List of traditional Chinese medicines

In Traditional Chinese Medicine, there are roughly 13,000 medicinals used in China and over
100,000 medicinal prescriptions recorded in the ancient literature.[1] Plant elements and extracts are
the most common elements used in medicines.[2] In the classic Handbook of Traditional Drugs from
1941, 517 drugs were listed - 442 were plant parts, 45 were animal parts, and 30 were minerals.[2]

Herbal medicine, as used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), came to widespread attention in the
United States in the 1970s. At least 40 states in the United States license practitioners of Oriental
medicine, and there are about 50 colleges of Oriental medicine in the United States today.[3]

In Japan, the use of TCM herbs and herbal formulas is traditionally known as Kampo, literally "Han
Chinese Medical Formulas". Many Kampo combinations are manufactured in Japan on a large scale
by reputable manufacturers.[4]

In Korea, more than 5000 herbs and 7000 herbal formulas are used in Traditional Korean Medicine
for the prevention and treatment of ailments. These are herbs and formulas that are traditionally
Korean or derived from, or are used in TCM.[5]

In Vietnam, traditional medicine comprises Thuoc Bac (Northern Medicine) and Thuoc Nam
(Southern Medicine). Only those who can understand Chinese characters could diagnose and
prescribe remedies in Northern Medicine. The theory of Northern Medicine is based on the Yin-Yang
interactions and the eight trigrams, as used in Chinese Medicine.[6][7] Herbs such as Gleditsia sinensis
are used in both Traditional Vietnamese Medicine and TCM.

Ginseng is the most broadly used substance for the most broad set of alleged cures. Powdered antlers,
horns, teeth, and bones are second in importance to ginseng, with claims ranging from curing cancer
to curing impotence.

Mammals

Human parts and excreta

Human body parts and excreta have been used in TCM since ancient times. More common ones
include a remedy made from licorice and human feces, dried human placenta, finger nails, child's
urine, hair, and adult urinary sediments (Hominis Urinae Sedimentum, Ren Zhong Bai).[8][9]
Uncommon parts include pubic hair, muscle, blood, bone, semen, and menstrual blood.[8] The
Bencao Gangmu describes the use of 35 human waste products and body parts as medicines, such as
bones, fingernail, hairs, dandruff, earwax, impurities on the teeth, feces, urine, sweat, and organs. -
Also listed are human breath and the "soul of criminals that were hanged", which is considered under
TCM to be a material object resembling charcoal that is dug out of the ground beneath the body
shortly after a hanged criminal died.

Very few human or allegedly human products remain in TCM today.[8]

There is considerable controversy about the ethics of use of criminals for body parts, using humans as
commodities, and consumption of human body parts which some consider to be cannibalism.[8]

Dried human placenta

Dried human placenta is believed to treat male impotence, male and female infertility, chronic cough,
asthma, and insomnia.[10][11][12][13][14][15]

Human feces and urine

Human penis

The human penis is not a drug.

— Li Shizhen

Human penis was previously believed under TCM to stop bleeding, and as with other TCM medicines,
the basis for belief in its therapeutic effects is anecdotal and not based on the scientific method; Li
Shizhen, author of the greatest pharmacological work in pre-modern China, the Bencao Gangmu,
objected to use of human penis, but cited the anecdotal evidence and thus included it in his book.[8]

Human pubic hair

Human pubic hair ("shady hair") was claimed to cure snakebite, difficult birth, abnormal urination,
and "yin and yang disorder" (A disease unique to TCM based on traditional Chinese views of sexual
behavior).[8]

Donkey-hide gelatin

Gelatin made from the hide of donkeys (ejiao) is made into pellets for use in making teas.[18]

Deer penis

Deer penis is commonly sold in pharmacies.[19] and served in specialized restaurants such as the Guo
Li Zhuang restaurant in Beijing.[20] The deer penis is typically very large and some proponents believe
it must be extracted from the deer whilst still alive.[21] Often it is then sliced into small pieces,
typically by women and then roasted and dried in the sun and then preserved.

