Indian Premier League

The Indian Premier League (IPL) (also known as the TATA IPL for sponsorship
reasons) is a men's Twenty20 (T20) cricket league that is annually held in India and
Indian Premier League
contested by ten city-based franchise teams.[3][4] The BCCI founded the league in
2007. The competition is usually held in summer between March and May every
year. It has an exclusive window in the ICC Future Tours Programme due to fewer
international cricket tours happening during IPL seasons worldwide.[5]

The IPL is the most-popular cricket league in the world; in 2014, it was ranked sixth
by average attendance among all sports leagues.[6] In 2010, the IPL became the first Countries India
sporting event to be broadcast live on YouTube.[7][8] Other Indian sports leagues have Administrator Board of Control
been established based on the success of the IPL.[a][11][12][13] The brand value of the for Cricket in India
league in 2022 was ₹90,038 crore (US$11 billion).[14] According to BCCI, the 2015 (BCCI)
IPL season contributed ₹1,150 crore (US$140 million) to the GDP of the economy of
India.[15] In December 2022, the IPL became a decacorn valued at US$10.9 billion, Headquarters Cricket Centre,
registering a 75% growth in dollar terms since 2020 when it was valued at $6.2 Churchgate,
billion, according to a report by consulting firm D and P Advisory.[16] Its 2023 final Mumbai,
was the most streamed live event on internet with 3.2 crore or 32 million viewers.[17] Maharashtra
Format Twenty20
In 2023, the league sold its media rights for the period of 2023–2027 for US$6.4
billion to Viacom18 and Star Sports,[18] making the IPL's value per match $13.4 First edition 2008
million.[19] As of 2023, there have been sixteen seasons of the tournament. The Latest edition 2023
current champions are Chennai Super Kings, who won the season 2023 after Next edition 2024
defeating Gujarat Titans in the final at the Narendra Modi Stadium in Ahmedabad.[20]
Tournament Round Robin
format format with Group
History System and
Playoffs

Background Number of 10
teams
The Indian Cricket League (ICL) was founded in 2007 with funding provided by Zee Current Chennai Super
Entertainment Enterprises.[21] The ICL was not recognised by the Board of Control champion Kings
for Cricket in India (BCCI) or the International Cricket Council (ICC), and the BCCI (2023)
was unhappy about its own committee members joining the ICL executive board.[22]
Most Chennai Super
To prevent players from joining the ICL, the BCCI increased the prize money
associated with its domestic tournaments and imposed lifetime bans on any player successful Kings
joining the rival league, which the BCCI considered a rebel league.[23][24] Mumbai Indians
(5 titles each)
Most runs Virat Kohli (7263)
Foundation
Most wickets Yuzvendra Chahal
On 13 September 2007,[25] following India's victory at the 2007 T20 World Cup,[26] (187)
the BCCI announced a franchise-based Twenty20 cricket (T20) competition called TV India
the Indian Premier League. The first season was scheduled to start in April 2008 in a Star Sports
"high-profile ceremony" at New Delhi. BCCI vice-president Lalit Modi, who led the (Television)[1]
IPL effort, provided details of the tournament, including its format, prize money,
JioCinema
franchise revenue system, and squad composition rules. The new league, which
(Internet) [2]
would be run by a seven-man governing council, would also be the qualifying
International
mechanism for that year's Champions League Twenty20.[25]
List of
To determine team ownership, an auction of franchises was held on 24 January 2008; broadcasters
the reserve prices of the eight franchises totalled $400 million,[24] although the Website iplt20.com (https://
auction raised a total of $723.59 million.[27] As a result of the ban imposed on players www.iplt20.com/)
opting to participate in the ICL, the rival league closed down in 2009.[28][29] Winners
Indian Premier League
Season Winners
Expansions and terminations
2008 Rajasthan Royals
New franchises Pune Warriors India and Kochi Tuskers Kerala joined the 2009 Deccan Chargers
league before the fourth season in 2011.[30] Sahara Adventure Sports Group
2010 Chennai Super Kings
bought the Pune franchise for $370 million while Rendezvous Sports World
bought the Kochi franchise for $333.3 million.[30] The Kochi franchise was 2011 Chennai Super Kings (2)
terminated after only one season when they failed to pay the BCCI the 10% 2012 Kolkata Knight Riders
bank guarantee element of the franchise.[31]
2013 Mumbai Indians
In September 2012, after failing to find new owners, the Deccan Chargers 2014 Kolkata Knight Riders (2)
franchise agreement was terminated.[32] In October, an auction for a
2015 Mumbai Indians (2)
replacement franchise was held; Sun TV Network won the bid for what
became the Hyderabad franchise;[33] the team was named Sunrisers 2016 Sunrisers Hyderabad
Hyderabad.[34] 2017 Mumbai Indians (3)

Pune Warriors India withdrew from the IPL in May 2013 over financial 2018 Chennai Super Kings (3)
differences with the BCCI.[35] The BCCI officially terminated the franchise in 2019 Mumbai Indians (4)
October, and the league reverted to eight teams.[36] 2020 Mumbai Indians (5)
In June 2015, two-time champions Chennai Super Kings and the inaugural 2021 Chennai Super Kings (4)
season champions Rajasthan Royals were suspended for two seasons following 2022 Gujarat Titans
their role in a spot-fixing and betting scandal.[37] The two teams were replaced
2023 Chennai Super Kings (5)
for two seasons by franchises based at Pune and Rajkot.[38][39]

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the venue for the 2020 season was moved and
games were played in the United Arab Emirates.[40][41] In August 2021, the BCCI
announced two new franchises, based in two of six shortlisted cities, would join the
league in the 2022 season.[42][43] In closed bidding held in October, RPSG Group and
CVC Capital won the bids for the teams, paying ₹7,000 crore (US$880 million) and
₹5,200 crore (US$650 million).[44][45] The teams were subsequently named
Lucknow Super Giants and Gujarat Titans.

