SUMMARY

Part 1: COGNITIVE REVOLUTION

CHAPTER 1
An unimportant animal.
Organisms belonging to the species homo sapiens began to form more complex structures
called cultures.
3 major revolutions marked the course of history:
The cognitive revolution 70,000 years ago
The agricultural revolution about 12,000 years ago
The scientific revolution some 500 years ago
Prehistoric humans were insignificant animals that had no more impact on their
environment than gorillas, fireflies or jellyfish.
Humans first evolved in East Africa 2.5 million years ago from the australopithecus or
southern ape. Two million years ago they began to leave their homeland to move across and
settle in vast areas of North Africa, Europe and Asia. The human population evolved from
this displacement in order to survive in unfamiliar environments. As the displacement took
place in various directions and to different parts of the world, adaptation and the search for
survival led to the formation of several different species.
East Africa is the cradle of humanity and the birthplace of Homo sapiens.
The most notable difference with other species is that humans have an extraordinarily large
brain compared to that of other animals. Another difference is that mammals are born and
their education and socialization is already established and any attempt to mold them
differently affects them. But humans are born with a surprising degree of freedom and can
be shaped in any way.
The position of the homo genus in the food chain was firmly in the middle, for years they
hunted small animals while being hunted by other predators. But approximately 100,000
years ago, man jumped to the top of the food chain, which had serious consequences
because this rapid leap did not allow the ecosystem to adapt, and this is what led to wars
and ecological catastrophes, since sapiens were not prepared for this hasty change.
An important step for man was the domestication of fire, the best he could do was to use
fire to cook the food he could not consume. When humans tamed fire they gained control of
an obedient and potentially unlimited force.

There are two theories that explain the growth of the species
• Interbreeding theory: as African immigrants spread all over the world, they
reproduced all over the world and today's people are the result of this interbreeding.
• Substitution theory: the species replaced all previous human populations without
interbreeding with them.
Finally, it can be said that the biggest change and what made it stand out from other species
was that homo sapiens conquered the world thanks to its unique language.

CHAPTER 2
The tree of knowledge

In the previous chapter it was shown that sapiens populated East Africa 150,000 years ago.
and began to invade the rest of planet Earth and drive other species to extinction 70,000
years ago. Although these archaic sapiens looked like us and their brains were so large,
they had no advantage over other human species and did not produce particularly elaborate
tools. in the first encounter between neanderthals and sapiens, the neanderthals won. this
low number of achievements has led experts to speculate that the internal structure of their
brain was different from ours. had our appearance but his cognitive abilities (learning,
memory, communication) were limited.
but 70 years ago homo sapiens started to do different things, bands of sapiens left africa,
this time they expelled all human species, in this period they invented boats, oil lamps,
arrows and needles, as well as religion, trade and social stratification.
the emergence of new ways of thinking and communicating occurred between 70 thousand
and 30 thousand years ago. what caused it? Accidental genetic mutations changed the
internal brain connections of sapiens, which allowed them to think in unprecedented ways
and communicate using a new type of language (the mutation of the tree of knowledge).
what was so special about the new language that made it possible to conquer the world?
1 theory: all species in the world have ways of communicating. but our language is flexible,
we can combine an infinite number of sounds and signals to produce an infinite number of
sentences with different meanings, so we can absorb, store and communicate information
about the world around us.
2 theory: our unique language evolved as a means of sharing information about the world.
evolving as a variant of gossip (we need to know who hates whom or who is dating whom)
gossip has allowed groups to be established, religious or lawyers to understand each other.
we are a social animal, social cooperation is the key to reproduction and survival, but the
really unique feature of our language is the ability to convey information about things that
do not exist at all (legends, myths, gods).
fiction has allowed us to imagine things and to do so collectively (common myths such as
the biblical creation story). We can share with a variety of strangers while other animals
can only share with a small and familiar number, which is why sapiens dominate the world.
La leyeda de peugeot:
there are no gods, nations, money, human rights, laws or justice outside the common
imagination of human beings. the difference between a lawyer and a shaman is that the
lawyer tells much stranger stories.
peugeot: started as a small family business and now employs 200,000 people worldwide.
made up of outsiders who cooperate for peugeot, there is no way peugeot will stop
producing. has no real connection with the physical world, it is just an invention of our
collective imagination. (it is not a physical object but exists as a legal entity).
the reason why people started to imagine collectively, could be because before if you
created a car business you were responsible for it yourself, if you damaged a car you had to
answer and pay for it yourself, it was difficult to open a business or you thought twice,
while now for example peugeot there is no one responsible for it.
How do you convince millions of people to believe in gods or nations or limited liability
companies? but when this succeeds, it confers immense power on sapiens, because it allows
millions of strangers to cooperate and work towards common goals.
Since the cognitive revolution sapiens have lived in a dual reality, on the one hand the
objective reality of rivers, trees and lions and on the other the imagined reality of gods,
stocks and corporations. This imagined reality was made stronger and stronger by the fact
that lions, rivers and trees depend on imagined entities such as gods, nations and
corporations.
bypassing the genome: the ability to create an imagined reality from words allowed a large
number of strangers to cooperate effectively. but it also did something else. since human
cooperation is largely based on myths, the way in which people can cooperate can be
altered by changing the myths by telling different narratives
archaic humans did not initiate any revolution. We can say that changes in social patterns,
the invention of new technologies and the colonization of foreign habitats resulted from
genetic mutations and environmental pressures rather than cultural initiatives. This is why it
took humans hundreds of thousands of years to take these steps. 2 million years ago,
genetic mutations resulted in the appearance of homo erectus who developed the
technology of lithic tools (stones) in contrast, and since the cognitive revolution, sapiens
have been able to rapidly change their behavior and transmit new behaviors to future
generations without the need for genetic or environmental change, for example: the
repeated appearance of childless elites, priesthood, Buddhists. these elites go against the
most fundamental principles of natural selection.
while the behavioral patterns of archaic humans remained unchanged for tens of thousands
of years, sapiens can transform their social structures, the nature of their interpersonal
relationships, and their economic activities in the course of a decade or two.
in a fight between a neanderthal and a sapiens a neanderthal would probably have won, but
in a conflict of hundreds of individuals the neanderthals did not stand a chance. were unable
to compose fiction, unable to cooperate effectively in large numbers, unable to adapt their
social behavior to rapidly changing challenges.
it may seem that trade is a very pragmatic activity, which does not need a fictitious basis,
but the truth is that there is no other animal apart from sapiens that engages in trade and all
sapiens trade networks for which we have detailed evidence were based on fictions, trade
cannot exist without trust and it is very difficult to trust strangers. today's global trade
network is based on fictitious entities such as the dollar.
what happened in the cognitive revolution?
1. ability to transmit greater amounts of information about the world around homo sapiens
and as a consequence was able to plan and execute complex actions such as avoiding lions
and hunting bison.
2 ability to transmit greater amounts of information about the social relationships of sapiens
and as a consequence there were larger and more cohesive groups of up to 150 individuals.
3. ability to transmit information about things that do not really exist (gods, nations,
corporations and human rights) and as a consequence there was first a cooperation between
a very large number of strangers and second a rapid innovation of social behavior.
history and biology: the variety of imagined realities that sapiens invented and the resulting
diversity of behavioral patterns are the main components of what we call cultures. which
are constantly changing and are what we call history.
the cognitive revolution is the point at which history declared its independence from
biology. From this, historical narratives replace biological theories as our primary means of
explaining the development of homo sapiens. example: to understand the emergence of
Christianity it is not enough to understand the interaction of genes and hormones, but the
interaction of ideas, images and fantasies must be taken into account.
How is it that today there are millions of intercontinental missiles with nuclear warheads
and 30,000 years ago we only had sticks with flint spearheads? In the past,
the lance was produced in a matter of minutes by a single person, and the production of a
nuclear warhead requires the cooperation of millions of strangers around the world.
relationship between biology and history after the cognitive revolution: 1.biology has the
basic parameters for h.s behavior and capabilities and all history takes place within the
boundaries of this biological league. 2 this league allows sapiens. thanks to their ability to
invent fiction, they create increasingly complex games that each generation develops and
complicates more and more. 3 to understand how sapiens behave, the evolutionary history
of their actions must be described.

