5G

Technology
A complex technology simplified
What is 5G?
5G
5G, known as fifth generation, is a technology focused on
providing better wireless connectivity in telecom domain
by enabling -

•Enhanced broadband (eMBB)

•Massive machine to machine communication (MMTC)

• Ultra reliable low latency communication (URLLC)

5G
deliverables
5G is focused on providing the better wireless connectivity.

And this connectivity is providing in terms of the better speeds or the broadband enhanced broadband

or in terms of the machine to machine communication where it is massive number of devices are connecting

to the network and being catered by 5G ecosystem easily, maybe in terms of millions of devices

per cell site, then in terms of some critical time sensitive services which will be delivered by URLLC

ultra reliable low latency communication in 5G

So there are three key areas where 5G is basically focused upon eMBB, machine type machine communication

and URLLC.

Now these different services are enabling actually the different use cases.
By leveraging mobile broadband, fixed wireless access can be provided and through mobile broadband services

up to 20 Gbps speed in downlink can be achieved.

5G also provides 3D video or ultra high definition screens or 4K screens which are demanding a very high

broadband services or very high throughput.

5G is also enabling ultra reliable low latency services for mission critical applications such as robotic surgeries, e-

health, self-driving, so V2X, which is vehicle to everything that is being enabled by 5G, which was not possible so

far in the legacy technology because we were not meeting that criteria of a stringent latency in that case, which is

achievable in 5G. Augmented reality, which is again, we have to do something in a real time that will be delivered

by 5G. In terms of machine to machine type communication, we can look into the different use cases

such as the smart city that can be enabled by 5G technology, smart home smart buildings.

So all these different new use cases, which was not actually delivered by the previous or the legacy

technologies that can be easily achieved by these different focus areas of 5G technology.
5G Key Capabilities
Key capabilities defined by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) are -

•Peak data rate– 20 Gbps DL

•User data rate –100 Mbps
•Latency – 1 ms
•Spectrum efficiency – 3X than 4G
•Mobility– 500 Km/hr.
•Connection density – 1 Million devices/sq. km
•Network energy efficiency – 100X than 4G
•Area traffic capacity – 10 Mbps/sq. km
So in the previous slide we have seen the three key focus areas for 5G technology, but how it can be achieved.

There are certain key capabilities that are defined by ITU.

So they came up with the new generic term by IMT 2020, which will be designating the 5G key performance
indicators.

Before that there was IMT advanced, which was primarily used for the 4G technology.
And here in this particular diagram we can correlate and understand the comparison between the 4G and the
5G key capabilities.

So until unless these different capabilities which are defined by ITU are not achieved, it will not be considered
as a true 5G network.
So if we look into the specifications defined by ITU in terms of a peak data rate, this is at the cell level.

It should be 20 Gbps. We'll understand that.

How this 20 Gbps can be achieved with the different technologies and techniques that are there defined
in 5G.
We'll talk about that in the subsequent slides.
But this is the cell level throughput which has to be achieved in downlink.
But what about the user level throughput?
That is 100 Mbps in downlink that is defined by ITU.
In terms of spectrum efficiency, how many number of bits per second per hertz is are being transmitted that defines
the spectrum efficiency and it has to be increased with time with any new evolution, because spectrum, we
understand, is one of the costliest asset for any telco.

So here we can see the target is to get three times more efficiency in spectrum in 5G as compared to
that in 4G.

Mobility
We have fast mobile users which can be catered upon, in this case, 500 kilometer per hour that can
be catered by 5G as compared to 350 kilometer per hour in 4G.

The latency in 5G is being targeted as a one millisecond.

And here in this case, this is quite a stringent requirement defined as compared to ten millisecond in LTE or 4G.

The connection density, again, in case of massive machine to machine type communication where millions
of devices to be connected to the to the cell site that is possible in 5G, which was not possible in
terms of 4G.

Then in terms of network energy efficiency, because now the more focus is to utilizing the resources
efficiently.

And we understand the most of the OpEx part comes from the energy itself.
Any reduction in energy cost in that case or the introducing more energy efficiency will help to enable
a sustainable networks going forward.
Design goals of 5G
5G is not limited to voice or data services, 5G is more flexible in its architecture
what typically is provided by legacy and can run multiple network virtually
networks. on same infrastructure, which is also
known as Network Slicing.
5G opens an avenues for new use cases in
multiple industries and plays an important Improved efficiency in terms of
role to revolutionize Industry, also known spectrum and ecosystem.
as Industry 4.0. This includes industries
such as Healthcare, Retail, Agriculture, Intelligent Network: 5G improves
Media, Manufacturing, Automobiles & performance by introduce intelligence
Logistics etc. using AI/ML (Artificial
Intelligence/Machine Learning).
5G will help to make cities smart and to
boost economy.
5G Use cases
5G Use cases
After understanding the technicalities and the key deliverables of 5G, let's understand the use

cases of 5G in a real world.