A number of IPL franchise owners have expanded their business by acquiring teams in A match during the 2008 IPL
other franchise leagues, such as the South African SA20, the Caribbean Premier inaugural season in Chennai
League and the US Major League Cricket. Teams have been branded with similar
names to their parent IPL franchises.[46]

Organisation
The IPL's headquarters is situated inside the Cricket Centre next to the Wankhede
Stadium in Churchgate, Mumbai. The Governing Council is responsible for the
league's functions, including tournament organisation. As of April 2023, its members
were:[47] Crowd during a match of the 2023
IPL season in Kolkata
Arun Singh Dhumal – Chairman[48][49]
Jay Shah – Secretary of the BCCI
Ashish Shelar – Treasurer, BCCI
Avishek Dalmiya
Pragyan Ojha – Indian Cricketers' Association's representative
Alka Rehani Bhardwaj – Comptroller and Auditor General of India nominee

Player acquisition, squad composition, and salaries

A team can acquire players through the annual player auction, trading with other teams during trading windows, and signing
replacements for unavailable players. Players sign up for the auction[50] and set their base price and are bought by the highest-
bidding franchise. Players unsold at the auction are eligible to be signed as replacement signings. In the trading windows, a
player can only be traded with consent; the franchise pays any difference between the old and new contracts. If the new
contract is worth more than the old one, the player and the selling franchise share the difference. There are generally three
trading windows – two before the auction and one between the auction and the start of the tournament. Players cannot be
traded outside the trading windows or during the tournament, whereas replacements can be signed before or during the
tournament.

Some of the rules for franchises, as of the 2020 season, are:

The salary cap of the entire squad must not exceed ₹85 crore (US$11 million).[51]
Under-19 players cannot be picked unless they have previously played first-class or List A cricket.[52]

Player contracts run for one year; the franchise can extend the contract by one or two years. Since the 2014 season, player
contracts have been denominated in the Indian rupee, before which the contracts were in the US dollar. Overseas players can
be remunerated in the currency of the player's choice at the exchange rate on either the contract-due date or the actual payment
date.[53] Before the 2014 season, Indian domestic players were not included in the player auction pool. They could be signed
up by franchises at a discrete amount while a fixed sum of ₹10 lakh (US$13,000) to ₹30 lakh (US$38,000) would be
deducted per signing from the franchise's salary purse. This received significant opposition from franchise owners, who
complained richer franchises were "luring players with under-the-table deals." The IPL later decided to include domestic
players in the player auction.[54]

The BCCI give 10% of foreign players' salary to their country's national cricket board.[55]

According to a 2015 survey by Sporting Intelligence and ESPN The Magazine, the average IPL salary when pro-rated is
US$4.33 million per year, the second-highest of sports leagues in the world. Because players in the IPL are contracted only for
the duration of the tournament – less than two months – the weekly IPL salaries are extrapolated pro data to obtain an average
annual salary, unlike other sports leagues in which players are contracted by a single team for the entire year.[56]

According to a report by The Telegraph, IPL players are paid 18% of the revenue, which is the lowest amount compared to
other major sports leagues. Most sports leagues pay the players at least 50% of the revenue. The Federation of International
Cricketers' Associations said that IPL players must be paid fairly.[57][58][59]

Prize money

The 2022 season of the IPL offered total prize money of ₹46.5 crore (equivalent to ₹49 crore or US$6.2 million in 2023),
with the winning team netting ₹20 crore (equivalent to ₹21 crore or US$2.7 million in 2023) and the second-placed team
₹13 crore (equivalent to ₹14 crore or US$1.7 million in 2023).[60][61] League rules mandate that half of any prize money
must be distributed amongst the franchise's players.[62]

Rules
The IPL has a number of rules which vary from the established Laws of cricket or those used in other Twenty20 leagues:

IPL games incorporate television timeouts. Each team is given a two-and-a-half-minute "strategic time-out"
during each innings. One must be taken by the bowling team between the seventh and ninth overs and the
other by the batting team between the 14th and 16th overs. A penalty may be imposed if umpires find teams
misusing this privilege.[63]
Since the 2018 season, the Decision Review System (DRS) has been used in all IPL matches, allowing each
team two opportunities each innings to review an on-field umpire's decision.[64] From the 2023 season, this
was extended to allow the review of wides ad no-balls.[65]
If the bowling team does not complete its overs in the allocated time, it may place only four fielders outside of
the fielding restrictions circle for the remainder of the innings,[65] or the match referee may impose financial
sanctions on the bowling team after the match, with players fined a proportion of their match fee.[66]
Teams can use a substitute, termed an "impact player", from a list of five players named as possible
substitutes. The substitution can be made before the start of innings, when a wicket falls, when a batter
retires, or at the end of an over. Both teams can introduce a substitute once per match.[67][68]
 Teams can declare their playing eleven to the match-referee before or after the toss.[67]
A five run penalty is imposed if a fielder or wicket-keeper makes an unfair movement while the bowler is
bowling and the ball is designated as dead ball.[69][65][67]
Teams can include a maximum of four overseas players in their playing eleven.[68]
Teams must include 15 players in their squad, with a maximum of eight overseas players.[70]

Teams
As of the 2023 season, the league has ten teams based in cities across India.