CHAPTER 3
A day in the life of Adam and Eve
sapiens lived as food gatherers for many years to become farmers and herders, evolutionary
psychology argues that many of the social and psychological characteristics were modeled
during the PREAGRICULTURAL ERA, and that even our brains are adapted to a life of
hunting and gathering.

Our hunter-gatherer mind interacts with our current post-industrial environment, with its
mega-cities, airplanes, telephones, computers and the environment provides more resources
than in any previous generation. To understand the evolutionary psychology we have of
hunter-gatherers, why else would people gorge themselves on high-calorie food that does
the body no good? Today's affluent societies are on the verge of suffering from a plague of
obesity because hunter-gatherers had to consume large quantities of high-calorie food. The
instinct to gorge on high-calorie food is deeply ingrained in our genes.

For example, some evolutionary psychologists argue that ancient foraging bands of humans
were not composed of nuclear families centered on monogamous couples. For example,
some evolutionary psychologists argue that ancient foraging bands of humans were not
composed of nuclear families centered on monogamous couples. On the contrary, the
gatherers lived in communes without private property, a woman could have sexual relations
and form intimate bonds with several men, which is why today there are so many divorces
and we are always looking for infidelity. They also believed that the children they had were
from several fathers.
Pre-agricultural people lived in a Stone Age is a misconception based on this
archaeological bias. It would be more accurate to call the Stone Age the Wood Age,
because most of the tools used by ancient hunter-gatherers were made of wood. And they
could not live with their material goods because every month, week, year they had to move
to another place in search of food, unlike nowadays when people collect material goods.

the ethnic and cultural variety among the ancient hunter-gatherers out because they were all
in separate tribes with thousands of different languages and cultures was one of the main
legacies of the cognitive revolution. Thanks to the emergence of fiction, even people with
the same genetic constitution living in similar environmental conditions were able to create
very different imagined realities, which manifested themselves in different norms and
values.

the dog. The dog was the first animal to be domesticated by Homo sapiens , Dogs were
employed for hunting and fighting, and as an alarm system against wild beasts and
intruders. Dogs were employed for hunting and fighting, and as an alarm system against
wild beasts and intruders.

Dogs were employed for hunting and fighting, and as an alarm system against wild beasts
and intruders.

They left the territory when there were climatic changes or disasters and searched for
territory and explored new lands, whether due to natural disasters, violent conflicts,
demographic pressures or the initiative of a charismatic chief. These displacements were
the engine of human expansion throughout the world.

Sapiens were not only in search of food and materials. They were also eagerly seeking
knowledge. To survive, they needed a detailed mental map of their territory. They created
mental maps of the places where they were safe or where there was food, they knew how
animals and plants behaved and what was beneficial and what was not, etc. They had
knowledge of everything unlike today when specialized domains are created in areas to
work in such as engineering, medicine etc. There is some evidence that the brain size of the
average sapien has shrunk since the time of the hunter-gatherers because of this.

CHAPTER 4
The Flood

Part 2: AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

CHAPTER 5
 The biggest fraud in history

In the past, humans fed by hunting and gathering, they were nomadic. Groups such as
homo-erectus, homo-ergaster and Neanderthals had this same mechanism of gathering and
hunting their food, but this activity began to change around 10,000 million years ago, when
they discovered a better method of feeding, such as the cultivation of food.

Homo-sapiens began to see that this method was more effective and productive to feed
themselves, i.e. (planting their food and taking care of the animals), thus the
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION took place, i.e. the revolution of the way they lived
was improved. This transformation took place between 9500-8500 BC. It is believed that
this agricultural activity was born in the Middle East and from there it spread to the four
corners of the world, so that each territory was cultivating different sources of food,
ignoring what other populations had, supplying only their own needs.

When these groups learned agricultural activity, they abandoned their old activities of
gathering and hunting, but the knowledge they acquired helped them to survive. It is said
that the mind of human beings is the same as that of the gatherers-hunters because our
kitchen resembles that of a farmer because we have everything we need, although we no
longer get it by the same means, now everything has become easier to obtain and without a
greater effort.

It is said that this agricultural revolution was not the best thing that could have happened,
well not at all, because instead of having an optimal diet due to its abundance, it was totally
the opposite, there was plenty of food but it did not have enough nutrients they needed to
have enough energy for the arduous work that the field demanded.The food was plentiful,
but it did not have enough nutrients that they needed to have enough energy for the arduous
work that the field demanded, that is to say (this implied hard work in the care of the field
in return they received a poor diet).

