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Introduction to biology
What is science?

Science:-
The systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural
world through observation and experiment is called science.

Or

The study of the natural world through observation and experiment is called science.

Science is the broad field it is divided into three type’s/branches i.e.

 Biological science
 Chemical science
 Physical/earth science

Define biology or Biological science?

 Biology/biological science
The word biology is derived from two Greek words

 Bio means life

 Logos means discussion

It means the discussion about life is called biology. For the first time the word biology is
used by a Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus in 1736. It can be defined as

“The branch of science which deals with the study of living organism is called biology.

Or

The study of life is called biology

Branches of biology
The biology is the divers’ field of the science it is divided into two groups.

 Major branches of the biology

There are three main braches of biology i.e.

 Botany: - The branch of biology which deals with the study of plants is called
botany.

 Zoology: - The branch of biology which deals with the study of animals is called
zoology.

 Microbiology: - The branch of biology which deals with the study of

microorganisms is called microbiology.
 Doctor notes

 Minor branches of the biology.

 Morphology: - The branch of biology which deals with the study forms shape
and structure of organism is called morphology.

 Anatomy:- It is a branch of biology which deals with the study of the internal
structure of an organism is called anatomy.

 Histology:- It is a branch of biology which deals with the study of the structure
and chemical composition of animal and plant tissue is called histology.

 Cell biology/Cytology:- It is a branch of biology which deals with the study of

the structure and functions of cell and their organelles is called cytology.

 Entomology:- It is a branch of biology which deals with the study of insects is

called entomology.

 Embryology:- It is a branch of biology which deals with the study of the

different stages of an organism that occur immediately after fertilization is called
embryology.

 Environmental biology:- It is a branch of biology which deals with the study

of the inter-relation of organism with their environment is called environmental
biology.

 Biotechnology:- It is a branch of biology which deals with the study of the

control usage of micro-organism for the welfare of humane being is called
biotechnology.

 Genetics:-It is a branch of biology which deals with the study of genes' heredity
and variations is called genetics.

{Heredity:-The transfer of character from parents to offspring is called heredity}

{Variation: - The differences among the individual of the same species is called
variation}

 Parasitology:- It is a branch of biology which deals the study of parasites, their

hosts, and the relationship between them is called parasitology.

 Paleontology:- It is a branch of biology which deals the with the study of fossil of
animals and plants is called paleontology.

{The study of fossil of plants is called palaeobotany while the study of fossil of
animals is called paleozoology}

 Pharmacology:- It is a branch of biology which deals the study of the origin,

chemistry, and uses of drugs and their effects on the body is called
pharmacology.
 Doctor notes
Write a note on the relation of biological science with the other field of science?

As we know that living organism has very complex system. The function and metabolic
pathways occur in living organism follow the principal of other field of science like
physics chemistry geography mathematics etc. These fields are collectively called
inter-disciplinary sciences.

The following are the different types of inter-disciplinary sciences.

 Biophysics:- It is the inter-disciplinary science in which study about the

understanding of biological phenomena and problems using the principal and
techniques of physics.

For example photosynthesis process follows the law of physics (Law of

conservation of energy) during the absorption of light\

 Biochemistry:- Biochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of

biological processes at the cellular and molecular level.
Or
It is the inter-disciplinary science which deals with the study of all chemical
reaction that take place inside the living body is called biochemistry.
It involves the structural and chemical analysis of organic compound that make
up the cell/organism
Biogeography:- It is the inter-disciplinary science which deals with the study of
the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other forms of life on the earth
surface.
Note {The study of the distribution of plants is called Phytogeography while the
study of distribution of animals is called zoogeography}

 Biostatistics or biometry:- The uses of application and tools of statistics and

mathematics to solve a biological problems and phenomena is called biostatistics
or biometry. It involves the analysis and interpreting of data.

 Bio-economics:- It is the inter-disciplinary science which deals with the study of

living organism from economical point of view is called bio-economics. In this
field we calculate the cost and profit of biological projects.

Write a note about careers in biology?

As we know that biology is the study of livings things such as plant and animals and
microbes. So the one who study a biological science can choose the following careers.

1. Medicine and surgery:-

In this field we can study the different disease
related to human being. We also study the diagnosis and treatment of these
diseases. In surgery we study how to replace remove and repairing of the
defective parts of the humane body. One can choose the (MBBS) course after
studying the biological science.
 Doctor notes
2. Fisheries:-
It is the profession in which we study about the production and
breeding of fish. In this field the biologist research about the habitat nutrition
requirement and diseases of fish. They conduct different experiment that how to
improve fish production. One can adopt this career after competing master in zoology.