PBKS

DC

RR LSG

GT
KKR

MI

SRH

RCB CSK

Locations of the ten IPL teams

 Team City State Home ground Debut Captain Head coach

Chennai Super Kings Chennai Tamil Nadu M. A. Chidambaram Stadium 2008 M. S. Dhoni Stephen Fleming

Delhi Capitals New Delhi Delhi Arun Jaitley Stadium 2008 David Warner Ricky Ponting
Gujarat Titans Ahmedabad Gujarat Narendra Modi Stadium 2022 Shubman Gill Ashish Nehra

Chandrakant
Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata West Bengal Eden Gardens 2008 Nitish Rana
Pandit

Lucknow Super Uttar BRSABV Ekana Cricket

Lucknow 2022 KL Rahul Justin Langer
Giants Pradesh Stadium
Mumbai Indians Mumbai Maharashtra Wankhede Stadium 2008 Rohit Sharma Mark Boucher

Shikhar
Punjab Kings Mohali Punjab Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium 2008 Trevor Bayliss
Dhawan

Sanju Kumar
Rajasthan Royals Jaipur Rajasthan Sawai Mansingh Stadium 2008
Samson Sangakara
Royal Challengers Faf du
Bangalore Karnataka M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2008 Andy Flower
Bangalore Plessis

Rajiv Gandhi International Aiden

Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad Telangana 2013 Daniel Vettori
Cricket Stadium Markram

Defunct teams

Team City State Home ground Debut Dissolved Owner(s)

Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket T. Venkattram

Deccan Chargers Hyderabad Telangana 2008 2012 Reddy
Stadium
Gayatri Reddy

Kochi Tuskers Kochi Cricket Pvt

Kochi Kerala Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 2011 2011
Kerala Ltd

Maharashtra Cricket Association

Pune Warriors India Pune Maharashtra 2011 2013 Subrata Roy
Stadium
Rising Pune Maharashtra Cricket Association
Pune Maharashtra 2016 2018 Sanjiv Goenka
Supergiant Stadium

Saurashtra Cricket Association

Gujarat Lions Rajkot Gujarat 2016 2018 Keshav Bansal
Stadium

Timeline of teams
Present teams Former teams Suspended

Tournament seasons and results

With five titles each, Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians have won the most tournaments. Kolkata Knight Riders have
won two,[71] and Rajasthan Royals, Deccan Chargers, Sunrisers Hyderabad and Gujarat Titans have all won a single
title.[72][73][74]

As of 2023, the current champions are Chennai Super Kings, who defeated Gujarat Titans by five wickets in the 2023 IPL
final to secure their fifth title.

Number of titles

Runner- No. of seasons

Team Title(s) Seasons won Seasons runner-up
up played

2010, 2011, 2018, 2021, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2015,

Chennai Super Kings 5 14
2023 2019
5
2013, 2015, 2017, 2019,
Mumbai Indians 2010 16
2020

Kolkata Knight Riders 2 2012, 2014 2021 16

1
Rajasthan Royals 2008 2022 14
Sunrisers Hyderabad 2016 2018 11
1
Gujarat Titans 2022 2023 2

Deccan Chargers† – 2009 – 5

Royal Challengers
3 2009, 2011, 2016 16
Bangalore
Punjab Kings 2014 16
– –
Delhi Capitals 1 2020 16

Rising Pune Supergiant† 2017 2

† Team now defunct

Finals

Player of
Season Winner Winning margin Runner-up Final venue
the season

Rajasthan
Royals won by 3 wickets Chennai Super Shane
Royals DY Patil Stadium,
2008 Scorecard (http://www.espncricinfo.co Kings Watson
164/7 (20 Navi Mumbai
m/ipl/engine/match/336040.html) 163/5 (20 overs) (RR)
overs)

Deccan Royal
Chargers won by 6 runs Wanderers Adam
Chargers Challengers
2009 Scorecard (http://www.espncricinfo.co Stadium, Gilchrist
143/6 (20 Bangalore
m/ipl2009/engine/match/392239.html) Johannesburg (DC)
overs) 137/9 (20 overs)

Chennai
Super Kings won by 22 runs Mumbai Sachin
Super Kings DY Patil Stadium,
2010 Scorecard (http://www.espncricinfo.co Indians Tendulkar
168/5 (20 Navi Mumbai
m/ipl2010/engine/match/419165.html) 146/9 (20 overs) (MI)
overs)

Chennai Super Kings won by 58 runs Royal

Super Kings Scorecard (http://www.espncricinfo.co Challengers M. A. Chidambaram Chris Gayle
2011
205/5 (20 m/indian-premier-league-2011/engine/ Bangalore Stadium, Chennai (RCB)
overs) match/501271.html) 147/8 (20 overs)

Kolkata
Knight Riders won by 5 wickets
Knight Chennai Super
Scorecard (http://www.espncricinfo.co M. A. Chidambaram Sunil Narine
2012 Riders Kings
m/indian-premier-league-2011/engine/ Stadium, Chennai (KKR)
192/5 (19.4 190/3 (20 overs)
match/501271.html)
overs)

Mumbai Indians won by 23 runs

Chennai Super Shane
Indians Scorecard (http://www.espncricinfo.co Eden Gardens,
2013 Kings Watson
148/9 (20 m/indian-premier-league-2011/engine/ Kolkata
125/9 (20 overs) (RR)
overs) match/501271.html)

Kolkata
Knight Riders won by 3 wickets
Knight Kings XI Glenn
Scorecard (http://www.espncricinfo.co M. Chinnaswamy
2014 Riders Punjab Maxwell
m/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/ Stadium, Bengaluru
200/7 (19.3 199/4 (20 overs) (KXIP)
match/734049.html)
overs)

