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ALTERNATIVE TOOL FOR REDUCING

POLLUTION BY USING SUSTAINABLE
CHEMISTRY
P.YASHWANTH*1, D.DHANUSHA2, S.SUMALATHA3, S.ARCHANA4, K.KALKI5, DR.R. RADHA6,
M.KISHORE BABU7.
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY,
KRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE.

Abstract: Green chemistry is the new rapid emerging branch of chemistry.

The present review work focuses on the importance and economic development of green chemistry. The beginning
green chemistry is considered as a response to the need to reduce the damage of the environment by man-made
materials and the process used to produce them All chemical wastes should be disposed of in the best possible
manner without causing any damage to the environment and living beings. The green chemistry revolution is
providing an enormous number of challenges to those who practice chemistry in industry, education and research. It
is the design of chemical processes and products which reduce or eliminate the use and generation of toxic,
poisonous, hazardous and bio-accumulative chemical substance. Green chemistry is also called as sustainable
chemistry. The overarching goals of green chemistry-namely, more resource efficient and inherently safer design of
molecules materials, products, and processes can be pursued in a wide range of contexts.

Index Terms - Green chemistry, Sustainable chemistry, Environment, Economic development, Resource-
efficient.

I. INTRODUCTION

The green chemistry is defined as a branch of science which utilizes a set of principles for the invention, design,
development and implementation of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation
of hazardous substances. Green chemistry is different from environmental chemistry because environmental
chemistry identifies source, elucidates mechanism and quantifies problems in the earth environment while green
chemistry seeks these environmental problems by creating alternative and safe technology. So the present situation
required the solution to balance the use of natural resources and environmental conservation. From last two decades
awareness for environmental protection has increased by using the concept of “Green Chemistry” [1]. The new laws
and regulations have an Aim to protect the ecosystem from harmful chemicals and develop new compounds by the
approach of Green chemistry which is less dangerous to human health and the environment. The main challenge for
different industries and research organizations is to develop new methods of developing non-hazardous products
under green chemistry. In India various national and international programs have been organized for promoting green
chemistry and collecting views of different research workers about this particular field. We require governmental,
non-governmental bodies, academic and industrial co-operations for achieving the desired goal (Pietro, 2000;
Stephen, et al., 2005].
ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GREEN CHEMISTRY:-
‘Green chemistry’ is defined in the Linthorst articles as having three major time periods of development. Before 1993,
the early origins of pollution control and hazard awareness of pollution was observed. In this time period,
Environmental protection agency was evolved with strict command and control with end of the pipeline technology to
active efforts to prevent pollution before happened with risk analysis early on in the process. The next time period is
between 1993and 1998. In this time frame a chemical philosophy evolved. The third time period is form is form 1999
to now which has seen an explosion of green chemistry based scientific articles. In 1980s, the chemical industry and
the EPA concentrated mainly on pollution and harmful toxins. However, a significant shift occurred among chemists

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as scientists stared spreading environmental awareness and researching avenues to prevent pollution.[2] In1999,
paulAnastas published a paper that talked about the importance of green chemistry and postulated 12 principles of
green chemistry.[3]
The term green chemistry was first given by Paul .T .Anastasin 1991 in special program launched by the US
environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to implement sustainable development in chemistry, chemical technology by
industry , academia and government. In 1995 the annual US presidential green chemistry challenge was announced. In
1996 the working party on green chemistry was created, acting within the framework of International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry. The first book and journals on the subject of green chemistry were introduced in 1990 by the
royal society of chemistry. The organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], an international
body consisting of about 30 industrialized countries, held meeting and made recommendation based on a cooperative
changes in existing chemicals synthesis process and the prevention pollution [4]. Green chemistry includes a new
approach to the synthesis, processing and application of chemical substances in such a manner to reduce scourge to
health and environment like:
 Clean Chemistry
 Atom Economy
Environmentally benign chemistry.[5-11]
Twelve principles of Green chemistry have been developed by Paul .T. Anastas, speaks about the reduction of
dangerous or harmful substances from the synthesis, production and application of chemical products. When
designing a green chemistry process it is impossible to meet the requirements of all twelve principles of the process at
the same time, but it attempts to apply as many principles during certain stages of synthesis.[12-13]

