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org © 2022 IJCRT | Volume 10, Issue 1 January 2022 | ISSN: 2320-2882

GREEN CHEMISTRY
1
YOGITA S.TEMAK, 2PRAVIN BALASAHEB CHOLKE, 3Nasir Taboli
1
ASSISTANT PROFESOR, 2ASSOCIATED PROFESOR, 3Student
1
DBTU,
2
DBTU,
3
DBTU

1.Abstract

The object of Green Chemistry is the reduction of chemical pollutants flowing to the environment. The
Chemistry and the Environmental Division of EuChem has assumed Green Chemistry as one of its areas of
interests, but one question to solve is where Green Chemistry should be placed within the context of
Chemistry and Environment. The concept of Green Chemistry, as primarily conceived by Paul Anastas and
John Warner, is commonly presented through the twelve principles of Green Chemistry. However, these
Twelve principles through fruits of a great intuition and common sense, do not a clear connection between
aims, concepts, and related research areas of Green Chemistry. The Twelve unsolved questions are the
object of the present article.

2. Introduction
New chemistry is required to improve the economics of chemical manufacturing and to enhance the
environmental protection. The green chemistry concept presents an attractive
technology to chemists, researchers, and industrialists for innovative chemistry research and applications
.Primarily, green chemistry is characterized as reduction of the environmental damage accompanied by
the production of materials and respective minimization and proper disposal of wastes generated during
different chemical processes.
According to another definition, green chemistry is a new technique devoted to the synthesis, processing,
and application of chemical materials in such manner as to minimize hazards to humankind and the
environment.
Numerous new terms have been introduced associated with the concept of “green chemistry,” such as
eco-efficiency, sustainable chemistry, atom efficient or atom economy, process intensification and
integration inherent safety, product life cycle analysis, ionic liquids, alternate feed stocks, and “Renewable
Energy Source.”
Hence, there is an essential need to improve the synthetic and engineering chemistry either by
environmental friendly starting materials or by properly designing novel synthesis routes
that reduce the use and generation of toxic substances by using modern energy sources.

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Definition.
Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is an area of chemistry and chemical engineering
focused on the design of products and processes that minimize or eliminate the use and generation of
hazardous substances.

What about Green Chemistry...

 Waste minimization of source.

 Use of catalyst in place of reagents.
 Using Non toxic reagents.
 Use of renewable source.
 Improved atom efficiency.
 Use of solvent free or recyclable Environmentally benign solvent system.

3.History.

Green chemistry emerged from a variety of existing ideas and research efforts (such as atom economy
and catalysis) in the period leading up to the 1990s, in the context of increasing attention to problems of
chemical pollution and resource depletion. The development of green chemistry in Europe and the United
States was linked to a shift in environmental problem-solving strategies: a movement from Command and
Control Regulation and mandated reduction of industrial emissions at the "end of the pipe," toward the
active prevention of pollution through the innovative design of production technologies themselves. The
set of concepts now recognized as green chemistry coalesced in the mid- to late-1990s, along with broader
adoption of the term (which prevailed over competing terms such as "clean" and "sustainable" chemistry)
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency played a significant early role in fostering green
chemistry through its pollution prevention programs, funding, and professional coordination. At the same
time in the United Kingdom, researchers at the University Of York contributed to the establishment of the
Green Chemistry Network within the Royal Society Of Chemistry and the launch of the journal Green
Chemistry.

4. Basic principles of green chemistry

Green chemistry is generally based on the 12 principles proposed by Anastas and Warner Nowadays, these
12 principles of green chemistry are considered the fundaments to contribute
to sustainable development. The principles comprise instructions to implement new
chemical products, new synthesis, and new processes.

I .The “better to prevent than to cure” principle

It is beneficial to a priori prevent the generation of waste instead of later on treating and cleaning up.

ii. The “atom economy” principle

Synthetic production routes have to be planned in a way maximizing the incorporation of all the
compounds used in the synthesis into the desired product.