Mumbai Indians won by 41 runs

Chennai Super Andre
Indians Scorecard (http://www.espncricinfo.co Eden Gardens,
2015 Kings Russell
202/5 (20 m/indian-premier-league-2015/engine/ Kolkata
161/8 (20 overs) (KKR)
overs) match/829823.html)

Sunrisers Royal
Sunrisers won by 8 runs
Hyderabad Challengers M. Chinnaswamy Virat Kohli
2016 Scorecard (http://www.espncricinfo.co
208/7 (20 Bangalore Stadium, Bengaluru (RCB)
m/ci/engine/match/981019.html)
overs) 200/7 (20 overs)

Mumbai
Indians won by 1 run Rising Pune Rajiv Gandhi
Indians Ben Stokes
2017 Scorecard (http://www.espncricinfo.co Supergiant Stadium,
129/8 (20 (RPSG)
m/ci/engine/match/1082650.html) 128/6 (20 overs) Hyderabad
overs)

Super Kings won by 8 wickets

Chennai
Scorecard (http://www.espncricinfo.co Sunrisers
Super Kings Wankhede Stadium, Sunil Narine
2018 m/series/8048/game/1136620/chennai Hyderabad
181/2 (18.3 Mumbai (KKR)
-super-kings-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-fi 178/6 (20 overs)
overs)
nal-indian-premier-league-2018)
Indians won by 1 run
Mumbai
Scorecard (http://www.espncricinfo.co Chennai Super Rajiv Gandhi Andre
Indians
2019 m/series/8048/scorecard/1181768/mu Kings Stadium, Russell
149/8 (20
mbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-fi 148/7 (20 overs) Hyderabad (KKR)
overs)
nal-indian-premier-league-2019)

2020 Mumbai Indians won by 5 wickets Delhi Capitals Dubai International Jofra Archer
Indians Scorecard (https://www.espncricinfo.co 156/7 (20 overs) Cricket Stadium, (RR)
m/series/8048/scorecard/1237181/delh Dubai
 157/5 (18.4 i-capitals-vs-mumbai-indians-final-india
overs) n-premier-league-2020-21)

Chennai
Super Kings won by 27 runs Kolkata Knight Dubai International
Super Kings Harshal
2021 Scorecard (https://www.iplt20.com/mat Riders Cricket Stadium,
192/3 (20 Patel (RCB)
ch/2021/60) 165/9 (20 overs) Dubai
overs)

Gujarat
Titans Won by 7 wickets Rajasthan Narendra Modi
Titans Jos Buttler
2022 Scorecard (https://www.iplt20.com/mat Royals Stadium,
133/3 (18.1 (RR)
ch/2022/531) 130/9 (20 overs) Ahmedabad
overs)

Super Kings won by 5 wickets (DLS)

Chennai
Scorecard (https://www.espncricinfo.co Narendra Modi
Super Kings Gujarat Titans Shubman
2023 m/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1 Stadium,
171/5 (15 214/4 (20 overs) Gill (GT)
345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-supe Ahmedabad
overs)
r-kings-final-1370353/full-scorecard)

Teams' performances
Season
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(No. of
(8) (8) (8) (10) (9) (9) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (8) (10) (10)
teams)

Chennai
Super RU SF C C RU RU PO RU Suspended C RU 7th C 9th C
Kings
Deccan
8th C 4th 7th 8th –
Chargers†
Delhi
Capitals /
SF SF 5th 10th PO 9th 8th 7th 6th 6th 8th PO RU PO 5th 9th
Delhi
Daredevils

Kolkata
Knight 6th 8th 6th PO C 7th C 5th PO PO PO 5th 5th RU 7th 7th
Riders

Mumbai
5th 7th RU PO PO C PO C 5th C 5th C C 5th 10th PO
Indians
Punjab
Kings /
SF 5th 8th 5th 6th 6th RU 8th 8th 5th 7th 6th 6th 6th 6th 8th
Kings XI
Punjab

Rajasthan
C 6th 7th 6th 7th PO 5th PO Suspended PO 7th 8th 7th RU 5th
Royals

Royal
Challengers 7th RU 3rd RU 5th 5th 7th PO RU 8th 6th 8th PO PO PO 6th
Bangalore
Kochi
Tuskers – 8th –
Kerala†
Pune
Warriors /
Pune – 9th 9th 8th –
Warriors
India†

Sunrisers
– PO 6th 6th C PO RU PO PO 8th 8th 10th
Hyderabad
Gujarat
– PO 7th –
Lions†
Rising
Pune – 7th RU –
Supergiant†
 Gujarat
– C RU
Titans
Lucknow
Super – PO PO
Giants

Teams are listed alphabetically by year of entry into the league

† Team now defunct

C: champions
RU: runner-up
3rd: team won the 3rd place playoff. A third place playoff only took place in 2010
4th: team lost the 3rd place playoff
SF or PO: team qualified for the semi-final or playoff stage of the competition

Records and statistics

A summary of the most notable statistical records associated with the tournament is provided below:

As of 25 August 2023

Batting Records

Most runs Virat Kohli (RCB) 7,263

Highest score Chris Gayle (RCB) 175 not out vs Pune Warriors India (23 April 2013)

Highest partnership Virat Kohli & AB de Villiers (RCB) 229 vs Gujarat Lions (14 May 2016)

Most sixes Chris Gayle (KKR/RCB/PBKS) 357

Most fours Shikhar Dhawan (DD/MI/DC/SRH/PBKS) 750

Most centuries Virat Kohli (RCB) 7

Bowling Records
Most wickets Yuzvendra Chahal (MI/RCB/RR) 187

Best bowling figures Alzarri Joseph (MI) 6/12 vs Sunrisers Hyderabad (6 April 2019)