3. Agriculture:-
Agriculture is the study about the different crops and livestock.

As we know that Pakistan is an agriculture country there are many agriculture

universities in Pakistan. One can do a professional courses in agriculture will work in
different departments like agriculture veterinary farming pharmaceuticals industries and
agriculture banks.

4. Animal husbandry:-
It is the branch agriculture concerned with the study
animals that are raised for meat ‘milk ‘fibers or other products. It includes day-day care
selective breeding and the raising of the livestock. The graduate of this field work in the
department of veterinary and livestock department.

5. Horticulture:-

The word horticulture is derived from a two Latin words

{Hortus means garden and colere means to cultivate}

It the field of agriculture. It can be defined as “the art of cultivating the fruits plants and
ornamental plants is called horticulture. The horticulturist can open the business like
landscape design nurseries garden and pest management.

6. Forestry:-
It is concerned with managing of the forest and how to increase the
production of forest to provide timber and habitat to wildlife.

Write the characteristics of the five kingdom system?

The five kingdom system was proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969. He classified all
the living organism into five major groups/kingdoms which are following.

I. Kingdom monera
II. Kingdom Protista
III. Kingdom fungi
IV. Kingdom Plantae
V. Kingdom animalia
1) Kingdom Monera:-
It is also called kingdom prokaryotea. The following are the
characteristics of the kingdom monera.
a. Cell type:- it include all prokaryotic organism {pro=false karyon= nucleus}
b. Cellular organization:- It include all the unicellular prokaryotic organisms
 Doctor notes
c. Cell wall:- There cell wall is made of murein {a polysaccharide}
d. Mode of nutrition:- They may be autotrophs or heterotrophs.

Example Bacteria Cyanobacteria

2) Kingdom Protista:-

It is also called kingdom protozoa. The following are the

characteristics of kingdom protozoa.

a) Cell type:- it include all eukaryotic organism {euo=true karyon= nucleus}

b) Cellular organization:- It include all the unicellular eukaryotic organisms
c) Cell wall: - Cell wall is absent.
d) Mode of nutrition: - They may be autotrophs or heterotrophs.
Example:- Amoeba Plasmodium Paramecium etc.

3) Kingdom fungi;-

A fungus (fungi) is the organism which is grown on the dead decay matter
animal and plant.

a) Cell type:- It include all eukaryotic organism {euo=true karyon= nucleus}

b) Cellular organization:- It include unicellular (yeast) and
multicellular(mushroom) eukaryotic organisms
c) Cell wall: - Cell wall is made of chitin (a polysaccharides)
d) Mode of nutrition: - They are heterotrophs the can get nutrients through
absorption.

Example:- Yeast rizopus mushroom molds etc.

4) Kingdom plantea:-

The following are the properties of kingdom Plantae.

a) Cell type:- It include all eukaryotic organism {euo=true karyon= nucleus}

b) Cellular organization:- It include all multicellular eukaryotic organisms
c) Cell wall: - Cell wall is composed of cellulose.
d) Mode of nutrition: - They may be autotrophs it can synthesize their own food by
photosynthesis.

Example:- Mustered plant mulberry Acacia etc.

5) Kingdom animalia:-

The following are the characteristics of the kingdom animalia.

a) Cell type:- It include all eukaryotic organism {euo=true karyon= nucleus}

b) Cellular organization:- It include all multicellular eukaryotic organisms
c) Cell wall: - Cell wall is absent.
d) Mode of nutrition: - They are heterotrophs.
e) It is classified into two main groups i.e. Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Example:- Jelly fish insects mammals bird Fish etc.

 Doctor notes
Write the note level of biological organization.

As we know almighty Allah created a millions of the organisms on the earth surface.
They range from simple {bacteria unicellular} to more complex {multicellular humane}
organisms. These all organisms are organized on a particular manner that supports life
function. The following are the different steps of a biological organization.

1. Sub atomic particles/atoms.

As we know that all living and nonliving things are considered as

matter. And matter is composed of a small simple unite called atom {the word atom
means indivisible the word atom was used by Democritus }. There are 92 natural elements in
which on sixteen elements form the whole body of living organism called Bio-elements.

2. Molecule/Compound.

Atom combined together and form molecules/compounds.

Those compound/molecules which are necessary for the living organisms is known as
bio-molecules.