China banned deer penis wine during the 2008 Summer Olympics, as it is believed that the wine is an
effective treatment for athletic injuries.[22][23]

Flying squirrel feces

Flying squirrel feces is used to stop bleeding.[10][11][12][13][15]

The text Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology notes that flying squirrel feces has a "distinct
odor" that "may decrease patient compliance" with ingesting it.[24]

It is believed to have uses for amenorrhea, menses pain, postpartum abdominal pain, epigastric pain,
and chest pain.[11] It is boiled in a decoction with other herbs prior to ingestion. If it is to be used in a
formula to stop heavy bleeding; it is dry fried prior to further processing.[10][11][12][13][15][25] Exposure
to flying squirrels in the wild has been associated with Rickettsia infections.[26]

Pangolin scales

Scales of pangolins, Chuan Shan Jia [Manitis Squama], are used in traditional Chinese medicine.[27]
is classified as salty and cool and as entering the Liver and Stomach channels. It is traditionally used
in Chinese medicine to disperse blood stasis (for promoting menstruation and lactation), reducing
swelling and promoting discharge of pus (for abscesses and boils etc.) and for expelling wind-
dampness (for pain due to rehumatism/arthritis).

Rhinoceros horn
The horn of a rhinoceros is used as an antipyretic - because it is believed to "cool the blood" - however
several scientific studies failed to find any active antipyretic molecule in rhinoceros horn.[28] The
black market trade of rhinoceros parts has decimated the world's population by more than 90 percent
over the past 40 years.[29]

Tiger penis

The penis and testicles of male tigers is used by some to treat erectile dysfunction and to improve
sexual performance, despite tiger penis being a placebo.[30] Critically endangered species such as the
Sumatran tiger are often being hunted to keep up with the illegal demand for tiger parts.[31]

Reptiles and amphibians

Snake oil

Snake oil is the most widely known Chinese medicine in the west, due to extensive marketing in the
west in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and wild claims of its efficacy to treat many maladies.[32][33]
Snake oil is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat joint pain by rubbing it on joints as a
liniment.[32]

This is theoretically possible because snake oil is higher in eicosapentaenoic acid than most other oils.
But there are no scientific studies showing that rubbing it on joints has any positive effect, or that
snake oil is safe for daily consumption.[32][33]

Toad secretions

The secretions of various species of toads are an ingredient in certain traditional Chinese teas.
However, these teas may contain deadly amounts of cardiac glycosides and thus should be
avoided.[18]

Toad-headed gecko

Toad-head geckos are gutted, beheaded, dried and then crushed, and are used to treat asthma, male
impotence and the common cold.[34]

Turtle shell

Widespread medicinal use of turtle shells is of concern to conservationists.[35]

Marine life

Seahorse

Seahorse (Hai Ma) is a fundamental ingredient in therapies for a variety of disorders, including
asthma, arteriosclerosis, incontinence, impotence, insomnia, thyroid disorders, skin ailments, broken
bones, heart disease, throat infections, abdominal pain, sores, skin infections; it is also used as an
aphrodisiac and to facilitate childbirth.[36][37] As many as 20 million seahorses per year may be used
for TCM purposes.[38][39] In one study, 58 seahorse samples were collected from various TCM
vendors in Taiwan, and of all the eight species identified from the fifty-eight samples, seven were
vulnerable, and one was endangered.[40]

Shark fin soup

Insects

Blister beetle

Blister beetles (Ban mao) are believed under TCM to treat skin lesions, because they cause them.[42]
They contain the blister agent cantharidin.[43]

Centipede

Powdered centipede (wu gong) is believed under TCM to treat tetanus, seizures, convulsions, skin
lesions, and pain.[44] It is toxic.[44] The Chinese red-headed centipede (Scolopendra sunspinipes
mutilans) is the only registered species for clinical application in China.[45]

Hornets nest

Hornets nest (lu feng fang) is used to treat skin disorders and ringworm.[46] It may be toxic.[43]

Leech

Hirudo medicinalis is used in TCM to treat amenorrhea, abdominal and chest pain, and
constipation.[47]

Scorpion

Dried scorpions (Chinese: 全 蠍 ; pinyin: quán xiē) may be ground into a powder and mixed with
water. It is said to aid in detoxification[48] A scorpion venom peptide was found to help with arthritis
in vitro.[49]

Fungi
Various fungi are used in TCM. Some may have scientifically proven medicinal value, while others
may be extremely toxic.

