordirare Conver! 4
40 29_feb Nalues & tren
oO Regrte ele,
these num bere
Places them
ALu & mac
ee
* Re Atv @ Mac reads “the Opevonds
Mee
: Reg®s ters
mea an. Respediivey .
perforrog The Operattor, & Si eye The
Compited Result usa swtesnal C Bus
dlesthattoo Register ka & Then ty
the Regeste, frle.
Piatt ee OTs tee
+ TA&% +tteldt the Addrese Creneratecs vA
the look & Store Instuttiong ana
places % on The = -hadress Bus.
Barratt Sh?-ftey
Pee Range f Expreserane &
Padreser can be clcutstecy Oring the
ieee ee
Rorret Shiefler & ALo
bag et6
—S.Treve menler ; i
j Sn wry ial
* Fe lot & Sto ee Tostudlfone tke j
increment, Lpadler “lhe Goptents |
the Ader: Register Kefare the”
processoy Core Leads @ utter the
newt Register Vatue -froso! OA hb “the
Consecet tre Mercy Loatfon, 2 Aes
S yee 5
r boot
95 Ly;
4 y 4 3 of a oily
j n92ua a as
\ F sat oor
Paes yell Si
9 Kagee)
129%g ae
s2o1bbae 90
$5. pho rolds 3
qwoibotr Sab taeDet
a
Register frle
ro - VIS”
== | —
Tnstractton |
decod ‘| Sg cee
& Lear
Cris)
rt e
Bews
Acc
MAC
AGAVE p,,.
padres
Tove renter
Figi frbn Gre “(palethtory nace
‘agetFChapter-o a
OBR = oy gy Registers
QBuextroms i
Ande Pea plam the ort ferent — pre Cerssoy |
Mo dex propeded ey os
QV) Tadrt
Ans :-
bsatleabeoU 1a
esos =Mocke cde fort) - ee =
Aye Supew E
ree sa 3G -aesen eee
+ The: 2% pwtedted mode fos _ Running
Syatere Lave code fo Aiceess Haydunre
@ \ Ben. O8 Ca": nde) o
4
}
AY
«fhe ARM
Lesa
2. Fost Tatesrotet
a
4
Tatenupl aie Als
spoilt. 70) Mode3. Trtemupt LeQuestf TRO)
+ Th& roode dappate at alher Intercept
Sources Sm 0 Syston
A+ Abort
+Tf on Satutlim @ alate febchex fom
an PnvalPa Memo Location an
Dale Exception wll be gen cyated
Ss. On de Pened |
code.
xE, the User mede We Garett
x It a fetchera lopeote 9% dot an Aem
smstrutttor, oo Undefined — @ebuclfon
ie aig a ee
Ex ceptton wel be " Cenevated,
= ee
G. Bex
Tb » mode Pr Weed fo an
e. Peace Ie gaiipaltcai,
4In the Uses mode we Compdt Chonge Fe
contents of CegR “
be Changed when ap
genealked,
& rmoder Con cay
]
Excep rom +eTbe [ode Se also Known ag
On el
Pre vFleged
Mode a
HG stem ¢-
* TAM mode % Used for Bunning Operating
is ftero tax les.
+ Tt user the!’ bane Registers as
User mode
10. Explam® Breh | the Act ve Regs berg
Ayo lable. Uses y abode.
Rego
@
Explem “The Progzaro mers m ociel | of Rew
processes uh lh complete Regrs ley Se AyaPlabfa
s i he ExtpoSs
Caphn Register” Used © Under VoSour mades,
Beane ARM processor hor a “Toto! fat
Leqrstess. a nc noe!
) ot
4 AW Register are Ba-bet | pile,” oe
————————
cragclase?frect mo “Tue Ejroups
1. Geneval Pur pore Leg% bexs,
2 Cpec Tod purPoke Reads tex,
© Reg?
1. Genersot Purpoge eg is bese
* Reg% terse Yo +o f4 are Used as
Grenerad — Purpore Legs exe,
x The Generat Purpose Kegystese Hold
€? lier Odla @ an —Radrese,
mas peckat Pux pose Reg os tea
+ Registess ~ vi8 bw rIS cede & eee
— Sl
ore tthe ibpec?at Purpose | Registers,
~dn User moae Regs tex,
73 fo elon
vl ty EIS IS pe
Res pec Pryes 1 foals to dtffesinttebe tee pce
From other Registers.
i
fabled af rik Sp
Aeliathe he Fanditone of hese Reg*less
ale
@ flack Powstes Cris Sp? ?-
cael
+ Regr%tes she & he lack poste,
ea Sudhir the {op % the Stack %& the
Current Pro CE8 go mode.
s Link Register (>4 69
+ Registes ola Se the Lale Regs bea.