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iii .The “less precarious chemical syntheses” principle

Wherever feasible, such synthetic methods have to be aspired, which resort to and generate compounds
of nor only insignificant noxiousness to the environment and human health.

iv. The “designing safer chemicals” principle

Chemicals should be developed in a way affecting their desired functionality, while, at the same time,
considerably reducing their toxicity.

v. The “safer solvents and safer auxiliaries” principle

Expenditure of auxiliary substances, such as solvents, separation agents, and others, should be avoided
wherever possible; if not possible, harmless auxiliaries should be used.

vi. The “design for energy efficiency” principle

The environmental and economic impact of energy demands for chemical processes should be analyzed in
terms of followed by optimizing the required energy input. Wherever practicable, chemical synthesis
should be carried out under mild process conditions, hence, at ambient temperature and pressure.

vii. The “renewable feedstock’s” principle

Whenever feasible in technological and economic terms, synthetic processes should resort to such raw
materials and feedstock’s, which are renewable rather than limited.

viii. The “derivative reduction” principle

Redundant derivatization, e.g., protection/deportation, the use of blocking groups, or temporary
modification of physical/chemical processes, requires additional reagents and often contributes to
additional waste generation. Therefore, wherever possible, they should be avoided or reduced to a
minimum.

ix. The “catalysis” principle

Generally, catalytic reagents are intrinsically superior to stoichiometric reagents; these catalysts should be
as selective as possible.

x. The “degradation” principle

Chemical products have to be designed in such a way that, at the end of their life span, they do not resist
in the biosphere, but disintegrate into nontoxic degradation products.

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xi. The “real-time analysis for pollution prevention” principle

Advanced analytical methods have to be developed, which permit the real-time, in-line process monitoring
and control well before hazardous substances are generated.

xii. The “accident prevention by inherently safer chemistry” principle

Compounds and the compound’s formula applied in a chemical process should be chosen in a way
minimizing the risk of chemical accidents, encompassing the release of chemicals, detonations, or fire
formation.

Examples.

A. Green Solvents.
The major application of solvents in human activities is in paints and coatings (46% of usage). Smaller
volume applications include cleaning, de-greasing, adhesives, and in chemical synthesis. Traditional
solvents are often toxic or are chlorinated. Green solvents, on the other hand, are generally less harmful to
health and the environment and preferably more sustainable. Ideally, solvents would be derived from
renewable resources and biodegrade to innocuous, often a naturally occurring product. However, the
manufacture of solvents from biomass can be more harmful to the environment than making the same
solvents from fossil fuels. Thus the environmental impact of solvent manufacture must be considered
when a solvent is being selected for a product or process. Another factor to consider is the fate of the
solvent after use. If the solvent is being used in an enclosed situation where solvent collection and
recycling is feasible, then the energy cost and environmental harm associated with recycling should be
considered; in such a situation water, which is energy-intensive to purify, may not be the greenest choice.
On the other hand, a solvent contained in a consumer product is likely to be released into the environment
upon use, and therefore the environmental impact of the solvent itself is more important than the energy
cost and impact of solvent recycling; in such a case water is very likely to be a green choice. In short, the
impact of the entire lifetime of the solvent, from cradle to grave (or cradle to cradle if recycled) must be
considered. Thus the most comprehensive definition of a green solvent is the following: "a green solvent is
the solvent that makes a product or process have the least environmental impact over its entire life cycle.
By definition, then, a solvent might be green for one application (because it results in less environmental
harm than any other solvent that could be used for that application) and yet not be a green solvent for a
different application. A classic example is water, which is a very green solvent for consumer products such
as toilet bowl cleaner but is not a green solvent for the manufacture of polytetrafluoroethylene. For the
production of that polymer, the use of water as solvent requires the addition of per fluorinated surfactants
which are highly persistent. Instead, supercritical carbon dioxide seems to be the greenest solvent for that
application because it performs well without any surfactant. In summary, no solvent can be declared to be
a "green solvent" unless the declaration is limited to a specific application.

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B. Synthetic techniques.
Novel or enhanced synthetic techniques can often provide improved environmental performance or
enable better adherence to the principles of green chemistry. For example, the 2005 Nobel Prize for
Chemistry was awarded to Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, for the development of
the metathesis method in organic synthesis, with explicit reference to its contribution to green chemistry
and "smarter production. A 2005 review identified three key developments in green chemistry in the field
of organic synthesis: use of supercritical carbon dioxide as green solvent, aqueous hydrogen peroxide for
clean oxidations and the use of hydrogen in asymmetric synthesis. Some further examples of applied green
chemistry are supercritical water oxidation, on water reactions, and dry media reactions.
Bioengineering is also seen as a promising technique for achieving green chemistry goals. A
number of important process chemicals can be synthesized in engineered organisms, such as shikimate,
a Tami flu precursor which is fermented by Roche in bacteria. Click chemistry is often cited {{citation needs
date=September 2015}} as a style of chemical synthesis that is consistent with the goals of green
chemistry. The concept of 'green pharmacy' has recently been articulated based on similar principles.