PRINCIPLES:-
1. PREVENTION: - It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created.
2. ATOM ECONOMY:-Design the chemical processes in such a way that the final product contains maximum
proportion of the reactant or the starting raw materials and leaving a few numbers of atoms of raw materials.
3. LESS HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS:-The synthetic method should be designed to use and
generate substances that process little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.
4. DESIGN BENIGN CHEMICALS:- Chemical processes and products should be designed in such a way that, it
is highly selective in nature and affect their desired functions and minimizing their toxicity, bio-accumulation and
bio- transformation.[14]
5. SAFER SOLVENTS AND AUXILIARIES:- The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents, separation agents,
etc.) should be made whenever possible and innocuous when used.
6. DESGIN FOR ENERGY EFFICIENC: - It is necessary to design the chemical processes /products in such a
way that it utilizes less energy to form desired product, this can accompanied by keeping the chemical processes
at ambient temperature and pressure in the presence of suitable catalyst.
7. USE OF RENEWABLE FEEDSTOCK’S:- A raw material of feedstock should be renewable.
8. REDUCE CHEMICAL DERIVATIVES:-During a chemical processes, waste product are formed or generated
if additional chemical reagent are used to block or protect any groups, so avoid such type of blocking, protecting
groups or even any modifications, if possible.[15]
9. CATALYSIS:-Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.
10. DESIGN FOR DEGRADATION:-Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function
they break down into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment.
11. REAL-TIME ANALYSIS FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION:- Analytical methodologies need to be further
developed to allow for real-time, in process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous
substances.
12. . INHERENTIY SAFER CHEMISTRY FOR ACCIDENT PREVENT:-The substances used in the chemical
process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, explosion and fires. This principle can
motivate chemistry at all levels like research, education and public perception.[16]

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ADVANTAGES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY:-

1. CLEAN AIR TO BREATH – Non-hazardous material are release into the environment which leads to cleaner air
and causes less damage to the lungs. Also the usages of such environment friendly materials are a boon against air
pollution.
2. CLEAN WATER TO DRINK- Source of drinking water like rivers and ponds etc, are saved from being polluted
by non-hazardous and nill pollution creating chemical materials. Minimized release of hazardous materials leads to
control of water pollution.
3.INCREASE IN SAFETY OF WORKS IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY- Due to use of non-accidental and
non-hazardous chemical materials industry worke5rs are saved from accidental explosion and health damages due to
long exposure to hazardous materials which can be life saving boon for the industry and also for the worker.
4. HEALTH CONSUMER PRODUCTS- Healthy consumer products will be available for the people which will be
safer than the phasing out products.
5. Such products will be made from less waste materials and will be free of pesticides and cleaning products.
6. LESS DEGRADATION AND SPOLLING OF FOOD PRODUCTS- Food products will be safer from insects
and worms and will be more healthy and nutrition and will take more time to rot and become spoiled and useless.
7. DECREASE IN THE RATE OF GLOBAK WORMING – Due to usage of non-polluting and non-hazardous,
non-toxic materials the global warming will become slow. Environment will be free of toxic gases and there will be
less production of waste materials that cannot be disposed of and degraded or recycled.
8. RECOVERY OF OZON LAYER- Ozone layer stop the harmful UV Rays of the sun and protects us from various
life taking diseases like skin cancer etc.
9. Reduction in the production of greenhouse gases that create global warming will start the recovery of depleting
ozone layer.
10. HIGHER PRODUCTION- Green chemistry is very helpful for the growth of agriculture sector. It helps in
creation and development of materials that are more environmental friendly.
11. Petroleum products create a lot of air pollution. They are also responsible for the increased levels of greenhouse
gases that cause global warming.[17]

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DISADVANTAGES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY:-
1. Pests and weeds may develop hazards-- cross pollination between genetically modified organisms may result
in new species that can be hazardous.
2. Mono culture is employed—big tracts of land must be available for mono culturing which is often not
possible and brings many hardships to farmers.[18]

BENEFITS OF GREEN CHEMISTRY :-

HUMAN HEALTH:-
 CLEANER AIR: Less release of hazardous chemical to air leading to less damage to lungs.
 CLEANER WATER: Less release of hazardous chemical wastes to water leading to cleaner drinking and
recreational water.

ENVIRONMENT:-
 Plants and animals suffer less harm from toxic chemicals in the environment.
 Lower potential for global warming, ozone depletion, and smog formation.
 Less chemical disruption of ecosystems.
 Less use of landfills, especially hazardous waste landfills.