Supernatural mushroom

The supernatural mushroom (lingzhi mushroom, Chinese "linh chi" = "supernatural mushroom",
"reishi mushroom" in Japan) encompasses several fungal species of the genus Ganoderma, and most
commonly refers to the closely related species, Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae. G.
lucidum enjoys special veneration in East Asia, where it has been used as a medicinal mushroom in
traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2,000 years,[50] making it one of the oldest mushrooms
known to have been used medicinally. Today, the ling zhi mushroom is used in a herbal formula
designed to minimize the side effects of chemotherapy.[51]

Extracts of the mushroom are used as a commercial pharmaceutical to suppress cancer cell
proliferation and migration, although the mechanisms by which this is achieved are currently
unknown.[52]

Tremella fuciformis
Tremella fuciformis is used as a beauty product by women in China and Japan as it reportedly
increases moisture retention in the skin and prevents senile degradation of micro-blood vessels in the
skin, reducing wrinkles and smoothing fine lines. Other beneficial effects come from its ability to
increase the activity of SOD in the brain and liver.[53]

Caterpillar Fungus

The caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) as a medicine was initially used by Tibetans no later
than the fifteenth century, and was later assimilated into Chinese materia medica from the eighteenth
century onwards.[54]

Plants
There are thousands of plants that are used as medicines.[55] The following list represents a very small
portion of the TCM pharmacopoeia.

Monkshood root

Monkshood root is commonly used in TCM.[56] It was once so commonly used it was called "the king
of the 100 herbs".[57][58]

The monkshood plant contains what is called "the queen of poisons", the highly toxic alkaloid
aconitine.[59] Aconitine is easily absorbed through the skin, eyes and through the lining of the nose;
Death may occur through respiratory paralysis. A few minutes after exposure, paresthesia starts at the
mouth and slowly beings to cover the whole body, Anesthesia, hot and cold flashes, nausea and
vomiting and other similar symptoms follow. Sometimes there is strong pain, accompanied by
cramps, or diarrhea.[60]

When a person has a negative reaction to the alkaloid, some practitioners of classical Chinese
medicine think that this is because it was that the monkshood plant was processed incorrectly or
planted on the wrong place or on the wrong day of the year; not because of an overdose.[58][61]

The Chinese also used aconitine both for hunting[62] and for warfare.[63]

Birthworts

Birthworts (family Aristolochiaceae) are often used to treat many ailments, including hypertension,
hemorrhoids, and colic.[64] However, they are of little medicinal value and contain the carcinogen
aristolochic acid.[65] The over-use of this plant family in TCM is thought be a significant cause of
upper urinary tract cancer and kidney failure in Taiwan; in 2012, approximately a third of all herbal
prescriptions in Taiwan contained AA. Supplements containing AA may be responsible for BEN.[66]

Camellia sinensis

Tea from India, Sri Lanka, Java and Japan is used in TCM for aches and pains, digestion, depression,
detoxification, as an energizer and, to prolong life.[67]

Cayenne pepper

Cayenne pepper is believed under TCM to be a prophylactic medicine.[68]

Chinese cucumber

The fruit of Trichosanthes kirilowii is believed to treat tumors, reduce fevers, swelling and coughing,
abscesses, amenorrhea, jaundice, and polyuria. The plant is deadly if improperly prepared; causing
pulmonary edema, cerebral hemorrhage, seizures, and high fever.[69]

Chrysanthemum flowers
Chrysanthemum flowers (Ju Hua) are used in TCM to treat headaches, fever, dizziness and dry eyes.
They are also used to make certain beverages. Chrysanthemum flowers are believed to "brighten the
eyes, pacify the liver, break blood, clear heat, stop dysentery, disperse wind, relieve toxicity, and
regulate the center".[70]

Cocklebur fruit

Cocklebur fruit (Xanthium, cang er zi) is one of the most important herbs in TCM, and is commonly
to treat sinus congestion, chronic nasal obstructions and discharges, and respiratory allergies.[71]

The plant is mildly toxic and can cause gastrointestinal upset.[72]

Crow dipper

Pinellia ternata is believed under TCM to be the strongest of all TCM herbs for removing phlegm.

Active ingredients of this herb include: methionine, glycine, β-aminobutyric acid, γ-aminobutyric
acid, ephedrine, trigonelline, phytosterols and glucoronic acid.[51]

Care should be taken as crow dipper is toxic.

Croton seed

Seeds of Croton tiglium are used in TCM to treat gastrointestinal disorders, convulsions, and skin
lesions. They are often used with rhubarb, dried ginger and apricot seed.[73] Care should be taken as
the seeds are toxic and carcinogenic.[74]

Dioscorea root

In TCM, Dioscorea Root (Radix Dioscorea, Huai Shan Yao or Shan Yao in Chinese), benefits both the
Yin and Yang, and is used to tonify the lungs, spleen and kidney. It can "be used in large amounts and
30g is suggested when treating diabetes". If taken habitually, it "brightens the intellect and prolongs
life".[75]