It could be said that the same revolution was caused by plants, since plants such as rice,
wheat and potatoes were among the most necessary for homo-sapiens. But it should be
noted that one of the plants that was most indispensable, that is, the most useful was
WHEAT, it was the most cultivated and cared for by them, so they did not mind investing
more time in it. It is said that when these groups were in danger they would migrate to other
places without bothering to leave their land, this only happened when they knew that the
attacking group was stronger than them.

Finally it is said that the essence of this revolution was that it had the capacity to have more
people living in worse conditions, at least now they had food to spare but no longer had
enough nutrients.

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION WAS A TRAP

-*LUXURY TRAP:

By the 1800's the climates in the Near East were perfect for growing wheat so that every
time they harvested and while they were taking it to the places where they lived small
wheat seeds fell on the way, these after time were growing in the places where they kept
which favored these groups since they had more food and did not have to go to far away
places.After some time, these seeds grew in the places where they lived, which favored
these groups since they had more food and did not have to go to distant places. At first
these groups were in places for only a few days because they could not find food, but when
they saw the large production of wheat they began to harvest more until they started to stay,
thus creating small villages, safe and which at the same time sheltered them from wild
animals, rain and cold, abandoning the nomadic style in which they lived.

-*The NATUFIOS: this was a group of hunter-gatherers who lived in the Near East,
survived on wild animals, lived in villages and had the activity of cultivating wheat to
produce a kind of wild cereal based on wild wheat. Towards the years 9500 these cultivated
the wheat but of what they gathered they left to continue sowing in the fields, so that each
time the cultivation of the wheat was growing, but they discovered that this should not be
spread over the field if not that they should dig and sow it so that this one had a better
results. By 8500 B.C. in the Near East there was already a greater conformation of villages,
so that the population began to increase, this was due to the fact that they left the nomadic
lifestyle and began to have new interests. These people acquired thoughts that if they
worked hard they would have a better quality of life.

-*DIVINE INTERVENTION:

In 1995 in Turkey they found 10 ancient structures with engravings, most of them 30
meters long. It is still not known why our ancestors made these monuments and for what
purpose. It is believed that these people built the temples when they had formed their
villages, but there are versions that affirm the opposite, that they first built the temple and
then formed their villages.

-*VICTIMS OF THE REVOLUTION

Nomads found that it was advantageous to hunt those animals that were sick or old. It is
said that these groups killed the aggressive lambs and this served as food and the tame ones
were left for procreation. Most of these groups concentrated on animal husbandry and plant
cultivation. Some time later it was discovered that a new group was exploiting the animals
in various activities in the field, it was thought that the training of these animals was done
through castration. It could be said that animals were the ones that suffered the most from
this revolution since they had a double function, either to serve for the work of these
populations in the field or to feed them.

CHAPTER 6

Building pyramids

• The agricultural revolution put mankind on the road to prosperity and progress,
others think it led to its downfall.

• Sapiens detached themselves from their intimate symbiosis with nature and ran off
into greed and alienation.
• The fact of settling down (farmers) meant that the territory of most of the people
was reduced.

• The peasants, on the other hand, spent most of their days working in a small field or
orchard.

• The average peasant developed a very strong attachment to this structure. This was
a far-reaching revolution, whose impact was both psychological and architectural.
In the future, attachment to "My house'' and separation from neighbors became the
distinctive psychological trait of a much more egocentric self.

• The new agricultural territories were more artificial

o Farmers lived on artificial human islands that they laboriously tilled from
the surrounding wilderness (cut down forests, built houses).

o Farming families kept poisonous plants and wild animals away from their
artificial land.

o In addition, as time went on, they accumulated more and more things,
objects, etc.

The arrival of the future

• Hunter-gatherers did not spend a lot of time thinking about next week or next
month. On the other hand, the farmers were imagining years and decades into the
future.

o Farmers, who always have the future in mind, worked at their service. The
agricultural economy was based on a seasonal cycle of production,
comprising long months of cultivation followed by short, intense harvesting
periods.

o Concern for the future was based not only on seasonal production cycles
since they were at the mercy of droughts, floods and plague. They were
forced to accumulate food reserves.

• An imagined order

• When the agricultural revolution opened up opportunities for the creation of

powerful cities and empires, people invented stories about great gods to provide the
necessary social bonds.

• The social norms that supported them were not based on fixed instincts or personal
relationships, but on the belief in shared myths.

• We believe in a particular order not because it is objectively true, but because

believing in it allows us to cooperate effectively and forge a better society.
Imagined orders are not evil conspiracies or useless mirages. Rather, they are the
only way in which large numbers of humans can cooperate effectively.
 • True believers

• An imagined order is always in danger of crumbling because it depends on myths,

and myths fade when people stop believing in them.

• Armies, police forces, courts and prisons work incessantly, forcing people to act
according to the imagined order.

• An imaginary order cannot be sustained by violence alone. It also requires true

believers.

• An imagined order can only be maintained if there are large segments of the
population that truly believe in it. Christianity would not have lasted 2000 years if
most of the bishops and priests had not believed in the imaginary order of "christ''.
The modern economic system would not have lasted a single day if the majority of
shareholders and bankers had not believed in capitalism.

• Prison walls

• It is always insisted that the order that sustains society is an objective reality created
by the "gods'' by the laws of nature.

• From the time they are born, they are constantly reminded of the principles of the
imagined order, which is incorporated into each and every thing

• There are three factors that prevent people from realizing that the order that
organizes their lives exists only in their imagination:

o The imagined order is embedded in the material world.

o Although the imagined order exists only in our minds, it can be woven into
the material reality around us, and even set in stone.

o The imagined order shapes our desires

▪ All people are born into a pre-existing imagined order and their
desires are shaped from birth by their dominant myths.

▪ Nowadays people spend a lot of money on foreign vacations because

they fervently believe in the myths of romantic consumerism.

▪ Every TV commercial is another little legend about how consuming

a certain product or service will make our life "better''.

▪ The tourism industry does not sell tickets, not hotel rooms. Sells
experiences. Paris is not a city, nor India a country: both are
experiences, the consumption of which is supposed to broaden our
horizons, satisfy our human potential and make us "happier''.

o The imagined order is intersubjective

 ▪ Because the imagined order is not a subjective order that exists only
in my imagination; rather, it is an intersubjective order that exists in
the shared imagination of thousands and millions of individuals.

▪ The intersubjective is something that exists within the

communication network that connects the subjective consciousness
of many individuals.