ECONOMY AND BUSINESS:-

 Reduced waste, eliminating costly remediation, hazardous waste disposal, and end of the pipe treatments.
 Allow replacements of a purchased feedstock by a waste product.
 Improved competitiveness of chemical manufacturers and their customers.
 Better performance so that less is needed to achieve the same function.[19]

REVIEW LITERATURE:-
Green chemistry aims to reduce or even eliminates the production of any harmful biproducts and maximizing the
desired product without compromising with the environment. The three key developments in green chemistry include
use of super critical carbon di oxide as green solvent, aqueous hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent and use of
hydrogen in asymmetric synthesis. It also focuses on replacing traditional methods of heating with that of modern
methods of heating like microwave radiations so that carbon footprint should be reduces as low as possible. [20]
The work focuses to reduce the chemical wastage by applying the concept of green chemistry. Few derivative of
acetanilide were synthesized by conventional method as well as by green chemistry method. In conventional method
there was wastage of chemicals by the formation of acetic acid molecule but by green synthesis method the formation
of byproducts was avoided and the atom economy was calculated on the basis of molecular weight of desired product
and it was found to be in the range of 72 to 82% which signify the utility of green synthesis method. [21]
Due to technology development the quality of life on earth became much better but harmful effect of chemistry also
became pronounced main among them being the pollution of land, water and atmosphere. This is caused mainly due
to the use of harmful reactants and effect of by-product of chemical industries, which are being discharge into air,
rivers and the land, but by applying the concept of green chemistry these all problems can be reduced. [22]
Green chemistry is a term that refers to the production of chemical products and processes that reduce the use of and
production of harmful substances. [23]
The green chemistry revolution provides the various numbers of challenges to those who practice chemistry in
industry, education and research. It is the modern science of chemistry deals with the application of environment
friendly chemical compound in the various area of our life such as industries. The chemical industries supply us a
huge variety of essential product, from plastic to pharmaceuticals, these industries has a potential to damage our
environment, so green chemistry serves to promote the design and efficient use of chemicals and chemical processes.
[24]

THE POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT [1990]:-

Its focus is the prevention of pollution at the source rather than the treatment of pollutants after they are formed. This
goal became a formal objective of the environmental protection agency [EPA] in 1991. Anastas coined the term
‘green chemistry’ the same year. Two of the most prominent and early advocates of green chemistry were Kenneth
Hancock of the National Science Foundation [NSF] and joe Breen, who after twenty years of service at the EPA then
became the first director of the Green Chemistry Institute [GCI] during the late 1990s [Paul and Mary, 2002].
CAUSES:-
POLLUTION:-The change in the environment caused by natural or artificial input of harmful contaminants into the
environment, and may cause instability, disruption or harmful effects to the ecosystem. Thus, pollution is essentially
the introduction of toxins into the natural setting that causes negative changes. Pollution can take the form of

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biochemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Contaminants, the constituents of pollution, can be one
or the other, foreign substances/ energies or naturally found pollutants.
WATER POLLUTION:- Water pollution occurs when harmful substances ‘often chemicals or microorganism.’
Contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degradation water quality and rendering it
toxic to humans or the environment.

TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION:-

1. GROUND WATER
2. SURFACE WATER
3. OCEAN WATER
4. POINT SOURCE
GROUND WATER: -When rain falls and seeps deep into the earth, filling the cracks, crevices, and porous spaces of
an aquifer [basically an underground storehouse of water], it becomes groundwater-one of our least visible but most
important natural resources. Nearly 40 percent of Americans rely on groundwater, pumped to the earth’s surface, for
drinking water. For some folks in rural areas, it’s their only freshwater source.
SURFACE WATER: -Covering about 70 percent of the earth, surface water is what fills our oceans, lakes, rivers,
and all those other blue bits on the world map. Surface water from freshwater sources [that is, from sources other than
the ocean] accounts for more than 60 percent of the water delivered to American homes.
OCEAN WATER: -Ocean pollution is also called as ‘marine pollution’. Eighty percent of ocean pollution originates
on land- whether along the coast or far inland. Contaminants such as chemicals, nutrients, and heavy metals are
carried from farms, factories, and cities by streams and rivers into our bays and estuaries; from there they travel out to
sea. Meanwhile, marine debris- particularly plastic –is blown in by the wind or washed in via storm drains and sewers.
Our seas are also sometimes spoiled by oil spills and leaks-big and small- and are consistently soaking up carbon
pollution from the air. The ocean absorbs as much as a quarter of man- made carbon emission.
POINT SOURCE: -When contamination originates from a single source, it’s called point source pollution. Examples
include wastewater [also called effluent] discharged legally or illegally by a manufacturer, oil refinery, or
wastewater treatment facility, as well as contamination from leaking septic systems, chemical and oil pills, and illegal
dumping.[25]