FRC Procegeoa iktewes The Paar Adress
thes Seter when a Wuboat he 2
Called Link Register
vograrn Coustey (x15, pe) p
# Regtstey VIS A the Program Counler GIG een
the -Addvese & the nexct Ingtistin
4o be Peele from tke ‘Meniyy b4 the
Processoy
* Unbanked — Regis loys 40. aq.
4+ Register x0 +o © 4077 are Unbookea Reg eeleny
eee
«ome, Se ee
The Come a- Lie phys "cao aia eas
cA PIO cessor ete i fone© Banleed Reg es tex«
* Register rein rIRG ‘bye Rankea [Legs texp
+ The PhyaFcad Regrstes Referred fo by each
ef thero cde pends om The Cuveat
Processox mode,
# where yg pol aller Phy ateas Register %
gmtendea LP lh owt le pending m. the
Current
Processoy mode . a re pert eo
name Pe Used,
* Almost ol Anetractims allow he Kankect
Peqratess 1 be “UF herever a general —
pur pose Regrstes % allowed,
Supewiser, mode has
Bao ket Regtte,
- ee
ral suc | HAS Sve & ee:
+ Abort Mode has Ranleea Begfitor
pe cae TIC} Cae Ceey ohh
we Retstes ca to 212 have hue Ranked! |
eee
iphysPeat Registers ealch.
~ Reg?ster wih & wIG et Sra Ban lect
phystas Registers each.Posey
20
a
r2
a
pea a
=
st
6 tb IntewwP
ae request
oes
x8 ts bg
vd 24_£s
a0 leas
He 1 BS at defined af ct
- senate aperv%or Unde Aba
w12
fi 6. I¢— Suc 2g. Ondef. aepe
47141 Io abbrg
ius
Cpsy |
[i=a] [Sos -- fis Sper ii $usr_ Svc ee
oa ce! DRM procecsor
fr “Programming Mo. ofOp?t— 09
SS
Curreal Prograen tates Register
Caps A)
ee
OQuex trong
"Explam The Vafous fret % Curent Bogan
S tactus Register (Cese) sth next csp. |
a)
' @ he
Drow The BasPe Layout F 0 Geneve
pe
Progyono Stato. Registey & Bibl he.
Explam the \ndous fields,
\
Ais 8 - ‘
Ta RemGorcn cine Skatus Regi
e AccessPble x alt poe
A Dt Coates
Azable+ Each Excepl®em mde aloo hat a Gave
Program Kbotos Register ( Ses),
That
x Phe Osea fo preserve “he vakte on
The cpr when the —Agsectadect Exception
OC WY,
t titer —_ Gaston _ 2s a
a ag at $e Sa
w [Z| elv yn pe FENES ee | 0 ase
a otewepl | Doocesser
ve ite
4ign- Formal f Cpsr G Spay
, lo Ea
contro! flogs ( Bets o-*) Rei:
ry,
oe ee
he control “Kotz charge when an Exeeption
oxses & Can be altered by Softivore only
shen the pmtessor % ID o prtur legect
mode,Rte 0-4 Croode tele Rt) eres rae
+ These bite debormme. the Pr0leskor mode.
| Processes mode} mode ¢ebecls KiEg
[ae hea (yaaa
[Fast Talent joo0t
Tatervupt requert 19, Ol, 0
Supewiser | £0 01?
Sytem {1 Wind
Unde nea 1 LOK
Usey 10 000
able;- Pwcessoy modes
BAS Thunb ai ce 9
* Wnts 6st pres He lobe % the core,
x The «thate of the cove delerm ines ahh
cupped Sal 2 Being Ex ecctled,
« There ore “Thyee
& Jazelle. :
+ one of The ‘three mstithin 44-B gate
when the potesses § mM Hem Ghote WBeBL
tote § Jazelte Mate Lespec lively
ss : a Rg a3)
Tnstuclfon Sebs, eM, TheoBH 6 and # (Interupl masks)
+ Theve Ove woo Tritesreipte Avatlable on The
ARM proceesn Gre:
| Télesrapt RequertCT LO), anct
& Fot@. Detewvujst Request CFI@).