C. Lactide.

In 2002, Cargill Dow (now Nature Works) won the Greener Reaction Conditions Award for their improved
method for polymerization of polylactic acid . Unfortunately, lactide-base polymers do not perform well
and the project was discontinued by Dow soon after the award. Lactic acid is produced by fermenting corn
and converted to lactide, the cyclic dimmer ester of lactic acid using an efficient, tin-catalyzed cyclization.
The L,L-lactide ehantiomer is isolated by distillation and polymerized in the melt to make a
crystallizable polymer, which has some applications including textiles and apparel, cutlery, and food
packaging. Wal-Mart has announced that it is using/will use PLA for its produce packaging. The Nature
Works PLA process substitutes renewable materials for petroleum feedstock’s, doesn't require the use of
hazardous organic solvents typical in other PLA processes, and results in a high-quality polymer that
is recyclable and compostable.

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5. Awards.

 Australia’s Green Chemistry Challenge Awards overseen by The Royal Australian Chemical
Institute (RACI).
 The Canadian Green Chemistry Medal.
 In Italy, Green Chemistry activities center on an inter-university consortium known as INCA.
 In Japan, The Green & Sustainable Chemistry Network oversees the GSC awards program.
 In the United Kingdom, the Green Chemical Technology Awards are given by Crystal Faraday.
 In the US, the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards recognize individuals and businesses.

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6. It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after its formation

This statement is one of the most popular guidelines in process optimization; it describes the ability of
chemists to redesign chemical transformations in order to minimize the generation of hazardous waste as
an important step toward pollution prevention. By preventing waste generation, the hazards associated
with waste storage, transportation, and treatment could be minimized This principle is easy to understand
and easy to apply, and examples from both industry and academia have proven its significance, relevance,
and feasibility. This pillar of green chemistry is still valid; however, we have to conceive it in a broader
context, switching from a restricted interpretation of waste based on its quantity to a universal approach
to deal with the topic “waste.”
(1) We have to take waste’s multidimensional nature into account.
(2) We need to move from a “quantity of waste per quantity of product” principle toward a Principle
addressing the “quantity of waste generated per function provided by the product.”In this context, we
have to aim at making both quality and functionality of products Superior.
(3) Considering the entire life cycle of a product, we have to address the fact that not only the production
process itself generates waste but, moreover, “end-of-life waste accrues after the product’s life span or its
consumption. This encompasses firstly the conversion of such materials up to now considered as waste
into valuable products and, secondly, their recyclability. Generally, moving toward “zero-waste
production” and “waste prevention” encompasses the modernization of industrial processes through clean
production techniques. These techniques aim at the reduction of gaseous emissions, effluents, solid
residues, and noise generation; generally, they are developed to contribute to the protection of climate
and environment.
However, the most auspicious strategy to prevent waste generation would simply be not producing
the desired product. In most scenarios, this will not be practicable; however, it might be reasonable to
instead produce completely novel products, which display higher quality and longer durability. Lower
quantities of such novel, superior products are sufficient to fulfill a desired function. An alternative
approach is to avoid that the product can be transformed into precarious waste, e.g., by making plastics
accessible toward biodegradation or by a priori switching toward biodegradable plastic instead of highly
recalcitrant petrochemical Plastics. According to these ideas, we need to fundamentally reconsider our
understanding of waste as hazardous material that needs to be disposed by enhancing the status of waste
to valued resource, which can act as starting material for generation of new products.

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7. Maximize atom economy.

Atom economy is a concept developed in the early 1990s to evaluate the efficacy of chemical conversions
on an element-by-element basis . In analogy to well-established yield calculations, the concept of “atom
economy” is based on the ratio of the entire mass of atoms in the target product to the entire mass of
atoms in the starting materials. One option to reduce waste generation is to plan such chemical
transformations, which maximize the integration of all materials used in the process into the final product,
resulting in a number of wasted atoms as low as possible. Hence, selecting such chemical conversion
routes, which incorporate the major share of starting materials into desired products, displays higher
efficiency and contributes
to waste reduction. This concept is nowadays widely implemented in new routes to generate various
organic compounds, e.g., such substances that are used in the biomedical and pharmaceutical field. One
factor that is greatly speeding the incorporation of pollution prevention into industrial manufacturing
processes is the development of green chemistry.