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AIR POLLUTION:-
Air pollution is defined as the introduction of pollutants, organic molecules, or other unsafe materials into Earth’s
atmosphere. This can be in the form of excessive gases like carbon dioxide and other vapours that cannot be
effectively removed through natural cycles, such as the carbon cycle or the nitrogen cycle

TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION:-

1. Man-made (Artificial) sources:-

These are mostly linked to the combustion of several kinds of fuel.

Immobile sources entail clouds of smoke from power plants, industrial facilities (manufacturing works) and waste
furnaces, as well as incinerators and other sorts of fuel-burning heating devices. In poor and developing countries,
archaic biomass burning is the chief cause of air pollution; traditional biomass embraces wood, crop leftovers and
excrement.
Movable sources comprise automobiles, aquatic vessels, and planes.
Controlled burning is a procedure sometimes used in forest management, agriculture, prairie re-establishment. Fire is
an accepted facet of both forest and grassland ecosystem and an organized fire can be an instrument for foresters.
Precise burning kindles the sprouting of some desirable trees, thus renewing the forest.
Fumes from hair spray, paint, aerosol sprays, varnish and other solvents
Waste deposits in landfills create methane. Methane is extremely combustible and may form an explosive and volatile
concoction with air. Methane is furthermore an asphyxiant and may displace oxygen in a sealed-off space. Suffocation
may result if the oxygen concentration goes below 19.5% by displacement.
Military resources, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gasses, germ warfare and rocketry

2. Natural sources:-

 Dirt from natural sources, typically big areas of land with little or no plant life.
 Methane, discharged by the breakdown of food (digestion) by animals, for example, cattle
 Smoke and CO from jungle fires.
 Volcanic activity, which emits sulphur, chlorine, and ash particulates
 Causes of Major Effects of Air Pollution

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 Air pollution has a very negative effect on humans and the ecosystem. The constituents can be dense particles,
fluid, or gasses. A contaminant can be of natural or artificial. Contaminants are categorized as primary or
secondary.

SOIL POLLUTION:-
Soil pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants) in soil, in high enough
concentrations to pose a risk to human health and/or the ecosystem. In the case of contaminants which occur naturally
in soil, even when their levels are not high enough to pose a risk, soil pollution is still said to occur if the levels of the
contaminants in soil exceed the levels that should naturally be present.

TYPES OF SOIL POLLUTION:-

Soil pollution consists of pollutants and contaminants. The main pollutants of the soil are the biological agents and
some of the human activities. Soil contaminants are all products of soil pollutants that contaminate the soil. Human
activities that pollute the soil range from agricultural practices that infest the crops with pesticide chemicals to urban
or industrial wastes or radioactive emissions that contaminate the soil with various toxic substances.

Biological Agents:-

Biological agents work inside the soil to introduce manures and digested sludge (coming from the human, bird and
animal excreta) into the soil.
Agricultural Practices:-
The soil of the crops is polluted to a large extent with pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, slurry, debris, and manure.

Radioactive Pollutants:-
Radioactive substances such as Radium, Thorium, Uranium, Nitrogen, etc. can infiltrate the soil and create toxic
effects.
Urban Waste:-
Urban waste consists of garbage and rubbish materials, dried sludge and sewage from domestic and commercial
waste.