CHAPTER 7

Memory overload

The social order of sapiens is imagined unlike other species such as bees where their
hierarchical order is found in the DNA (genome). Therefore, sapiens must make a
substantial effort to maintain customs, laws, procedures and behaviors.
THE HUMAN BRAIN IS NOT A GOOD STORAGE DEVICE:
1. Its capacity is limited

2. Humans die and their brains die with them, so all stored information is lost.

3. The human brain has adapted to store and process only certain types of information.

When societies began to appear as a consequence of the agricultural revolution, a new type
of information became vital: NUMBERS. But the human brain was not adapted to store and
process numbers, the bad thing is that every empire needed mathematical management to
progress.
Between 3500 and 3000 BC the Sumarians invented a mechanism for storing and
processing numbers outside the brain - "writing".
• Writing is a method of storing information by means of material signs.
• But complete writing is a system of material signs that can represent spoken
language more or less completely.
• Partial writing, on the other hand, is a system of material signs that can represent
only specific types of information.

CHAPTER 8
There is no justice in history

THERE IS NO JUSTICE IN HISTORY

Humans, in order to realize cooperative networks (biological inheritance), created

imaginary orders and the design of writing.

This led to a hierarchy that was divided into superior groups that enjoyed privileges and
inferior groups that were discriminated against and oppressed.
In 1776 Americans formed a hierarchy between men who benefit and are involved in
agriculture and women who are without authority. Whites enjoy freedom, blacks slavery

• HAMMURABI: considered that free people and slaves were ordained by

the gods.

• ARISTOTHELS: - Slaves "servile nature".

- - Free people "Free nature

Level in society  reflection of innate nature

All hierarchies are the product of human imagination.

Between blacks and whites, biological differences haveregulated relations from a social,
political or legal point of view.

Natural ability plays a role in the formation of social distinctions.

IMPORTANT REASONS

1. Most capabilities need to be nurtured and developed.

2. People belonging to different classes can develop the same capabilities even if
they have to fight for their success (poor).

AMERICAN PURITY

3 circumstantial factors.

1. Africa was closer so it was cheaper to export slaves.

2. The slave trade was already well developed in Africa.

3. Most importantly in the American plantations in places like HAITI, VIRGINIA

AND BRAZIL, they were plagued by malaria, yellow fever. Therefore, it was
easier for the plantation owner to invest his money in an African slave than in a
European.

VICIOUS CYCLE
 EVENT

WHITE CONTROL OVER BLACKS

DISCRIMINATORY LAWS

POVERTY, LACK OF EDUCATION AMONG BLACKS

CULTURAL BIASES

Blacks were forbidden to vote, to be where whites were, health was independent, shopping
places, schools etc... The justification was because blacks were dirty and vicious.

Most of the socio-political hierarchy lacks logical and biological basis.

HE AND SHE

The gender hierarchy around the world was divided into women and men. Women were
considered property of the man, if a man raped her and the woman was unmarried it was
not considered a crime or gender abuse.

Sex and gender:

He means that it makes little common sense for them to say that the basic function of
women is to give birth, or that homosexuality is unacceptable/unnatural.

Most laws or norms governing masculinity and femininity give more to the imagination
than to reality.

It also indicates that biologically we are divided between males (XY) and females (XX),
but socially we would be referred to as male and female.

There is a doubt as to whether there is a relationship between social terms and the
biological, since man is not a sapiens with XY chromosomes, testicles and testosterone, but
fits in with that of the human order in society. Culture designates male roles, rights and
duties; on the other hand, women are not XX chromosomes, uterus and estrogens, either.

Keep in mind that it is cultures and NOT biology that define roles, the terms of femininity
and masculinity vary from one society to another.

Thus, sex is distinguished as a biological category (females and males) and gender as a
cultural category (women and men).

It denotes the ease of entering the male sex just by carrying XY chromosomes and the
simplicity of getting females, on the other hand, becoming a man or a woman becomes
complicated because the masculine or feminine qualities are cultural, not biological.
what is so good about men?

Since the agricultural revolution, men have been valued more highly than women.
Regardless of the definition of man or woman, it was better to be a man, as men were
educated to think and act masculine (politics, harvesting, etc.) and women were educated to
act feminine (raising children, cooking, etc.).

Masculine qualities are more valued. In terms of women's health and education, fewer
resources are invested and they do not have many economic, political or freedom of
movement opportunities.

Muscle power

"Men stronger than women" for employing physical force to subdue women.

The strength of men allows them to perform hard tasks such as harvesting, reaching food
production and this is concluded as political power.

The chain of power is within the species, determined by mental capacities and not by brute
force.

The dregs of society.

Male dominance, not by force but by aggression.

In times of war the control of the armed forces by men has made them masters of civil
society.

The soldiers recruited were the poorest individuals (called the scum) and the higher ranks
were for dukes, kings and princes.

Patriarchal genes.

Here, less importance is given to force and violence.

As the years went by, men and women developed different survival and reproduction
strategies; men sought to impregnate in order to defeat other men, and women had no
problem in choosing who would impregnate them, but for their survival they had to accept
the conditions set by men.

Women saw more dependence on a man than on another woman.

Part 3: THE UNIFICATION OF HUMANITY

CHAPTER 9

The arrow of history

• After the agricultural revolution, human societies grew larger and more complex,
while the imagined constructs supporting the social order also became more refined.
 • Myths and fictions accustomed people to think in certain ways, to behave according
to certain standards, to desire certain things and to observe certain norms.
This network of artificial instincts is called culture.

• Every culture has its beliefs, norms and values, but these are in constant flux.

• Unlike the laws of physics, which lack inconsistencies, every man-made order is
replete with traditional contradictions, this process drives change. HOW TO
CHANGE THE COGNITIVE SCHEMA.

• The modern world fails to marry freedom with equality. The discordance between
our thoughts, ideas and values forces us to reevaluate and criticize. Cognitive
dissonance

• If people had not been able to possess contradictory beliefs and values, it would
probably have been impossible to establish and maintain any human culture.

• For each group of cultures that conglutinates into a megaculture, there is a

megaculture that breaks down into fragments.

If history is analyzed over the centuries, it is not easy to demonstrate what has been
evident for millennia, and that is that history is moving towards unity.

• The best way to appreciate the direction of history is to count the number of
separate humans that coexisted anywhere on planet earth.

Today we see the world as a unit but previously the world was a galaxy of separate
worlds.

• Our unique global culture contains many different types of lifestyles and people, yet
they are all closely interconnected and influence each other in multiple ways.

• The process of global unification took place in the last centuries as the 10 empires
grew and trade intensified.

• No social animal ever moves in the interests of the entire species to which it
belongs. INDIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE INTEREST.