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8. Design less hazardous chemical synthesis

In synthetic organic chemistry, effecting a successful chemical transformation in a new way

or with a new molecule or in a new order is what matters regarding the principles of green chemistry.
Various researchers have clearly demonstrated the direct relation of toxicity and the associated hazards
and risks allied with chemical reactions to the matrix of matter present in the reaction vessel. Generally,
the holistic toxicity spectrum of products or processes, together with most other sustainability and green
chemistry criteria, is highly impacted by the chemistry behind a process and the transformation
contributing to a chemical synthesis chain .An exception is identified in such cases where a molecule is
produced by purpose, which is designed to display toxicity and/or biologically activity. For example, this
scenario is found in the case of various molecules synthesized for pharmaceutical or agricultural
applications; such compounds exhibit toxicity and/or impact living organisms. Selection of compounds and
materials to be used to increase the efficacy of chemical transformations is a pivotal point in process
development; chemists should dedicate increased attention to the decision on which materials to be put
into reaction vessels. It is simple to disregard all the other materials and to dedicate all efforts exclusively
to the chemosynthetic pathway, which provides us with the desired product. However, discounting all the
other matter present in a production process ultimately results in a high price to be played, and we finally
have to get rid of this scenario. Sometimes, chemists actually produce hazardous molecules, and,
therefore, the subsequent principle is dedicated to the design of molecules which are intrinsically safer in
their nature.

9. Design safer chemicals and products

Chemical products should be designed to achieve their desired function with at the same time minimizing
their toxicity. New products can be designed that are inherently safer, while highly
effective for the target application. For example, the direct incorporation of radioactive spent liquid
scintillation waste into cement combined with clay materials is considered an added value in the
immobilization of the hazardous organic wastes in very cheap materials and natural clay to produce a safe
stabilized product easy for handling, transformation, and disposal.

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10. Safer solvents and auxiliaries

This principle promotes the use of safer solvents and auxiliaries. It is about any substances that
do not directly contribute to the structure of the reaction product but are still necessary for the chemical
reaction or process to occur. Mostly, reactions of organic compounds take place in liquid milieus, where
the solvent acts in different ways: it can enable enhanced contact between the reactants, it can stabilize or
destabilize generated intermediates, or it can influence transition states. In addition, the applied solvent
also governs the selection of adequate downstream and regeneration processes and recycling or
discarding techniques. By taking the ecological effect of chemical processes in consideration, innovative
concepts for substitution of volatile organic solvents have become a great challenge in green chemistry. A
green solvent should meet numerous criteria such as low toxicity, non flammability, non mutagen city, no
volatility, and widespread availability among others. Moreover, these green solvents have to be cheap and
easy to handle and recycle

11. ENERGY

Energy is the capacity to do work or to transfer heat (the form of energy that flows from a warmer to a
colder object). A farm tractor working in a field illustrates the definition of energy and several forms of
energy. Chemical energy in the form of petroleum hydrocarbons is used to fuel the tractor’s diesel engine.
In the engine the hydrocarbons combine with oxygen from air,

2C16H34 + 49O2 → 32CO2 + 34H2O + heat energy

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to produce heat energy. As the hot gases in the engine’s cylinders push the pistons down, some of this
heat energy is converted to mechanical energy, which is transferred by the engine crankshaft, gears, and
axle to propel the tractor forward. A plow or other implement attached to the tractor moves soil. The
standard unit of energy is the joule, abbreviated J. A total of 4.184 J of heat energy will raise the
temperature of 1 g of liquid water by 1˚C. This amount of heat is equal to 1 calorie of energy. The science
that deals with energy in its various forms and with work is Thermodynamics. There are some important
laws of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is neither created nor
destroyed. This law is also known as the law of conservation of energy.