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NOISE POLLUTION:-
The word noise is derived from the Latin word ‘Nausea’, which means sickness in which one feels the need to vomit.
Noise is the unpleasant and undesirable sound which leads to discomfort in human beings. The intensity of sound is
measured in decibels (dB). The faintest sound that the human ear can hear is 1 Db. Due to increasing noise around
the civilizations, noise pollution has become a matter of concern. Some of its major causes are vehicles, aircraft,
industrial machines, loudspeakers, crackers, etc. When used at high volume, some other appliances also contribute to
noise pollution, like television, transistor, radio, etc.
TYPES OF NOISE POLLUTION:-
TRANSPORT NOISE:-
It mainly consists of traffic noise which has increased in recent years with the increase in the number of vehicles. The
increase in noise pollution leads to deafening of older people, headache, hypertension, etc.
NEIGHBOURHOOD NOISE:-
The noise from gadgets, household utensils etc. Some of the main sources are musical instruments, transistors,
loudspeakers, etc.
INDUSTRIAL NOISE:-
It is the high-intensity sound which is caused by heavy industrial machines. According to many researches, industrial
noise pollution damages the hearing ability to around 20%.

EXAMPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY:-

1. USE OF GREEN SOLVENTS:-With the advancement in technology, we have come up with such as solvents
and chemicals that are non toxic and do not cause pollution. Earlier, the chemicals or solvents used were known to
have chlorine and were toxic to the environment.
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2. BLEACHING OF PAPER:- Hydrogen Peroxide has replaced chlorine in the process of bleaching paper.
Chlorine that was used earlier was harmful for the environment.
3. DRY CLEANING:-Earlier tetrachloroethylene was used as a dry cleaning agent which was very toxic and
polluted ground water. It was a carcinogenic and caused diseases. This has now been replaced by liquefied co-2
and a detergent. This process ensure that the waste production is leaste toxic as the waste product produced in this
case is liquid carbon dioxide. [26]

USES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY:-

Green chemistry plays a vital role in our daily lives and has application in all the fields. Some uses of green chemistry
are discussed below:
 It is used in consumer products, pharmaceuticals, and other industries.
 It is used to develop new processes that are less harmful for the environment and more efficient.
 It has a use in electronics and electrical industry too. [27]

IMPACTS OF GREEN CHEMISTRY:-

Green Chemistry is a proactive approach to pollution prevention.
Green Chemistry is based on principle like
1. Waste minimization at source
2. Use of catalyst in place reagent
3. Using non- toxic reagent
4. Use of renewable resources
5. Improved atom efficiency
6. Use of solvent-free or recyclables
7. Environmental benign solvent system.[28]

GREENCHEMISTRY IN LABORATORY:-
A number of compounds are synthesised by using various green solvents by green procedure. Some of the green
solvent and other reagents used are follows:
GREENSOLVENTS:-
ESTER SOLVENTS:-Speciality Solvents, Fusible Solids, Supercritical Gases- e.g. SCCO2
ESTERS:-Iso propyl laurate, Rapeseed methyl esters [biodiesel], Oleic acid propylene glycol mono esters, TOFA
ethylene glycol mono esters, Butyl epoxy stearates, Glycerol tri acetate, Di basic esters [ Kidwai, 2001].
SPECIALLY SOLVENTS:-Glycerol carbamates, Capryldimethylamide, Dioctyl ether, Dimerdiol carbonate, Ethyl
lactate, 2-Ethylhexyl lactate [Tundo, et al., 2007].
FUSIBLE SOLIDS: Hydrogenated castor oil, Stearyl stearate, Tricapryl methyl ammonium chloride,1-Butyl-3-
methyl imidazolium octyl sulphate [Knochel,199].[29]

GREEN CHEMISTRY IN INDIA:-

The recently constituted Green chemistry chapter of India has already started working to popularize green chemistry
in india. As a part of environmental movement, a National Symposium on green chemistry was organized by the
Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi in January 1999 to bring together all who are practicing green
chemistry in India for the first time. For green chemistry education, a refresher course was organized for college
teachers by the Center for Professional Development in Higher Education in Educational in University of Delhi.
Inspired by the overwhelming response of participants in these events, recently an IUPAC International Symposium
on Green Chemistry was organized by the Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi., which proved to be an
excellent event for scientists world over to interact on the one common platform.
The Green Chemistry Chapter of India was constituted recently to expand its domain. Some future activities under the
banner of the Green Chemistry Chapter of India have been planned. Top on the priority list is to spread the awareness
of green chemistry among researchers and young students by means of workshops, conference, scholarships, and
Awards. Simultaneously, there is a need to encourage industries to collaborate with academic and government for
effective practice of green chemistry. Another aim of the green chemistry chapter of india is to encourage global
partnership for effective environmental management.[30]
APPLICATIONS OF GREEN CHEMISTRY
 Green chemistry is being employed to develop revolutionary drug delivery methods they are more effective and
less toxic and could benefit millions of patient.
 Improved process conditions and economics, incorporating green chemistry into the synthesis of active synthesis
of active pharmaceutical ingredients [APIs] and intermediates is of ongoing importance to the pharmaceutical
industry.