• The first universal order that appeared was the economic one: the monetary order.

The second was political.

The third is religious.

These were the first to transcend the evolutionary "us versus them" divide.

CHAPTER 10

The smell of money

For the Aztecs it was curious the great interest of foreigners for gold, since they used it only
to make jewelry and statues, they found it precious but did not understand why for the
Spanish it was something so valuable if that metal can not be eaten does not serve to make
tools or weapons and for the Aztecs did not have that value because if they wanted to buy
something they used the barter which used cocoa seeds or fabrics. In this way it was for the
other cultures that were not civilized and which did not have the system of acquiring
something by means of gold and silver coins and that continued doing it by means of
diverse products which they themselves worked such as corn, meat, shoes, textiles among
many others. Then they began to specialize in various products which were of very good
quality and thus began to see the disadvantage of exchange with other products which were
not of such good quality and thus was born the need for equality and began to see barter as
something limited. However, many civilizations tried to make barter something effective,
but for most societies money was the great solution.

Long before money as it is known today, there were several ways to represent it, such as
cigarettes, which had a great value even for those who did not smoke because they could
get other things with them. The need to facilitate barter and to make things equitable for
both parties was to provide a means or object that was light and easy to carry and thus
money as we know it today was born and which has value in our imagination since money
is not a material reality, it is a psychological construct. Trust was the raw material for the
psychological construct of money, so money is the most efficient universal means of
mutual trust that has ever existed, and this trust has been refined by global social, political
and economic relations.

Initially people did not have enough confidence in money, so it was necessary to define
money as something with intrinsic value (with its own value). The first money in history
was Sumerian barley. Appearing in Sumer 3000 b.c . At the same time, writing was born.
Money develops as a response to the needs of economic activities, which became intense.

Although barley has intrinsic biological value, it was difficult to transport and store. The
breakthrough in the history of money came when people came to rely on money that lacked
a value of its own, but was easier to store and transport.

The first-ever currencies were created around 640 BC. These coins were made of gold and
silver and had an identification mark, this mark showed the weight it contained and the
certification of the authority that issued it, which was a great advantage for traders because
they no longer had to weigh the ingots or run the risk of being deceived because there was
already an authority that guaranteed the veracity of the coin. Thus, since ancient times,
producing counterfeit currency is not cheating (cheating or stealing), it is considered a
violation of sovereignty, an act of subversion against power.

At the end of the modern era, the whole world was a single monetary zone, based primarily
on gold and silver, followed by the British pound and the US dollar. Money has been
classified as the root of all evils, yet all people had different beliefs, customs and even
spoke different languages but moved in the same sphere, they all believed in gold and
silver. (Union of populations) Money is a system created by human beings, capable of
bridging any cultural gap, it does not discriminate against religion, gender, race, age, etc.

Money is based on two universal principles:

*Universal convertibility: Money can convert land into loyalty, justice into health and
violence into knowledge.

*Universal Trust: With money as an intermediary, any two people can cooperate on any
project.
Communities and families have always been based on a belief in things that are priceless,
such as honor, loyalty, morality and love. Moreover, there are parents who have been
forced to sell their children as slaves in order to buy food for their other children. Devout
Christians have murdered and robbed and then bought their forgiveness in church tithe. It is
understood that the human being when negotiating with others, is not depositing trust in
that human being, but in the money that backs him, if this person does not have money,
then there is no trust. This is how the world is in danger of becoming a huge and ruthless
market. On the one hand, intercultural barriers are destroyed, but on the other, new ones are
built to protect society, religion and the environment from enslavement by market forces.

CHAPTER 11

Imperial visions

Finally and 134 B.C. the patience of Rome came to an end Emilianus the main Roman
general who respected the fighting spirit of the Martial skill of the Mantine people preferred
not to engage his soldiers in unnecessary combat.

instead numancia created a line of fortifications blocking the town's contact with the
outside world after more than a year the food resources ran out and when the Numantines
realized that all hope was lost they set fire to their town, according to Roman accounts most
of them committed suicide in order not to become slaves in 1882.In 1882 the ruins of
Numantia were declared a national monument and to this day the ancient Numantines are
for Spain a paragon of heroism and patriotism and are presented as models for the youth of
the country, taking into account that almost all the people of the 19th century are
descendants of one empire or another.

What is an empire

an empire is a political order with two important characteristics first to deserve this
designation it has to rule over a significant number of distinct peoples, each of which
possesses a distinct cultural identity and a separate territory, it must be insisted that an
empire is defined solely by its cultural diversity and by its flexible borders, an empire does
not necessarily have to be ruled by an autocratic emperor the British Empire the largest
empire in history was ruled by a democracy. The British Empire, the largest empire in
history, was ruled by a democracy.

over the last two and a half millennia most humans have lived in empire, bearing in mind
that in many cases the destruction of an empire does not mean independence at all for the
subjugated peoples, instead a new empire occupies the vacuum created by the collapsing or
retreating Old One.Instead, a new empire occupies the vacuum created by the collapsing or
retreating old one; building and maintaining an empire usually involved the depraved
slaughter of large populations and the brutal oppression of those who remained. While the
usual imperial methods included slave wars, deportations and genocides, if we look beyond
the culture and art of the elites and focus on the world of the common people, we find
imperial legacies in most modern cultures. Today most of us speak, think and dream in
imperial languages that our ancestors were forced to accept by force of the sword. the first
empire of which we have reliable information was the Akkadian Empire of Sargon the
Great around 2250 BC.

During the next 1700 years the Assyrian Babylonian and Hittite kings adopted Sargon as a
role model and boasted that they too had conquered the whole world; Cyrus wanted the
peoples he subdued to love him and consider themselves fortunate to be Persia's vassals.

Sapiens divide humanity into two parts us and them We are people like you and me who
share language, religion and customs We are responsible for each other but not responsible
for them, In contrast to the modern Western idea that a just world is composed of separate
nation states in China the period. In China, periods of political fragmentation were
considered dark ages of chaos and injustice.

In some cases, the processes of acculturation and assimilation eventually broke down the
barriers between the newcomers and the old elite. the conquered no longer saw the empire
as an alien system of occupation and The Conquerors came to consider their subjects as
equal to them both rulers and governors eventually came to consider that they would Iran
us eventually all subjects of Rome were granted Roman citizenship during the 11th century
Rome was ruled by a lineage of Iberian-born emperors through whose veins ran at least a
few drops of local Iberian blood, the great success of the Imperial Arab project was that the
culture it created was enthusiastically adopted by numerous non-Arabic peoples.The great
success of the Arabian Imperial project was that the culture it created was enthusiastically
adopted by numerous non-Arabic peoples who continue to maintain it, and the culture it
created is still alive today.Arabian peoples who continue to maintain, develop and spread it
even after the original Empire collapsed and the Arabs, as an ethnic group, lost their
dominance.