11.1. Design for energy efficiency

Usually, energy is used to enhance the human life in important ways. The traditionally used energy sources
like coal, oil, and gas are limited in supply, and their combustion releases greenhouse gases. For
continuous improvement of life quality, both move toward renewable energy and design for energy
efficiency are needed. Designing more efficient processes by choosing the most suitable technologies and
unit operations has to go in parallel with selecting proper energy sources. Using an electric motor with
energy sources generated from the sun and wind is more effective in ecological terms instead of using
fossil fuels. How energy is converted to useful forms and where it gets lost are the most important
questions for engineers and designers to help society use energy more effectively. In addition, when
developing a new production process, the effect of geographical location of production plants has to be
taken into account: ecological comparison of different production scenarios for the same product, in this
case bioplastics, clearly demonstrates that different energy production technologies, resources for energy
production, and the effect of available energy mixes in different countries become significant for the
ecological footprint of a new process.

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11.2. RADIANT ENERGY FROM THE SUN

The sun is the ultimate source of most of the energy that we use. The sun gets all this energy by consuming
itself in a gigantic thermonuclear fire, the same basic process that gives a “hydrogen bomb” its enormous
destructive force. The fuel for the sun is ordinary hydrogen. But the energy-yielding reaction is not an
ordinary chemical reaction. Instead, it is a nuclear reaction in which the nuclei of 4 hydrogen atoms fuse
together to produce the nucleus of a helium atom of mass number 4, plus 2 positrons, subatomic particles
with the same mass as the electron, but with a positive, instead of a negative, charge. There is a net loss of
mass in the process (in nuclear reactions mass can change) and this loss translates into an enormous
amount of energy. The fusion of only 1 gram of hydrogen releases as much energy as the heat from
burning about 20 tons of coal.

11.3.Direct and Indirect Solar Energy

From the discussion above, it is seen that a lot of energy comes from the sun. Most of it is absorbed by the
atmosphere, but a significant fraction reaches Earth’s surface directly. We certainly use that energy
because it keeps us and other living organisms warm enough to sustain life. Photovoltaic cells that convert
solar energy directly to electricity, enable use of solar energy as a power source. Living organisms use solar
energy. Chlorophyll in plants capture the energy of photons of visible light and use it to perform
photosynthesis.

H 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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11.4. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Ideal energy sources are those that do not pollute and never run out. Such sources are commonly called
renewable energy resources. There are several practical renewable nervy resources that are discussed
briefly in this section.

Solar Energy is The Best — When The Sun Shines

Sunshine comes close to meeting the criteria of an ideal energy source, including widespread availability,
an unlimited supply, and zero cost up to the point of collection. The utilization of solar energy does not
cause air, heat, or water pollution. Sunshine is intense and widely available in many parts of the world If it
were possible to collect solar energy with a collection efficiency of 10%, approximately one-tenth of the
area of Arizona would suffice to meet U.S.
energy needs, and at 30% collection efficiency, only about one-thirtieth of the area of that generally sunny
state would suffice.

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12. Use of renewable feedstock’s

According to the principles of green chemistry, a raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather
than depleting whenever technically and economically practicable. Using renewable resources like
microbial or plant biomass, which are embedded into nature’s closed carbon cycle, represents a real
option to prepare functional byproducts in a sustainable way and to contribute to energetic transition. In
the context of the Green Chemistry Principle , which addresses the renewable feedstock thematic, we
nowadays witness a vast number of current multidisciplinary collaborations, involving the fields of, among
others, agronomy, biochemical engineering, biotechnology, chemistry, microbiology, physics, toxicology,
or engineering. These collaborations result in the development of next-generation fuels, polymers, and
other materials pivotal for our today’s society based on renewable resources and characterized by low
impact on health and environment. The current global dynamic of these developments indeed gives
reason to optimism for the future. Finding a method to convert raw wastes such as spinney waste fibers
into a mortar composite stabilized material could be an excellent application of this principal of green
chemistry. Whenever switching from fossil feedstock’s to renewable, one has to consider that using
renewable resources enlarges the process concept by incorporating resource provision, transportation,
storage, and other aspects of logistics into the process design. Such a switch in feedstock provision,
however, results in a fundamental change in the structure of processes, used technologies, and the
economical concepts of industry and society.