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 Green chemistry method produce no waste, reaction is a quick one-step reaction and a very little amount of
catalyst is utilized.
 Solvent reduction and replacement and biocatalysis are some of the tools used to optimize select API synthesis.
 GlaxoSmithKline [GSK, London] developed the ‘Eco-Design Toolkit’ as a way to provide bench-level chemists
and engineers with access to green-chemistry information and tools for process research and development and
manufacture.
 Green chemistry help to improved healthcare & reduced environment footprint.[31]

CONCLUSION:-
The growth of green chemistry over the course of the past decade needs to increase at an accelerated phase if
pharmaceutical science is to meet the challenges of sustainability .
By using green chemistry procedures, we can minimize the waste of materials, maintain the atom economy and
prevent the use of hazardous chemicals, Researchers and pharmaceutical companies need to be encouraged to
consider the principles of green chemistry while designing the processes and choosing reagents.

REFERENCES
[1]Singhal M, Singh A, Khan S.P, Sultan E, Sachan N.K, Green chemistry potential for past present and future
perspective.

[2] DeMarco B.A, Rechelo B.S, et al. Evolution of green chemistry and its multidimensional impacts: a review.
2019;27(1):1-8

[3] Ivanković A, Dronjić A, et al. Review of 12 Principles of Green Chemistry in Practice. 2017; 6(3): 39-48

[4] De Marco B.A, Rechelo B.S, et al. Evolution of green chemistry and its multidimensional impacts: a review.
2019;27(1):1-8

[5] Anastas. P.T, Warner J.C, Green chemistry Theory and Practice, Oxford University, Press,New York, 1998.

[6] Anastas P.T, Hovarsth I.T, Innovations and Green Chemistry, Chemistry review, 2007;107.

[7] Ravichandaran S., International Journal, 2010; 2(4): 2191.

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[9] Sheldon R.A, Green solvents for sustainable organic synthesis: State of art, 2005; 7: 267.

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[11]Ahluwalia V.K and Kidwai M., New Trends in Green Chemistry, Anamaya Publisher, New Delhi, 2004.

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[13]Anastas P.T, Heine L.G, Williamson T.V, Green Chemical Synthesis and Processes, American Chemical
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[14] 2, 4-D-beyondpesticides, www.beyondpestides.org

[15] chemical society/Green chemistry principal #8

[16] American Singhal M, Singh A, Khan S.P, Sultan E, Sachan N.K, Green chemistry potential for past present
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[17] Pavia D.L., Lampman G.M., Kriz G.S., Introduction to Spectroscopy, by Thompson books, 3rd edition,
2007, 26.

[18] Anastas, P. T.; Warner, J. C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press: New York,
1998, p.30. By permission of Oxford University Press

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[19] Gujral. S.S, Sheela. M.A, Khattri S., Singhla R.K. A Focus and Review on the Advancement of Green
Chemsitry, Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 2012; 2(4): 397-408.

[20] Redasani V.K, Kumawat V.S, Kabra R.P, Surana S.J, Application Of Green Chemistry in Organic
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[21] Singhal. M, Singh A., Khan S.P, Green Chemistry Potential for Past, Present and Future Perspectives,
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[22] Ivankovic. A., Dronjic A., Review of 12 Principles of Green Chemistry in Practice, International Journal of
Sustainable and Green Energy, 2017; 6(3): 39-48.

[23] Chanshetti U., Green Chemistry: Challenges And Opportunities In Sustainable Development, International
Journal of Current Research, 2014; 6

[24] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-green-chemistry.

[25] https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know

[26] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-green-chemistry/

[27] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-green-chemistry/

[28] https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/green-chemistry:

[29] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274715198_Green_chemistry_a_new_approach_towards_science

[30] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225414809_Green_Chemistry_in_India

[31] https://www.slideshare.net/DeepaliPandey6/green-chemistry-in-pharmaceutical-industry

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