CHAPTER 12

THE LAW OF RELIGION

Reasoning

Today religion is seen as a source of discrimination, disagreement and disunity, yet

religion has been the third great unifier of humanity, along with money and empires.

Religion can be defined as a system of human norms and values based on the belief in a
superhuman order, which implies two distinct criteria that to some extent ensure social
stability:

1. Religions hold that there is a superhuman order.

2. On the basis of this superhuman order, religion establishes norms and values that
it considers obligatory.

In order to unite under its protection a large expanse of territory inhabited by disparate
groups of human beings, a religion must be universal and missionary, which began to
appear in the first millennium BC, Their appearance was one of the most important
revolutions in history, yet most ancient religions were local, exclusive and had no interest
in converting the entire human race.
Silencing the lambs

- the agricultural revolution was accompanied by a religious revolution, since the

gods offered a solution to everyday problems.
- Animism predates universal religions, as they were crazy beliefs, but once
kingdoms and trade networks expanded, people needed to contact entities whose
power and authority spanned an entire kingdom or an entire trade basin, which led
to polytheistic religions.
- Animism continued to be an integral part of almost all polytheistic religions.
- Polytheism exalted not only the condition of gods but also of man, since prayers,
sacrifices, sins and good deeds determined the destiny of the entire ecosystem.
-
The benefits of idolatry

- The fundamental aspect of polytheism that distinguishes it from monotheism is

that the supreme power that rules the world lacks interests and prejudices, and
therefore does not care about the worldly desires, concerns and worries of
humans.
- In the three centuries after the crucifixion of Christ the Roman polytheists killed
no more than a few thousand Christians, yet over the next 1500 years, Christians
massacred millions of their co-religionists other than themselves.

God is one

- Polytheism gave rise to monotheism, as many followers of the polytheistic gods

became so attached to their particular patron that they began to conceive of him
as their only god and the one who had supreme power in the universe.
- In one of history's strangest twists, the Jewish sect took over the all-powerful
Roman Empire.
- Throughout the last two millennia, monotheists have repeatedly tried to
strengthen their power by violently exterminating all competition.

The battle of good and evil

- Polytheism gave rise not only to monotheistic religions, but also to dualistic
religions.
- Dualistic religions accept the existence of two opposing powers: good and evil.
- Dualism explains that the whole universe is a battlefield between two forces,
and that everything that happens in the world is part of the struggle.
- Monotheism explains order, but is confused by evil. Dualism explains evil, but is
disturbed by good.
- Christianity believes in the monotheistic God, but also in dualistic devils,
polytheistic saints and animistic spirits.
- Syncretism could be the world's one great religion: simultaneous admission of
different and even contradictory ideas and the combination of rituals and
practices taken from different sources.
The law of nature
 - The religions of natural law ignored the gods, everything was based on the fact
that natural laws cannot be changed, Buddhism (the central figure is not a god,
he is a human being, Buddha).
- Nirvana: to extinguish the fire: to free oneself completely from suffering by
accepting things as they are, e.g. pain as pain, and not wishing for anything to
end. Buddha attained nirvana
- Control the mind, since suffering is caused by the behavioral patterns of our own
mind.
-
The cult of man

- The last 300 years are presented as an age of increasing secularism, in which
religions have been losing importance.
- In the modern age, various natural law religions have appeared, such as
liberalism, capitalism, nationalism and Nazism. They refer to themselves as
ideologies and not religions.
- Humanist religions: worship of humanity
- The most important humanist sect is liberal humanism, according to them the
inner core of individual humans gives meaning to the world. Commandment:
human rights.
- Socialist humanism: they believe that humanity is collective and not individual,
it seeks equality among all humans. monotheist
- Evolutionary humanism: the only humanist sect that has truly freed itself from
traditional monotheism. Nazis
- The supreme commandment is to protect humanity from degenerating into
subhumans, and to promote their evolution into superhumans.
- Different definition of humanity: they believed that it was not universal and
eternal, but a mutable species that can evolve or degenerate into a subhuman.
- The main ambition of the Nazis was to protect mankind from degeneration and to
promote its progressive evolution.
- Jews and blacks: modern-day Neanderthals
- Aryan race: best qualities (rationalism, beauty, integrity, diligence): superhuman.
- If there was mixing, homo would become extinct.
- Scientific discoveries denied Hitler's theroia
- End of racism

CHAPTER 13
The secret of success

Trade, empires and universal religions eventually brought all sapiens together in a global
world.

• The fallacy of hindsight: we talk about why history happened one way and not the
other.

- Those with superficial knowledge of history focus on explaining why this

historical event was inevitable.

- While those who are well-informed know better the paths that have been taken
 - A basic rule of history is that what in retrospect seems inevitable was by no
means inevitable at the time.

- History cannot be explained deterministically and cannot be predicted because it

is chaotic. And it is called chaotic level 2.

- Level 1 chaos is chaos that does not react to predictions about it; as well as
weather predictions.

- Level 2 chaos is chaos that reacts to predictions about it, and therefore can never
be accurately predicted; just like politics or revolution.

Clio blind

- There is no evidence that human welfare inevitably improves as history unfolds

- We only know it is beneficial if we accept the world's view of those who change it.

- There are many scholars who consider that cultures are a natural infection or
parasite and that humans are their hosts.

- Cultural evolution is based on the replication of units of cultural information called

"memes".

- Postmodernist thinkers speak of discourses rather than memes as essential

components of culture.

- Game theory explains how, in multi-player systems, considerations and behavioral

patterns that harm all players nevertheless manage to take root and spread. An
example of this is two neighboring countries in an arms race, i.e. if one country
increases its armament the other country tries to match it, and so on and so forth the
game goes on until it reaches bankruptcy.

Part 4: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

CHAPTER 14

THE DISCOVERY OF IGNORANCE

- Changes in technology, customs and political boundaries.

-In the year 1500 there were about 500 million Homo sapiens worldwide, today there are 7
billion.

- humans create research science for more power; the U.S. has paid billions to the study of
nuclear physics.
-Phileas Fogg, an English adventurer, could circumnavigate the globe in 80 days; today
anyone with a middle-class income can safely and easily circumnavigate the earth in just 48
hours.

