PRACTICE 4

I. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER.

1. Carpals connect to the main long bones of the hand.
A. carpals B. coccyx C. metacarpals D. radius
2. There are six types of movable joints: the hinge, pivot, gliding, ball-and-socket,
condyloid, and saddle joints.
A. ginglymus B. trochoid C. arthrodia D. enarthrosis
3. The bones of the trunk include the vertebral column, the ribs and the sternum
A. breastbone B. costae C. spine D. kneecap
4. A cell is an aggregate of protoplasm: organic material and fluid.
A. a part B. a combination C. an organ D. a collection
5. Cartilage forms an important structural component of various parts of the skeletal
system, including the joints, such as the knee or elbow.
A. clavicle B. scapula C. pattella D. tarsal
6. The skeleton comprises the first part of the musculoskeletal system - the bones.
A. is made B. is made up of C. is contained D. is comprised
7. There are six types of movable joints: the hinge, pivot, gliding, ball-and-socket,
condyloid, and saddle joints.
A. ginglymus B. trochoid C. arthrodia D. enarthrosis
8. Gastrocnemius is the large muscle that is important in walking,
running, and standing on tiptoe.
A. Thigh muscle B. Hamstrings C. Calf muscle D. Knee muscle
9. Four main pairs of muscles are involved in mastication, and all are
innervated by the mandibular division of cranial nerve V, the
trigeminal nerve.
A. squeezing B. chewing C. mixing D. swallowing
10. A break in a bone usually heals quite easily because of the good blood supply to the
bones.
A. fracture B. dislocation C. osteoporosis D. sprain
II. FIND THE ERROR
1. Two important glands are located in the dermis produce secretions:
A B
the sudoriferous glands produce sweat, and the sebaceous glands produce oil.
C D
2. The bones of the arms, hands, legs, and feet, plus the bones where
A B
attach them to the axial skeleton are included in the appendicular
C D

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skeleton.
3. Immunotherapy, also called biotherapy, is a recently treatment
A B
approach that stimulates the body’s own immune defenses to fight
C D
tumor cells.
4. Destroying old bone tissue and replacing it with new tissue helps
A
to keep our bones strong and enables them respond to changing
B C D
stresses.
5. Avoid fungal infections, it is very important to use very clean tools
A B C
when doing a manicure and to keep nails clean.
D
6. Appendicitis causes pain in the lower right abdomen. However, in most people, pain
begins around the belly button and then moves. As inflammation worsens, appendicitis
pain typically increases and eventually becomes serious.
7. Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix. The appendix is a finger-shape
pouch that sticks out from the colon on the lower right side of the belly, also called the
abdomen. (finger-shaped)
8. The adrenal glands contain blood vessels and surround by a layer of fat.
A B C D
9. The sternocleidomastoid, the most prominent muscle in the neck and the
neck’s most important surface landmark, can best see and felt when your head
A B C
is turned to the side.
D
10. Hormones secreted by the endocrine system regulate homeostasis, reproduce,
A B C
growth and development and metabolism.
D
III. Choose the best answer.
1. While the _________ is the larger of the lower leg bones, the fibula is more slender
and delicate.
A. patella B. scapula C. tibia D. ischium
2. _________, which is commonly known as itching, is associated with most forms of
dermatitis.

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 A. Pruritus B. Warts C. Verrucae D. Macule
3. The term known as _________ is narrowing of a joint.
A. arthropathy B. arthrolysis C. arthrostenosis D. arthrodesis
4. Abnormal softening of the nails is known as _________.
A. onychomycosis B. onychectomy C. onychoplasty D. onychomalacia
5. The term meaning pertaining to the absence of finger or toenails is
_________.
A. anonychia B. psoriasis C. alopecia D. trichology
6. The term meaning any disease of the skin is _________.
A. onychectomy B. hypohidrosis C. rhytidectomy D. dermatopathy
7. A tumor that causes hypersecretion of GH in children causes ___________, in
which the child grows exceptionally fast and becomes extremely tall.
A. gigantism B. dwarf C. prostatomegaly D. cretinism
8. If a particular area of the skin is constantly rubbed against a hard object, like a shoe or
garden tool, it can cause that area of the epidermis to thicken over time and become hard.
This is called a _________.
A. callus B. blister C. burn D. bruise
9. The ___________ which are the main source of sex hormones are located in the
scrotum in males.
A. thyroid glands B. gonads C. parathyroid glands D. pituitary glands
10. Hair begins its growth in the dermis inside little pockets called _________.
A. flakes B. follicles C. pimples D. mycosis
IV. Read the following passage and complete the summary.
SCABIES
Scabies is known colloquially as the ‘seven year itch’. It is a contagious skin infection that
occurs among humans and other animals. It is an ancient disease. Archaeological evidence
from Egypt and the Middle East suggests that scabies was present as early as 494BC. It
was named ‘scabies’ by Roman physician, Celsus, who is credited with describing its
characteristic features.
Scabies is caused by a tiny and not directly visible parasite - the mite Sarcoptes scabiei.
Sarcoptes is a genus of skin parasites, which are part of a larger family of mites collectively
known as ‘scab mites’. These organisms have eight legs as adults and are placed in the
same phylogenetic class (Arachnida) as spiders and ticks.
Pregnant female mites tunnel into the stratum corneum of a host’s skin and deposit eggs in
the burrows. The eggs hatch into larvae in 3-10 days. These young mites move about the
skin and moult into a ‘nymphal’ stage before maturing as adults, which live 3-4 weeks
within the host’s skin. Males roam on top of the skin, occasionally burrowing into it.

