Globalization

According to anthony Giddens Globalisation refers to “ the intensification of

worldwide social relations which linked distant localities in such a way that loacl
happening are shaped by events occurring miles away “
Global village global community emerge
Different political scientists gave different interpretations of the globalisation they
can be categorized into 3 groups

Hyper globalist
They defined globalisation Narrowly for them it is only an economic phenomenon.
Where countries Establishes trade relations with each other for mutual benefits
im ex…….

Sceptical
They question the whole idea of globalisation for them it is not a new
phenomenon. Historically Trades used to happen at much larger scale than today.
For eg harappan civilization had trade relations with Egypt ,Mesopotamia
There was Transfer of ideas , people And their culture for eg Buddhism
originated in India , spread to other countries like korea sri lanka china etc.

Trans formalists
They believe that globalization is not only restricted to economic sphere but it
has changed all the aspects of our life social cultural , political , educational etc .

Glocalization
The term was given by Ronald Robertson local issues are becoming global
problems and global problems have local impacts
1. Russia Ukraine war Issue was put vote in UNGA to condem russia a global
issue . hike in petrol prices , inflation , Indian students suffered could not
continue their edu , failed to get adm in ind universities
2. Taliban Myanmar refugee crisis
3. Economic recession of 2008 in US
 4. Corona originated in china everybody suffered
 Climate change , floods , small island nations cease to exist Indonesia
change its capital
 Terrorism
Mac donaldization
Refers to the business model adopted by American fast food company mac donald. The
process by which principles of mac donald are coming to dominate all the sectors of American
society and the world . Brexit eu laws supreme over british laws huge immigration

Political Aspect
Global governance national laws should be complementary to international
laws Conventions , increased role of UNGA
 There is increased corporation among nation states to address the global
issues like climate change , pandemic, terrorism , natural disaster , illegal
immigration. For eg. More than 60 countries including India sent medical
assistance and search and rescue teams to turkey and syria During
earthquake. (india : 'Operation Dost )
 Political globalization Has made states more accountable to international
community . This places a check on authoritarian and totalitarian regime
against Human rights violation , ethnic cleansing , forced migration. Regious
fundamentalism etc. For eg. Taliban regime is worldwide criticized. Us , EU
imposed Sanctions on iran , iraq amd north korea. , ASEAN leadership is
exerting pressures on Myanmar military dictatorship.
 There is increase in international crime because border have become
permeable for eg terrorism , human trafficking ,drug trafficking , weapons ,
money laundering. Etc.
 MNC’s ruling the globe and exercising a great political control all over the
world.
 There is easy flow of ideas hence we can learn from best global practices to
solve our problems of governance , economy , society
 Supers powers are undermining the state soveignity of smaller nations and
establishing puppet regime across the world there is undue interference in
domestic affairs for eg. China has burdened the sri lanka Pakistan ,
 Myanmar with debt and now they acting as its puppet , similarly France
has created a puppet regime in west africa , USA established in Iraq and
Afghanistan.
Social Aspect
 globalisation leads to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the
entire globe. There is a rise of a uniform culture cultural homogenisation.
This rise of a uniform culture is not the emergence of a global culture.
Scholars argue that What we are witnessing in the name of globalization is
westernization , macdonaldization . The increasing popularity of burger ,
jeans , MacDonald , pepsi , coke , Netflix , American dream , Halloweens
etc indicate that the younger generation is getting increasingly attracted to
western culture and their lifestyle.
 However The exponents of globalisation Argue that the globalisation has
increased our choices For eg. Today we can have Dosa along with pizza on
our table , pizza is no substitute for Dosa similarly kurta can matched with
jeans. This presents a very harmonic synthetic of culture of the world.
 Globalization also gives opportunity for local culture to gain international
popularity . For eg today Korean dramas and , Japanese anime , Chinese
food , judo Karate and most importantly Yoga , meditation is getting
highly popular all over the world.

Economic Aspects
 Though international trade Countries could export what they produce more
efficiently and import what they produce in deficient. This ensures
Comparative advantage or economic gains for all the trading countries and
optimal utilization Of resources , reducing the cost of production.
 Foreign direct investment and establishment Foreign businesses startups
creates employment opportunities Increases per capita income ,
improvement in standard of living etc.
 Due to competitiveness the efficiency of an economy increases , the
consumer could buy better goods and services at cheapest price.
 There is transfer of Advanced Technogy from developed nations to
developing countries.
 Spread of internet. Mobile phone , computers social networking even in
villages has allowed a novel Way to connect with people irrespective of
their locations.
 There is expansion of market domestic industries could sell beyond their
national boundaries Which increases the level of production , huge profits.
 Because of globalisation, India’s IT sector has been booming in recent
years.
 It has given boost to tourism sector enabling additional income for the
state
 There is a rise of middle class
 Countries can avail Loans from internationals Institutions like IMF world
banks , NDB and other countries in case of emergencies or crisis time And
to boost investment in a stagnant economy

 The benefits of globalization accrue more to the developed countries as

they Have necessary infrastructure like manufacturing units , sources of
investment . Developing countries have huge trade deficits , Unfavorable
balance of payment and reduce to a mere market for developed countries.
 As the economies are interlinked any financial crisis in one country,
especially developed countries will result in slow down in developing
economies. Eg- world recession 2008
 Complete dependence on free trade comes in the way of making an
economy self reliant or atmanirbhar bharat. Moreover domestic industries
fails to compete with large MNCs
 Globalization leads to increased conspicuous consumption. Making india a
consumption driven economy instead of investment driven economy.
Increased consumption causes low saving rates. Production of luxuries
items increases over basic consumption goods . Leading to lopsided
development
 Brain Drain : Decrease in skilled labor in the developing countries because
of easy mobility of skilled manpower to other countries having higher
opportunities.