Demographic characteristics
Fertility: Birth rate.
Crude birth rate: Number of births per thousand population per year.
Mortality: Death rate.
Crude death rate: Number of deaths per thousand population per year.
Migration: If someone moves from place of origin to place of destination to
make a permanent change in the place of residence.
Migration may occur in two different ways:
Internal: Within the boundary of a country or nation-state.
International: Beyond the boundary of a country or nation-state.
Primitive migration: Caused by natural environmental forces.
Innovative migration: Caused by the will to explore an unexplored place of living.
Free migration: Influenced by the free will of people.
Forced migration: Caused by man-made issues.
Conservative migration: Influenced by the will to retain the traditional life-style.
There are two factors which influence all kinds of migration -----
Pull factors of migration: Positive factors associated to the place of destination.
Push factors of migration: Negative factors associated to the place of origin.
Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834)
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Warren Thompson (1887-1973)
Thomas Robert Malthus
Considered population growth and food supply.
Population grows at a geometric rate and food supply grows at an
arithmetic rate.
Creates a gap.
There would be scarcity of food for the growing number of population.
Lower living standard will prevail for a large group of people.
Thought about a solution, i.e. Preventive or Positive Check. (late marriage, Celibacy
which will reduce the fertility rate)
If failed, a Natural check will appear: natural disaster, epidemic diseases which will
increase the mortality rate.
Karl Marx
Agreed that population had a rapid growth.
But never saw the problem from same perspective.
Never blamed the individual.
Noticed that already there were advanced technologies applied in the food production
system through which surplus production was there. But the benefit of the surplus
production was always taken away by the people of upper social classes.
Blamed the social system instead which unequally distributes the benefits among people.
Suggested a solution which will bring a major change in the social system.
It should be a collective effort, not an individual effort.
People should create a class less society where all the people will get equal share of the
food supply.
He collected data about fertility and mortality rate from different parts of
the world
Data collected from 1908 to 1927.
Analysed the data and saw a common trend in fertility and mortality rates
whenever any society had a shift from an agricultural society to an
industrial society.
Fertility and Mortality curves were the same in every country who
experienced the shift (Consult book for details and the graph).
Showed the result in a graph.
He generalized this result based on historical data for future as well.
Later on, Frank Notestein got the same result when he repeated the study in
1945.
Frank Notestein labelled the three time-periods as ----
A: High growth potential
B; Transitional growth
C: Incipient decline