Fielding
Most dismissals (wicket-keeper) MS Dhoni (CSK/RPS) 180

Most catches (fielder) Suresh Raina (CSK/GL) 109

Other records
Most matches MS Dhoni (CSK/RPS) 250

Most matches as captain MS Dhoni (CSK/RPS) 227

Team records
Highest total Royal Challengers Bangalore 263/5 (20) vs Pune Warriors India (23 April 2013)

Lowest total Royal Challengers Bangalore 49 (9.4) vs Kolkata Knight Riders (23 April 2017)

Source: records extracted from ESPNcricinfo[75]

Awards

Orange Cap
The Orange Cap, introduced in 2008, is awarded to the highest run-scorer at the end of each season. It is an ongoing
competition with the current highest-run scorer wearing the cap whilst fielding. The eventual winner keeps the cap for the
season. Brendon McCullum was the first player to wear the Orange Cap and Shaun Marsh the inaugural winner of the award.
Australian batsman David Warner has won the award three times, more than any other player.[76] Shubman Gill of Gujarat
Titans, who scored 890 runs during the 2023 season, is the most recent winner of the award.[77][78]

Purple Cap

The Purple Cap is awarded to the highest wicket-taker at the end of each season. It is an ongoing competition and the bowler
who is the leading wicket-taker wears a purple cap whilst fielding. The leading wicket-taker at the end of the season wins the
award. Bhuvneshwar Kumar and Dwayne Bravo are the only players to have won the award twice.[79][80]

Most Valuable Player

The Most Valuable Player award, called the "Man of the Tournament" until the 2012 season, is awarded using a ratings
system introduced in 2013. Shubman Gill won the award in 2023.

Fair Play Award

The Fair Play Award is given after each season to the team considered to have the best fair play record. After each match, the
two on-field umpires and the third umpire score the performance of both teams, with the highest scoring team at the end of the
season receiving the award.[81] The 2023 winners were Delhi Capitals.

Emerging Player Award

The Emerging Player Award was presented to the best under-19 player in 2008 and the best under-23 player in 2009 and
2010. In 2011 and 2012, the award was known as "Rising Star of the Year," and in 2013 the "Best Young Player of the
Season." Since 2014, the award has been called the Emerging Player of the Year.[82] The 2023 winner was Yashasvi Jaiswal.

Maximum Sixes Award

The Maximum Sixes Award is presented to the player who hits the most sixes at the end of the season.[83]

Finances

Title sponsorship
Title sponsorship fees[84]
From 2008 to 2012, the IPL title sponsor was DLF, India's
largest real estate developer, which bid ₹200 crore Sponsor Period Estimated annual sponsorship fee
(US$25 million) for the rights for five seasons.[85] After the DLF 2008–2012 ₹40 crore (US$5.0 million)
2012 season, PepsiCo bought the title sponsorship rights for
Pepsi 2013–2015 ₹79.2 crore (US$9.9 million)
₹397 crore (US$50 million) for the next five seasons[86] but
terminated the deal in October 2015, two years before the expiry 2016–2017 ₹100 crore (US$12.5 million)
Vivo
of the contract, due to the two-season suspension of the Chennai 2018–2019 ₹440 crore (US$55.1 million)
and Rajasthan franchises from the league.[87] The BCCI
Dream11 2020 ₹222 crore (US$27.8 million)
transferred the title sponsorship rights for the remaining two
seasons of the contract to Chinese smartphone manufacturer Vivo 2021 ₹440 crore (US$55.1 million)
Vivo for ₹200 crore (US$25 million).[88] Tata 2022–2023 ₹335 crore (US$42.0 million)

In June 2017, Vivo retained the rights for the next five seasons from 2018 to 2022 with a winning bid of ₹2,199 crore
(US$280 million).[89][90] On 4 August 2020, Vivo canceled the title sponsorship rights due to the military stand-off between
India and China at the Line of Actual Control in July 2020.[91] The withdrawal was also a result of Vivo's market losses due
to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; Vivo intended to return as the title sponsor for the following three years.[92] Dream11
bagged the title sponsorship for the 2020 IPL for an amount of ₹222 crore (equivalent to ₹261 crore or US$33 million in
2023).[93] Vivo returned as the title sponsor for the 2021 IPL season[94] but withdrew again, and was replaced by the Tata
Group for the next two seasons.[95] InsideSport reported the BCCI would receive ₹498 crore (US$62 million) for the 2022
and 2023 seasons from title sponsors. Vivo had previously agreed to pay a higher amount for the last two seasons of its
sponsorship contract due to the league's expansion from the 2022 season. According to InsideSport, due to the new deal's
structure, Tata would pay ₹335 crore (US$42 million) per year while Vivo would pay the deficit of ₹163 crore
(US$20 million) per season.[96][97]

Saudi Aramco brought the rights to advertise on the Purple and Orange caps in 2022.[98]

Payments to foreign national boards

The BCCI pays ten percent of the auctioned value of a player to their respective cricket board. In January 2018, IPL chairman
Rajiv Shukla said the IPL would double the amount paid to cricket boards that made their players available for an entire
season.[99] In 2022, Australian Cricketers' Association expressed its unhappiness about this.[100]

Brand value

The IPL tournament rapidly grew in value between 2016 and 2018. Financial experts valued the IPL at US$4.16 billion in
2016; that number grew to $5.3 billion in 2017 and $6.13 billion in 2018. A report from Duff & Phelps said one of the
contributing factors in the rapid growth of the IPL's value was a new television deal with Star India Private Limited, which
engaged more viewers because the IPL was transmitted to regional channels in eight languages; under the previous deal, the
transmissions were limited to sports networks with English-language commentary.[101][102]