- On July 20, 1969, humans landed on the moon.

- In 1674 for the first time a microorganism was seen.

- July 16, 1945 detonated the first atomic bomb in Alamogordo, New Mexico.

- The historical process that led to Alamogordo and the Moon is known as the scientific
revolution.

- This is a revolution because until about 1,500 AD; humans around the world doubted
their ability to gain new medical, military and economic powers.

-The government and wealthy patrons earmarked funds for education and study with the
aim of preserving existing skills rather than acquiring new ones.

- Science needs more than just research to produce progress. It depends on the mutual
reinforcement of science, politics and economics.

Power of Resources

- Discoveries were empirical, the more evidence there was, the more the wealthy and
governments were willing to invest in science. Investments were needed to be able to
modify the organisms already found and just learn more about the moon.

- Humans have sought to understand the universe at least since the cognitive revolution.

- Our ancestors invested a great deal of time and effort in trying to discover the rules that
govern the natural world.

Previous traditions of knowledge:

i. The willingness to admit ignorance: modern science is based on the Latin precept
ignoramus "we do not know", it assumes that we do not know anything.
ii. The centrality of observation and mathematics: after having admitted ignorance,
modern science seeks to obtain new knowledge. It does this by employing
mathematical tools to connect such observations into general theories.
iii. The acquisition of new powers: modern science is not connected with creating
theories. He uses such theories in order to acquire new powers, and in particular to
develop new technologies.

- The scientific revolution has not been a revolution of knowledge, it has been a
revolution of ignorance.
- The discovery of the scientific revolution was the discovery that humans do not know
all the answers to their most important questions.

- Pre-modern traditions of knowledge, such as Islam, Christianity, Buddhism and

Confucianism, claimed that everything was important to know about the world that was
already known.

- The ancient traditions of knowledge admitted only two types of ignorance:

The first, that an individual could ignore something important. To gain the necessary
knowledge, all I had to do was ask someone wiser.

Second, a whole tradition could be ignorant of unimportant things, everything that the
great gods or the wise men of the past did not care to tell us was unimportant.

-Modern science is a unique tradition of knowledge, which openly admits collective

ignorance in relation to the most important questions.

-The willingness to admit ignorance has made modern science more dynamic, adaptive
and inquisitive than any previous tradition of knowledge.

- Science has to rely on religious and ideological beliefs to justify and fund its research.

- Modern social orders were held together by a quasi-religious belief in technology and
the methods of scientific research, which to some extent has replaced belief in absolute
truths.

SCIENTIFIC DOGMA

-Modern science has no dogma, but the core of research is based on empirical
observations (those of our senses), which are put together with the help of mathematical
tools.

- Consequently, the dominant modern method of scientific research takes for granted
the inadequacy of ancient knowledge.

-Early traditions used to formulate their theories through stories, modern science uses
mathematics.

-Mere observations are not knowledge, you need to connect observations into general
theories to understand the universe.

KNOWLEDGE IS POWER

-In 1620 Francis Bacon reasoned that "knowledge is power". The real test of "knowing"
is not whether it is true, but whether it empowers us. Scientists assume that not
everything is 100% correct, for them truth is an inadequate test for knowledge, the real
test is utility, a theory that allows new things to be done constitutes knowledge.

- Over the centuries, science has offered us tools such as mental tools, which are the
ones that predict mortality rates and economic growth, as well as technological tools,
which are related to science and technology, since it is impossible to develop new
technologies without scientific research and it would make little sense for research not
to produce new technologies.There are also the technological tools that are related to
science and technology, since it is impossible to develop new technologies without
 scientific research and it would make little sense for research not to produce new
technologies.

- Wars today are scientific productions (military-industrial-scientific complex) because

the world's military forces initiate, finance and direct much of the scientific research
and technological development of mankind.

- many americans believe that the solution to terrorism is technological, not political.

. science, industry and military technology only became intertwined with the advent of
the capitalist system and the industrial revolution, which brought about a rapid
transformation of the world.

THE IDEAL PROGRESS

- Most cultures did not believe in progress and it was considered impossible for
human practical knowledge to solve the fundamental problems of the world, as it
was thought that going beyond the limits would generate disillusionment and
disaster.

CHAPTER 15

MARRIAGE OF SCIENCE AND EMPIRE

- Copernicus creates the heliocentric theory of the solar system

- 1747 james Lind discovers effective treatment for scurvy in many sailors

- scientific revolution and modern imperialism were inseoarables

WHY EUROPE

- the global center shifted to europe between 1759 and 1850, when the asian powers
were humiliated in a series of wars and extensive conquests of parts of asia.

- in 1850 european domination was largely based on the military-industrial-scientific

complex and on technology.

- modern science and capitalism was the potential that developed Europe in the early
modern period that allowed it to dominate the late modern world.

THE CONQUEST MENTALITY

- technology was an important factor in the bond of modernity and imperialism, but
the key was that the botanist searched for plants and the naval officer searched for
colonies, there was an impulse to discoveries because it was thought that the
knowledge acquired would make them masters of the world.
EMPTY MAPS

- In the 15th and 16th centuries, Europeans began to draw maps with a large number
of empty spaces: an indication of the development of scientific thinking, as well as
of the European imperial impulse.

- october 12, 1492 arrival of colos to caribbean islands calling them eastern islands, as
he believed he had arrived in Asia.

- Amerigo Vespucci in 1057 discovered the new continent and Waldseemuller named
it America in his honor.

- what made Europeans exceptional was their unequaled and unquenchable ambition
to explore and conquer.

- Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztec empire dreaming of a Spanish empire in Mexico,
and in four years the Aztec people are a ruin.

- francisco pizarro conquers the inca empire

CHAPTER 16 DOES NOT ENTER

CHAPTER 17 DOES NOT ENTER

CHAPTER 18

A PERMANENT REVOLUTION

The industrial revolution introduced new ways of converting energy and producing goods,
largely freeing humanity from its dependence on the surrounding ecosystem.
Humans have exploited it in such a way that it is molded to their needs; in this way they
caused the extinction of several species, turning the planet, which was a green and blue
habitat, into a concrete and plastic shopping mall.