5G can be used to provide a virtual reality and augmented reality kind of applications.

And we have seen in certain projects where by using the augmented reality, the vehicle companies can

do some intelligent repairs where mechanic can see in advance where the possible problem areas are.

So similar kind of applications can be used for fixed wireless access where fiber reach is not possible

by leveraging 5G, we can provide a better downlink and uplink speeds, providing some rich experience in terms

of streaming high definition 4K kind of videos.

In terms of machine to machine communication, we have seen that transport and logistics they can use

the different kind of applications related to 5G, such as the machine type communication or maybe

the location tracking of the containers that can be used.

And some of the projects have seen that they are working on leveraging the 5G to enable some kind

of creating a value for the stakeholders in manufacturing industry.

Also we have seen that the machine to machine communication and the ultra reliable low latency services

here, if you see the industrial automation that has been seen by using the industrial robotics and

connected machines, one of the recent vehicle company, they are also using less than eight millisecond

of the latency in their production plants to create some value out of it.

So here if you see by leveraging the edge computing, also we can provide certain kind of use cases

for the for the healthcare ecosystem.

We can provide some kind of car telemetry that can be done by using V2X, We can get some

analytics of how the traffic system is and we can then reduce the accidents by leveraging the smart

connectivity that is provided by 5G.

5G Contribution to
Global Economy
5G is expected to boost global economy by adding US $ 1.3tn to GDP by 2030
5G contribution to GDP by Industry –

· Healthcare (40%) – Integrate end to end digital healthcare system

· Smart utilities (25%) – Smart, sustainable, and agile utilities industry

· Consumer and media applications (19%) – 5G enhances user experience and content
in gaming, entertainment, music and over-the-top (OTT) videos

· Industrial manufacturing (10%) - Enables efficient production facilities, preventive

maintenance, and robust supply chain: Industry 4.0 revolution

· Financial-services applications (6%) – Enables use of digital channels, AI powered

applications to improve experience and reduce loss due to frauds

Reference – Statista, GSMA & PwC

Building Blocks of
5G
Building blocks of 5G
It is known that conventional network architecture is not very agile and there is a less scope of innovation.

So what do we need to do?

We need to come up with certain ideas and innovations where we have more flexibility and agility in

the network and we can provide more number of use cases so that create a value for our consumers, all

the stakeholders.

Now let's start with the architecture.

In this case, we are focusing on the Radio Access network, which is 5G new radio.

We can see that radio unit is as it is at the mast, but there is a DU and CU, the new components are

added here now.

gNode B is new term, which is given to the next generation Node B in case of 5G and the baseband unit

is now desegregated between DU, which is a distributed unit and CU, which is a central unit.

test
What is the advantage of this one?

Now we can keep certain functionalities which are real time and critical, which needs to be kept closer

to the cell site.

We can keep it as a at a level and rest of the functionalities which are not real time, but we can

pool them together and we can virtualize them.

We can keep it at a hub location somewhere at a regional data center somewhere.

So what does it how does it help?

So it will give a pool of resources not only to one site, but maybe to the multiple sites.

And then in that case, as and when we need it, we can just allocate the resources on the go.

We need not to have a hard provision of resources and just utilizing them only 30, 40%.

That's happening in the conventional network.

So that issue is getting resolved here.

Next from the core network perspective, also we have some of the functionalities.

Either we can keep it at a data center or we can keep it to to the edge somewhere in the middle and

such as the user plane function, which is used for low latency services so that we can keep at again

at the location or at maybe somewhere at the hub location in between the radio access network

and the core network.

So such kind of flexibility is achievable in case of 5G, some of the building blocks which are

there in case of 5G, starting with the flexible frame structure.

So we'll talk about that when we go through the 5G NR in more detail. We have a different bandwidths available

so that we can provide different kind of services as and when it is required.

We have advanced techniques such as massive MIMO and Beamforming. We'll touch base upon that.

We have edge computing, which is very useful in case of telco cloud, software defined networking for

the connectivity between the different nodes and the different subnetworks and network slicing to provide

different use cases.

So such kind of new applications is possible with this agile infrastructure only.
5G NR Architecture
5G NR Architecture
In 5G, baseband unit is now divided into two parts, one is a distributed unit and another is a central unit.
These are getting virtualized now with time, it is getting going towards the CLOUDIFICATION also and going
towards the Open Radio Access network.

In 4G or conventional networks, the baseband unit is catering to mostly all the different layers, protocol layers
and have all the functionalities embedded in baseband unit.