According to an independent report conducted by Brand Finance, a London-based company, after the conclusion of the 2017
Indian Premier League, the IPL's business value grew by 37% to an all-time peak of $5.3 billion, exceeding the five-billion-
dollar mark for the first time in a season. According to the company's director Savio D'Souza:

Now in its 11th season, the Indian Premier League is here to stay. The league has delivered financially for the
players, franchisees, sponsors, and India as a whole, prompting a strong desire among stakeholders to value it
appropriately. To ensure continued development, management, and team owners must explore innovative ways of
engaging fans, clubs, and sponsors.[103]

In December 2022, the IPL became a decacorn valued at US$10.9 billion, registering a 75% growth in dollar terms since 2020
when it was valued at $6.2 billion, according to a report by consulting firm D & P Advisory.[16]

Brand value

Year
Team 2023 2022 2021

Brand value Ref Brand value Ref Brand value Ref

Mumbai Indians ₹9,962 crore (US$1.2 billion) [104] $83M $80M

Kolkata Knight Riders ₹8,428 crore (US$1.1 billion) $77M $66M

Chennai Super Kings ₹8,811 crore (US$1.1 billion) $74M $76M

Royal Challengers Bangalore ₹7,853 crore (US$983.5 million) $68M $50M

[105][106][104]
Delhi Capitals ₹7,930 crore (US$993.1 million) $62M $56M
[105]
Rajasthan Royals ₹7,662 crore (US$959.5 million) $61M $34M

Sunrisers Hyderabad ₹7,432 crore (US$930.7 million) $49M $52M

Gujarat Titans ₹6,512 crore (US$815.5 million) $47M N/A

Punjab Kings ₹7,087 crore (US$887.5 million) $45M $36M

Lucknow Super Giants ₹8,236 crore (US$1.0 billion) $32M N/A

In 2022, the BCCI took insurance of ₹5,000 crore (US$630 million) for the IPL. This insurance policy involves all
stakeholders, including broadcasters, ancillary services providers, and sponsors. The BCCI is covered in the case of any
revenue losses due to weather, riots, and other unforeseen events.[107]

Broadcasting

2008–2017: Sony Pictures Networks

The IPL's broadcast rights were held by a partnership between Sony Pictures Networks (SPN) and World Sport Group
(WSG) under a ten-year contract valued at US$1.03 billion; SPN held domestic rights in India while WSG handled
international distribution.[108][109] The initial plan was for twenty percent of these proceeds to go to the IPL, eight percent as
prize money and seventy-two percent would be distributed to the franchisees from 2008 until 2012, after which the IPL would
go public and list its shares.[110] In March 2010, however, the IPL decided not to go public and list its shares.[111] As of the
2016 season, Sony Max, Sony Six, and Sony ESPN served as the IPL's domestic broadcasters; Max and Six aired broadcasts
with commentary in Hindi, SIX also aired broadcasts in Bengali, Tamil, Kannada and Telugu, while Sony ESPN aired
broadcasts in English.[112] SPN also produced Extraaa Innings T20, a combination of a post-match show with an
entertainment talk show featuring celebrity guests.[113][114]

The IPL became a major television property within India; Sony Max is typically the most-watched television channel in the
country during the tournament,[115] and by 2016, annual advertising revenue exceeded ₹12 billion (US$150 million).
Viewership numbers were expected to increase further during the 2016 season due to the industry adoption of the new
Broadcast Audience Research Council audience measurement system, which calculates viewership in both urban and rural
markets rather than only urban markets.[116][112]

2018–2022: Star Sports and Hotstar

On 4 September 2017, it was announced the IPL's then-current digital rights holder Star India had acquired the global media
rights to the IPL under a five-year contract beginning in 2018.[117] The contract was valued at ₹163.475 billion
(US$2.55 billion), a 158% increase over the previous deal, and the most expensive broadcast rights deal in the history of
cricket. The IPL sold the rights in packages for domestic television, domestic digital, and international rights; although Sony
held the highest bid for domestic television and Facebook made a US$600 million bid for domestic digital rights – which US
media interpreted as a sign Facebook was interested in pursuing professional sports rights – [118][119] Star was the only bidder
from the shortlist of 14 to make bids in all three categories.[120][121][122]

Star Sports broadcast matches on television and Hotstar streamed matches in India and other markets.[123][124] In September
2018, Star and mobile carrier Jio reached a five-year sub-licencing agreement under which all domestic cricket matches aired
by Hotstar would also be available via the Jio TV service for Jio Prime mobile subscribers.[125] Throughout the 2019 season,
international streaming viewership on Hotstar broke records, exceeding 10 million concurrent viewers multiple times. The
2019 final broke these records, peaking at 18.6 million concurrent streaming viewers.[126]

2023–2027: Star Sports and JioCinema

The next cycle of IPL media rights will last from 2023 to 2027 and was put to auction.[127] In this auction, the broadcasting
rights were divided into four packages. Package A was for domestic television rights, and Package B was for domestic digital
rights. Package C was for the digital rights of eighteen non-exclusive matches, and Package D was for international television
and digital rights, further divided into four groups. On 13 June 2022, it was reported the packages for domestic television and
streaming rights had fetched at least ₹397.75 billion (nearly US$5.1 billion) in total, doubling the value of the 2018–2022
contract.[127]