It is explained about the few wild animals left on the planet, although it is explained in the
encyclopedia and documentaries, etc. it is identified that domestic animals represent more
than wild animals; as homo sapiens less than humans, giving as a conclusion that humans
have been weighted out of the world.

ecological degradation is not the same as resource scarcity. (as explained in the previous
chapter). human resources are constantly increasing and are likely to continue to do so
(prophecies of resource scarcity are misplaced); the gradation of ecology is evident, this has
become a real representation, noting the smoke sapiens in search of new materials and
energy sources and destroying their natural habitat.

Continuing with the extinction of other species as well as its own extinction, such as global
warming and widespread pollution; creating a competition between human power and
natural disasters, as humans negatively modify the natural habitat to suit their whims,
causing unforeseen and dangerous side effects; the ecosystem in the attempt to control
these side effects could cause worse chaos.
 Many call "destruction of nature" which in reality would be change, that is, it is wrong to
say destruction of nature, since nature is not destroyed, species are; 65 million years ago a
meteorite fell that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs, however, other species survived
and most of them evolved in a beneficial way for them, adapting to the environment.
Rumors of human extinction are premature, because since the industrial revolution the
human population has increased as never before:
- 1700: 700 million inhabitants
- 1800: 950 million inhabitants
- 1900: 1600 million inhabitants
- 2000: 6000 million inhabitants
At present : 7000 Million inhabitants

Modern times:

Althoughhumans have become almost impervious to the whims of nature, they have been
subjected to the dictates of modern industries and forms of government.
The industrial revolution opened the way for social engineering experiments and
premeditated changes in everyday life and the traditional human mentality.

The revolution created timetables and the daily life of mankind, started with factories, then
schools, hospitals, etc.; this gave rise to the connection in the timetable system that was
spreading, which was public transportation. Analyzing population schedules. This is the
beginning of a global network of synchronized schedules and even the smallest fractions of
a second for all industries, companies, etc. are of great importance.
Thus, it becomes necessary to use portable watches, making a normal person consult this
one many times a day, since almost all activities are carried out on a set schedule.

The industrial revolution brought with it dozens of major upheavals in human society such
as adapting to a timetable, the dislocation of the family and the local community (as they
previously lived in small communities and were intimate), and their situation by the state
and the market. The cognitive revolution and the agricultural revolution did NOT modify
the family and local community environment, tribes and empires were created, however the
family continued to prevail and communities were basic to human societies.

The collapse of the family and the community:

Before the industrial revolution the daily life of most humans was divided into 3 ancient
structures: nuclear family, extended family and the local community.

Most people worked in the family business or in the family businesses of their neighbors,
the family worked in the welfare, health, education, and even pension funds, banks,
newspapers, as well as security (police).
The local traditions and economy of favors (helping each other) differed a lot from the
kingdoms and empires (in spite of the collection of taxes), since the intervention of these
towards some tradition was difficult, in many cases they let them perform the traditional
(like performing a revenge of a murder of a relative towards another murder of the other
family) but that this did not go out of the local community.
In other cases of larger and more organized kingdoms and empires, taxes were collected in
the same way, but directly to a security fund that allowed for a more efficient security
system.
Life within the family was of great importance as this was their way of introduction to
society and survival, if a person lost their family they would need to quickly find a family
or community.

All this changed over the last two centuries; the industrial revolution provided opportunities
for survival in the workplace, as well as educational opportunities for young people in
nationalist systems (such as the army). Over time, states and markets developed systems to
disinhabit traditional ties (such as revenge), one of these developments was the police.

On the other hand, the state provided the opportunity to marry whomever she wanted.
Romantic literature talks about the dependence of the individual in relation to the state and
the market; since the market provides jobs, insurance, a pension and the state provides
validity in the fulfillment of these.
The modern state considered men, women and children as inidividuals, despite the constant
struggle of women through the host, were formerly considered as property, the modern
state provided equality.
However, certain parts of humanity are frightened by the power of the state and the market
and how they can intervene in a person's life. Individuals express that the state and markets
demand too much and offer too little.

The nuclear family has not completely disappeared from the modern landscape, because it
engages in emotional functions that the state and the market cannot provide, although the
market shapes the conditions (such as the price of a romantic dinner). The state also keeps
family relations under a tight rein. (example: if parents are violent or offensive to their
children, the state can punish them and even send their children to foster families).

Imaginary communities:

Like the nuclear family, the community could not completely disappear from the world
without any emotional substitute. States and markets provide for the fulfillment of material
needs and in addition have provided ties, i.e., millions of strangers are adjusted to national
and commercial needs, i.e., they do not know each other but imagine that they do.
Intimate activities are several tens that are known but fulfill an emotional function among
its community members, this has slowly faded, being replaced by the imaginative making it
appropriate emotional roles.

Perpetuum Mobile:
The revolutions of the last two centuries so rapid and radical have changed one of the main
characteristics of the social order; traditionally people tended to conform in their lives
thinking "as it is and as it will always be".
Throughout the last two centuries, the world has been known to be in constant flux and
malleable; when people talk about revolution, they relate it to the French Revolution, the
Liberal Revolution, and so on. But the reality is that the world is revolutionizing every year.
As for example the internet, 20 years ago there was not so easy access to it, today it seems
almost impossible to imagine today's world without it. It could be said that modern society
is a chameleon color because of its constant change, this is why politicians promise to leave
and make changes in the world in order to improve, educational reforms, economic
reforms, etc.; sometimes they fulfill these promises.
Just as geologists predict earthquakes with the movement of tectonic plates, drastic and
violent social movements can be predicted.

In the 19th and 20th century, there were several wars for political causes (1st and 2nd world
wars, causing the cold war and Armenian, Jewish and genocide genocides; from
Robespierre to Lennin and Hitler). Showing not only levels of violence and horror but also
tranquility as a consequence.
Especially after World War II, they became the most peaceful decades, even so, there was a
lot of political movement but it was shown that radical structural change can be initiated
without unleashing conflict, nor unleashing violent conflict.

Peace in our time:

Compared to 1,000 years ago, nowadays the world is more pacifist and this is what people
do not appreciate, since now there are more deaths of individuals (deaths caused by violent
crimes) than deaths of entire populations (deaths caused by wars).
In the past, most of the violent conflicts were due to family and community struggles,
because the farmers did not know any political organization superior to the local
community, which is why they suffered unrestrained violence.
Although there are cases in which states kill their own citizens, killed by security forces of
their own states, even so, the groups in charge of security have increased their level of
performance, giving good results.

Imperial retreat:

International violence has increased, to the lowest level. Empires have crushed rebellions
with an iron fist and when the hour of their end came, they used all their strength to try to
save themselves, until they collapsed. Showing that they have lost their traditional power.