Ginger

Ginger root, Zingiber officinale, has been used in China for over 2,000 years to treat indigestion,
upset stomach, diarrhea, and nausea. It is also used in TCM to treat arthritis, colic, diarrhea, heart
conditions, the common cold, flu-like symptoms, headaches, and menstrual cramps. Today, health
care professionals worldwide commonly recommend ginger to help prevent or treat nausea and
vomiting associated with motion sickness, pregnancy, and cancer chemotherapy. It is also used as a
treatment for minor stomach upset, as a supplement for arthritis, and may even help prevent heart
disease and cancer.[76]

Ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba seeds are crushed and believed under TCM to treat asthma.[77] G. biloba has been used
by humans for nearly 5,000 years.[78] However, further scientific studies are needed to establish the
efficacy of G. biloba as a medicine.[78]

Ginseng

Ginseng root is the most widely sold traditional Chinese medicine. The name "ginseng" is used to
refer to both American (Panax quinquefolius) and Asian or Korean ginseng (P. ginseng), which
belong to the species Panax and have a similar chemical makeup. Siberian ginseng or Eleuthero
(Eleutherococcus senticosus) is another type of plant. Asian ginseng has a light tan, gnarled root that
often looks like a human body with stringy shoots for arms and legs. In ancient times, herbalists
thought that because of the way ginseng looks it could treat many different kinds of syndromes, from
fatigue and stress to asthma and cancer. In traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng was often combined
with other herbs and used often to bring longevity, strength, and mental alacrity to its users. Asian
ginseng is believed to enhance the immune system in preventing and treating infection and disease.
Several clinical studies report that Asian ginseng can improve immune function. Studies have found
that ginseng seems to increase the number of immune cells in the blood, and improve the immune
system's response to a flu vaccine. In one study, 227 participants received either ginseng or placebo
for 12 weeks, with a flu shot administered after 4 weeks. The number of colds and flu were two-thirds
lower in the group that took ginseng.[79]

Ginseng contains stimulants, but may produce side effect including high blood pressure, low blood
pressure, and mastalgia.[80] Ginseng may also lead to induction of mania in depressed patients who
mix it with antidepressants.[81] One of the most common and characteristic symptoms of acute
overdose of ginseng from the genus Panax is bleeding. Symptoms of mild overdose with Panax
ginseng may include dry mouth and lips, excitation, fidgeting, irritability, tremor, palpitations,
blurred vision, headache, insomnia, increased body temperature, increased blood pressure, edema,
decreased appetite, increased sexual desire, dizziness, itching, eczema, early morning diarrhea,
bleeding, and fatigue.[24] Symptoms of gross overdose with Panax ginseng may include nausea,
vomiting, irritability, restlessness, urinary and bowel incontinence, fever, increased blood pressure,
increased respiration, decreased sensitivity and reaction to light, decreased heart rate, cyanotic facial
complexion, red face, seizures, convulsions, and delirium.[55]

The constituents of ginseng include triterpene saponins, aglycone protopanaxadiol, aglycone

Goji berry

Marketing literature for goji berry (wolfberry) products including several "goji juices" suggest that
wolfberry polysaccharides have extensive biological effects and health benefits, although none of these
claims have been supported by peer-reviewed research.

A May 2008 clinical study published by the peer-reviewed Journal of Alternative and Complementary
Medicine indicated that parametric data, including body weight, did not show significant differences
between subjects receiving Lycium barbarum berry juice and subjects receiving the placebo; the
study concluded that subjective measures of health were improved and suggested further research in
humans was necessary.[82] This study, however, was subject to a variety of criticisms concerning its
experimental design and interpretations.[83]

Published studies have also reported possible medicinal benefits of Lycium barbarum, especially due
to its antioxidant properties,[84] including potential benefits against cardiovascular and inflammatory
diseases,[85][86] vision-related diseases[87] (such as age-related macular degeneration and
glaucoma[88]), having neuroprotective properties[89] or as an anticancer[90] and immunomodulatory
agent.[91]

Wolfberry leaves may be used to make tea, together with Lycium root bark (called dìgǔpí; 地 骨 皮 in
Chinese), for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). A glucopyranoside isolated from wolfberry root
bark have inhibitory activity in vitro against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi.[92][93]

Horny goat weed

Horny goat weed (Yin Yang Huo, 淫 羊 藿 ) may have use in treating erectile dysfunction.[94]
Exploitation of wild populations may have a serious impact on the surrounding environment.

Lily bulb

Lily bulbs (Bai He) are used in TCM to treat dry cough, dry and sore throat, and wheezing.