* These are Maskoble Tntesnipls ¢ Perr maskin
& walolled by BEE and g9t4 % or
+ BPE 6CE) costrols FTQ and be Zep)
entrels TRA,
— ee
condition (ode flags
Most — fnstrchton to delesmin e hee the
Dostudée % fobe Exectted. ;
+ these flogs the Cpty con be tested by
Ret &F Cidoturct tas, flag. @) ‘I bal
ee
+ thes Flog %& Pratlable tov The ALM proceesoy
Coses whith iochde te pgp, Exteos Sms,
ee ee
1 Similowly bet at ef cach (psr 2 Oo flag
& A urea 46 preseve & Lestrre The Cpsy.
8 fly 4, peo
mae 2 2? ove" SeBt 28 (ovefloo Flag wy
gS ae ee
oh SDieat aurea ™me of two ways
Sages Addition [fabtsation ,y % bt fo | a
an
neat overf ovo otcurect_ regesding tke
‘Operands & Lesudt
SiGen0ck Totegers ,
ox took Complement
+ Poy
Non eld Pt Ponta bitin wy &
ne Pee a fubtraattn
Nermalty left Unchanged,
Bet age Cony flag _¢)
————
+ OFF-9 % SL ome of four woys
+ Fes ag add Pt meluding, the Compox$s Pon
fos tect fon CMM oa com Sel fo 4 ia Be
POMP on a prckice® a Cong & fo 0 Aesvo%e,
* Por 0 Cubtradton _ mcludtng tke Compordston
instr ion Emp ¢ oO ite fo © ot the
buptration produces a borrow,
land tot
Olen 085
+ fer addilion/abbadtion frail Sromperelle a.
heel opesiton ¢ & feb fo He last
bit icheefted oa a he woke by the
Sh?Pler, Rage-c24« Foy ley non add Pt [Subhatfons CF Nowmally
left Unehangect.
Bit 8 (Low flog, Z)
— SS
wat % Gee to 4 Pf the Result of the
mAtrudton —s Zen 8&8 to O owe,
BPE i Bl ieee ee ee N)
Soe ee et meen tg a hae the = Resale
ef tre fostouch on.
vif ate ee Kesuit % Regacdea aso
130% cemplervect Siynea obec”
N= Sf the pee a ee
a0 i Eo porte” ee
other Q&ts
+ Sthey bets & the prgom stator Leg lose
ore Peresved fo -fiture Crpansten.Top? «08
Pe pel eg.
alist,
© 13 Explam dcael, the Ghplbe Mem
prpeltne Contest fer pam
Pro Cessov,
Aros 3-
-# Latch ing thie newt wotpttniytn ¢ coh
aiher wrtwuatfn % & Execaitfon |
callea “ pepeltr eng” ‘ |
Pipe bse
+ ARMF User a iC imple Three Klage PSp dine |
Stage -pl
|
To xtrich fom fetcheo |
from premory-
pecods of Leghite
| Osed & strutlion, |
: |
btege —Od
pies. Tae
Decode
Stoge- °8 Bere ceghte ae co hfe
write Ke lone ee
Lye regi Boole |
S'> B-tagee a9 the Ako ‘2 te Bpe~ 25 |#IhE Three ilages Used fm ~The preelines oxe
Fetch ¢- Ein vege The proces sor
fetches The ongteud Fen foo “the
NSS id
TREES Eo te tlage processor zdenbifer
ke fortudtto, whth % to be
Exetated.
ce Execate t- nh The Stage he Pr0tesgoxr
Procesecs the Dottuicton &
Stes Peutt tr a ee Os bey.
: [ia
B-bkage ARM PFpel he
id 99
the phedine prosded by Reme % veg
cost Effert ive. —
The Time Requtred to Exece (Program
SA grewhere
7 es Eee
_'pmq 2 Time Reg ured to Execife 0. given
Pogo.
Na» o
EES we of ARM tratnidtfons
Eretten In e Progzann,
Cer e- Average Numb 5 E clock
cycle, pee Tosti.
fukt- Pp, locke le
pee weer Cle Prequencty
Tre 5 -ktoges axe Pipeline lager ak:
RN ac
+ fetch * Tn the lage “the Pro cegsor
fetcher fosteaclfon fom _Memag 6,
places the smstoachPon pipeline.
ee ee
+ Decode f I, THE loge phe
VV
1. The ogtnid®m % degogen &
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Page-2 9