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The movement of mites within and on the surface of the skin causes intense allergic itching.
The burrow tracks are often linear, to the point that a neat line of four or more closely-
placed and equally developed mosquito-like bites is almost diagnostic of the disease. In the
classic scenario, the itch is made more severe by warmth and is usually experienced as
being worse at night, possibly because there are fewer distractions.
A rash soon appears after the itching starts. It is typically a blotchy, lumpy red rash that can
appear anywhere on the body. The rash is often most obvious on the inside of the thighs,
parts of the abdomen and buttocks, armpits and around the nipples in women. As a
symptom, it is less common in the elderly. The infection in animals (caused by a different
but related mite species) is called sarcoptic mange.
The disease may be transmitted from objects but is most often spread by direct skin-to-skin
contact, with a higher risk of infection if contact is prolonged. Infections require four to six
weeks to become symptomatic. Re-infection, however, may manifest symptoms within as
little as 24 hours. Because the symptoms are allergic, their delay in onset is often mirrored
by a significant delay in relief after the parasites have been eradicated.
Crusted scabies, formerly known as Norwegian scabies, is a more severe form of the
infection. However, most people who develop scabies do not contract this form of the
disease. Crusted scabies occurs when there is a hyper-infestation of scabies mites. This
means that there are thousands or millions of mites causing excessive flaking of the skin.
Because there are so many mites, and because the skin is in the process of flaking off, it is
highly contagious. The rash crusts and resembles psoriasis. It can be very extensive and
may, if severe, lead to serious secondary bacterial skin infections. Crusted scabies mainly
occurs in people who are immuno-compromised. This includes people with HIV/AIDS,
those undergoing chemotherapy and frail people who are ill with other conditions. Other
people at risk are those who are malnourished, have learning difficulties (meaning that they
cannot comprehend or respond to the itch), or have nerve problems (meaning that they
cannot feel the itch).
In crusted scabies, the mites can survive for up to a week. In a hospital scenario, even
minimally exposed people, such as cleaners and laundry personnel, are at risk from the
parasite. In an institution where an outbreak of crusted scabies occurs, treatment with an
insecticide is needed. However, a healthy person with a normal immune system would
develop ‘normal’ scabies if infected with the scabies mite following contact with someone
who had crusted scabies.
Scabies tends to be diagnosed clinically on the basis of typical symptoms. Often, a doctor
will find one or more mite burrows on the skin to confirm the diagnosis. It is, however,
sometimes difficult to tell the difference between the rash caused by scabies and some other
skin conditions. Therefore, if there is any doubt about the diagnosis, a scraping of skin is
sometimes sent to the laboratory for examination under a microscope.
Scabies can be effectively treated with a number of medications. Permethrin cream is the
most effective, but is expensive compared to other treatments. Crotamiton is less effective,
but also nontoxic and soothing, while Ivermectin may be used orally and topically.
Treatment with Lindane preparations, however, has fallen out of favour due to high toxicity
and parasite resistance.

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Summary
Scabies, known as the 'seven year itch,' is an ancient and contagious skin (1)_________
affecting both humans and animals. It was identified as early as 494 BC in Egypt and the
Middle East. Caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite, scabies results in (2)_________ itching
due to mite movement and (3)_________ into the skin. The distinctive linear burrow tracks
and a subsequent rash characterize the disease. Transmission occurs primarily through
direct skin-to-skin (4)_________, with symptoms typically appearing 4 to 6 weeks after
infection. Treatment involves various medications, with permethrin cream being the most
effective.
Crusted scabies, formerly known as Norwegian scabies, is an intensified and highly
contagious form of scabies caused by an extreme infestation of scabies (5)_________. This
condition leads to severe skin flaking and a rash resembling (6)_________, posing a risk
for serious secondary bacterial infections. It primarily affects individuals with
compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, undergoing chemotherapy,
malnourished, or with nerve or cognitive impairments. The mites can survive for up to a
(7)_________ in this severe form. Treatment with insecticides is necessary during
outbreaks in institutional settings, and even healthy individuals can contract regular scabies
from exposure to those with (8)_________ scabies.
Scabies is typically diagnosed based on its characteristic symptoms and the presence of
mite burrows on the skin. However, distinguishing scabies rash from other skin conditions
can be challenging, prompting (9)_________ scrapings for microscopic examination in
uncertain cases. Effective treatments for scabies include permethrin cream (most effective
but costly), crotamiton (less effective but nontoxic and soothing), and oral/topical use of
ivermectin. Lindane preparations are no longer favored due to their high (10)_________.
V. Translation
Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of
muscle mass. In muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the
production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle. There are many kinds of muscular
dystrophy. Symptoms of the most common variety begin in childhood, mostly in boys.
Other types don't surface until adulthood. There's no cure for muscular dystrophy. But
medications and therapy can help manage symptoms and slow the course of the disease.
Symptoms: The main sign of muscular dystrophy is progressive muscle weakness. Specific
signs and symptoms begin at different ages and in different muscle groups, depending on
the type of muscular dystrophy.
Duchenne type muscular dystrophy: This is the most common form. Although girls can be
carriers and mildly affected, it's much more common in boys.
Becker muscular dystrophy: Signs and symptoms are similar to those of Duchenne
muscular dystrophy, but tend to be milder and progress more slowly. Symptoms generally
begin in the teens but might not occur until the mid-20s or later.
Other types of muscular dystrophy: Some types of muscular dystrophy are defined by a
specific feature or by where in the body symptoms begin.