Pear

Qiu Li Gao or Autumn Pear Syrup or Sydney Paste is a pear syrup or paste used in Chinese food
therapy.[95]

Chinese Rhubarb
The root of the "Chinese rhubarb", or "da huang" ( 大 黄 ), either Rheum palmatum, or Rheum
officinale, is an important herb that is used primarily as a laxative in TCM. The degree of potency
depends on how long the root is cooked during preparation after harvesting.[96]

Round cardamon fruit

Round cardamon fruit (Bai Dou Kou) is used in TCM to treat poor appetite, breathing problems,
vomiting and diarrhea

Thunder god vine

Thunder god vine is used in TCM to treat arthritis, relieve pain and reduce joint swelling.[97] It can be
extremely toxic, if not processed properly.[97] If used inappropriately, within two to three hours after
ingestion, a patient may begin to have diarrhea, headache, dizziness, severe vomiting (sometimes with
blood), chills, high fever, and irregular heart beat. Long term improper use may result in nervous
system damage.

Trichosanthis root

In TCM, Trichosanthis Root (Radix Trichosanthis or Tian Hua Fen in Chinese), is used to clear heat,
generate fluids when heat injures fluids causing thirst, in the wasting and thirsting syndrome. The
pairing of Tian Hua Fen and Zhi Mu had a faster, stronger and longer effect in reducing blood sugar
levels than either herb alone.[75]

Strychnine

The seeds of the Strychnine tree, Strychnos nux-vomica, are sometimes used to treat diseases of the
respiratory tract, anemia, and geriatric complaints. The active molecule is strychnine, a compound
often used as a pesticide.[98] Strychnine can also be used as a stimulant - however it has an extremely
low therapeutic index and better, less toxic replacements are available.[99]

Sweet wormwood

Sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua, Qing Hao) is believed under TCM to treat fever, headache,
dizziness, stopping bleeding, and alternating fever and chills.

Sweet wormwood had fallen out of common use under TCM until it was rediscovered in the 1970s
when the Chinese Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments (340 AD) was found. This
pharmacopeia contained recipes for a tea from dried leaves, prescribed for fevers (not specifically
malaria). The plant extracts often used in TCM are antimalarial, due to the presence of
artemisinin.[100]

However, it has been questioned as to whether tea made from A. annua is effective against malaria,
since artemesinin is not soluble in water and the resulting tea would not be expected to contain any
significant amount of artemesinin.[101][102][103]

Willow bark

Plants of the genus Salix have been used since the time of Hippocrates (400 BC) when patients were
advised to chew on the bark to reduce fever and inflammation. Willow bark has been used throughout
the centuries in China and Europe to the present for the treatment of pain (particularly low back pain
and osteoarthritis), headache, and inflammatory conditions such as bursitis and tendinitis. The bark
of white willow contains salicin, which is a chemical similar to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). It is
thought to be responsible for the pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory effects of the herb. In 1829,
salicin was used to develop aspirin. White willow appears to be slower than aspirin to bring pain
relief, but the analgesia may last longer.[104]

Inorganic chemicals and minerals

Arsenic

Arsenic sulfide (Xiong Huang) is a toxic mineral used in TCM to kill parasitic worms and treat sore
throats, swellings, abscesses, itching, rashes, and malaria.[105][106]

Arsenic, while possibly essential for life in tiny amounts, is extremely toxic in the amounts used and
arsenic poisoning may result from use of arsenic containing remedies.[106] They are most commonly
given as a pill or capsule, although are sometimes incorporated into a mixture with other
substances.[106]

Lead

Galena is used in TCM to treat ringworm, skin disorders and ulcers, and is thought to "detoxify" the
body.[107] It is crushed and taken orally or used on the skin.[107] Lead tetroxide (Qian Dan) is used to
treat anxiety, itching, and malaria.[105][108][109][110] It is important to note that most lead compounds
are extremely toxic.

Mercury

Cinnabar

Despite its toxicity, mercury sulfide (cinnabar) has historically been used in Chinese medicine, where
it is called zhūshā (朱砂), and was highly valued in Chinese Alchemy. It was also referred to as dān
( 丹 ), meaning all of Chinese alchemy, cinnabar, and the "elixir of immortality". Cinnabar has been
used in Traditional Chinese medicine as a sedative for more than 2000 years, and has been shown to
have sedative and toxic effects in mice.[111] In addition to being used for insomnia, cinnabar is thought
to be effective for cold sores, sore throat, and some skin infections.[112]

Corrosive sublimate

Mercury(II) chloride (Qing Fen) is used in TCM to "detoxify" the body, kill intestinal parasites, and as
a mild tranquilizer.[105][113]

See also
Langgan
Processing (Chinese materia medica)
Pharmacognosy
Alternative medicine

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