The next day, it was announced that Star Sports had renewed its contract for television rights by winning package A, and that
a Viacom18 consortium had exclusively acquired the streaming rights by winning both Package B and C.[128] The two
contracts for Package A and B are cumulatively valued at around US$6.2 billion; with the new contracts, the IPL overtook the
Premier League in English football as the second highest-valued sports media property worldwide, behind only the NFL,
whose new media contracts taking effect in the 2023 season cumulatively fetched US$111 billion.[129][130][131][132]
In February 2023, Viacom18 announced it would stream the 2023 IPL for free on JioCinema with feeds in 12 languages,
including English and regional languages, and in 4K resolution.[133][134][135] The same month, The Walt Disney Company
reported its loss of the IPL had contributed to a net loss of 2.4 million Disney+ subscribers worldwide, primarily in
India.[136][137]

Ahead of the 2023 IPL, Star launched HD feeds of Star Sports 1 in Tamil and Telugu and announced its free-to-air channel
Star Utsav Movies would carry twelve matches. It was anticipated viewership of Star Sports' broadcasts may not be heavily
impacted by the Jio deal due to its existing market reach (including as rights holder of India's home matches) and viewers who
preferred linear television due to being less familiar with over-the-top services, or concerns over technical issues associated
with such services. JioCinema reported the IPL had 1.4 billion views on the service over the opening weekend, which was
higher than the entirety of the 2022 season on Disney+ Hotstar.[138][139] The 2023 final set a record for the most concurrent
viewers of a livestreamed event, peaking at over 32 million viewers (surpassing a record of 25.3 million set by Hotstar during
the 2019 Cricket World Cup).[140][141]

List of broadcasters

In June 2022 media-rights auction, Sky Sports and Viacom18 acquired the rights for the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and
South Africa, while Times Internet gained the rights for the Middle East, North Africa, and the US.[142]

Territory Channels and Online streaming Years

Star Sports 2023–2027[1]

India
Jio Cinema (Internet) 2023–2027[2]

T Sports, GTV 2022[143]

Bangladesh
T Sports App 2023

Afghanistan Ariana Television Network 2022[144]

Africa SuperSport 2023

Australia Kayo Sports, Fox Sport's Foxtel (Internet) 2023[1]

Indonesia Vidio (Internet) 2023–present[145]

Ireland
Sky Sports, DAZN 2023–present
United Kingdom

Middle East and North Africa Times Internet 2023[1]

New Zealand Sky Sport 2021–present

South Africa SuperSport 2023[1]

Sub-Saharan Africa SuperSport 2021–present

United States Willow TV 2023[1]

Controversies

IPL spot fixing

In the 2012 IPL spot-fixing case, the BCCI gave a lifetime ban to Deccan Chargers player TP Sudhindra and suspended four
other players.[146] In a sting operation, Pune Warriors India player Mohnish Mishra was recorded stating that IPL franchise
owners pay their players through black money. Mishra had apologized for his incorrect statement.[147][148] On 20 May 2012,
police detained Rahul Sharma and Wayne Parnell when they were caught during a raid at a rave party at a suburb of Mumbai;
both the players denied taking drugs or drinking alcohol.[149] However, it was later proven that in reality, they had taken
banned drugs after police tested their urine and blood samples in a lab.[150]

In the 2013 IPL spot-fixing and betting case, Delhi police arrested players Ajit Chandila, Ankeet Chavan and S. Sreesanth on
allegations of spot-fixing; they received a lifetime ban from the BCCI. Police also arrested Gurunath Meiyappan, Chennai
Super Kings' team principal and son-in-law of then BCCI president N. Srinivasan, for illegally betting on IPL matches and
passing team information to the bookmakers.[151][152]
The Lodha Committee, appointed by the Supreme Court of India, banned Rajasthan Royals (RR) and Chennai Super Kings
(CSK) for two years. The CSK's team principal Meiyappan was found guilty of betting and bringing the IPL and the game
into disrepute. After this, the BCCI banned Meiyappan from involving in the game. Justice RM Lodha said that due to all this
fixing-betting matter, the reputation of the game has been hurt quite grievously. "Disrepute has been brought to cricket, the
BCCI and the IPL to such an extent that there are doubts abound in the public whether the game is clean or not," Justice
Lodha said. He further elaborated his Committee's observations and said it had proved beyond doubt that Gurunath
Meiyappan, the CSK's team principal, was heavily involved in betting on his team.[153]

Strategic timeouts

In its 3rd season in 2010, the IPL administration brought a new rule: "strategic timeout" of seven minutes and fifty seconds
duration in each inning. Franchises and Sachin Tendulkar disapproved of it. Many saw it as the BCCI's use of 'extended
drinks break' to earn money; it faced widespread backlash.[154][155] Then IPL president said that the rule is intended to allow
teams to make strategies amid the game. Still, critics disagreed with this argument and said that the strategic time-out is a way
to generate money. Later, the BCCI reduced its duration but still applied it.[155]

These timeouts boost the IPL's revenue; every 10-second slot gets sold for ₹5 lakhs or more.[156][157] Due to these time-outs,
an IPL match halts four times for more than 10 minutes. As per Sunil Gavaskar, along with many other reasons, Strategic
Timeouts (ST) delay the IPL matches, and they do not end at the stipulated time of 3 hours and 10 minutes, instead end after 4
hours.[158] Amid the Super Giants against Mumbai Indians eliminator game in 2023, on-air he uttered, "How many times
batsmen get out after a strategic timeout," indicating that it plays negative role in immediate fall of wickets by disrupting
concentration of the batters.[159]

Some cricketers have criticized strategic timeouts for interrupting the flow of play. In the past, it even faced a Public Interest
Litigation (PIL) with the possibility that ST breaks were being used by bookies to connect with the players. In the past, IPL's
stakeholders admitted that STs are unavoidable because it gives the BCCI and broadcasters additional time for more ads. In
2013, after a spot-fixing matter, then-president N. Shrinivasan got sacked due to a pending inquiry, and Jagmohan Dalmia got
appointed as interim president. Dalmia expressed openly that he wants to end STs and take other measures to restrain
malpractices in the IPL.[154]