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13. Reduce derivatives

Many processes could be designed in such a way to reduce the use of additional reagents and the resulting
wastes. It is commonly necessary to synthesize a derivative of a compound containing groups which are
not needed in the final product, but which allow the synthesis or purification steps to proceed more easily.
However, these derivatives result in lower atom economy, since they introduce atoms that are not
incorporated into the final product, but finally end up as waste; this is in conflict with the atom efficiency
principle according to For many reactions that have traditionally required protecting groups, chemists are
urgently devoting research efforts to finding alternatives that do without them.
14. Design for degradation
One of the most important objectives of green chemistry is maximizing the production with minimizing
unwanted by-products. Designing of products and processes that display reduced impact on humans and
the environment, such as creating sustainable mortar composite that could be considered as an value-
added product suitable for various applications as inert matrix for immobilization of some low and
intermediate levels of radioactive wastes, decorative tiles, building bricks, and light concrete, is reported.
In this case, highly reactive hydroxyl radicals react with the organic moieties of the spinning fiber wastes
either by subtracting ions of hydrogen or by addition to the unsaturated site to yield organic radicals,
which are readily oxidized by oxygen. Therefore, the end products of the degradation process were only
carbon dioxide and water.

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15. Real-time analysis for pollution prevention

With advancements in chemistry, the production of numerous toxic chemicals is a serious problem for the
environment. One of the basic concepts of green chemistry is familiar to pollution prevention
practitioners. Less hazardous materials in chemical formulations and reducing waste formation have been
sounded for many years. Consequently, green chemistry aims at eliminating the usage and generation of
hazardous substances by designing better manufacturing processes for chemical materials with minimum
waste production by real-time
Monitoring of running processes. This consequently enables a timely intervention right before waste or
toxins are generated.

16. Inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention

It is of outstanding importance to avoid highly reactive chemicals that could potentially cause accidents
during the reaction. Substance and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen in
such a way to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including toxin releases, explosions, and fire
formation. For example, the most abundant solution medium, water, could accidentally cause an explosion
by flowing into a tank containing methyl isocyanine gas, releasing a large amount of methyl isocyanate into
the surrounding area. Other well-known materials, which undergo reactions of often disastrous outcome
with water, are found among alkali metals. If an alternative reaction had been developed that did not use
this reagent, the risk of explosion even causing death would have been minimized.
Intrinsically, safe chemistry can also be carried out in flow mode, using tubular micro reactor with reaction
channels of tiny diameter. Such flow chemistry approaches drastically reduce the reaction volume, the
reaction time, and catalyst requirement, intensifies the processes by boosting the space/time yield, opens
new process windows in terms of extreme temperature and pressure conditions to be applied, and,
moreover, even allows to carry out highly dangerous reactions in a safe way ]. In addition, the application
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of flow chemistry in micro reactors also displays a strategy to overcome classical drawbacks of microwave-
driven processes ,such as the restricted penetration depth of microwaves into absorbing media.

17. Routes Of Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a non-selective inhibitor of an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX), which is required for the
synthesis of prostaglandins via the arachidonic acid pathway. COX is needed to convert arachidonic acid
to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) in the body. PGH2 is then converted to prostaglandins.

17.1Classic Route Of Ibuprofen

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17.2 Hoesch Route To Ibuprofen/Greener Synthesis Of Ibuprofen.

18. Conclusion.
Green Chemistry is now a approach that through application and extension of the principle of green
chemistry can contribute to sustainable development. It is clear that the challenge for the future chemical
industry is based on safer products and processes designed by utilizing new ideas in fundamental research.
The success of green chemistry depends on educating offered by the green chemistry revolution, there is
also exciting opportunity. Pharmaceutical companies and the contract Research And Manufacturing
Services (CRAMS) providers have now started employing the principles of green chemistry in developing
atom efficient router, which minimize solvents and waste, by utilizing technologies such as bio and chemo
catalysis.

Understanding of Biogeochemical significant changes in the ways those cycle function.

Understanding energy, energy flow and chemistry increases our understanding of organism, their
environment, and how environmental systems function. Thinking in terms of whole systems can help avoid
destroying the parts and connections that allow the system the function. Thus green chemistry happens to
be the remedy for various environmental problems like soil pollution, food chain maintenances, water and
air pollution. Green Chemistry is NOT a solution to all environmental problems BUT the most fundamental
approach to prevent pollution.

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Reference.
1. WWW. Green Chemistry Wikipedia .com

2. Stanley E. Manahan. Green Chemistry Green Chemistry And Ten Commandments Of

Sustainability. ChemChar Research.2005 Edition 2

3.Hosal-El- Din Mustafa Saleh And M. Koller. Principles Of Green Chemistry

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