Globalisation

(Not b/w two countries which we can depict as bilateral relations)

Definition: (Some historian depicts globalisation as a cosmopolitan

spirit)
- It is the regular interaction between similar and diverse entities
worldwide.
- There are two types of entities:
1- State entities – fulfil the definition of states such as Pakistan and
India.
2- Non-state entities – do not fulfil the definition of states such as
NGOs, Multinational companies (MNCs), IGOs, Al-Qaeda,
Belligerent groups, ISI, etc.
- To understand similar and diverse entities, studying states and non-
state entities together is vital.
- Regular interaction between two states is termed as the
interaction between regular entities. It could be political (Pak-India
debate on the Kashmir issue), economic (Pakistan visits the US for
loans), social, cultural and war-like too (For example, the war
between Iran and Israel).
- Regular interaction between state and non-state entities is
termed as the regular diverse entities. It could be political,
economic (Pakistan visits the IMF for loans), social, cultural and
war-like too (Pakistan fights with Al-Qaeda).
Phases:
- There are four phases of globalisation, deciphering the extension of
scope based on globalisation.
1- Globalisation 1.0 – (Colonial expansion era – 500 years ago –
European imperialism – narrow range)
 2- Globalisation 2.0 – (Pack’s Britannica – British Empire built a
strong hold on the Sub-continent. WWI (1914_1918) and WWII
(1939_1945) occurred in this era.
3- Globalisation 3.0 – (Decolonization era, Information
technology, Technological advancements, the disintegration of
USSR – 1947 to 2000)
4- Globalisation 4.0 – infrastructural and digital globalization –
energy corridors, such as CPEC, BRI, RPEC, B3W Build Back
Better World (initiated by G7 in response to BRI on June 12th,
2021), and Blue Dot Network (Infrastructural development
organization initiated by the USA), AI, Robotics
Debate:
- Theorists understand the concept of globalization as de-
globalization – A sceptical view of globalization including realist
thinkers and Marxist thinkers – End of globalization – 2007 me
globalisation ko set back aya due to global financial crisis or un
mumalik me aya jo sb se zda globalized thy ku k yh puri dunya se
connected thy to unho nay puri dunya ko apni lapait me lay lya
Europe smait – usk bad se globalization parwan nahi charhi or phr
covid-19 se pehly populist leaders jo dunya me emerge huwy unho
nay globalization ko ek set back dya – so realist thinkers thy k
ryasaty actual actors rahi hai shuru say yeh global integration or
global governance states ki smj me nahi ati ab – ek state nay dosri
state ko globalization say nikalny me madad ki. MARXIST
VIEW – Jo kehta ha k globalization nay dunya ko nuqsan
pohnchaya ha – is nay dunya me bht inequality phelai ha ku k amer
amer tar hty gye or gareb gareb tar – lehaza behtar ha k
globalization ab parwan na charhy ku k iska concept ab de-
globalised ho rha ha.
- Others think globalization has transformed into its new form which
we can say is re-globalization – globalist view of globalization
 (liberal view and transformational view) – Liberal view wly kehty
ha k globalization aj dunya se khatam nahi ho skti ku k yeh dunya
ki majburi ban chuki ha – ap as an individual akely survive nae kr
skty apko integration k sath rehna acha lagta ha. For example,
Muslims dunya br se hajj krny jaty ha to agr globalization ko
khatam krdy gy log jana chor dy gy?? Religious globalization
khatam nhi ki ja skti. Jo har sal ya do sal bad apni families ko
milny aty or jaty ha kya ap is cultural globalization ko khtam kr
skty ha?? Kya multinational brands such as KFC and MacDonald’s
apny brands' sari dunya se band kr k sirf American centric
transnational company ban skti hai? No. Transformative view of
globalization kehta ha k globalization kabi khtam nahi ho gi bal k
yeh apni shakal transform kr rhi ha
What's the difference?
- Pehli wli thi western-centric globalization jab k aj wali ha eastern
centric globalization such as China, India and BRICS. So yeh
Chinese based globalization ban chuki hai jaha Chinese based
infrastructural projects launch kye ja rhy ha – AI- Chinese based –
5th Generation technology – ek neya world order bany gha jo yh
developing countries ab developed kr rhi ha yh dunya ko lead kry
ghi.
- The Bretton Wood Conference was to decide how to better the
world economic order. They adopted three-points agenda
mentioned above.
- Foreign countries have discouraged buying goods made by
countries using children which is regarded as child labor.
 - Free Trade gives birth to Globalization which is a wider socio-
economic process too.

Protectionism: it is an idea against free trade agreements. Under

protectionism, the domestic countries are kept aloof of foreign influence.
- Examples: The rise of Donald Trump in the USA, and Boris
Johnson in the UK. The opposition to globalization propounds that
the process of globalization has only benefited the countries with a
cheap labour force.
- Italy faced opposition in free trade from 9% to 28% in the 21st
century.
- In 2016, the main political slogan of Trump’s race is given below.
- Automated machinery productions reduce the need for low-skill
workers in the higher MNCs where utilization of capital allows
only high-skilled workers to perform their duties.
- Labor laws have social security benefits for permanent members
that’s why MNCs face huge investments due to which they hire
contractual labor or production outsourcing techniques are used to
manage their businesses. That is why the goods for big brands are
made in small industries at low costs.
- The conditions for small industries are, sometimes, also very
dangerous. In 2013, the collapse of a garment factory in
Bangladesh is an apt example of it. This factory prepares garments
for European companies, which are a source of exploitation in
many ways.
- From 2002 to 2018, a significant fall in free trade in various
countries can be seen.
- For example, Chips are designed in the USA, they are
manufactured in Taiwan and Japan, and they get assembled in
China. The anti-globalisation sentiment would disrupt the entire
supply chain for the manufacturing of chips.
- Anti-globalisation sentiments bring inflation in the world.
- LPG reforms – Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation.
- Casualization of labour – Contractual jobs – Gig economy
ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION:
- Cultural homogenization – Intermixing of cultural values among
various countries of the world.
- Monsoon trap increases suicide cases of farmers in the South Asian
region.