Incidents with players

In 2008 edition, after a game, Harbhajan Singh, who was playing for Mumbai Indians, slapped S. Sreesanth. The IPL fined
and banned him from the remaining entire edition. However, years later, he apologized Sreesanth for it on TV and said that he
is ashamed for doing it.[160][161]

In an interview, Yuzvendra Chahal revealed two incidents of physical harassment that happened with him, while he was with
Mumbai Indians. In 2013, in a party of the team in a building, a drunken teammate took him to the balcony, overpowered him
and hung him from 15th floor of the building. Yuzvendra said he narrowly survived that day.[162][163][164] In another incident,
two teammates including Andrew Symonds tied him, gagged his mouth and threw him in a room of hotel. He remained whole
night alone in that room. When the hotel room service arrived at morning, they untied his hands and legs.[165] He did not
reveal the names of the offenders involved in the first incident. Reacting to these revelations, Virender Sehwag expressed that
he want Yuzvendra to reveal the offender's name and furious Ravi Shastri expressed that the offender should be
banned.[163][164]

In 2010, the BCCI banned Ravindra Jadeja from the IPL for one year after he violated the IPL guidelines by not signing a
renewal contract with his team Rajasthan Royals, and instead negotiated a more lucrative contract with other teams through
back door.[166]

Rajasthan Royals ownership dispute

In April 2010, the IPL president Shashank Manohar said in a press conference that they (IPL) don't know who the owners of
Rajasthan Royals (RR) and the Punjab team are. The initial bid for RR was made by a person named Manoj Bhandale. After
that, other firms from Mauritius were added as share holders. In response, Shilpa Shetty tweeted that she was a proprietor of
RR. Regarding the Punjab team, the IPL president revealed that in the team bidding event, only Preity Zinta was interested in
buying that team. She said that she would form a firm. She did it and signed a bid agreement with the BCCI. However, Preity
did not have a single share in her name in that firm. Manohar alleged that Shetty and Zinta violated the agreement as prior
permission of the BCCI is mandatory before transferring ownership shares with other people.[167]

N. Srinivasan's ownership of CSK

In 2010, an e-mail leaked in Indian media, according to an Economic Times article, said that former IPL president Lalit Modi
helped then-BCCI president N. Srinivasan to buy Andrew Flintoff in the auction for his team Chennai Super Kings
(CSK).[168] Srinivasan was criticized for owning an IPL team due to his conflict of interests. Former BCCI president A.
Muthiah filed a lawsuit against Srinivasan in the Supreme Court of India; he claimed that Srinivasan altered the BCCI's rules
to allow himself to purchase a team. The Lodha Committee banned CSK from the IPL for two years when their team
principal, Gurunath Meiyappan, was found guilty of betting and providing inside information to bookies.[169] The supreme
court criticized Srinivasan for buying an IPL team while serving as the BCCI president; a judge commented, "How can a
BCCI chief own a team?".[170] However, he still own the team and his daughter Rupa Gurunath often appear in stadiums
amid CSK's games.

Australian players' dispute with their board

Due to the BCCI giving one-tenth of foreign players' salaries to their respective country's national cricket boards, a dispute
between Australian cricketers and Cricket Australia started. The Australian Cricketers' Association also opposed the
arrangement.[171]

Shashi Tharoor and Sunanda Pushkar's sweat equity in RSW

In 2010, the IPL president revealed that the Minister of State for External Affairs Shashi Tharoor's friend Sunanda Pushkar has
sweat equity share in Rendezvous Sports World (RSW), the proprieter of Kochi Tuskers Kerala team. Opposition party BJP
agitated against the Indian National Congress. Later, it was revealed that Pushkar has ₹70 crore equity in RSW. Tharoor
offered to leave his equity, but many within the Congress party felt that by doing this, Tharoor pleaded guilty. Due to pressure,
the Congress party demanded his resignation. He was the first minister of United Progressive Alliance 2 who got slammed for
his illegal moves.[172]

Slow over rates

The IPL frequently gets criticism due to the slow pace of its matches. During the 2023 season, Jos Buttler mentioned on
Twitter to speed up the pace of the play. An IPL match should end within 3:10 hours of the stipulated time, but it often ends
after 4 hours. As per Gavaskar, strategic timeouts, reserve players running on the field with drinks and messages amid games,
and batsmen asking for helmet result in these delays. Field umpires sometimes penalize teams by restricting them to field just
four fielders outside the 30-yard area, or match referee penalizes by cutting captain's - team members' match fees, but it has not
solved the problem. Games often run at a slow speed and finish late. Millions of viewers feel that IPL matches should be fast-
paced.[173]

Negative impact on international cricket

As per Kapil Dev, nowadays players avoid to play for the Indian team but they play all the games of IPL. He pointed that due
to the league, injuries of Indian players are increased.[174]

Explanatory notes
a. Indian cricket leagues established using similar formats to the IPL include the Women's Premier League and
various domestic state-level leagues. Leagues established in other sports include the association football
 Indian Super League,[9] the Pro Kabaddi League and Pro Volleyball League[10] Other international leagues
have also adopted elements of the IPL and been influenced by the business model used.

See also
Cricket in India
Sports in India – An overview of Sport's culture in India
Women's Premier League – An Indian T20 league, est. 2023
List of professional sports leagues in India
List of cricket leagues in India

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External links
Official website (https://www.iplt20.com/)
Tournament home (https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/index.html?id=117;type=trophy) on
ESPNcricinfo
Media related to Indian Premier League at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Premier_League&oldid=1187463693"