Whereas in case of evolved technologies, some of the real time functionalities that will be catered by the
distributed unit, whereas other non or non critical functionalities that will be taken care by the central unit.
Let's understand these particular protocols in a little bit more detail.
So radio unit is basically taking care of analog to digital and digital to analog conversion.
Any data which is going from the antenna, which is the electrical signals coming down to the DU, it will be
converted to the analog to digital first.
So the radio unit is doing that functionalities, whereas whatever the data which is going from the distributed
unit towards the RU and going toward antenna, that will be changed from digital to analog, that will be done by
RU itself.

So time to frequency and frequency to time domain conversion of a signal that will be also done by the
radio unit in this case.
After that, the distributed unit is catering to the higher physical layer where the modulation for
different functionalities and services that will be done, the coding and the rate matching, which
is to be done between the transport block at the MAC layer or with the physical layer, whatever the
PRB allocations are there, that will be all rate matching done by the distributed unit.

In this case, the scheduling, the allocation of resources that will be done by Mac Layer, which is
catered by the distributed unit itself.

Automatic repeat request at a RLC layer that will be done by the distributed unit.

So we'll talk about all these different protocols in more detail through simulations in the subsequent
slides.

So if there is a data which is not yet received by the receiver, how it will be resent again, that will
all done by the distributed unit.
Transport Network
Architecture
Transport Network Architecture
Let's understand the transport network architecture.

So here we are comparing the transport network connectivity between the 4G and how it looks like in

5G.

So we have a connectivity between the baseband unit and the radio unit, which is also termed as fronthaul.

Here, the fronthaul in 4G is provided by a protocol called CPRI, which is a common public radio

interface. This protocol has certain processing and this processing can give or it can achieve the maximum
throughput of up to 10Gbps.

Now, in 4G, if you remember, the targets are not that stringent in terms of throughput and latency. So 10Gbps would
be enough in that case.

But when we go in 5G, the requirement, if we go back to the previous lecture, we can see the peak data rate that to be
achieved is around 20 times higher than that of 4G.

And the latency again is ten times lower as compared to that of 4G.

So if we see here to achieve the stringent requirement of data and latency, we must have a better protocol

version which can achieve such kind of requirements.

Now here in 5G, the FRONTHAUL protocol is evolved and it is termed as enhanced CPRI (eCPRI), and it can achieve

maximum capacity up to 50 Gbps and a lower latency of less than 0.1 millisecond.

Now, if we go beyond the baseband unit in 4G, which is here, the distributed unit and the central

unit in 5G. Now there is a new connectivity which is defined in case of 5G NR which is the MID-HAUL.

Here in this case, it can be provided using both fiber as well as the wireless backhaul through microwave.

And the requirement is as compared to fronthaul.

It is not that stringent because most of the real time sensitive data or the processing has been done

in the DU itself. But Mid-haul still has a quite a stringent requirement and if we see the requirement here is around

up to 10Gbps in terms of data rates and latency of less than two millisecond.

We can keep the CU and the other part of the core network at the edge location and this distance between

the DU and CU can be less than 200km.

Now if we go back to the backhaul, which is connecting the edge location to the core network now at

the edge location, we would have number of central units and UPFs and there is quite a heavy lifting

to be done at the backhaul.

So here the requirement for the data is going up to 100 Gbps and the latency requirement is less than ten millisecond.
Transport Network Architecture - Service level
5G Core Network
Architecture
We got a clear understanding about the radio access network by now and we also talked about the transport
network.

Let's understand the third important component of a telecom network, which is a core network.

Here I'll explain about the different functions of the different entities that are present in the core

network.

We are considering an architecture which is a standalone architecture.

So what exactly the standalone and non-standalone is?

If we have more than one radio access network present in the network, it will be called as a non standalone.

And if there is only one radio access network present, it will be called as a standalone network.

So any brownfield network where we have legacy networks such as 4G, 3G, it has to be working with

5G and it is possible that we will deploy initially non-standalone.

Whereas for Greenfield Network, who are deploying 5G first time will go for standalone in that case.
Different components have a different functionalities, such as establishing the secure connections

among all the different devices in the 5G network.

That will be done by the core networks applying different policies and charging for the different users

depending upon what kind of services they are using.

That will be done by the core network entities, also managing the different mobility functions and

the session management that is also being done by the core node.

If you remember during the RRC states, we have discussed about how the AMF is handling the user location

and their mobility through AMF in RRC connected mode.

It also takes care of the routing of the different traffic, different kind of traffic in a network

for different users and also it will handle which traffic needs to be handled first or which network,

which particular service needs to be catered upon quickly.

That is done by also the core network.

The 5G network is having a CUPS architecture where the control and the user plane is desegregated completely.

In case of 4G, we were having some session management and mobility management functions catered by

a single entity called mobility management entity (MME).

But in case of 5G, we are disaggregating that so that we can have a better implementation of QoS and

have a complete desegregation between the user and the control plane end to end in the network, which

will help to implement some of the new functionalities, such as slicing in the network.

So this is the overall idea about what the core network functionalities are.
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